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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qsfJq7zpYwVkwgKFXKSWvBy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230837</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial de Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o e Alta Pot&#234;ncia: Preditores de Sucesso e Reincid&#234;ncia em Longo Prazo &#8211; Uma An&#225;lise Multivariada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3915-4309</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vassallo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corsino</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serpa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa;</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Aloyr</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hespanhol</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9225-2875</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lovatto</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Volponi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gasparini</surname>
            <given-names>Dalbian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa;</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria Faculdade de Medicina - Arritmias Card&#237;acas, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Fabricio Vassallo &#8226; Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia - Arritmias Card&#237;acas - Rua Marechal Campos 1579. CEP 29043-260, Santa Cec&#237;lia, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil E-mail: <email>fsvassallo@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Carlos Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230837</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial de Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o e Alta Pot&#234;ncia: Preditores de Sucesso e Reincid&#234;ncia em Longo Prazo &#8211; Uma An&#225;lise Multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qsfJq7zpYwVkwgKFXKSWvBy/ac58ef7eab99100da4544a3851100821fe7bbb70.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qsfJq7zpYwVkwgKFXKSWvBy/e23221d782ced55ea6e42874a1d1ee0e2be87269.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qsfJq7zpYwVkwgKFXKSWvBy/d647723d4344a58c0c3c77d1ccd1d37f0a65639a.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o ponto a ponto com uma t&#233;cnica de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e alta pot&#234;ncia (HPSD) &#233; utilizada em todo o mundo para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). Poucos dados est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis com HPSD e t&#233;cnica de arrasto (DT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Realizar uma an&#225;lise multivariada dos preditores cl&#237;nicos e procedimentais de sucesso e reincid&#234;ncia em HPSD com DT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente 214 pacientes em primeira abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em ritmo sinusal. DT com pot&#234;ncia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia de 50 W e for&#231;a de contato (FC) de 10&#8211;20 g e 5&#8211;10 g a uma vaz&#227;o de 40 mL/min foram aplicados nas paredes anterior e posterior, respectivamente. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> 143 (66,8%) homens, FA parox&#237;stica (FAP) em 124 (57,9%), com 61,1&#177;12,3 anos e acompanhados por 32,8&#177;13,2 meses. Ap&#243;s 90 dias, FA ocorreu em 43 (20,1%) pacientes, 19 (15,3%) na FAP e 24 (26,7%) na FA persistente (FAPers). A an&#225;lise multivariada indicou como preditores cl&#237;nicos de reincid&#234;ncia: idade &#8805; 65 anos (p=0,006); obesidade [&#237;ndice de massa corporal &gt; 30 (p=0,009)]; pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC &#8805; 3 (p=0,003); e FAPers (p=0,045). O preditor procedimental de reincid&#234;ncia foi um aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 10% (p=0,006). Os preditores de sucesso foram aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8805; 30% (p=0,04) e &lt; 60 min no tempo de &#225;trio esquerdo (TAE) (p=0,007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o de FA com preditores cl&#237;nicos e procedimentais DT e HPSD de reincid&#234;ncia foram &#8805; 65 anos, obesidade, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC &#8805; 3, FAPers e aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 10% ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Os preditores de sucesso foram um aumento &#8805; 30% na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e TAE baixo (&lt; 60 min).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Reincid&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>V&#225;rios fatores de risco est&#227;o associados ao desenvolvimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), incluindo idade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Fatores de risco menos validados incluem hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico, obesidade e s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os fatores de risco identificados para reincid&#234;ncia ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (AC) s&#227;o menos bem estabelecidos, mas incluem o tipo de FA e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Desde a publica&#231;&#227;o de Ha&#239;ssaguerre et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que concluiu que batimentos ect&#243;picos da veia pulmonar (VP) s&#227;o gatilhos de FA, o isolamento da VP se tornou um procedimento frequente em todo o mundo. Sua principal indica&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com FA sintom&#225;tica &#233; a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal na FA refrat&#225;ria a medicamentos como uma forma de terapia medicamentosa antiarr&#237;tmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Altas taxas de sucesso agudo s&#227;o alcan&#231;&#225;veis, mas a efic&#225;cia a longo prazo da AC para FA continua sendo um grande desafio. Estudos anteriores documentaram que as taxas de sucesso variam de 50% a 80% dependendo do tipo de FA, sendo menores para FA persistente (FAPers).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A maioria dos estudos utilizou uma abordagem de par&#226;metros de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) bem padronizados, como configura&#231;&#245;es de pot&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o e o uso de uma abla&#231;&#227;o ponto a ponto apoiada por anota&#231;&#245;es automatizadas de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico.</p>
      <p>A ado&#231;&#227;o de novas t&#233;cnicas e tecnologias, como a t&#233;cnica de arrasto (DT) de cateter em &#8220;movimento perp&#233;tuo&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e a nova gera&#231;&#227;o de cateteres for&#231;a de contato (FC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>associados a novos geradores de RF, permitiram que a t&#233;cnica de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o (HPSD) fosse introduzida com seguran&#231;a. Identificar preditores de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA pode ajudar a melhorar a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para esse procedimento, reduzir custos com assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e evitar expor pacientes a procedimentos malsucedidos e suas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores cl&#237;nicos e dados de procedimentos que podem estar associados &#224; reincid&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o tratamento da FA usando uma t&#233;cnica de AC de arrasto com HPSD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Dois centros com alto volume de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA conduziram este estudo prospectivo observacional longitudinal. Os dados foram coletados entre dezembro de 2018 e dezembro de 2021. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o (CAAE 07888919.8.0000.5061). Nenhum dos pacientes havia sido submetido a procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e assinaram um termo de consentimento informado. Eles apresentavam FAP ou FAPers sintom&#225;tica (persistente e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o) que era intolerante ou refrat&#225;ria a pelo menos um medicamento antiarr&#237;tmico (DAA) de classe I/III. Para pacientes que n&#227;o estavam em ritmo sinusal no dia do procedimento, uma cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica foi realizada e, se o ritmo sinusal fosse restaurado, o paciente era inclu&#237;do no estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desenho do protocolo do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230837-30837-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: aqueles com sucesso (a vari&#225;vel dependente &#8211; nenhum novo evento de FA) e aqueles com recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</title>
        <p>O protocolo &#233; descrito em detalhes em outra sess&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em resumo, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foi mantida e todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o usando um protocolo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral ininterrupto. Os DAA dos pacientes foram suspensos por cinco meias-vidas antes do procedimento, exceto a amiodarona, que foi mantida apenas nos pacientes que permaneceram em FA na &#250;ltima consulta (30 dias) antes da abla&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes realizaram no dia ou at&#233; 48 horas antes da abla&#231;&#227;o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e/ou angiotomografia do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e VPs.</p>
        <p>Foi realizado o isolamento da VP com abordagem de abla&#231;&#227;o antral utilizando o suporte do sistema de mapeamento EnSite&#8482; Velocity&#8482;, vers&#227;o 5.0, utilizando um cateter de detec&#231;&#227;o de FC, bainha deflet&#237;vel e sonda de ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca. A configura&#231;&#227;o de RF foi de 50 W com 40 mL/min<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> de irriga&#231;&#227;o, com uma FC de 5&#8211;10 g na parede posterior e 10&#8211;20 g na parede anterior do AE, respectivamente. O cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o foi arrastado usando um movimento lento denominado &#8220;movimento perp&#233;tuo&#8221; ao redor da PV a cada 2 a 5 segundos durante o fornecimento cont&#237;nuo de RF. Outras caracter&#237;sticas de abla&#231;&#227;o relacionadas &#224; FC, como o &#237;ndice do tamanho da les&#227;o (LSI) e a integral for&#231;a-tempo, n&#227;o foram aplicadas, pois usamos uma abordagem de movimento perp&#233;tuo ou movimento lento do cateter. Ao final do procedimento, todos os pacientes receberam uma dose de desafio de 12 mg de adenosina para cada antro da VP para desmascarar quaisquer veias dormentes. Trabalhos anteriores do nosso pr&#243;prio laborat&#243;rio demonstraram que essa t&#233;cnica usando o AutoMarkerTM produziu um conjunto de les&#245;es semelhante &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o ponto a ponto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Monitoramento da temperatura esof&#225;gica luminal</title>
        <p>Em todos os pacientes, a temperatura esof&#225;gica luminal (LET) foi monitorada. O dispositivo dispon&#237;vel era um cateter de curvatura padr&#227;o, tamanho 7 French (7F), direcion&#225;vel, sim&#233;trico, bidirecional, de curva longa, com ponta de 4 mm (EPT Blazer II, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) com o termistor localizado na ponta. O cateter LET foi conectado diretamente ao sistema de registro de eletrofisiologia, e as mudan&#231;as de temperatura foram anotadas manualmente e exibidas no sistema de registro. Um aumento de 2 &#176;C em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; LET basal resultou na exibi&#231;&#227;o de uma luz vermelha piscante em duas telas (para os operadores do cateter e do pol&#237;grafo). Isso forneceu um alerta para interromper imediatamente a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF. Anteriormente, selecionar um aumento de pelo menos 1 &#176;C levava frequentemente ao encerramento prematuro de aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF. Assim, para levar em conta as varia&#231;&#245;es na LET basal, foi determinado que uma LET de 2 &#176;C corresponde mais precisamente aos aumentos da temperatura esof&#225;gica intramural, o que pode ser prejudicial e, portanto, deve ser evitado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Geralmente, um aumento da LET de mais de 2 &#176;C geralmente precede uma LET absoluto de 39 &#176;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o do efeito de isolamento de primeira passagem</title>
        <p>O efeito de isolamento de primeira passagem (FPI) foi definido como o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias ap&#243;s toda a circunfer&#234;ncia do antro pulmonar ser circundada. Conforme defini&#231;&#227;o de FPI, a estimula&#231;&#227;o foi realizada dentro e fora das veias para documentar a presen&#231;a de bloqueios de sa&#237;da e entrada, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s anestesia geral e previamente &#224; pun&#231;&#227;o da veia femoral, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal (FC) foi registrada utilizando o sistema de registro eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Enquanto o procedimento estava sendo realizado e um estado de anestesia geral estava sendo mantido, a FC final tamb&#233;m foi registrada. Qualquer diferen&#231;a entre as FCs inicial e final foi calculada como uma porcentagem da mudan&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os testes foram realizados utilizando o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) vers&#227;o 20 da IBM. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como valor-p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e, portanto, foram descritas usando m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Utilizamos o teste exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade dos dados do estudo. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos independentes foi feita com o uso do teste t n&#227;o pareado.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou a abordagem de an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia considerando a recorr&#234;ncia da FA como o evento de interesse. A vantagem desse tipo de abordagem &#233; poder considerar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do grupo de pacientes ao longo do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o apenas se houve recorr&#234;ncia da FA. Inicialmente, calculamos as probabilidades de sobreviv&#234;ncia usando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. Esse tipo de an&#225;lise permite avaliar apenas a influ&#234;ncia isolada de cada vari&#225;vel, desconsiderando o efeito das demais. Para comparar as curvas, utilizamos o teste Log-Rank. A an&#225;lise univariada foi realizada utilizando o modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox com modelo de riscos proporcionais para cada vari&#225;vel avaliada para estimar a raz&#227;o de risco ou risco relativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Para obter uma an&#225;lise global, foi ajustada uma an&#225;lise multivariada de um modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox com riscos proporcionais. Isso permite que todos os efeitos sejam avaliados ao mesmo tempo. Com esta an&#225;lise multivariada, ser&#227;o avaliados os fatores de risco independentemente associados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de acompanhamento p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram internados no dia do procedimento e receberam alta no dia seguinte se n&#227;o tivesse ocorrido nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou no procedimento. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com AADs durante os primeiros 2 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o e interrompidos depois disso, independentemente do tipo de FA. A abla&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida foi definida como a n&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncia de novo epis&#243;dio de FA, flutter atrial e/ou taquicardia atrial com dura&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 30 segundos ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de blanking de 3 meses. Os anticoagulantes orais foram interrompidos nos pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC menor ou igual a 3. As exce&#231;&#245;es foram pacientes que tiveram acidentes vasculares cerebrais anteriores e/ou tinham 75 anos ou mais.</p>
        <p>Um eletrocardiograma (ECG) foi realizado ap&#243;s 7 dias e em 1, 2, 3, 6 e 12 meses e a cada 12 meses a partir de ent&#227;o. Aos 3, 6 e 12 meses e a cada 12 meses subsequentes, foi empregado o monitoramento Holter de 24 horas. Caso apresentassem sintomas de arritmia, um ECG era agendado para o mesmo dia da comunica&#231;&#227;o e um monitoramento Holter de 48 horas para o dia seguinte. Dados de FA do marcapasso foram usados quando dispon&#237;veis. Cada paciente foi ensinado a verificar o pulso manualmente ou a usar um ox&#237;metro de pulso ou aplicativo de smartphone para monitorar sua FC e/ou ritmo card&#237;aco em caso de sintomas ou conforme necess&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Para os 214 pacientes em nossa an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria de recorr&#234;ncia de FA, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram as seguintes: havia 143 homens (66,8%) com idade m&#233;dia de 61,1 &#177; 12,3 anos. O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 32,8 &#177; 13,2 meses. O padr&#227;o basal da FA foi parox&#237;stico em 124 (57,9%) pacientes e persistente em 90 (42,1%). O tempo m&#233;dio entre o in&#237;cio da FA e a inclus&#227;o no estudo foi de 11,3 &#177; 8,6 meses e a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc foi de 2,4 &#177; 1,7.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que mais impactaram a recorr&#234;ncia foram idade &#8805; 65 anos, IMC (&#237;ndice de massa corporal) &gt; 30, CHA<sub>2</sub>DSVASC<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 3, tipo FAPers e presen&#231;a de apneia obstrutiva do sono. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes nos grupos de sucesso e recorr&#234;ncia s&#227;o descritas em detalhes na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais. Tempo entre abla&#231;&#227;o e reincid&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica</th>
                  <th>Sucesso (171) </th>
                  <th>Reincid&#234;ncia (43)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade m&#233;dia (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,1 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">65,5 &#177; 12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (67,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (69,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso m&#233;dio (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 16,1</td>
                  <td align="center">81,6 &#177; 14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura m&#233;dia (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (67,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (65,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Apneia obstrutiva (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (48,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (72,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (32,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (41,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (19,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (14,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA parox&#237;stica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (60,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (46,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,6 &#177; 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">42,8 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,7 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">59,9 &#177; 9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo m&#233;dio (meses): diagn&#243;stico para abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">21,46 &#177; 24,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acompanhamento m&#233;dio (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 21,2</td>
                  <td align="center">34,2 &#177; 21,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados do procedimento</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 171 (79,9%) pacientes no grupo de sucesso e 43 (20,1%) pacientes no grupo de recorr&#234;ncia, incluindo 19 (15,3%) do grupo FAP e 24 (26,7%) do grupo FAPers.</p>
        <p>Os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nos grupos de sucesso e recorr&#234;ncia s&#227;o descritos em detalhes na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A abla&#231;&#227;o resulta em casos de sucesso e reincid&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Resultados da Abla&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Sucesso (171) </th>
                  <th>Reincid&#234;ncia (43)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo AE m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">57,9 &#177; 18,9</td>
                  <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 21,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">69,9 &#177; 30,2</td>
                  <td align="center">93,1 &#177; 23,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo m&#233;dio de RF (s)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.478 &#177; 321,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.888,4 &#177; 584,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo m&#233;dio de raio-X</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Efeito FPI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (77,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (82,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inicial m&#233;dia (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,8 &#177; 9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">57,0 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca final m&#233;dia (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">64,4 + 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Delta da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (24.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 (12,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eleva&#231;&#227;o LET</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (33,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (53,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; RF: radiofrequ&#234;ncia; FPI: isolamento de primeira passagem; LET: temperatura esof&#225;gica luminal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise cl&#237;nica e caracter&#237;stica da abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base nos resultados do teste log-rank, houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas indicando resultados favor&#225;veis para os pacientes com as caracter&#237;sticas acima mencionadas (&lt; 65 anos, IMC &#8804; 30, pontua&#231;&#227;o CHADSVASC &lt; 3, FAP e sem apneia obstrutiva do sono).</p>
        <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es de tempo at&#233; o evento de arritmias recorrentes, analisadas no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-blanking (com &#8220;tempo zero&#8221; ocorrendo 90 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o), foram realizadas entre os grupos (sucesso e recorr&#234;ncia) usando um modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox com riscos proporcionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O modelo de Cox utilizou um ajuste para as seguintes covari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas basais pr&#233;-especificadas: sexo, faixa et&#225;ria no momento da inscri&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 65 e &#8805; 65 anos), presen&#231;a de obesidade com IMC &gt; 30 (presente ou ausente), tipo de FA (parox&#237;stica ou persistente), anos desde o in&#237;cio da FA, pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (0&#8211;2 ou &#8805; 3), hipertens&#227;o (presente ou ausente), acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (presente ou ausente), diabetes (presente ou ausente), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cl&#237;nica (presente ou ausente), doen&#231;a arterial ou coron&#225;ria (presente ou ausente), insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica com depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina &lt; 30 mL/min (presente ou ausente), apneia obstrutiva do sono com apneia moderada ou grave (presente ou ausente), aumento do AE (di&#226;metro do AE &#8804; 42 ou &gt; 42 mm) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 50 ou &#8805; 50%). A mesma an&#225;lise foi feita usando caracter&#237;sticas intraprocedimentais: eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 10% do n&#237;vel basal (sim vs. n&#227;o), eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8805; 30% (sim ou n&#227;o), TAE &lt; 60 min (sim vs. n&#227;o), tempo total do procedimento &lt; 80 min (sim vs. n&#227;o), tempo de RF &lt; 1.500 s (sim vs. n&#227;o), efeito de isolamento de primeira passagem (sim vs. n&#227;o) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da LET (sim vs. n&#227;o).</p>
        <p>Usando an&#225;lise multivariada, os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia foram idade &gt; 65 anos; obesidade/IMC &gt; 30; CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC &#8805; 3; tipo de FA, com FAPers apresentando maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia; aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8804; 10%. Encontramos dois preditores de sucesso: TAE &lt; 60 min e um aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de &#8805; 30 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o que impactam o sucesso e a reincid&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Preditores</th>
                  <th>Sucesso</th>
                  <th>Reincid&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 65</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade (IMC)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA persistente</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#195;O</td>
                  <td align="center">SIM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento de FC &#8804; 10%</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#195;O</td>
                  <td align="center">SIM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo AE &lt; 60 min</td>
                  <td align="center">SIM</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#195;O</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento da FC &#8805; 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">SIM</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#195;O</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FC: for&#231;a de contato.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico em floresta mostrando os 7 preditores de sucesso/reincid&#234;ncia (raz&#227;o de risco com IC de 95%). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FAPers: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230837-30837-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Durante o estudo, tivemos uma complica&#231;&#227;o importante, derrame peric&#225;rdico, que exigiu drenagem percut&#226;nea do peric&#225;rdio. Dois pseudoaneurismas tamb&#233;m foram observados no estudo com inje&#231;&#227;o de trombina e resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos sobre FA examinaram os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o usando cateteres de detec&#231;&#227;o de FC e HPSD, incorporando caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. Nosso foco foi diferente dos estudos anteriores, que destacaram principalmente os fatores cl&#237;nicos tradicionais como preditivos de resultados piores. A maioria deles n&#227;o analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os resultados do procedimento especificamente com o uso de HPSD associado &#224; DT de cateter em &#8220;movimento perp&#233;tuo&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Um estudo anterior<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> mostrou os seguintes seis preditores independentes de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o inicial de FC em pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD: idade avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino, FAPers e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o vs. parox&#237;stica, tamanho maior do AE, isolamento da parede posterior e uso de SmartTouch vs. TactiCath. PWI foi analisado e associado a piores resultados para todos os tipos de FA, exceto FA parox&#237;stica, e o &#250;nico preditor de recorr&#234;ncia relacionada ao procedimento foi o tipo de cateter (marca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim como nos resultados dos recentes estudos EARLY-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e PROGRESSIVE-AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> o tempo entre o diagn&#243;stico e a AC teve um grande impacto na taxa de sucesso em nosso estudo, demonstrado pelos tipos de FA. Nesses estudos, uma menor taxa de recorr&#234;ncia foi observada em pacientes designados para crioabla&#231;&#227;o do que naqueles que receberam DAA. No estudo EARLY-AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia nos grupos de abla&#231;&#227;o e medica&#231;&#227;o foram de 42,9% e 67,8%, respectivamente. Em um cen&#225;rio de acompanhamento extenso, a presen&#231;a de FAPers foi menor no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de medica&#231;&#227;o. Taquiarritmias atriais foram detectadas em 56,5% e 77,2% dos grupos de abla&#231;&#227;o e medica&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. Neste manuscrito, descrevemos uma maior incid&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia no grupo FAPers, de 26,7%, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo FAP, com 15,3%. Nosso tempo entre o diagn&#243;stico de FA e a abla&#231;&#227;o nos grupos de sucesso e recorr&#234;ncia foi de 12,7 &#177; 9,0 e 21,46 &#177; 24,5 meses (p=0,01), respectivamente, mostrando que atrasos no diagn&#243;stico e encaminhamento para abla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m impactam os resultados em longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Outro achado interessante e importante &#233; o impacto do IMC nos resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o. Maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia foi demonstrada em pacientes com IMC &gt; 30. Este &#233; um preditor de maiores taxas de recorr&#234;ncia, como um estudo observacional europeu<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> que mostrou uma recidiva de arritmia atrial em 12 meses em 43,6% em pacientes obesos e 48% em pacientes obesos m&#243;rbidos.</p>
      <p>Em um registro alem&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia clinicamente observados foram g&#234;nero feminino e maior probabilidade de FAPers de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Comorbidades como insufici&#234;ncia renal e doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca foram significativamente mais frequentes em pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia tiveram maior probabilidade de apresentar-se na classe NYHA &#8805; II. Menor recorr&#234;ncia foi observada em pacientes com FAP. As caracter&#237;sticas procedimentais relacionadas &#224; reincid&#234;ncia foram menor energia durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF, menor tempo de RF, maiores doses de fluoroscopia e recidiva hospitalar ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Analisando todas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas mencionadas acima, a pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA<sub>2</sub>DAS<sub>2</sub>VASC resumiu o impacto da comorbidade como um marcador de maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia. Neste manuscrito, uma pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA<sub>2</sub>DAS<sub>2</sub>VASC &#8805; 3 indicou um aumento de 2,4 vezes na recorr&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Em contraste com os resultados do nosso estudo, outro estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> indicou que a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia livre de dois anos foi significativamente melhor no grupo FPI do que no grupo n&#227;o FPI. Tanto no grupo de sucesso quanto no de recorr&#234;ncia do presente estudo, observamos uma alta taxa de FPI e a recorr&#234;ncia desses pacientes pode estar associada a gatilhos n&#227;o venosos pulmonares.</p>
      <p>Enquanto isso, outra equipe de pesquisa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> descobriu que a interrup&#231;&#227;o abrupta da RF devido a alertas de temperatura esof&#225;gica afetou a reconex&#227;o aguda e cr&#244;nica da VP. Eles tamb&#233;m descobriram que as veias que causavam alertas de temperatura e interrompiam aplica&#231;&#245;es de energia de RF n&#227;o tinham mais probabilidade de se reconectar de forma aguda ou cr&#244;nica do que as veias que tinham les&#245;es de RF em dose total sem causar alertas. Em um estudo randomizado subsequente, o mesmo grupo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> descobriu que na AC guiada por LSI, o uso de maior pot&#234;ncia n&#227;o resultou em um n&#250;mero maior de alertas ou picos de temperatura esof&#225;gica do que a menor pot&#234;ncia. De fato, isso poderia ter levado a um n&#250;mero menor. Alta pot&#234;ncia pareceu estar associada a melhores resultados em procedimentos agudos; al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de um maior n&#250;mero de alertas esof&#225;gicos com o uso de maior pot&#234;ncia pode estar associada &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de melhores les&#245;es de RF.</p>
      <p>Um estudo por Yu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> revelou que a modifica&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal da FC foi indicativa de alta manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FA com modula&#231;&#227;o vagal significativa e sem efeitos card&#237;acos adversos. Nesses casos de abla&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-FA, uma alta FC sinusal foi associada a uma recorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica significativamente menor de FA ap&#243;s AC. Esses achados foram corroborados por von Olshausen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> que mostraram um aumento significativo de 11,5 bpm imediatamente ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, a FC m&#233;dia diminuiu ligeiramente, por&#233;m permaneceu bem mais alta que o valor pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o. Foi sugerido que um aumento no ritmo sinusal da FC estava relacionado a uma menor probabilidade de recorr&#234;ncia. Corroborando os achados do manuscrito real, nosso estudo anterior<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> usando abla&#231;&#227;o de baixa pot&#234;ncia e longa dura&#231;&#227;o (LPLD) observou recorr&#234;ncia em 40,4%, enquanto no grupo HPSD, a recorr&#234;ncia foi observada em apenas 16,5% dos pacientes ao longo de 30 meses de acompanhamento. Comparando as t&#233;cnicas LPLD e HPSD, a &#250;ltima produziu um aumento maior da FC, com um impacto importante na aus&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia. Quando reunimos os pacientes que atingiram FCs mais altas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, independentemente da t&#233;cnica utilizada, o aumento da FC tamb&#233;m mostrou um impacto importante na aus&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia. Outra quest&#227;o importante abordada no presente estudo foi a documenta&#231;&#227;o de duas vari&#225;veis na modula&#231;&#227;o da FC: a incapacidade de atingir um aumento de &gt; 10% na FC com risco de recorr&#234;ncia de 4,8 vezes e a presen&#231;a de um aumento de &#8805; 30% na FC com chance 1,2 vez maior de manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal durante nosso acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a documentar que o tempo de AE inferior foi um marcador importante de sucesso a longo prazo, com um risco 2,8 vezes menor de recorr&#234;ncia. Isso pode ser um reflexo de um melhor preenchimento do conjunto de les&#245;es, j&#225; que as VPs foram isoladas de forma mais r&#225;pida.</p>
      <p>Como quest&#227;o de progn&#243;stico, os achados do nosso estudo podem ser &#250;teis na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que precisar&#227;o de um acompanhamento mais pr&#243;ximo com um protocolo de monitoramento mais rigoroso, bem como durante a AC, uma vez que caracter&#237;sticas intraprocedimentais podem identificar pacientes de maior risco para reincid&#234;ncia de FA. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o da FC, ela tamb&#233;m pode ser &#250;til para indicar uma poss&#237;vel modalidade de tratamento em pacientes que precisam de abla&#231;&#227;o repetida e n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#227;o significativa na FC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Neste estudo piloto prospectivo, de bra&#231;o &#250;nico e centro &#250;nico, o ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o cont&#237;nuo foi avaliado usando ECGs e monitoramento Holter de 24 horas para documentar a recorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmia atrial. O monitoramento cont&#237;nuo pode produzir achados diferentes, mas esse tipo de recurso n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel rotineiramente em nossas institui&#231;&#245;es e os pacientes sintom&#225;ticos receberam um monitoramento mais cont&#237;nuo, sem impacto na documenta&#231;&#227;o de arritmias atriais.</p>
        <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi a exclus&#227;o dos pacientes que n&#227;o converteram para ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Esses pacientes t&#234;m um tipo estabelecido de FA com maiores taxas de recorr&#234;ncia que n&#227;o foi analisado no estudo atual, e isso pode ser um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. O principal motivo para a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes apenas em ritmo sinusal no in&#237;cio do procedimento, conforme descrito anteriormente, foi a necessidade de analisar a modifica&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sinusal ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, devemos ressaltar que quando inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes em ritmo sinusal no in&#237;cio da abla&#231;&#227;o pode haver tamb&#233;m outra forma de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, usando HPSD e DT, identificamos dois preditores de sucesso: um aumento de &#8805; 30% na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e menor TAE (&lt; 60 min). As caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento cl&#237;nico de maior risco que indicaram recorr&#234;ncia foram idade &#8805; 65 anos, obesidade, pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC &#8805; 3, FAPers e aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de &#8804; 10% ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos aos nossos pacientes pelos dados compartilhados, Christiane Amaral e Beatriz Lelis da equipe administrativa, bem como Edevaldo da Silva, Anderson Barcelos e Bruno Oliveira das equipes biom&#233;dica e t&#233;cnica, pela dedica&#231;&#227;o, paci&#234;ncia e esfor&#231;os na coleta de dados.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230837i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High Power Short Duration Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Long-Term Predictors of Success and Recurrence &#8211; A Multivariate Analysis</article-title>
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          <name>
            <surname>Vassallo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
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          <name>
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            <given-names>Christiano</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
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            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serpa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
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            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9225-2875</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lovatto</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Volponi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gasparini</surname>
            <given-names>Dalbian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
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          <name>
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            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
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        </contrib>
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      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria Faculdade de Medicina - Arritmias Card&#237;acas, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Fabricio Vassallo &#8226; Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia - Arritmias Card&#237;acas - Rua Marechal Campos 1579. Postal Code 29043-260, Santa Cec&#237;lia, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil E-mail: fsvassallo@cardiol.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Carlos Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: High Power Short Duration Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Long-Term Predictors of Success and Recurrence &#8211; A Multivariate Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230837-30837-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Point-by-point ablation with a high-power short-duration (HPSD) technique in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is used worldwide. Little data is available with the HPSD and dragging technique (DT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To perform a multivariate analysis of clinical and procedural predictors of success and recurrence in HPSD with DT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> 214 patients in the first AF ablation in sinus rhythm were prospectively enrolled. DT with radiofrequency power of 50 W and contact force (CF) of 10&#8211;20 g and 5&#8211;10 g at a flow rate of 40 mL/min were applied on the anterior and posterior walls, respectively. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> 143 (66.8%) males, paroxysmal AF (PAF) in 124 (57.9%), with 61.1&#177;12.3 years and followed for 32.8&#177;13.2 months. After 90 days, AF occurred in 43 (20.1%) patients, 19 (15.3%) from PAF, and 24 (26.7%) in persistent AF (PersAF). Multivariate analysis indicated as clinical predictors of recurrence: age &#8805; 65 years (p=0.006); obesity [body mass index &gt; 30 (p=0.009)]; CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC score &#8805; 3 (p=0.003); and PersAF (p=0.045). The procedural predictor of recurrence was a heart rate increase &lt; 10% (p=0.006). Predictors of success were an increase in heart rate &#8805; 30% (p=0.04) and &lt; 60 min in left atrium time (LAT) (p=0.007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> AF ablation with DT and HPSD clinical and procedural predictors of recurrence were &#8805; 65 years, obesity, a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC &#8805; 3, PersAF, and a heart rate increase of &lt; 10% after ablation. Success predictors were an increase of &#8805; 30% in heart rate and low LAT (&lt; 60 min).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Recidivism</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Numerous risk factors are associated with the development of atrial fibrillation (AF), including age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Less validated risk factors include subclinical hyperthyroidism, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Identified risk factors for recurrence after catheter ablation (CA) are less well established but include the type of AF and echocardiographic parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since the publication of Ha&#239;ssaguerre et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> which concluded that ectopic beats from a pulmonary vein (PV) are AF triggers, PV isolation has become a frequent procedure worldwide. Its major indication for symptomatic AF patients is the maintenance of sinus rhythm in drug-refractory AF as a form of anti-arrhythmic drug therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> High acute success rates are achievable, but long-term efficacy of CA for AF remains a major challenge. Previous studies have documented that success rates vary from 50% to 80% depending on the type of AF, being lower for persistent AF (PersAF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Most studies used well-standardized radiofrequency (RF) parameters approach such as power and duration settings and the use of a point-by-point ablation supported by electroanatomic mapping automated annotations.</p>
        <p>The adoption of new techniques and technology, such as a catheter dragging &#8220;perpetual motion&#8221; technique<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and a new generation of contact force (CF) catheters<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>associated with new RF generators, permitted the high-power short-duration (HPSD) technique to be safely introduced. Identifying predictors of recurrence after AF ablation may help improve patient selection for this procedure, reduce healthcare costs, and avoid exposing patients to unsuccessful procedures and their related complications.</p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical factors and procedural data that may be associated with recurrence after AF treatment using a dragging CA technique with HPSD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>Two centers with high volumes of AF ablation conducted this longitudinal, observational prospective study. Data were collected between December 2018 and December 2021. The study was approved by the institution&#8217;s research ethics committee (CAAE 07888919.8.0000.5061). All patients were naive to left atrial ablation procedures and signed an informed consent form. They presented symptomatic PAF or PersAF (both persistent and long-persistent) that was intolerant of or refractory to at least one class I/III antiarrhythmic drug (AAD). Electrical cardioversion was performed for patients who were not in sinus rhythm on the day of the procedure, and if sinus rhythm was restored, the patient was included in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study protocol design.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230837-30837-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The patients were divided into two groups: those with success (the dependent variable &#8211; no new AF event) and those with recurrence of AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Catheter ablation protocol</title>
          <p>The protocol is described in detail elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In summary, oral anticoagulation was maintained, and all patients underwent ablation using an uninterrupted oral anticoagulation protocol. The patients&#8217; AADs were suspended for five half-lives prior to the procedure, except for amiodarone, which was maintained only in patients that remained in AF in the last appointment (30 days) prior to the ablation. Patients performed on the day of or up to 48 hours before ablation transesophageal echocardiography and/or angiotomography of the left atrium (LA) and PVs.</p>
          <p>The PV isolation with an antral ablation approach using the support of the EnSite&#8482; Velocity&#8482; mapping system, version 5.0, using a CF sensing catheter, deflectable sheath, and intracardiac echocardiography probe was performed. The RF setting was 50 W with 40 mL/min<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> of irrigation, with a CF of 5&#8211;10 g on the posterior and 10&#8211;20 g on the anterior LA walls, respectively. The ablation catheter was dragged using a &#8220;perpetual motion,&#8221; a slow movement around the PV every 2 to 5 seconds during continuous RF delivery. Other CF-related ablation characteristics, such as the lesion size index (LSI) and force-time integral (FTI), were not applied since we used a perpetual motion or slow catheter movement approach. At the end of the procedure, all patients were given a challenge dose of 12 mg of adenosine for each PV antrum to unmask any dormant veins. Previous work from our own laboratory demonstrated that this technique using the AutoMarker<sup>TM</sup> produced a similar lesion set as point-by-point ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Luminal esophageal temperature monitoring</title>
          <p>In all patients, luminal esophageal temperature (LET) was monitored. The available device was a standard-curve, 7 French size (7F), steerable, symmetrical, bidirectional, long-curve, 4-mm tip catheter (EPT Blazer II, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) with the thermistor located at the tip. The LET catheter was plugged directly into the electrophysiology recording system, and temperature changes were manually annotated and displayed on the recording system. A 2 &#176;C increase from the baseline LET resulted in a flashing red light being displayed on two screens (for the catheter and polygraph operators). This provided an alert to stop the RF application immediately. Previously, selecting an increase of at least 1 &#176;C led to the frequent premature termination of RF applications. Thus, to account for variations in the baseline LET, an LET of 2 &#176;C was determined to correspond to the intramural esophageal temperature increases more accurately, which can be detrimental and should, therefore, be avoided.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Generally, a LET increase of more than 2 &#176;C usually precedes an absolute LET of 39 &#176;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>First-pass isolation effect definition</title>
          <p>The first-pass isolation (FPI) effect has been defined as the electrical isolation of the veins after the entire pulmonary antrum circumference is encircled. As per the definition of FPI, stimulation was performed inside and outside the veins to document the presence of exit and entrance blocks, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart rate increase definition</title>
          <p>After general anesthesia and prior to femoral vein puncture, basal heart rate (HR) was recorded using the electrophysiology recording system. While the procedure was being completed and a general anesthesia state was being maintained, the final HR was also recorded. Any difference between the initial and final HRs was calculated as a percentage of the change.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Tests were performed using IBM&#8217;s Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20. Statistical significance was defined as p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
          <p>Categorical variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies. Continuous variables presented a normal distribution and were therefore described using mean &#177; standard deviation. We used the Fisher&#8217;s exact test for the categorical variables and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of the data in the study. The comparison between the mean of the independent groups was made with the use of an unpaired t-test.</p>
          <p>Statistical analysis used the survival analysis approach considering the recurrence of AF as the event of interest. The advantage of this type of approach is to be able to consider the evolution of the group of patients throughout the observation period and not just whether there was a recurrence of AF. Initially, we calculate surviving probabilities using the Kaplan&#8211;Meier method. This type of analysis allows evaluating only the isolated influence of each variable, disregarding the effect of the others. To compare the curves, we used the Log-Rank test. Univariate analysis was performed using the Cox regression model with a proportional risks model for each variable evaluated to estimate the hazard ratio or relative risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> To obtain a global analysis, a multivariate analysis, a Cox regression model with proportional hazards was adjusted. This allows all effects to be evaluated at the same time. With this multivariate analysis risk factors independently associated with ablation recurrence will be assessed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Post-ablation follow-up protocol</title>
          <p>Patients were admitted on the day of the procedure and discharged the day after the procedure if no clinical or procedural complication occurred. All patients were treated with AADs during the first 2-month after ablation and interrupted after despite the type of AF. Successful ablation was defined as the non-occurrence of new AF, atrial flutter and/or atrial tachycardia episode lasting at least 30 sec after a 3-month blanking. Oral anticoagulants were interrupted for patients with CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC scores less than or equal to 3. The exceptions were patients who had previous strokes and/or were aged 75 years or older.</p>
          <p>An electrocardiogram (ECG) was traced after 7 days and at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months and every 12 months thereafter. At 3, 6, and 12 months and every subsequent 12 months, 24-hour Holter monitoring was employed. If they experienced arrhythmia symptoms, an ECG was scheduled for the same day of the communication and a 48-hour Holter monitoring for the next day. Pacemaker AF data were used when available. Each patient was taught to check their pulse manually or to use a pulse oximeter or smartphone application to monitor their HR and/or heart rhythm in case of symptoms or as needed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient population and characteristics</title>
          <p>For the 214 patients in our primary analysis of AF recurrence, the clinical characteristics were as follows: there were 143 males (66.8%) with a mean age of 61.1 &#177; 12.3 years. The mean follow-up time was 32.8 &#177; 13.2 months. The baseline pattern of AF was paroxysmal in 124 (57.9%) patients and persistent in 90 (42.1%). The mean time from AF onset to enrollment in the study was 11.3 &#177; 8.6 months, and the mean CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc score was 2.4 &#177; 1.7.</p>
          <p>The clinical features that most impacted recurrence were age &#8805; 65 years old, BMI &gt; 30, CHA<sub>2</sub>DSVASC<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 3, PersAF type, and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea. The clinical characteristics of the patients in the success and recurrence groups are described in detail in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. Time from ablation to recurrence</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Clinical Feature</th>
                    <th>Success (171) </th>
                    <th>Recurrence (43)</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.1 &#177; 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">65.5 &#177; 12.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Males (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">116 (67.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (69.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Weight (kgs)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 &#177; 16.1</td>
                    <td align="center">81.6 &#177; 14.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Height (m)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">116 (67.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (65.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obstructive Apnea (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (48.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (72.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arterial Disease (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (32.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (41.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (19.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (6.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (9.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart Failure (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (14.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (11.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal AF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">104 (60.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (46.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC (SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.23 &#177; 1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Left Atrium Diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.6 &#177; 7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">42.8 &#177; 8.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.7 &#177; 9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">59.9 &#177; 9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Time (months): Diagnosis to Ablation</td>
                    <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">21.46 &#177; 24.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Medium Follow-Up (months)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 21.2</td>
                    <td align="center">34.2 &#177; 21.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedure results</title>
          <p>There were 171 (79.9%) patients evaluated in the success group and 43 (20.1%) patients in the recurrence group, including 19 (15.3%) from the PAF and 24 (26.7%) from the persAF groups.</p>
          <p>The ablation results of the patients in success and recurrence groups are described in detail in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Ablation results in cases of success and recurrence</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Ablation Results</th>
                    <th>Success (171) </th>
                    <th>Recurrence (43)</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean LA time</td>
                    <td align="center">57.9 &#177; 18.9</td>
                    <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 21.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ablation time</td>
                    <td align="center">69.9 &#177; 30.2</td>
                    <td align="center">93.1 &#177; 23.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean RF time (sec)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,478 &#177; 321.2</td>
                    <td align="center">1,888.4 &#177; 584.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean X-Ray time</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 9.3</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FPI effect (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">136 (77.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (82.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Initial Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.8 &#177; 9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">57.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Final Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 11.6</td>
                    <td align="center">64.4 + 10.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Heart Rate delta (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (24.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4 (12.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LET elevation</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (33.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (53.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>LA: left atrium; RF: radiofrequency; FPI: first-pass isolation; LET: luminal esophageal temperature.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and ablation characteristic analysis</title>
          <p>Based on the results of the log-rank test, statistical differences indicated favorable outcomes for the patients with the abovementioned features (&lt; 65 years old, BMI &#8804; 30, CHADSVASC score &lt; 3, PAF, and no obstructive sleep apnea).</p>
          <p>Time-to-event comparisons of recurrent arrhythmias, analyzed in the post-blanking period (with &#8220;time zero&#8221; occurring 90 days after the ablation procedure), were performed between groups (success and recurrence) using a multivariate Cox regression model with proportional risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The Cox model utilized an adjustment for the following pre-specified baseline clinical covariates: sex, age group at enrollment (&lt; 65 and &#8805; 65 years old), presence of obesity with BMI &gt; 30 (present or absent), AF type (paroxysmal or persistent), years since onset of AF, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score (0&#8211;2 or &#8805; 3), hypertension (present or absent), ischemic stroke (present or absent), diabetes (present or absent), clinical heart failure (present or absent), arterial or coronary disease (present or absent), chronic renal failure with creatinine clearance &lt; 30 mL/min (present or absent), obstructive sleep apnea with moderate or severe apnea (present or absent), left atrial enlargement (LA diameter &#8804; 42 or &gt; 42 mm), and ejection fraction (&lt; 50 or &#8805; 50%). The same analysis was made using intraprocedural features: heart rate elevation of &lt; 10% from basal (yes vs. no), heart rate elevation &#8805; 30% (yes or no), LA time &lt; 60 min (yes vs. no), total procedure time &lt; 80 min (yes vs. no), RF time &lt; 1,500 sec (yes vs. no), first pass isolation effect (yes vs. no), and luminal esophageal temperature (LET) elevation (yes vs. no) (Table 4).</p>
          <p>Using multivariate analysis, the predictors of recurrence were age &gt; 65 years; obesity/BMI &gt; 30; CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC &#8805; 3; AF type, with PersAF showing a higher recurrence rate; heart rate increase &#8804; 10%. We found two predictors of success: an LA time of &lt; 60 min and a heart rate increase after ablation of &#8805; 30 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate analysis of clinical features and ablation results impacting success and recurrence</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Predictors</th>
                    <th>Success</th>
                    <th>Recurrence</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 65</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity (BMI)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804; 30</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent AF</td>
                    <td align="center">NO</td>
                    <td align="center">YES</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR increase &#8804; 10%</td>
                    <td align="center">NO</td>
                    <td align="center">YES</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA Time &lt; 60 min</td>
                    <td align="center">YES</td>
                    <td align="center">NO</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR increase &#8805; 30%</td>
                    <td align="center">YES</td>
                    <td align="center">NO</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; LA: left atrium.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot graphic showing the 7 predictors of success/recurrence (hazard ratio with 95% CI). HR: heart rate; LA: left atrium; PersAF: persistent atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230837-30837-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>During the study, we had one major complication, a pericardial effusion, which required percutaneous pericardial drainage. Two pseudoaneurysms were also observed in the study with thrombin injection and resolution.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Several AF studies have examined the outcomes of ablation using CF-sensing catheters and HPSD while incorporating clinical characteristics. Our focus was different from those of previous studies, which highlighted mostly the traditional clinical factors as a predictive of poorer outcomes. Most of them did not analyze the association between these clinical characteristics and procedural results specifically with the use of the HPSD associated with a &#8220;perpetual motion&#8221; catheter dragging technique (DT).</p>
        <p>Previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> showed the following six independent predictors of AF recurrence after initial CF ablation in HPSD ablation patients: older age, female gender, persistent and longstanding vs. paroxysmal AF (PAF), larger LA size, posterior wall isolation, and use of SmartTouch vs. TactiCath. PWI was analyzed and associated with worse outcomes for all types of AF except PAF, and the only predictor of procedure-related recurrence was the catheter type (brand).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As in the results of the recent EARLY-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and PROGRESSIVE-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> trials, the time from diagnosis to CA had a major impact on the success rate in our study demonstrated by the types of AF. In those studies, a lower recurrence rate was observed in patients assigned to cryoablation than in those who received AAD. In the EARLY-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> trial, the recurrence rates in the ablation and medication groups were 42.9% and 67.8%, respectively. In a long follow-up setting, the presence of PersAF is lower in the ablation compared to the medication group. Atrial tachyarrhythmias were detected in 56.5% and 77.2% of the ablation and medication groups, respectively. In this manuscript, we described a higher incidence of recurrence in the PersAF group, at 26.7% compared to the PAF group with 15.3%. Our time from AF diagnosis to ablation in the success and recurrence groups were 12.7 &#177; 9.0 and 21.46 &#177; 24.5 months (p=0.01), respectively, showing that delays in diagnosis and referral to ablation also impact long-term results.</p>
        <p>Another interesting and important finding is the impact of BMI on the ablation results. A higher recurrence rate was shown in patients with a BMI &gt; 30. This is a predictor of higher recurrence rates as a European observation study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>showed an atrial arrhythmia relapse at 12 months in 43.6% of obese and 48% of morbidly obese patients.</p>
        <p>In a German registry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> the clinically observed recurrence predictors were female gender and higher likeliness of longstanding persAF. Comorbidities, such as renal failure and valvular heart disease, were significantly more frequent in patients with recurrence. In addition, patients with recurrence were more likely to present in NYHA class &#8805; II. Lower recurrence was observed in patients with PAF. Procedural features related to recurrence were lower energy during RF application, lower RF time, higher doses of fluoroscopy, and in-hospital relapse after ablation. Analyzing all the above-mentioned clinical features, the CHA2DAS2VASC score summarized the impact of comorbidity as a marker of a higher recurrence rate. In this manuscript, a CHA<sub>2</sub>DAS<sub>2</sub>VASC score &#8805; 3 indicated a 2.4-fold increase in recurrence.</p>
        <p>In contrast with our study&#8217;s findings, another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> indicated that the two-year recurrence-free rate was significantly better in their FPI group than in the non-FPI group. In both the success and recurrence groups of the present study, we observed a high rate of FPI, and the recurrence of these patients could be associated with non-PV triggers.</p>
        <p>Meanwhile, another research team<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> found that abrupt termination of RF because of esophageal temperature alerts affected acute and chronic PV reconnection. They also found that veins that caused temperature alerts and interrupted RF energy applications were no more likely to reconnect acutely or chronically than veins that had full-dose RF lesions without causing alerts. In a subsequent randomized study, the same group<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> found that in LSI-guided CA, the use of higher power did not result in a greater number of esophageal temperature alerts or peaks than lower power. Indeed, it might have led to a lower number. High power seemed to be associated with better results from acute procedures; additionally, the lack of a higher number of esophageal alerts with the use of higher power might be associated with the delivery of better RF lesions.</p>
        <p>A study by Yu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> revealed that sinus rhythm HR modification was indicative of high post-AF ablation sinus rhythm maintenance with significant vagal modulation and without adverse cardiac effects. In these post-AF ablation cases, a high sinus HR was associated with a significantly lower clinical recurrence of AF after CA. These findings were corroborated by von Olshausen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> that showed a significant increase by 11.5 bpm immediately after ablation. Three months after ablation, the mean HR decreased slightly; however, it remained markedly higher than the pre-ablation value. They suggested that an increase in HR sinus rhythm was related to a decreased probability of recurrence. Corroborating the findings of the actual manuscript, our previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>using low-power long-duration (LPLD) ablation observed recurrence in 40.4%, while in the HPSD group, recurrence was observed in only 16.5% of the patients across 30 months of follow-up. Comparing the LPLD and HPSD techniques, the latter produced a higher HR increase, with a major impact on freedom from recurrence. When we pooled together the patients that achieved higher HRs after ablation independently of the technique used, the HR increase also showed an important impact on freedom from recurrence. Another important issue addressed in the present study was the documentation of two variables in HR modulation: the inability to achieve an increase of &gt; 10% in HR with a 4.8-fold risk of recurrence and the presence of a &#8805; 30% HR increase with a 1.2-fold higher chance of sinus rhythm maintenance during our follow-up.</p>
        <p>From our knowledge, this is the first study to document that lower LAT was an important marker of long-term success with a 2.8-fold lower risk for recurrence. This might be a reflection of a better lesion set fulfillment since PVs were isolated in a faster fashion.</p>
        <p>As a prognostic matter, the findings of our study could be useful in the selection of patients who will need a closer follow-up with a more rigorous monitoring protocol as well as during CA since intraprocedural features can identify higher-risk patients for AF recurrence. Regarding HR modulation, it may also be useful for indicating a potential treatment modality in patients who need repeat ablation and do not have a significant change in HR.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>In this prospective, single-arm and single-center pilot study, the non-continuous cardiac rhythm was assessed using ECGs and 24-hour Holter monitoring to document the recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia. Continuous monitoring may produce different findings, but this kind of resource was not available routinely in our institutions, and symptomatic patients received more continuous monitoring with no impact in documenting atrial arrhythmias.</p>
          <p>Another limitation of our study was the exclusion of the patients who were not converted to sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion. Those patients have an established type of AF with higher recurrence rates that was not analyzed in the current study, and this may be a bias selection. The major reason for the selection of patients only in sinus rhythm at the beginning of the procedure, as previously described, was the need to analyze the modification of sinus heart rate after ablation. Finally, we must emphasize that when we only included patients in sinus rhythm at the beginning of the ablation could also be another form of selection bias.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this study, using HPSD and DT, we identified two success predictors: an increase of &#8805; 30% in heart rate and lower time in (&lt; 60 min) LA. Higher-risk clinical procedure features indicating recurrence were age with &#8805; 65 years old, obesity, a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASC score &#8805; 3, persAF, and a heart rate increase of &#8804; 10% after ablation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We acknowledge our patients for the shared data, Christiane Amaral and Beatriz Lelis from the administration staff, as well as Edevaldo da Silva, Anderson Barcelos, and Bruno Oliveira from the biomedical and technical teams, for their dedication, patience, and data collection efforts.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Fabricio Sarmento Vassallo, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Ribeir&#227;o Preto under the protocol number CAAE 078889198.8.0000.5061. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
