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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5MQdkGkzPprF53T5v9jdTPw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230783</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Administra&#231;&#227;o Oral de Nitrito a Curto Prazo Diminui a Rigidez Arterial em Ratos Wistar Treinados e Sedent&#225;rios</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5411-5095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tardelli</surname>
            <given-names>Lidieli Pazin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoletti</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5445-429X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jacomini</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Mour&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Francisco de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas C&#233;zar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9945-9633</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanus-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Lia do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Saranz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bauru</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Bauru, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa Interinstitucional de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar) - Programa Interinstitucional de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) - Departamento de Farmacologia, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Farmacologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Thiago Pereira Souza &#8226; UNESP C&#226;mpus de Bauru - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Av. Eng. Lu&#237;s Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085. CEP 17033-360, Bauru, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>thiago.pereira@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230783</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-request">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: A Administra&#231;&#227;o Oral de Nitrito a Curto Prazo Diminui a Rigidez Arterial em Ratos Wistar Treinados e Sedent&#225;rios</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/5MQdkGkzPprF53T5v9jdTPw/00716dff727101b2eb6386c24e9204d4e6eea3ed.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/5MQdkGkzPprF53T5v9jdTPw/0cd9aac53015c416a8498d041de23eb645017ec9.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) desempenha um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), atuando diretamente na resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica por meio da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. O treinamento f&#237;sico (via eNOS/NO) e a ingest&#227;o de nitrito foram considerados os principais est&#237;mulos para o aumento do NO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> No presente estudo, examinamos os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito e do treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos sobre a PA e rigidez arterial de ratos Wistar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trinta e nove (39) ratos Wistar machos jovens foram divididos nos seguintes grupos (n=9 ou 10 por grupo): Sedent&#225;rio-Controle (SC), Sedent&#225;rio-Nitrito (SN), Treinado-Controle (TC) e Treinado-Nitrito (TN). Eles foram submetidos a treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico em esteiras por 8 semanas (50-60% da capacidade f&#237;sica, 1h/dia, 5 dias/semana) ou mantidos sedent&#225;rios. Nos &#250;ltimos 6 dias de treinamento, nitrito foi administrado oralmente (15 mg/Kg por gavagem). A PA, a rigidez arterial e as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas e teciduais de nitrito foram avaliadas ap&#243;s o treinamento e o per&#237;odo de administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito foi eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de rigidez arterial (TN, -23%; e SN, -15%). Ambos os grupos que tiveram apenas um tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram PA sist&#243;lica menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle (TC vs. SC, -14,23; e SN vs. SC, - 12,46).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Assim, conclu&#237;mos que a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de curta dura&#231;&#227;o (6 dias), associada a um programa de treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico promovem diversos benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos em ratos Wistar machos, como melhorias na rigidez arterial e na PA. Essas respostas sugerem que o treinamento f&#237;sico e a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de nitrito de s&#243;dio podem ser alternativas satisfat&#243;rias para a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitritos</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Onda de Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="48"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A literatura cient&#237;fica afirma que a press&#227;o arterial (PA) deve estar pr&#243;xima de 110-115 mmHg para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e 70-75 mmHg para press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Valores acima destes est&#227;o relacionados a uma alta incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade, como acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> M&#250;ltiplos fatores est&#227;o envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o da PA, incluindo a rigidez arterial, que &#233; caracterizada pela perda de complac&#234;ncia das paredes arteriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Atualmente, devido &#224;s suas consequ&#234;ncias, ela tem sido associada como um preditor de risco de mortalidade cardiovascular, mesmo na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> uma vez que art&#233;rias mais r&#237;gidas promovem um suprimento sangu&#237;neo menos eficiente atrav&#233;s dos vasos para os tecidos e &#243;rg&#227;os, colocando demandas crescentes sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Por outro lado, o treinamento f&#237;sico &#233; recomendado para neutralizar esses efeitos, prevenindo a HT, diminuindo o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, melhorando a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e a rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; capaz de melhorar muitos mecanismos relacionados &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA, como a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e sua biodisponibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Considerado um potente vasodilatador, o NO pode ser produzido por meio de duas vias metab&#243;licas principais: a) via eNOS/NO, a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO via eNOS ocorre a partir da clivagem da L-arginina em NO e L-citrulina. No treinamento de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, isso ocorre por meio de estimula&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica devido ao aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e consequente promo&#231;&#227;o de estresse de cisalhamento sobre as c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Essa via recebe grande influ&#234;ncia do treinamento f&#237;sico;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e b) Via Nitrato/Nitrito/NO, na qual a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO &#233; aumentada por meio da administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito (NO<sub>2-</sub>) e nitrato (NO<sub>3-</sub>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Inicialmente, o nitrito ingerido &#233; convertido em NO sob as condi&#231;&#245;es &#225;cidas do est&#244;mago, enquanto o restante entra na circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. Nos tecidos, o nitrito restante &#233; ainda mais reduzido sob as condi&#231;&#245;es de pH baixo e hip&#243;xia por prote&#237;nas redutase, convertendo nitrito em NO, sendo considerado uma boa fonte de NO independente da eNOS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Conforme mencionado anteriormente, a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e a ingest&#227;o de nitrato e nitrito s&#227;o considerados grandes est&#237;mulos para o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO. No geral, independentemente da fonte de produ&#231;&#227;o (vias eNOS/NO/GMPc ou Nitrato/Nitrito/NO), o NO desempenha um papel importante no controle da PA, atuando diretamente sobre a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica por meio da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro quais seriam os efeitos da combina&#231;&#227;o das duas interven&#231;&#245;es no aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO e seu impacto sobre a rigidez arterial.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito e do treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos sobre a PA e a rigidez arterial de ratos Wistar. No presente estudo, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito, associada ao treinamento f&#237;sico, promove efeitos adicionais na regula&#231;&#227;o da PA e na rigidez arterial do que interven&#231;&#245;es isoladas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Quarenta ratos Wistar (8 semanas de idade/machos/250-300g) foram obtidos do Biot&#233;rio do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade Estadual de Medicina de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP-Botucatu, SP, Brasil). Os animais foram alojados no Biot&#233;rio da UNESP-Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias (Bauru, SP, Brasil), em gaiolas de at&#233; cinco animais, em ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas e temperatura controlada (22 &#176;C). Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica para Uso de Animais (CEUA) da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, Brasil (protocolo n.&#186; 003/2018).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupos experimentais, treinamento f&#237;sico e tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, todos os animais passaram por um per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o de 10 dias em esteira rolante (5-10 m/min, 5 minutos), sendo submetidos ao teste de capacidade m&#225;xima (Tm&#225;x), que consiste em correr em esteira rolante progressiva com incrementos de 5 m/min a cada 3 minutos, at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, conforme descrito anteriormente. O Tm&#225;x foi repetido no final da 4&#170; semana, com o objetivo de ajustar a velocidade para manter a intensidade do treinamento, e ao final do protocolo experimental, para verificar os efeitos do treinamento na capacidade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Ap&#243;s os testes iniciais, todos os ratos foram separados em quatro grupos com peso corporal, velocidade da onda de pulso e valores basais de desempenho do Tm&#225;x semelhantes. Ent&#227;o, esses grupos foram selecionados aleatoriamente para compor os seguintes grupos (n = 9 ou 10 por grupo): (1) Sedent&#225;rio-Controle (SC), (2) Sedent&#225;rio-Nitrito (SN), (3) Treinado-Controle (TC) e (4) Treinado-Nitrito (TN). O m&#233;todo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o escolhido foi a randomiza&#231;&#227;o simples. O tamanho da amostra foi baseado em estudos anteriores presentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Os grupos de treinamento realizaram treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico em esteira ergom&#233;trica (Inbramed, Millenium, Brasil), com intensidade moderada, a 50-60% do Tm&#225;x, durante 1h/dia, 5 dias por semana, por 8 semanas, enquanto os grupos sem exerc&#237;cios exercitados permaneceram sedent&#225;rios. Nos &#250;ltimos 6 dias de treinamento, o nitrito foi administrado.</p>
        <p>Nitrito de s&#243;dio (15 mg/kg de peso corporal - Din&#226;mica&#174;) ou ve&#237;culo (&#225;gua) foram administrados por gavagem uma hora antes do treinamento f&#237;sico (&#224;s 9h). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de nitrito de s&#243;dio foi determinada em conformidade com a literatura, que demonstra os efeitos anti-hipertensivos e antioxidantes do composto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP)</title>
        <p>O m&#233;todo da velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) tem sido amplamente utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial, sendo considerado o padr&#227;o ouro para a complac&#234;ncia arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Para avaliar a VOP, os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina e xilazina (50 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg, respectivamente, IP) e colocados em dec&#250;bito ventral sobre uma mesa aquecida. Dois sensores pOpet &#174; (Axelife SAS, Saint Nicolas de Redon, Fran&#231;a) foram colocados no membro anterior e posterior direito. A dist&#226;ncia percorrida (D, m) estimou a dist&#226;ncia entre as duas sondas e o tempo de tr&#226;nsito (TT, ms), medido pelo software pOpet 1.0, foram usados para calcular a VOP pela seguinte f&#243;rmula: VOP(m/s) = D(m)/TT(s). Este m&#233;todo teve como objetivo avaliar a rigidez arterial, tendo recentemente demonstrado boa valida&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A m&#233;dia de dez medi&#231;&#245;es foi considerada como resultado. Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em dois momentos, no in&#237;cio do experimento e ao final do per&#237;odo de treinamento f&#237;sico e tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>O sistema de pletismografia de manguito de cauda foi usado para determinar a PA indireta (PanLab LE5001, Barcelona, Espanha). Todos os animais foram adaptados por 5 dias ao tubo cil&#237;ndrico de acr&#237;lico, que os manteve em repouso. Os animais foram mantidos em tubo cil&#237;ndrico de acr&#237;lico, pr&#233;-aquecido (37 &#176;C), para promover a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria caudal, e ent&#227;o aguardaram por 5-10 minutos para garantir que estivessem em repouso. O manguito foi colocado na por&#231;&#227;o proximal da cauda e conectado ao esfigmoman&#244;metro para inflar. A medida foi analisada pelo transdutor de press&#227;o (IITC Inc. Life Science - MRBP-r). A avalia&#231;&#227;o ocorreu 1 hora ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima ingest&#227;o de nitrito e a m&#233;dia de cinco medidas (intervalo de 1 minuto entre elas) foi considerada como resultado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos de eutan&#225;sia</title>
        <p>Os animais foram eutanasiados por excesso de anest&#233;sicos, com cloridrato de xilazina (ANASEDAN&#174;, 40mg/kg) e cloridrato de cetamina (DOPALEN&#174;, 160mg/kg), VETEBRANDS Brasil (propor&#231;&#227;o 1:1, 0,1mg/100g de peso corporal), e ent&#227;o, decapitados. A eutan&#225;sia ocorreu 2 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima ingest&#227;o de nitrito. Plasma, m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, tibial anterior e m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo foram coletados dos animais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito no plasma e tecidos</title>
        <p>O plasma, o tecido card&#237;aco e muscular (~125 mg) foram homogeneizados em um tamp&#227;o de fosfato. Ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, a solu&#231;&#227;o contendo os tecidos ou al&#237;quotas de plasma foi analisada em duplicata para concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito usando o m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia redutiva baseado em oz&#244;nio e posteriormente avaliada por um analisador de NO de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia em fase gasosa (analisador Sievers Modelo 280 NO; Boulder, CO, EUA), conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados. Uma ANOVA bidirecional foi usada para identificar diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas na PAS e nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas, musculares e card&#237;acas de nitrito entre os grupos (SC, SN, TC e TN). Na presen&#231;a de intera&#231;&#245;es, foi utilizado o teste post hoc de Tukey, e o n&#237;vel significativo foi definido como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o PR&#201; e P&#211;S na VOP dentro dos grupos (SC, SN, TC e TN), uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas foi adotada. Os dados foram analisados usando o pacote estat&#237;stico SigmaPlot 12.0 (Systac Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Na imagem central, apresentamos os principais resultados do nosso estudo. Todos os grupos apresentaram resultados semelhantes para VOP no in&#237;cio do estudo, demonstrando a homogeneidade dos grupos nesse aspecto. Ambos os grupos tratados apresentaram valores de VOP mais baixos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos n&#227;o tratados (-19% SN vs. SC; -24% TN vs. TC). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> tamb&#233;m mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os momentos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas para os grupos SC e TC para VOP. No entanto, os grupos TN (-23%) e SN (-15%) apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na VOP ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de treinamento ou tratamento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) antes (pr&#233;) e depois (p&#243;s), em SC (Sedent&#225;rio-Controle, n=10), SN (Sedent&#225;rio-Nitrito, n=10), TC (Treinado-Controle, n=10) e TN (Treinado-Nitrito, n=9). *Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas vs. controle respectivo e - (SN vs. SC, p=0,003; e TN vs. TC, p=&lt;0,001); # diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre PR&#201; e P&#211;S-interven&#231;&#227;o &#8211; (TN, p=0,007; SN, 0,011); n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230783-30783-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> apresenta menor PAS em SN e TC em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo SC. Essa diferen&#231;a chegou a 12,46 mmHg para o grupo SN (p=&lt;0,001) e 14,23 mmHg para o grupo TC (p=&lt;0,001). No entanto, a combina&#231;&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico e administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito n&#227;o apresentou benef&#237;cios adicionais &#224;queles encontrados isoladamente.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) em SC (Sedent&#225;rio-Controle, n=10), SN (Sedent&#225;rio-Nitrito, n=10), TC (Treinado-Controle, n=10) e TN (Treinado-Nitrito, n=9). *Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas, TC vs. SC, p=&lt;0,001; SN vs. SC, p=&lt;0,001; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230783-30783-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> apresenta as concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito nos diferentes tecidos. &#201; poss&#237;vel observar que ambos os grupos tratados (SN e TN) apresentaram valores maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos n&#227;o tratados (SC e TC) no plasma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref>), cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref>) e m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3C</xref>), exceto para o m&#250;sculo tibial anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3D</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito no plasma nitrito (A), cora&#231;&#227;o (B), m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo (C) e m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico tibial anterior (D) em SC (Sedent&#225;rio-Controle, n=10), SN (Sedent&#225;rio-Nitrito, n=10), TC (Treinado-Controle, n=10) e TN (Treinado-Nitrito, n=9). *Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas, Plasma &#8211; SN vs. SC, p=0,006;TN vs. TC, p=&lt;0,001; Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; SN vs. SC, p=0,002; TN vs. TC, p=&lt;0,001; S&#243;leo &#8211; SN vs. SC, p=0,005; TN vs. TC, p=0,003; Tibial Anterior &#8211; SN vs. SC, p=0,019; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230783-30783-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos SC e TC para a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de nitrito. No entanto, o tratamento com nitrito induziu um aumento no grupo SN (p=0,006) e no grupo TN (p=&lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus respectivos grupos de controle.</p>
      <p>A magnitude do aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de nitrito no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e esquel&#233;tico (s&#243;leo) foi menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de nitrito, no entanto, a mesma tend&#234;ncia foi encontrada. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos SC e TC para concentra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de nitrito. No entanto, o tratamento com nitrito induziu um aumento no grupo SN (aproximadamente quatro vezes) e no grupo TN (aproximadamente oito vezes) em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus respectivos grupos de controle.</p>
      <p>Para o tecido muscular, nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada entre os grupos SC e TC na concentra&#231;&#227;o de nitrito do s&#243;leo e na concentra&#231;&#227;o de nitrito dos tibiais anteriores. Al&#233;m disso, os grupos tratados (SN e TN) mostraram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus respectivos controles no m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo (ambos de aproximadamente quatro vezes). No entanto, no m&#250;sculo tibial anterior, apenas o grupo SN mostrou uma diferen&#231;a em compara&#231;&#227;o com o seu controle (aproximadamente tr&#234;s vezes).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito sobre a PA e a rigidez arterial em ratos treinados e sedent&#225;rios. Resumidamente, nossos resultados demonstraram que a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito por um curto per&#237;odo (6 dias) foi relacionada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 15% e 22,1% na VOP, nos grupos SN e TN, respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos que n&#227;o receberam tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>A rigidez arterial tem sido extensivamente estudada em modelos animais experimentais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> sendo considerada um importante preditor de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Embora o grupo que realizou apenas treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o tenha apresentado redu&#231;&#227;o da VOP, existem evid&#234;ncias na literatura de que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico promove benef&#237;cios sobre a rigidez arterial. Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de Lopes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> foi demonstrado que o treinamento aer&#243;bico, o treinamento combinado e o treinamento resistido podem promover redu&#231;&#227;o da VOP em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
      <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de nitrito foi maior em ambos os grupos que receberam suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito, um resultado esperado devido ao desenho do estudo. No entanto, esses resultados podem contribuir para melhorias no endot&#233;lio vascular e para melhorias na biodisponibilidade de NO. Como consequ&#234;ncia, contribui para os efeitos anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com nitrito protege o endot&#233;lio vascular da atividade antioxidante, reduzindo/inibindo a atividade da NADPH oxidase e da xantina oxidorredutase (XOR) em animais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> o que n&#227;o foi avaliado por este estudo. A inibi&#231;&#227;o da atividade da NADPH oxidase &#233; um mecanismo importante, pois trata-se da fonte mais proeminente de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO) e funciona age por meio da inativa&#231;&#227;o do NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Ling et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito promove mudan&#231;as positivas na express&#227;o da NADPH oxidase.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito tamb&#233;m se mostrou eficaz no aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito no plasma e em outros tecidos (m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e s&#243;leo), com valores mais altos encontrados nos grupos tratados em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos controle. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com a literatura, que relata que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de nitrito aumenta as concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito no plasma e em outros tecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Por outro lado, no m&#250;sculo tibial anterior, apenas o grupo sedent&#225;rio que recebeu tratamento apresentou altos valores de concentra&#231;&#227;o de nitrito. Ressalta-se ainda que a literatura tem demonstrado altera&#231;&#245;es nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas e teciduais de nitrito ao longo do tempo ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Pinheiro et al. observaram que o aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito no plasma iniciou-se 15 minutos ap&#243;s o tratamento, permanecendo por at&#233; 4 horas; e no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e esquel&#233;tico, as concentra&#231;&#245;es permaneceram altas at&#233; 2 horas ap&#243;s o tratamento, demonstrando assim a rela&#231;&#227;o entre concentra&#231;&#227;o e tempo de tratamento. Sendo assim, essa rela&#231;&#227;o confirma nossa hip&#243;tese de que a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito de s&#243;dio pode ser uma alternativa satisfat&#243;ria para aumentar as concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito e, consequentemente, possivelmente a biodisponibilidade de NO.</p>
      <p>De acordo com os resultados da PA, ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas isoladamente, seja o treinamento f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico, apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sedent&#225;rio e n&#227;o tratado. Embora muitos estudos tenham demonstrado que o treinamento de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos n&#227;o reduz os n&#237;veis de PA em animais Wistar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, embora os animais utilizados neste estudo tenham sido considerados normotensos (a linhagem dos animais era normotensa), &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que os valores de PAS estavam em torno de 140 mmHg no grupo SC, o que apresentou valores de PA alterados. Sendo assim, o tratamento com nitrito ou treinamento f&#237;sico foram suficientes para normalizar os valores de PA. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esses resultados &#233; o aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o e concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de EROs, o aumento do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo de angiog&#234;nese, redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de Ang-II e menor atividade simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de nitrito demonstrou benef&#237;cios no relaxamento vascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> e melhorias na fun&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo incluem o curto per&#237;odo de tratamento com nitrito, o que requer mais estudos para verificar a resposta a longo prazo. Os n&#237;veis de PAS dos animais estavam pr&#243;ximos de 140 mmHg, um valor considerado alterado para animais Wistar e, ainda assim, s&#243; conseguimos avaliar a PA no final do protocolo. Sendo assim, n&#227;o podemos afirmar que o treinamento f&#237;sico e o tratamento reduziram a PAS ao longo do programa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de curta dura&#231;&#227;o (6 dias) ou um programa de treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico promovem diversos benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos em ratos Wistar machos, como melhorias na rigidez arterial e na PA. Essas respostas sugerem que o treinamento f&#237;sico e a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de nitrito de s&#243;dio podem ser alternativas satisfat&#243;rias para a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - BRASIL (CNPq).</p>
    </ack>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230783i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Short-term Oral Nitrite Administration Decreases Arterial Stiffness in Both Trained and Sedentary Wistar Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5411-5095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tardelli</surname>
            <given-names>Lidieli Pazin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>Rafael Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5445-429X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jacomini</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Mour&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas C&#233;zar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9945-9633</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanus-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Lia do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Saranz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Bauru, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar) - Programa Interinstitucional de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) - Departamento de Farmacologia, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Farmacologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Thiago Pereira Souza &#8226; UNESP C&#226;mpus de Bauru - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Av. Eng. Lu&#237;s Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085. Postal Code 17033-360, Bauru, SP - Brazil E-mail: thiago.pereira@unesp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Short-term Oral Nitrite Administration Decreases Arterial Stiffness in Both Trained and Sedentary Wistar Rats</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230783-30783-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Nitric Oxide (NO) plays an important role in blood pressure (BP) regulation, acting directly on peripheral vascular resistance through vasodilation. Physical training (via eNOS/NO) and intake of nitrite have been considered major stimuli to increase NO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> We examined the effects of oral nitrite administration and aerobic exercise training on BP and arterial stiffness in Wistar rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Thirty-nine (39) young male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups (n = 9 or 10 per group): Sedentary-Control (SC), Sedentary-Nitrite (SN), Trained-Control (TC), and Trained-Nitrite (TN). They were submitted to aerobic physical training on treadmills for 8 weeks (50-60% of physical capacity, 1h/day, 5 days/week) or kept sedentary. In the last 6 days of training, oral nitrite was administered (15 mg/Kg by gavage). BP, arterial stiffness, and plasma and tissue nitrite concentrations were assessed after the training and oral nitrite administration period. The significant level was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Oral administration of nitrite was effective in reducing arterial stiffness values (TN, -23%; and SN, -15%). Both groups that had only one type of intervention showed lower systolic BP compared with control (TC vs. SC, -14.23; and SN vs. SC, - 12.46).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> We conclude that short-term oral administration for 6 days and an aerobic physical training program promote several hemodynamic benefits in male Wistar rats, such as improvements in arterial stiffness and BP. These responses suggest that physical training and sodium nitrite supplementation can be alternatives for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrites</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>It is well known in scientific literature that blood pressure (BP) should be close to 110-115 mmHg for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 70-75 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure in healthy individuals. The values above are related to a high incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality, such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Several factors are involved in BP regulation, including arterial stiffness (AS) which is characterized by loss of compliance of arterial walls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Currently, due to its consequences, it has been linked as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality risk even in the general population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> as stiffer arteries promote less efficient blood supply through the vessels to tissues and organs, placing increasing demands on the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Conversely, physical training is recommended to counteract these effects by preventing HT, decreasing sympathetic tone, and improving peripheral vascular resistance and AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Physical exercise can improve many mechanisms related to the regulation of BP levels, such as nitric oxide (NO) production and its bioavailability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Considered as a potent vasodilator, NO can be produced through two main metabolic pathways: a) eNOS/NO pathway, the production of NO via eNOS occurs from the cleavage of L-arginine into NO and L-citrulline. In aerobic exercise training, this occurs through physical stimulation due to the increase in cardiac output and the consequent promotion of shear stress in vascular endothelial cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This pathway receives a great influence from physical training;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>and b) Nitrate/Nitrite/NO pathway, in which NO concentration is increased through oral administration of nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub> <sup>-</sup>) and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Initially, the ingested nitrite is converted into NO under acidic conditions in the stomach, while the remainder enters the blood circulation. In the tissues, the remaining nitrite is further reduced under low pH and hypoxic conditions by reductase proteins, converting nitrite to NO, being considered a good source of NO independent of eNOS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As aforementioned, physical exercise and intake of nitrate and nitrite are considered great stimuli to increase NO concentration. Overall, regardless of the production source (eNOS/NO/GMPc or Nitrate/Nitrite/NO pathways), NO plays an important role in controlling BP, acting directly on peripheral vascular resistance through vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, it is still unclear what the effects of combining the two interventions would be on increasing NO concentration and its impact on AS.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the purpose of this study was to verify the effects of oral nitrite administration and aerobic exercise training on BP and AS in Wistar rats. In this study, we hypothesize that oral nitrite administration associated with physical training promotes additional effects on BP regulation and AS than isolated interventions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>Forty Wistar rats (8-week-old / males / 250-300g) were obtained from the Animal breeding Facility of the S&#227;o Paulo State University (UNESP-Botucatu, SP, Brazil). The animals were housed in the Animal Facility of UNESP-School of Sciences (Bauru, SP, Brazil) in cages of up to five animals in a 12-hour light/dark cycle and controlled temperature (22 &#176;C). All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals (CEUA) of S&#227;o Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil (protocol no. 003/2018).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental groups, physical training, and pharmacological treatment</title>
          <p>Initially, all animals underwent a 10-day adaptation period on a treadmill (5-10 m/min, 5 minutes). The animals were submitted to the maximum capacity test (Tmax), which consists of running on a progressive treadmill with increments of 5 m/min every 3 minutes until exhaustion, as previously described. The Tmax was repeated at the end of the 4th week to adjust the speed to maintain training intensity and at the end of the experimental protocol to verify the effects of training on physical capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>After the initial tests, all rats were separated into four groups with similar body weight, pulse wave velocity, and Tmax performance baseline values. Then, these groups were randomly selected to compose the following groups (n=9 or 10 per group): (1) Sedentary-Control (SC), (2) Sedentary-Nitrite (SN), (3) Trained-Control (TC), and (4) Trained-Nitrite (TN). The randomization method chosen was simple randomization. The sample size was based on previous present studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The training groups performed aerobic physical training on an ergometric treadmill (Inbramed, Millenium, Brazil), with moderate intensity, at 50-60% of Tmax, for 1h/day, 5 days a week, over 8 weeks, while the non-exercised groups remained sedentary. In the last 6 days of training, nitrite was administered.</p>
          <p>Sodium nitrite (15 mg/kg of body weight - Din&#226;mica&#174;) or vehicle (water) was administered by gavage one hour before physical training (at 9 a.m.). The sodium nitrite concentration follows the previously published literature, which demonstrates the antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of the compound.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV)</title>
          <p>The pulse wave velocity (PWV) method has been used for the assessment of AS and it is considered the gold standard for arterial compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>To assess the PWV, animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine (50mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively, i.p) and placed in the prone position on a heating table. Two pOpet&#174; sensors (Axelife SAS, Saint Nicolas de Redon, France) were placed on the right forelimb and hindlimb. The traveled distance (D, m) estimated the distance between the two probes and transit time (TT, ms), measured by the pOpet 1.0 software, and was used to calculate the PWV by the following formula: PWV(m/s) = D(m)/TT(s). This method aimed to assess AS and recently demonstrated good validation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The average of ten measurements was considered as the result. This assessment occurred at two moments: at the beginning of the experiment and the end of the period of physical training and treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Non-invasive blood pressure assessment</title>
          <p>Tail-cuff Plethysmography system was used to determine indirect BP (PanLab LE5001, Barcelona, Spain). All animals were adapted for 5 days to the cylindrical acrylic tube that kept the rats at rest. Animals were kept in a cylindrical acrylic tube, preheated (37 &#176;C) to promote caudal artery vasodilation, and then waited for 5-10 minutes to ensure that the animals were at rest. The cuff was placed in the proximal portion of the tail and connected to the sphygmomanometer to inflate. The measurement was analyzed by the pressure transducer (IITC Inc. Life Science - MRBP-r). The evaluation took place 1 hour after the last nitrite ingestion, and the average of five measurements (1-minute intervals between them) was considered as the result.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Euthanasia procedures</title>
          <p>The animals were euthanized by excess anesthetics, with xylazine hydrochloride (ANASEDAN&#174;, 40mg/kg) and ketamine hydrochloride (DOPALEN&#174;, 160mg/kg), VETEBRANDS Brazil (proportion 1:1, 0.1mg/100g of body weight), and then, decapitation. Euthanasia took place 2 hours after the last nitrite intake. Plasma, cardiac muscle, tibialis anterior, and soleus muscle were collected from the animals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of nitrite concentrations in plasma and tissues</title>
          <p>The plasma, cardiac, and muscle tissue (~125mg) were homogenized in a phosphate buffer. After centrifugation, the solution containing the tissues or plasma aliquots was analyzed in duplicate for nitrite concentrations using the ozone-based reductive chemiluminescence method and subsequently evaluated by a gas phase chemiluminescence NO analyzer (Sievers Model 280 analyzer NO; Boulder, CO, USA), as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for the normal distribution of the data. A Two-Way ANOVA was used to identify statistical differences in the SBP and plasmatic, muscle, and cardiac nitrite concentrations between groups (SC, SN, TC, and TN). In the presence of interactions, Tukey&#8217;s post hoc test was used, and the significant level was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          <p>For PRE and POST comparison in the PWV within groups (SC, SN, TC, and TN), an ANOVA of repeated measures was adopted. The data were analyzed using the SigmaPlot 12.0 statistical package (Systac Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the central image, we present the main findings of our study. All the groups showed similar results for PWV at the start of the study, demonstrating the homogeneity of the groups in this regard. Both treated groups had lower PWV values compared to the untreated groups (-19% SN vs. SC; -24% TN vs. TC). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> also shows the comparison between the pre and post-moments. No significant differences were found for the SC and TC groups for PWV. However, the TN (-23%) and SN (-15%) groups showed significant reductions in PWV after the training or treatment period.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pulse wave velocity (PWV) before (pre) and after (post) in SC (Sedentary-Control, n=10), SN (Sedentary-Nitrite, n=10), TC (Trained-Control, n=10), and TN (Trained-Nitrite, n=9). *Statistical differences vs. respective control and - (SN vs. SC, p=0.003; and TN vs. TC, p=&lt;0.001); # statistical differences between PRE and POST-intervention &#8211; (TN, p=0.007; SN, 0.011); level of significance p&lt;0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230783-30783-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> presents lower SBP in SN and TC compared to the SC group. This difference reached 12.46 mmHg in the SN group (p=&lt;0.001) and 14.23 mmHg in the TC group (p=&lt;0.001). However, the combination of physical training and oral administration of nitrite did not present additional benefits to those already found in isolation.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Systolic blood pressure (SBP) values in SC (Sedentary-Control, n=10), SN (Sedentary-Nitrite, n=10), TC (Trained-Control, n=10), and TN (Trained-Nitrite, n=9). *Statistical differences, TC vs SC, p=&lt;0.001; SN vs. SC, p=&lt;0.001; level of significance p&lt;0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230783-30783-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> presents the nitrite concentrations in the different tissues. It can be observed that both treated groups (SN and TN) presented higher values compared with non-treated groups (SC and TC) in plasma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref>), heart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref>) and soleus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3C</xref>), except for the tibialis anterior muscle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3D</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Nitrite concentrations in plasma nitrite (A), heart (B), and soleus skeletal muscle (C) and anterior tibial skeletal muscle (D) in SC (Sedentary-Control, n=10), SN (Sedentary-Nitrite, n=10), TC (Trained-Control, n=10), and TN (Trained-Nitrite, n=9). *Statistical differences, Plasm &#8211; SN vs. SC, p=0.006; TN vs. TC, p=&lt;0.001; Heart &#8211; SN vs. SC, p=0.002; TN vs. TC, p=&lt;0.001; Soleus &#8211; SN vs. SC, p=0.005; TN vs. TC, p=0.003; Tibialis Anterior &#8211; SN vs. SC, p=0.019; level of significance p&lt;0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230783-30783-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No statistical difference was found between the SC and TC groups for plasma nitrite concentration. However, nitrite treatment induced an increase in the SN group (p=0.006) and TN group (p=&lt;0.001) compared with their respective control groups.</p>
        <p>The magnitude of the increase in cardiac and skeletal muscle (soleus) nitrite concentration was smaller compared with plasmatic nitrite concentration; however, the same tendency was found. No difference was found between the SC and TC groups for cardiac nitrite concentration. However, nitrite treatment induced an increase in the SN group (by approximately four times) and TN group (by approximately eight times) compared with their respective control groups.</p>
        <p>For muscle tissue, no difference was found between SC and TC groups in soleus nitrite concentration and anterior tibial nitrite concentration. Moreover, the treated groups (SN and TN) showed differences concerning their respective controls in the soleus muscle (both by approximately four times). However, in the tibialis anterior muscle, only the SN group showed a difference compared to its control (by approximately three times).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of oral nitrite administration on BP and AS in trained and sedentary rats. Briefly, our results demonstrated that the oral nitrite administration for a short period (6 days) was related to a 15% and 22.1% reduction in the PWV in the SN and TN, respectively, compared with groups that did not receive pharmacological treatment.</p>
        <p>AS has been extensively studied in experimental animal models,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> and it is considered an important predictor of cardiovascular risk in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Although the group that underwent only physical training did not present a reduction in PWV, there is some evidence in the literature that physical exercise promotes benefits on AS. In a systematic review by Lopes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> it was demonstrated that aerobic training, combined training, and resistance training can promote a reduction in PWV in hypertensive patients.</p>
        <p>Nitrite concentration was higher in both groups that received oral nitrite supplementation, which was expected due to the study design. However, these results may contribute to improvements in the vascular endothelium and improvements in NO bioavailability. As a consequence, it contributes to the antihypertensive effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> It has been demonstrated that nitrite supplementation protects the vascular endothelium from antioxidant activity, reducing/inhibiting the activity of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) in animals,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> not evaluated by this study. The inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity is an important mechanism since it is the most prominent source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it works by inactivating NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Ling et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> also demonstrated that oral nitrite administration promotes positive changes in NADPH oxidase expression.</p>
        <p>In addition, oral administration of nitrite also proved to be effective in increasing nitrite concentrations in plasma and other tissues (cardiac muscle and soleus), with higher values being found in the treated groups compared to control groups. These results agree with the literature, which reports that nitrite supplementation increases nitrite concentrations in plasma and other tissues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Conversely, in the tibialis anterior muscle, only the sedentary group that received treatment showed high nitrite concentration values. It should also be noted that the literature has shown that there are changes in plasma and tissue nitrite concentrations over time after oral administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Pinheiro et al. showed that the increase in nitrite concentrations in plasma began 15 minutes after treatment and remained high for up to 4 hours. In the heart and skeletal muscle, concentrations remained high up to 2 hours after treatment, thus demonstrating the relationship between concentration and treatment time. Therefore, this relationship confirms our hypothesis that oral administration of sodium nitrite may be an alternative for increasing nitrite concentrations and, consequently, possibly NO bioavailability.</p>
        <p>According to the BP results, both interventions, when carried out in isolation, whether physical training or pharmacological treatment, showed a reduction in SBP compared to the sedentary and untreated group. Although many studies have shown that aerobic exercise training does not reduce BP levels in Wistar animals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> In our study, although the animals used in this study were considered normotensive (the strain of animals was normotensive), it can be seen in the SC group that the SBP values were around 140 mmHg, which showed altered BP values. Because of this, treatment with nitrite or physical training were sufficient to normalize BP values. A possible explanation for these results is the increase in NO production and concentration, the decrease in ROS concentration, increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are responsible for the activation of the angiogenesis mechanism, reduction of Ang-II production, and lower sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> In addition, nitrite supplementation has demonstrated benefits in vascular relaxation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> and improvements in cardiac function and remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>The limitations of this study include the short period of treatment with nitrite, which requires further studies to verify the long-term response. The SBP levels of animals were close to 140 mmHg, which is considered an altered level for Wistar animals, and yet we were only able to assess BP at the end of the protocol. So, we can&#8217;t say that the physical training and treatment reduced SBP throughout the program.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, short-term (6 days) oral administration or an aerobic physical training program promotes several hemodynamic benefits in male Wistar rats, such as improvements in AS and BP. These responses suggest that physical training and sodium nitrite supplementation can be alternatives for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study was financed in part by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - BRAZIL (CNPq).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Thiago Pereira de Souza, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento Interunidades - Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221; (UNESP).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate: </label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CEUA - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias - UNESP Bauru under the protocol number 003/2018. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fnSourcesoffunding001">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
