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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9d8VsP3RWbzKn7b6mtF5TyR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240064</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>IAMSST e Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral Isqu&#234;mica: Incid&#234;ncia e Resultados Cl&#237;nicos de Longo Prazo com Rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Estrat&#233;gia de Tratamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3654-2373</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vyas</surname>
            <given-names>Pooja</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-6867-4249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dake</surname>
            <given-names>Radhakishan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8228-7740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kanabar</surname>
            <given-names>Kewal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8841-5141</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Iva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3757-8829</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mishra</surname>
            <given-names>Ashish</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3838-6397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sharma</surname>
            <given-names>Vishal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6864-0549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nathwani</surname>
            <given-names>Tirth</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-2016-1511</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Parwani</surname>
            <given-names>Kunal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-8846-4610</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rathod</surname>
            <given-names>Mital</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Civil Hospital Campus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gujarat</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IN">&#205;ndia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre (UNMICRC), Civil Hospital Campus, Gujarat &#8211; &#205;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Champavati Medicare Heart and Critical Care Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beed</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maharashtra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IN">&#205;ndia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Champavati Medicare Heart and Critical Care Hospital, Beed, Maharashtra &#8211; &#205;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Research</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Civil Hospital Campus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gujarat</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IN">&#205;ndia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Research, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre (UNMICRC), Civil Hospital Campus, Gujarat &#8211; &#205;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Interventional Cardiologist, Wockhardt Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maharashtra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IN">&#205;ndia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Interventional Cardiologist, Wockhardt Hospital, Evershine Rd, Maharashtra &#8211; &#205;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Pooja Vyas &#8226; U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; (UNMICRC), Asarwa, Ahmedabad, 380016 &#8211; &#205;ndia E-mail: <email>poojavyaskothari@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240064</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: IAMSST e Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral Isqu&#234;mica: Incid&#234;ncia e Resultados Cl&#237;nicos de Longo Prazo com Rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Estrat&#233;gia de Tratamento</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9d8VsP3RWbzKn7b6mtF5TyR/8edf338e6e04267cd344d8e682be1737de13eab0.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9d8VsP3RWbzKn7b6mtF5TyR/a942172508fc3a276b5da192cb7f922e290a8914.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O tratamento ideal para regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral isqu&#234;mica (RMI) em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) &#233; um t&#243;pico debatido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o resultado a longo prazo em pacientes com IAMSSST e RMI, enfatizando particularmente a compara&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos naqueles com RM moderada a grave.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Inscrevemos pacientes com IAMSSST e classificamos regurgita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o/trivial a leve como RMI insignificante e regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada a grave como RMI significativa. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com RMI substancial foram avaliados para desfechos cl&#237;nicos de longo prazo com rela&#231;&#227;o a diferentes estrat&#233;gias de tratamento. Um teste foi considerado estatisticamente significativo com base no valor de probabilidade p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> De um total de 4.189 pacientes com IAMSSST, RMI significativa foi encontrada em 7,21% dos pacientes. Um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de pacientes com morte (1,21% vs. 13,24%, p&lt;0,0001), choque cardiog&#234;nico (0,46% vs. 13,24%, p&lt;0,0001) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (1,03% vs. 11,59%, p&lt;0,0001) foram encontrados durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com RMI significativa. Em um acompanhamento de 2 anos, uma taxa de evento maior foi observada no grupo RMI significativa. Pacientes com RMI significativa revascularizados por interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) ou cirurgia CRM+ v&#225;lvula mitral (VM) apresentaram melhora substancial no grau de RM (32,65% vs. 6% vs. 16,98%, p&lt;0,0001) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) (27,55% vs. 1% vs. 1,89%, p&lt;0,0001) em 1 ano de acompanhamento e resultados significativamente melhores foram identificados em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recusada e tratamento m&#233;dico com (-5,10% vs. 15% vs. 13,21%, p=0,04) mortalidade, (-33,67% vs. 61% vs. 73,58%, p&lt;0,0001) readmiss&#227;o e (- 15,31% vs. 27% vs. 33,96%, p=0,01) insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 2 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Maiores taxas de mortalidade e admiss&#227;o foram observadas em pacientes com RMI significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com RMI insignificante. Notavelmente, pacientes com RMI significativa que passaram por ICP, CRM ou cirurgia CRM+VM apresentaram melhores resultados em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus equivalentes n&#227;o revascularizados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="key-points">
        <title>Destaque:</title>
        <p>&#8226; A presen&#231;a de RM significativa em pacientes com IAMSSST leva a complica&#231;&#245;es importantes em curto e longo prazo.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Taxas significativamente maiores de eventos cardiovasculares e readmiss&#227;o foram associadas a pacientes com RM significativa.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Entre os pacientes com RM significativa, aqueles que foram submetidos a qualquer procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (ICP, CRM e CRM + cirurgia de VM) apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que n&#227;o foram submetidos a nenhum procedimento desse tipo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="14"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST), caracterizado por dano mioc&#225;rdico sem a eleva&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica do segmento ST, apresenta desafios distintos em seu diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As consequ&#234;ncias do IAMSSST se estendem al&#233;m do evento isqu&#234;mico imediato, muitas vezes contribuindo para uma cascata de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) nessa coorte espec&#237;fica justifica um exame meticuloso, pois introduz uma camada de complexidade que pode influenciar a trajet&#243;ria de recupera&#231;&#227;o e o progn&#243;stico a longo prazo.</p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento de RM em pacientes IAMSSST &#233; multifatorial, envolvendo intera&#231;&#245;es complexas entre v&#225;rios processos patol&#243;gicos. O desenvolvimento de RM no contexto de IAMSSST pode ser devido a patologias como disfun&#231;&#227;o muscular papilar isqu&#234;mica, ruptura muscular papilar, ruptura de cordas ou estiramento de cordas secund&#225;rio &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de RM hemodinamicamente significativa com IAMSSST pode levar &#224; hipertens&#227;o venosa pulmonar, aumento do risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, aumento do risco de arritmias, piora de eventos isqu&#234;micos e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de RM em pacientes de IAMSSST leva a desafios adicionais ao progn&#243;stico de longo prazo, afetando a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a sa&#250;de cardiovascular geral. A identifica&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento precoces de RM nesses pacientes podem impactar significativamente os resultados de longo prazo.</p>
      <p>A gravidade da RM, seu impacto na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e o sucesso das interven&#231;&#245;es moldam coletivamente a trajet&#243;ria dos resultados dos pacientes em pacientes com IAMSSST. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral isqu&#234;mica (RMI). Ele analisou os resultados cl&#237;nicos de longo prazo em pacientes, com foco espec&#237;fico na compara&#231;&#227;o daqueles com e sem RM significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 4189 pacientes diagnosticados com IAMSSST foram inscritos no presente estudo observacional de janeiro de 2016 a junho de 2021 em nosso centro de atendimento card&#237;aco terci&#225;rio. Conduzimos um estudo de coorte retroprospectivo; os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente do ano de 2015 a 2018 e prospectivamente de 2019 a 2021 e acompanhados por dois anos. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional (UNMICRC/CARDIO/2019/14). O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes. No presente estudo, n&#227;o contamos com a ajuda de nenhuma ferramenta de intelig&#234;ncia artificial.</p>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de desfecho hospitalar foram obtidos dos pacientes que foram diagnosticados com IAMSSST com base em biomarcadores card&#237;acos e diagn&#243;stico de eletrocardiograma. Os dados retrospectivos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento foram coletados do sistema EMR (<italic>E-medical record</italic>) do instituto. Pacientes com IAMCSST, angina inst&#225;vel, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas valvulares ou estruturais, prolapsos mitrais e doen&#231;as card&#237;acas reum&#225;ticas, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita conhecida ou suspeita, anormalidades estruturais mitrais (valvulares/subvalvulares), doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria de outra valva card&#237;aca, pr&#243;teses mitrais, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) anterior ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) anterior foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Da coorte retrospectiva, foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com dados incompletos e sem ecocardiografia de acompanhamento, em seguimento de 1 ano. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a gravidade da RMI avaliada na ecocardiografia 2D. A RMI foi categorizada como nenhuma/trivial e leve no grupo I de RMI insignificante e moderada a grave no grupo II de RMI significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Todos os pacientes no estudo foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com RMI moderada a grave foram classificados em tr&#234;s subgrupos com base em sua abordagem de tratamento: aqueles que recusaram a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, aqueles que foram aconselhados a tratamento m&#233;dico e aqueles que foram submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (ICP/CRM/cirurgia CRM-VM) e o resultado entre esses tr&#234;s grupos foi comparado. Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria insignificante com obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria menor que 50% na estimativa visual da angiografia coron&#225;ria, mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o vi&#225;vel na cintilografia SPECT com Tc-99m sestamibi e a doen&#231;a vascular de calibre estreito difusamente doente, n&#227;o adequada para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, foram indicadas para tratamento m&#233;dico. Onze pacientes foram perdidos no acompanhamento em um grupo RMI significativo que n&#227;o foram revascularizados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento e desfechos</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes do estudo foram monitorados por dois anos para avaliar eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE). O acompanhamento telef&#244;nico foi feito para os pacientes que n&#227;o compareceram ao departamento ambulatorial durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Os principais MACE durante o hospital e nos per&#237;odos de acompanhamento foram definidos como morte cardiovascular, re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, choque cardiog&#234;nico, acidente vascular cerebral cerebrovascular, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia foi realizada usando um Philips Sonos 5500 equipado com sondas de 2,5-3,5 MHz. As medidas dos di&#226;metros atriais e ventriculares esquerdos foram feitas na vista paraesternal no modo M. Os c&#225;lculos da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram realizados no modo 2D, utilizando as vistas apicais de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras e empregando o m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson. Para avaliar o espessamento mioc&#225;rdico, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dividido no modelo de 16 segmentos, seguindo as diretrizes recomendadas pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e sua gravidade foram avaliadas. Pacientes com &#8805; 1 grau de melhora no RMI foram considerados como grau de RMI melhorado, e &#8805; 1 grau piorado foi considerado como grau de RMI piorado no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. FEVE no acompanhamento com aumento &#8805;5% foi considerada como melhora, e diminui&#231;&#227;o &#8804;5% foi considerada como piora no acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis de categorias foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e comparadas usando an&#225;lise qui-quadrado. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, sendo representadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e comparadas usando um teste t de amostra independente. Testes de Shapiro-Wilk foram usados para verificar a normalidade. Vari&#225;veis que influenciam RMI significativo foram avaliadas usando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Um valor de probabilidade (valor p) menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Pacientes com RMI significativo (grupo II) foram analisados posteriormente para desfecho no tempo de acompanhamento de acordo com o tratamento de escolha (procedimento vs. medica&#231;&#227;o) no momento em que foram inclu&#237;dos, e pacientes com mortalidade hospitalar no grupo II n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de subgrupo. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic>) vs 20.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais comparadas entre dois grupos de RMI. G&#234;nero feminino: presen&#231;a de diabetes, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica baixa, FEVE reduzida &lt; 40% (24,62% vs. 50,3%, p &lt; 0,0001) e doen&#231;a multiarterial foram encontrados significativamente maiores no grupo RMI moderada a grave (Grupo II) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo RMI insignificante (Grupo I).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo - I (RM insignificante) N=3887</th>
                <th>Grupo- II (RM significativa) N=302</th>
                <th>valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">59,84&#177;10,52</td>
                <td align="center">62,49&#177;10,85</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fem.</td>
                <td align="center">901 (23,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">129 (42,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc.</td>
                <td align="center">2986 (76,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">173 (57,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">562 (14,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (34,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1166 (29,99%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (32,12%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4784</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">619 (15,92%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (18,54%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCA antigo</td>
                <td align="center">1136 (29,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (27,81%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,649</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">80,92&#177;13,06</td>
                <td align="center">85,41&#177;15,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS</td>
                <td align="center">130,44&#177;17,50</td>
                <td align="center">128,36&#177;17,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD</td>
                <td align="center">74,97&#177;13,99</td>
                <td align="center">75,03&#177;14,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,9430</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>FEVE</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE&#8805;50%)</td>
                <td align="center">1912 (49,19%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (12,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE = 40-49%</td>
                <td align="center">1018 (26,19%)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (36,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE &lt;40%</td>
                <td align="center">957 (24,62%)</td>
                <td align="center">152 ( 50,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>N&#186; de embarca&#231;&#245;es bloqueadas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DVU</td>
                <td align="center">1768 (45,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (28,81%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DVD</td>
                <td align="center">1141 (29,35%)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (32,45%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DVT</td>
                <td align="center">978 (25,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (38,74%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSV: doen&#231;a de vaso &#250;nico; DVD: doen&#231;a de vaso duplo; DVT: doen&#231;a de vaso triplo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada para RMI significativa. Idade mais alta, presen&#231;a de diabetes e FEVE mais baixa foram considerados preditores independentes de RM significativa.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fatores associados &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral isqu&#234;mica significativa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="3">Multivariado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">1-1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">1.03</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-1,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fem.</td>
                <td align="center">1,89</td>
                <td align="center">1,25-2,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">1,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,75-3,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">3.15</td>
                <td align="center">2,45-4,07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.27</td>
                <td align="center">1.01-5.17</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,51-0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,20-1,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,37-1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,18-1,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,197</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a multiarterial</td>
                <td align="center">1,67</td>
                <td align="center">1,32-2,11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,76-3,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,93-0,97</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,926</td>
                <td align="center">0,89-0,95</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Pacientes com RMI significativa demonstraram uma taxa de mortalidade hospitalar notavelmente elevada, juntamente com uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com RMI insignificante ao longo do curso da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. No acompanhamento de 1 e 2 anos, a mortalidade, a taxa de readmiss&#227;o (e a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com RMI significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados cl&#237;nicos hospitalares e de longo prazo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo- I N=3887</th>
                <th>Grupo- II N=302</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos graves intra-hospitalares N (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">47 (1,21%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (13,24%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">18 (0,46%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (3,31%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">01 (0,10%)</td>
                <td align="center">00</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">40 (1,03%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (11,59%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos graves em 1 ano N (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">176 (4,53%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (19,21%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Readmiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">682 (17,86%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (34,66%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">190 (4,89%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (23,51%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">71(1,85%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,99%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9925</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos graves em 2 anos N (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">243 (6,25%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (22,18%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Readmiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">943 (24,26%)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (44,04%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">375 (9,65%)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (31,46%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">85 (2,17%)</td>
                <td align="center">09 (2,98%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4870</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Pacientes avaliados para fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e grau de RMI na ecocardiografia em 1 ano de acompanhamento. Um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de pacientes revascularizados teve uma redu&#231;&#227;o na gravidade da RM em 1 ano de acompanhamento em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes em tratamento m&#233;dico e pacientes que recusaram a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A FEVE foi significativamente melhorada em pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultado ecocardiogr&#225;fico no seguimento de 1 ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recusada (N=100)</th>
                <th>Manejo m&#233;dico (N=53)</th>
                <th>Revascularizado (N=98)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Grau RMI</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Melhorou</td>
                <td align="center">06 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">09 (16,98%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (32,65%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Semelhante</td>
                <td align="center">92 (92%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (67,35%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Piorou</td>
                <td align="center">02 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">00</td>
                <td align="center">00</td>
                <td align="center">0,2182</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Melhorou</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1,89%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (27,55%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Semelhante</td>
                <td align="center">87 (87%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (92,45%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (69,38%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Piorou</td>
                <td align="center">12 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (5,66%)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (3,06%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>RMI: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral isqu&#234;mica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta os eventos cardiovasculares em 1 e 2 anos de acompanhamento em pacientes com RM significativa e agrupados de acordo com o tratamento que receberam. No acompanhamento de dois anos, as taxas de mortalidade foram de 15%, 13,21% e 5,10% com p=0,04, enquanto as taxas de readmiss&#227;o foram de 61%, 73,58% e 33,67% com p&lt;0,0001, e as taxas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram de 27%, 33,96% e 15,31% com p=0,001, em pacientes que recusaram a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, pacientes em tratamento m&#233;dico e pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultado cl&#237;nico em 1 e 2 anos de acompanhamento de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia de tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recusada (N=100)</th>
                <th>Manejo m&#233;dico (N=53)</th>
                <th>Revascularizado (N=98)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos graves em 1 ano N (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">05 (9,43%)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (3,06%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1290</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Readmiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">40 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (43,39%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (24,49%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">19 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">08 (15,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9,18%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos graves em 2 anos N (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">15 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">07 (13,21%)</td>
                <td align="center">05 (5,10%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Readmiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">61 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (73,58%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (33,67%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">27 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (33,96%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (15,31%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> apresenta os preditores de MACE. As probabilidades n&#227;o ajustadas de RMI significativo mostraram-se significativamente altas (OR= 2,35), que diminu&#237;ram quando ajustadas com idade, diabetes, % FEVE e doen&#231;a multiarterial (OR=1,09), no entanto, permaneceram significativas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preditor de MACE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Raz&#227;o de chances (OR)</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RMI significativa (n&#227;o ajustada)</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,55-3,67</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMI significativa ajustada para idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,99</td>
                <td align="center">1,05-2,93</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMI significativa ajustada para diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">1,56</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-1,91</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMI significativa ajustada para % FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">1,60</td>
                <td align="center">1.03-2.30</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMI significativa ajustada para doen&#231;a multiarterial</td>
                <td align="center">1.12</td>
                <td align="center">1,10-2,48</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMI significativa ajustada para idade, diabetes, % FEVE, doen&#231;a multiarterial</td>
                <td align="center">1.09</td>
                <td align="center">1,02-1,98</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>RMI: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral isqu&#234;mica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref> representa as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia de tratamento. Pacientes com diabetes, depend&#234;ncia, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) antiga e doen&#231;a multiarterial foram significativamente maiores em pacientes encaminhados para tratamento m&#233;dico, enquanto os valores de FEVE e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foram encontrados como menores em compara&#231;&#227;o com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recusada e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o segundo a estrat&#233;gia de manejo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recusada (N=111)</th>
                <th>Manejo m&#233;dico (N=53)</th>
                <th>Revascularizado (N=138)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">60,72&#177;8,91</td>
                <td align="center">66,01&#177;7,01</td>
                <td align="center">61,54&#177;7,95</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fem.</td>
                <td align="center">49 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (39,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (42,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc.</td>
                <td align="center">62 (55,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (60,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (57,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">30 (27,03%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (60,38%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (31,14%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">38 (34,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (20,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (28,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17 (15,32%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (52,83%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCA antigo</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18,02%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (66,04%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (21,01%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">84,23&#177;10,23</td>
                <td align="center">88,19&#177;11,39</td>
                <td align="center">85,69&#177;9,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS</td>
                <td align="center">127,05&#177;22,23</td>
                <td align="center">120,60&#177;20,96</td>
                <td align="center">129,62&#177;22,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD</td>
                <td align="center">74,99&#177;15,60</td>
                <td align="center">72,13&#177;12,96</td>
                <td align="center">75,99&#177;15,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">35,85&#177;10,56</td>
                <td align="center">32,40&#177;11,78</td>
                <td align="center">39,48&#177;11,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>N&#186; de vasos bloqueados</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DVU</td>
                <td align="center">39 (35,13%)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (5,66%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (32,61%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DVD</td>
                <td align="center">35 (31,53%)</td>
                <td align="center">05 (9,43%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (42,03%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DVT</td>
                <td align="center">37 (33,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (84,90%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (25,36%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVU: doen&#231;a de vaso &#250;nico; DVD: doen&#231;a de vaso duplo; DVT: doen&#231;a de vaso triplo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No estudo observacional atual, RMI significativa foi observada em 7,21% dos pacientes com IAMSSST. Idade mais avan&#231;ada, presen&#231;a de diabetes e menor % de FEVE foram associados a RMI significativa em pacientes com IAMSSST. Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, incid&#234;ncias significativamente maiores de morte (1,21% vs. 13,24%), choque cardiog&#234;nico (0,46% vs. 3,31%) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (1,03% vs. 11,59%) foram encontradas em pacientes com RMI significativa. Na an&#225;lise de resultados de subgrupo em pacientes com RM significativa, os pacientes revascularizados por qualquer ICP, CRM e CRM-RVM apresentaram MACE significativamente menores e FEVE e grau de RM melhorados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes tratados com tratamento m&#233;dico e pacientes que recusaram a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que recusaram a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o apresentaram progn&#243;stico significativamente ruim no acompanhamento. Ap&#243;s dois anos de acompanhamento, a incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade, readmiss&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi significativamente maior entre os pacientes que recusaram a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e os pacientes com tratamento m&#233;dico.</p>
      <p>Investiga&#231;&#245;es anteriores haviam encontrado uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia de 29,4%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> para RM em pacientes com IAM e 40,08%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> em pacientes com IAMSSST. Ao mesmo tempo, a incid&#234;ncia de RMI significativa foi relatada em 1,19%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e 21,73%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> em pacientes com IAMSSST. Villanueva et al. 9 estudo com 21,73% de incid&#234;ncia para RMI significativa foi maior; isso pode ser devido &#224; pesquisa ter inclu&#237;do apenas pacientes mais velhos &#8805;80 anos de idade. No presente estudo, observamos 7,21% de incid&#234;ncia de RMI significativa entre pacientes IAMSSST.</p>
      <p>Em indiv&#237;duos com RMI, passar por tratamento com ICP, CRM ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o de CRM e cirurgia de VM est&#225; ligado a melhores resultados de sobreviv&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos resultados associados apenas &#224; terapia m&#233;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A RM isqu&#234;mica causa altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo devido &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, o que piora o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IM agudo. Cerca de 50% dos pacientes diagnosticados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e 20% dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio documentaram RMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de volume causada pela RMI desencadeia a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, alterando a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o. Esse processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o pode levar a mais disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, aumentando a suscetibilidade a eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Esses sintomas, quando n&#227;o tratados, podem contribuir para um decl&#237;nio na sa&#250;de geral e um risco aumentado de mortalidade.</p>
      <p>Um estudo feito por James et al. relatou que as taxas de mortalidade foram de 24% em 30 dias (IC de 95%, 12% a 36%), 42% em 6 meses (IC de 28% a 56%), 52% em 1 ano (IC de 38% a 66%) em pacientes com RMI isqu&#234;mica aguda moderadamente grave a grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel sugeriu que a RM moderadamente grave ou grave pode ser um potencial preditor independente de mortalidade (p=0,06).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em uma an&#225;lise multivariada ap&#243;s o ajuste para caracter&#237;sticas basais, incluindo idade e FE, o risco relativo para mortalidade por todas as causas e card&#237;aca foi independentemente associado &#224; presen&#231;a de RMI com RR = 1,88 (p=0,003) e RR = 1,83 (p=0,014), respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudo prospectivo anterior envolvendo indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 45%) e pelo menos regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral funcional (RMI) leve, o estudo descobriu que a gravidade da RMI em condi&#231;&#245;es basais (ERO &#8805; 20 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) previu independentemente apenas a morte card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No presente estudo, observamos 13,24% de morte hospitalar, 3,31% de choque cardiog&#234;nico e 11,59% de participantes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com RMI significativa, o que foi significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com RMI insignificante. No acompanhamento de 2 anos, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 22,18%, e 31,46% dos casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram observados em pacientes com RMI significativa. Entre os pacientes com RMI significativa, uma taxa de readmiss&#227;o de 44,04% foi observada em 2 anos. Al&#233;m disso, categorizamos apenas os pacientes com RMI significativa de acordo com as escolhas de tratamento que fizeram durante o tempo de admiss&#227;o e comparamos os resultados no tempo de acompanhamento; descobrimos que os pacientes com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (ICP ou CRM ou CRM + RVM) apresentaram melhor grau de RMI e FEVE no tempo de acompanhamento em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes que recusaram a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e os pacientes com tratamento m&#233;dico. Mesmo esses pacientes apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e readmiss&#227;o em 2 anos de acompanhamento. Consistente com o estudo atual, descobertas anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> indicaram que os pacientes que receberam tratamento de qualquer ICP, CRM ou CRM + cirurgia de VM demonstraram maior sobrevida em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles tratados com abordagens m&#233;dicas. Ambos os ensaios CTSN, um envolvendo RMI moderado e o outro envolvendo pacientes com RMI grave, n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a entre a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria-CRM e CRM mais reparo da v&#225;lvula mitral (RVM) em termos de remodela&#231;&#227;o reversa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou sobreviv&#234;ncia na marca de dois anos entre pacientes com RMI moderada e grave, o que sugere que n&#227;o haver&#225; benef&#237;cios significativos para pacientes que optarem por se submeter &#224; RVM. Embora o RVM tenha oferecido uma corre&#231;&#227;o mais duradoura da RM, n&#227;o demonstrou um aumento significativo na sobreviv&#234;ncia ou uma redu&#231;&#227;o em eventos adversos gerais ou readmiss&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Dados relatados recentemente indicam que tratamento precoce de RMI concomitante &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, seja por CRM ou ICP, melhora a sobrevida a longo prazo em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia de VM tardia ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. No entanto, pacientes com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via geralmente apresentam melhores resultados com ICP em compara&#231;&#227;o com CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Esses estudos, juntamente com a pesquisa atual, destacam a import&#226;ncia de considerar tratamentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com RMI grave com base na gravidade da doen&#231;a e nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de profissionais de sa&#250;de, em vez de optar apenas pelo tratamento m&#233;dico. No entanto, o sucesso das interven&#231;&#245;es depende de v&#225;rios fatores-chave, incluindo a gravidade da RMI, a extens&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, a FEVE, a idade do paciente, a presen&#231;a de comorbidades e a resposta espec&#237;fica do paciente. Ao aliviar a carga isqu&#234;mica e restaurar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal, a ICP e a CRM demonstram estrat&#233;gias valiosas para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e potencialmente melhorar a RM.</p>
      <p>Ao navegar pelas complexidades do gerenciamento de RMI, a tomada de decis&#227;o personalizada e baseada em evid&#234;ncias &#233; primordial. A integra&#231;&#227;o dessas modalidades de tratamento, adaptadas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas individuais do paciente, contribui para uma melhor sobreviv&#234;ncia, melhor qualidade de vida e uma redu&#231;&#227;o na carga geral de morbidade cardiovascular. &#192; medida que a pesquisa avan&#231;a e nossa compreens&#227;o de RMI se aprofunda, os esfor&#231;os cont&#237;nuos para refinar e adaptar as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento prometem melhorar ainda mais os resultados para indiv&#237;duos que lutam com essa desafiadora condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foi desafiador eliminar a varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador na avalia&#231;&#227;o da RM. &#201; importante notar que os achados do nosso estudo podem ser aplic&#225;veis somente a pacientes com IAMSSST, mas generalizar para todos os pacientes com IAM pode n&#227;o ser garantido. Os pacientes em tratamento m&#233;dico eram mais graves (tinham idade mais avan&#231;ada, diabete, depend&#234;ncia, SCA antiga, doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos e menor FEVE). Esses fatores podem contribuir para piores resultados independentemente da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Por isso, este estudo n&#227;o permitiu estabelecer que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; a melhor op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para RMI significativa ap&#243;s IAMSSST.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Concluindo, abordar a RMI &#233; um desafio multifacetado com implica&#231;&#245;es profundas para os resultados dos pacientes. O impacto prejudicial da RMI na mortalidade e morbidade ressalta a necessidade cr&#237;tica de interven&#231;&#245;es eficazes. Tratamentos como ICP, CRM e a abordagem abrangente CRM + RVM demonstraram seu potencial para mitigar os efeitos adversos da RMI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-2016-1511</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Parwani</surname>
            <given-names>Kunal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-8846-4610</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rathod</surname>
            <given-names>Mital</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="IN">India</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre (UNMICRC), Civil Hospital Campus, Gujarat &#8211; India</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="IN">India</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Champavati Medicare Heart and Critical Care Hospital, Beed, Maharashtra &#8211; India</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="IN">India</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Research, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre (UNMICRC), Civil Hospital Campus, Gujarat &#8211; India</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="IN">India</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Interventional Cardiologist, Wockhardt Hospital, Evershine Rd, Maharashtra &#8211; India</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Pooja Vyas &#8226; U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; (UNMICRC), Asarwa, Ahmedabad, 380016 &#8211; India E-mail: poojavyaskothari@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: NSTEMI and Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: Incidence and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes with Respect to Management Strategy</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240064-40064-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The optimal treatment for ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) in patients of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a debated topic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the long term outcome on patients with NSTEMI and IMR, particularly emphasizing the comparison of treatments in those with moderate to severe MR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We enrolled patients with NSTEMI and classified non/trivial to mild regurgitation as insignificant IMR and moderate to severe regurgitation as significant IMR. Furthermore, patients with substantial IMR were assessed for long-term clinical outcomes with respect to different management strategies. A test was considered statistically significant based on the probability value p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> From a total of 4,189 patients of NSTEMI, significant IMR was found in 7.21% of patients. A significantly higher number of patients with death (1.21% vs. 13.24%, p&lt;0.0001), cardiogenic shock (0.46% vs. 13.24%, p&lt;0.0001) and heart failure (1.03% vs. 11.59%, p&lt;0.0001) were found during hospitalization in patients with significant IMR. At a 2-year follow-up, a higher event rate was observed in the significant IMR group. Patients with significant IMR re-vascularized either by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or CABG+ mitral valve (MV) surgery showed substantial improvement in MR grade ( 32.65% vs. 6% vs. 16.98%, p&lt;0.0001) and LVEF (27.55% vs. 1% vs. 1.89%, p&lt;0.0001) at 1 year follow up and significantly improved outcomes were identified compared to refused revascularization and medical management group with (-5.10% vs. 15% vs. 13.21%, p=0.04) mortality, (-33.67% vs. 61% vs. 73.58%, p&lt;0.0001) readmission, and (-15.31% vs. 27% vs. 33.96%, p=0.01) heart failure at 2 years follow up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Higher mortality and admission rates were observed in patients with significant IMR compared to those with in-significant IMR. Notably, significant IMR patients who underwent PCI, CABG, or CABG+MV surgery showed improved outcomes compared to non-revascularized counterparts.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="key-points">
        <title>Highlight:</title>
        <p>&#8226;The presence of significant MR in patients with NSTEMI leads to major complications in the short and long term.</p>
        <p>&#8226;Significantly higher cardiovascular events and readmission rate was associated with patients with significant MR.</p>
        <p>&#8226;Among patients with significant MR, those who underwent any revascularization procedure (PCI, CABG, and CABG+ MV surgery) exhibited a lower mortality rate in comparison to those who did not undergo any such procedure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angioplasty Balloon</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), characterized by myocardial damage without the classic ST-segment elevation, poses distinct challenges in its diagnosis and management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The aftermath of NSTEMI extends beyond the immediate ischemic event, often contributing to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The prevalence of MR in this specific cohort warrants meticulous examination, as it introduces a layer of complexity that can influence the trajectory of recovery and long-term prognosis.</p>
        <p>The development of Mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with NSTEMI is multifactorial, involving complex interactions between various pathological processes. Development of MR in the context of NSTEMI could be due to pathologies like ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction, papillary muscle rupture, chordal rupture, or chordal stretching secondary to left ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The presence of hemodynamically significant MR with NSTEMI can lead to pulmonary venous hypertension, increased risk of heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, worsening of ischemic events, and complications post-revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>The presence of Mitral Regurgitation in patients of NSTEMI leads to additional challenges to the long-term prognosis, affecting cardiac function, heart failure risk, and overall cardiovascular health. Early identification and management of MR in these patients can significantly impact long-term outcomes.</p>
        <p>The severity of MR, its impact on left ventricular function, and the success of interventions collectively shape the trajectory of patients&#8217; outcomes in patients of NSTEMI. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). It analyzed the long-term clinical outcomes in patients, with a specific focus on comparing those with and without significant mitral regurgitation in relation to their revascularization strategy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and study population</title>
          <p>A total of 4189 patients diagnosed with NSTEMI were enrolled in the present observational study from January- 2016 to June 2021 at our tertiary cardiac care center. We conducted a retro-prospective cohort study; data were taken retrospectively from the year 2015 to 2018 and prospectively from 2019 to 2021 and followed up for two years. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (UNMICRC/CARDIO/2019/14). The informed consent was obtained from all participants. In the present study, we have not taken the help of any Artificial intelligence tools.</p>
          <p>The demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and in-hospital outcome data were taken from the patients who were diagnosed with NSTEMI based on cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiogram diagnosis. The retrospective data during hospitalization and follow-up was collected from the institute&#8217;s EMR (E-medical record) system. Patients with STEMI, unstable angina, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valvular or structural heart diseases, mitral prolapses and rheumatic heart diseases, known or suspected congenital heart disease, structural mitral abnormalities (valvular/subvalvular), primary disease of another cardiac valve, mitral prostheses, prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or prior percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were excluded from the study. From the retrospective cohort, patients with incomplete data and without follow-up echocardiography, at 1 year follow-up were excluded. Patients were grouped according to the severity of mitral regurgitation (IMR) assessed on 2D echocardiography. IMR was categorized as none/trivial and mild in group I of in-significant IMR and moderate to severe in group II of significant IMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>All patients in the study underwent coronary angiography. Furthermore, the patients with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (IMR) were classified into three subgroups based on their treatment approach: those who refused revascularization, those who were advised medical management, and those who underwent revascularization procedures (PCI/CABG/CABG-mitral valve [MV] surgery) and outcome between these three groups were compared. Patients with insignificant coronary artery disease with coronary obstruction less than 50% on visual estimation of coronary angiography, nonviable myocardium on Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT scan, and diffusely diseased narrow caliber vessel disease not suitable for revascularization were advised medical management. Eleven patients were lost to follow-up in a significant IMR group who were not re-vascularized.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and Endpoints</title>
          <p>All study patients were monitored over two years to assess major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The telephonic follow-up was taken for the patients who did not attend the outpatient department during the study period. The major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during the hospital and at follow-up times were defined as cardiovascular death, re-hospitalization, cardiogenic shock, cerebrovascular stroke, heart failure, and unstable angina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Echocardiography was conducted using a Philips Sonos 5500 equipped with 2.5-3.5 MHz probes. Measurements of left atrial and ventricular diameters were taken in the parasternal view on M mode. Ejection fraction calculations were performed in 2D mode, utilizing the apical 2- and 4-chamber views and employing the Simpson biplane method. To assess myocardial thickening, the left ventricle was divided into the 16-segment model, following the guidelines recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The assessment of myocardial regurgitation and its severity was evaluated. Patients with &#8805; 1 grade improvement in IMR were considered as IMR grade improved, and &#8805; 1 grade worsened was considered as worsened IMR grade on follow-up period. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on follow-up with &#8805;5% increase was considered as improved, and &#8804;5% decrease was considered as worsened at follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categories variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies and compared using chi-square analysis. Continuous variables presented normal distribution, being represented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and compared using an independent sample t-test. Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check normality. Variables influencing significant IMR were assessed using logistic regression analysis. A probability value (p-value) less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Patients with significant IMR (group II) were further analyzed for outcome at follow-up time according to the treatment of choice (Procedure vs. medication) at the time they enrolled, and patients with in-hospital mortality in group II were not included in the sub-group analysis. All statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) program vs 20.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents baseline demographic and clinical characteristics compared between two groups of IMR. Female gender -, presence of diabetes -, low systolic blood pressure, reduced LVEF&lt;40% (24.62% vs. 50.3%, p&lt;0.0001), and multivessel disease were found significantly higher in moderate to severe IMR group (Group-II) compared to insignificant IMR group (Group-I).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical characteristic of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Group &#8211;I (Insignificant MR) N=3887</th>
                  <th>Group- II (Significant MR) N=302</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">59.84&#177;10.52</td>
                  <td align="center">62.49&#177;10.85</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">901 (23.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (42.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">2986 (76.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (57.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">562 (14.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (34.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1166 (29.99%)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (32.12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4784</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Addiction</td>
                  <td align="center">619 (15.92%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (18.54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2666</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Old ACS</td>
                  <td align="center">1136 (29.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (27.81%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.649</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate</td>
                  <td align="center">80.92&#177;13.06</td>
                  <td align="center">85.41&#177;15.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP</td>
                  <td align="center">130.44&#177;17.50</td>
                  <td align="center">128.36&#177;17.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP</td>
                  <td align="center">74.97&#177;13.99</td>
                  <td align="center">75.03&#177;14.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9430</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>LVEF</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF&#8805;50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1912 (49.19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (12.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF = 40-49%</td>
                  <td align="center">1018 (26.19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (36.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF &lt;40%</td>
                  <td align="center">957 (24.62%)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 ( 50.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>No. of Vessels blocked</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SVD</td>
                  <td align="center">1768 (45.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (28.81%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVD</td>
                  <td align="center">1141 (29.35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (32.45%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVT</td>
                  <td align="center">978 (25.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (38.74%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SVD: single vessel disease; DVD: double vessel disease; TVD: triple vessel disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for Significant IMR. Higher age, presence of diabetes, and lower LVEF were found to be independent predictors of significant Mitral regurgitation.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Factors associated with significant IMR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Univariate</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariate</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1-1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">1.89</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25-2.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75-3.82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.202</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">3.15</td>
                  <td align="center">2.45-4.07</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-5.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51-0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20-1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37-1.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18-1.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.197</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Clinical parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multivessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32-2.11</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76-3.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.208</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93-0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.926</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89-0.95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Patients with significant IMR demonstrated a notably elevated in-hospital mortality rate, alongside a heightened occurrence of cardiogenic shock and heart failure, in comparison to patients with insignificant IMR throughout the course of hospitalization. At 1 year and 2 years follow-up, death, readmission rate (and incidence of heart failure were significantly higher in patients with significant IMR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Group- I N=3887</th>
                  <th>Group- II N=302</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>In-hospital major adverse clinical events N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (1.21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (13.24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic shock</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (0.46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3.31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cerebrovascular Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (0.10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (1.03%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (11.59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>1 year major adverse clinical events N(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (4.53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (19.21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Readmission</td>
                  <td align="center">682 (17.86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (34.66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (4.89%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (23.51%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">71(1.85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.99%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9925</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>2 years major adverse clinical events N(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">243 (6.25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (22.18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Readmission</td>
                  <td align="center">943 (24.26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (44.04%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">375 (9.65%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (31.46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (2.17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">09 (2.98%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4870</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Patients evaluated for left ventricular ejection fraction and IMR grade on Echocardiography at 1 year follow up. A significantly higher number of revascularized patients had a reduction in MR severity at 1-year follow-up as compared to patients on medical management and patients who refused revascularization. LVEF was found to be significantly improved in patients who underwent revascularization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic outcome at 1-year follow-up</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Refused revascularization (N=100)</th>
                  <th>Medical management (N=53)</th>
                  <th>Revascularized (N=98)</th>
                  <th>p-Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>IMR grade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Improved</td>
                  <td align="center">06 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">09 (16.98%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (32.65%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Similar</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (92%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (83%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (67.35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Worsened</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">00</td>
                  <td align="center">00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2182</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Improved</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1.89%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (27.55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Similar</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (87%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (92.45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (69.38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Worsened</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (5.66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (3.06%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>IMR: ischemic mitral regurgitation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> presents the cardiovascular events at 1 and 2 years of follow-up in patients with significant MR and grouped according to the treatment they received. At two-year follow-up, mortality rates were 15%, 13.21%, and 5.10% with p=0.04, while readmission rates were 61%, 73.58%, and 33.67% with p&lt;0.0001, and rates of heart failure were 27%, 33.96%, and 15.31% with p=0.001, in patients who refused revascularization, patients on medical management and patients who underwent revascularization respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical outcome at 1 and 2 years follow up according to management strategy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Refused revascularization (N=100)</th>
                  <th>Medical management (N=53)</th>
                  <th>Revascularized (N=98)</th>
                  <th>p Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>1 year major adverse clinical events N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (9.43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (3.06%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1290</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2Readmission</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (43.39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (24.49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">08 (15.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9.18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1414</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>2 years major adverse clinical events N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">07 (13.21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (5.10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Readmission</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (73.58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (33.67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (33.96%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (15.31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> presents the predictors of MACE. Unadjusted odds of significant IMR showed significantly high (OR= 2.35), which was decreased when adjusted with age, diabetes, LVEF%, and multivessel disease (OR=1.09) however, it remained significant.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Predictor of MACE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Odds Ratio (OR)</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Significant IMR (unadjusted)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.55-3.67</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Significant IMR Adjusted for age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.99</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05-2.93</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Significant IMR Adjusted for Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.56</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-1.91</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Significant IMR Adjusted for LVEF%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.60</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03-2.30</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Significant IMR Adjusted for Multivessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10-2.48</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Significant IMR Adjusted for Age, Diabetes, LVEF%, Multivessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02-1.98</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>IMR: ischemic mitral regurgitation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref> represents the baseline characteristics of the three groups according to the management strategy. Patients with diabetes, addiction, old ACS, and multivessel disease were significantly higher in patients referred for medical management, while the values of LVEF and SBP were found to be lower compared to refused revascularization and revascularization.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of Baseline characteristics of the population according to the management strategy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Refused revascularization (N=111)</th>
                  <th>Medical management (N=53)</th>
                  <th>Revascularized (N=138)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">60.72&#177;8.91</td>
                  <td align="center">66.01&#177;7.01</td>
                  <td align="center">61.54&#177;7.95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (44.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (39.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (42.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (55.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (60.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (57.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (27.03%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (60.38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (31.14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (34.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (20.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (28.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Addiction</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (15.32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (52.83%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Old ACS</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18.02%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (66.04%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (21.01%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate</td>
                  <td align="center">84.23&#177;10.23</td>
                  <td align="center">88.19&#177;11.39</td>
                  <td align="center">85.69&#177;9.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP</td>
                  <td align="center">127.05&#177;22.23</td>
                  <td align="center">120.60&#177;20.96</td>
                  <td align="center">129.62&#177;22.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP</td>
                  <td align="center">74.99&#177;15.60</td>
                  <td align="center">72.13&#177;12.96</td>
                  <td align="center">75.99&#177;15.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">35.85&#177;10.56</td>
                  <td align="center">32.40&#177;11.78</td>
                  <td align="center">39.48&#177;11.01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>No. of Vessels blocked</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SVD</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (35.13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (5.66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (32.61%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVD</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (31.53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (9.43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (42.03%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVD</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (33.33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (84.90%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (25.36%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SVD: single vessel disease; DVD: double vessel disease; TVD: triple vessel disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the current observational study, significant IMR was observed in 7.21% of non-S-T elevation myocardial infarction patients. Higher age, presence of diabetes, and lower LVEF% were found to be associated with significant IMR in NSTEMI patients. During hospitalization, significantly higher incidences of death (1.21% vs. 13.24%), cardiogenic shock (0.46% vs. 3.31%), and heart failure (1.03% vs. 11.59%) were found in patients with significant IMR. In the sub-group outcome analysis in patients with significant MR, patients revascularized by any PCI, CABG, and CABG- mitral valve repair (MVR) showed significantly lower major adverse cardiac events and improved LVEF and MR grade compared to patients treated with medical management and patients who refused revascularization. Patients who refused revascularization showed significantly poor prognosis on follow-up. At two years follow-up, the incidence of mortality, readmission, and heart failure were significantly higher among patients who refused revascularization and patients with medical management.</p>
        <p>Earlier investigations had -found an incidence rate of 29.4%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> for MR- in AMI patients and 40.08%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>in NSTEMI patients. At the same time, the incidence of significant IMR was reported at 1.19%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and 21.73%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in NSTEMI patients. In the Villanueva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> study 21.73% incidence for significant IMR was higher; that might be due to the survey enrolling only older patients &#8805;80 years of age. In the present study, we observed 7.21% of significant IMR incidence among NSTEMI patients.</p>
        <p>In individuals with IMR, undergoing treatment with PCI, CABG, or a combination of CABG and MV surgery is linked to enhanced survival outcomes compared to the outcomes associated with medical therapy alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Ischemic MR causes changes in left ventricular structure and function due to ischemic heart disease, which worsens the prognosis in acute MI patients. Around 50% of the patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure and 20% of patients with acute myocardial infarction documented IMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>The chronic volume overload caused by IMR triggers left ventricular remodeling, altering the structure and function of the heart. This remodeling process can lead to further cardiac dysfunction, increasing the susceptibility to adverse cardiovascular events. These symptoms, when left unaddressed, can contribute to a decline in overall health and an increased risk of mortality.</p>
        <p>A study done by James et al. reported the mortality rates to be 24% at 30 days (95% CI, 12% to 36%), 42% at 6 months (CI, 28% to 56%), 52% at 1 year (CI, 38% to 66%) in acute ischemic moderately severe to severe IMR patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A multivariable analysis suggested that moderately severe or severe mitral regurgitation may be a potential independent predictor of mortality (p=0.06).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a multivariate analysis after adjusting for baseline characteristics including age and EF, the relative risk for both all-cause and cardiac mortality were independently associated with the presence of IMR with RR=1.88 (p=0.003) and RR=1.83 (p=0.014), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Previous prospective study involving individuals with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction &#8804;45%) and at least mild functional mitral regurgitation (IMR), the study found that the severity of IMR under basal conditions (ERO &#8805;20 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) independently predicted only cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In the present study, we observed 13.24% in-hospital death, 3.31% cardiogenic shock, and 11.59% participants with heart failure in patients with significant IMR, which was significantly higher compared to patients with in-significant IMR. At 2-year follow-up, the mortality rate was 22.18%, and 31.46% heart failure cases were observed in patients with significant IMR. Among patients with significant IMR, a readmission rate of 44.04% was observed at 2 years. Further, we categorized only significant IMR patients according to the treatment choices they made during admission time and compared outcomes at follow-up time; we found patients with revascularization (PCI or CABG or CABG + MVR) had improved IMR grade and LVEF at follow-up time compared to patients who refused revascularization and patients with medical management. Even these patients showed a higher incidence of death, heart failure, and readmission at 2 years follow-up. Consistent with the current study, previous findings<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> indicated that patients receiving treatment either of any PCI, CABG, or CABG + MV surgery demonstrated enhanced survival compared to those managed with medical approaches. Both CTSN trials, one involving moderate IMR and the other involving severe IMR patients, showed no difference between CABG and CABG plus MV repair in terms of left ventricular reverse remodeling or survival at the two-year mark among patients with moderate and severe IMR which suggest that there will be no significant benefits for patients who choose to undergo MVR. While mitral valve repair offered a more enduring correction of mitral regurgitation, it did not demonstrate a significant enhancement in survival or a reduction in overall adverse events or readmissions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Recently reported data indicates that early treatment of IMR concomitant to coronary revascularization, either by CABG or PCI, improves long-term survival compared to delayed MV surgery after coronary revascularization. However, patients with Prior coronary revascularization generally experience better outcomes with PCI compared to CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> These studies, along with the current research, highlight the importance of considering revascularization treatments for patients with severe IMR based on the severity of the disease and the recommendations of healthcare professionals rather than opting for medical management alone. However, the success of interventions depends on several key factors, including the severity of IMR, the extent of myocardial infarction, LVEF, the patient&#8217;s age, the presence of comorbidities, and the patient specific response. By alleviating the ischemic burden and restoring normal blood flow, PCI and CABG demonstrate valuable strategies to improve cardiac function and potentially improve mitral regurgitation.</p>
        <p>In navigating the complexities of IMR management, personalized and evidence-based decision-making is paramount. The integration of these treatment modalities, tailored to individual patient characteristics, contributes to enhanced survival, improved quality of life, and a reduction in the overall burden of cardiovascular morbidity. As research advances and our understanding of IMR deepens, continued efforts to refine and tailor treatment strategies hold the promise of further improving outcomes for individuals grappling with this challenging cardiovascular condition.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitation</title>
          <p>It was challenging to eliminate inter-observer variation in the assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR). It&#8217;s important to note that our study findings may be only applicable to non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients, but generalizing to all acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients may not be warranted. The patients on the medical management were more severe (they had higher age, diabetes, addiction, old ACS, three-vessel disease, and less LVEF). These factors could contribute to worse outcomes independent of the revascularization. Because of this, this study did not allow to establish that revascularization is the better treatment option for significant IMR after NSTEMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, addressing IMR is a multifaceted challenge with profound implications for patient outcomes. The detrimental impact of IMR on mortality and morbidity underscores the critical need for effective interventions. Treatments such as PCI, CABG, and the comprehensive CABG + MVR approach have demonstrated their potential to mitigate the adverse effects of IMR.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Radhakishan Dake, from Gujarat University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre under the protocol number 2019/14. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre (UNMICRC)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
