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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nS774G3vth74mTKCYXc6VbN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230694</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Twitter (X) como Ferramenta de Comunica&#231;&#227;o e Educa&#231;&#227;o para Cardiologistas Brasileiros: Perfil, Influ&#234;ncia e Desafios</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9450-6744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Goneli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3910-3405</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribas</surname>
            <given-names>Luana de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Estephany de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Thaiane Moreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Aline Goneli de Lacerda &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24220-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>alinegoneli@id.uff.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Tiago Senra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230694</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O Twitter (recentemente renomeado X) &#233; uma m&#237;dia social popular que pode ser usada para a comunica&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, mas h&#225; poucos estudos sobre o perfil dos cardiologistas brasileiros na plataforma. Objetivos: Identificar o perfil dos cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X), sua rede de influ&#234;ncia e alcance, e a forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da sua biografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram analisadas 1083 contas de cardiologistas brasileiros criadas entre 2006 e 2021. Os dados foram coletados usando a ferramenta FollowerWonk e analisados com o software IRAMUTEQ.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A maioria dos perfis foi de homens (76,5%) e 0,8% era institucional. A maioria dos perfis tem at&#233; 100 seguidores (71%) e baixa autoridade social (81,8%). Os 20 perfis de maior influ&#234;ncia s&#227;o de homens (80%), com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o sudeste (68%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os cardiologistas brasileiros preferem uma comunica&#231;&#227;o pessoal e direta nas redes sociais, em vez de uma representa&#231;&#227;o institucional. H&#225; uma disparidade de g&#234;nero entre os cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X), com predomin&#226;ncia de homens. Os cardiologistas brasileiros com maior influ&#234;ncia online s&#227;o homens, com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o sudeste. Novos estudos devem ser realizados sobre o tema para verificar o impacto destas caracter&#237;sticas na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>O Twitter (X) como Ferramenta de Comunica&#231;&#227;o e Educa&#231;&#227;o para Cardiologistas Brasileiros: Perfil, Influ&#234;ncia e Desafios</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>An&#225;lise fatorial de correspond&#234;ncia demonstrando as palavras mais utilizadas e suas associa&#231;&#245;es gerada no Iramuteq a partir dos Tweets dos cardiologistas brasileiros.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Redes Sociais Online</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologistas</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Desde que a Internet se tornou um local comum para divulgar e acessar informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>as m&#237;dias sociais t&#234;m sido um espa&#231;o cada vez mais importante em que profissionais de sa&#250;de e acad&#234;micos compartilham resultados de pesquisas e informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e fortalecem os la&#231;os com os pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Twitter (X) &#233; atualmente a m&#237;dia social mais usada para comunica&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Compartilhar informa&#231;&#245;es no Twitter (X) pode criar uma atmosfera comunicativa e colaborativa para pacientes, m&#233;dicos e pesquisadores e at&#233; mesmo melhorar a qualidade do atendimento. Devido aos recursos da plataforma que permitem uma comunica&#231;&#227;o conversacional interpessoal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> os tweets t&#234;m o potencial de capitalizar as m&#237;dias sociais para ampliar o alcance das mensagens de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Twitter (X) ganhou um papel importante como f&#243;rum acad&#234;mico, especialmente por sua natureza de <italic>microblog</italic>, que permite intera&#231;&#245;es diretas entre diversos especialistas em tempo real e r&#225;pido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cerca de 20% dos artigos no PubMed s&#227;o tweetados pelo menos uma vez e isso pode aumentar as chances de cita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar dessa conquista cient&#237;fica, muito poucos m&#233;dicos e cientistas se envolvem com o Twitter (X) rotineiramente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> conforme indicado em uma pesquisa que apenas 238 de 1,500 cardiologistas (16%) possu&#237;am contas no Twitter (X). Embora existam in&#250;meras explica&#231;&#245;es potenciais para essa baixa ado&#231;&#227;o entre a comunidade cient&#237;fica, preocupa&#231;&#245;es importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; promo&#231;&#227;o de pontos de vista infundados, manipula&#231;&#227;o de dados, uso ineficiente do tempo e privacidade do paciente provavelmente sejam os principais contribuintes.</p>
      <p>Conforme observado por Ferguson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> houve um aumento no percentual de profissionais da &#225;rea cardiovascular, incluindo peri&#243;dicos e associa&#231;&#245;es, que utilizam o Twitter (X) para interagir com outras pessoas e trocar ideias. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#226;mbito e do impacto da pesquisa em sa&#250;de e da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica nas redes sociais pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre melhores estrat&#233;gias para promover a utiliza&#231;&#227;o das redes sociais. Embora alguns pesquisadores discutam o perfil profissional de pesquisadores e profissionais de sa&#250;de nas m&#237;dias sociais de diferentes pa&#237;ses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ainda n&#227;o h&#225; estudos focados no contexto brasileiro.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa &#233; identificar quem s&#227;o os cardiologistas brasileiros presentes no Twitter (X), sua rede de influ&#234;ncia e alcance, e como eles se apresentam em sua bio descri&#231;&#227;o. Entendemos que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o das m&#237;dias digitais pelos profissionais da cardiologia &#233; uma forma de constru&#231;&#227;o de autoridade e capital social importantes para entender como a &#225;rea pode ser apresentada no microblog.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A presente pesquisa se caracteriza como explorat&#243;ria de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva com intuito de identificar a presen&#231;a, visibilidade e influ&#234;ncia <italic>online</italic> de cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>As biografias dos usu&#225;rios do Twitter (X) foram examinadas com a ferramenta baseada na web FollowerWonk (https://moz.com/followerwonk) usando as palavras-chave &#8216;cardiologist&#8217; OR &#8216;cardiologista&#8217; em dezembro de 2022. O Followerwonk tem a capacidade de visualizar redes do Twitter (X) geograficamente, comparar diferentes contas de usu&#225;rios e analisar melhor o conte&#250;do dos Tweets de regi&#245;es espec&#237;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todos os dados do perfil, incluindo o Social Authority Score (SAS), foram exportados para uma planilha de banco de dados onde foi realizada a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva. The SAS &#233; uma escala de influ&#234;ncia do Twitter (X) (1&#8211;100) que considera indicadores-chave de desempenho, como n&#250;mero de seguidores, men&#231;&#245;es de usu&#225;rios, n&#250;mero de retu&#237;tes (<italic>retweets</italic>, ou RT) e engajamento das publica&#231;&#245;es dos usu&#225;rios no Twitter (X).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o dos perfis foram: (a) perfis pessoais ou institucionais n&#227;o pertencentes a cardiologistas; (b) Contas que n&#227;o estivessem em portugu&#234;s ou em ingl&#234;s; (c) Usu&#225;rio inativo (nenhum tweet postado nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses); (d) Localiza&#231;&#227;o de usu&#225;rio fora do Brasil ou usu&#225;rio sem v&#237;nculo com institui&#231;&#227;o brasileira; (e) Perfis restritos; e (f) Perfis sem fotos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis de an&#225;lise consideradas na pesquisa foram: (i) n&#250;mero de perfis identificados como cardiologistas brasileiros e data de cria&#231;&#227;o da conta; (ii) URLs dispon&#237;veis na descri&#231;&#227;o dos perfis; (iii) n&#250;mero de seguidores de cardiologistas brasileiros (m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o); (iv) top 100 perfis de autoridade social; (v) correla&#231;&#227;o das 100 principais localiza&#231;&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas e Autoridade Social; (vi) desigualdades de g&#234;nero e ra&#231;a relacionadas ao uso da Cardiologia no Twitter (X), e; (vii) t&#243;picos mais comuns tweetados.</p>
        <p>Os dados de descri&#231;&#227;o de bio de cada usu&#225;rio foram extra&#237;dos e organizados em uma planilha csv. Para o processamento dos dados, utilizou-se o software IRAMUTEQ (<italic>Interface de R pour l&#234;s Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires</italic>). Trata-se de um programa livre de linguagem em R, e que permite processamento e an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas de textos produzidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Para an&#225;lise dos conte&#250;dos textuais das bios foram utilizadas as t&#233;cnicas de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Hier&#225;rquica Descendente (CHD) e An&#225;lise Fatorial de Correspond&#234;ncia (AFC), que permitem sua identifica&#231;&#227;o por meio de um arquivo textual &#250;nico, devidamente configurado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas descritivas extra&#237;das dos perfis de cardiologistas brasileiros identificados no Twitter (X) indicam que as 1083 contas analisadas foram criadas entre os anos de 2006 e 2021. O Gr&#225;fico 1 apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o das contas pelo ano de cria&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Houve baixa ades&#227;o nos primeiros anos do <italic>microblog</italic>, sendo observado um pico de contas criadas em 2009 (n= 191) e 2010 (n=125) havendo uma progressiva queda nos anos seguintes. A partir de 2017, observamos nova retomada, com destaque aos anos de 2019 (n=125) e 2020 (n=168).</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis recomendadas para a autoapresenta&#231;&#227;o <italic>online</italic> incluem vari&#225;veis individuais, cultura/filia&#231;&#227;o de grupo, motiva&#231;&#245;es, vari&#225;veis espec&#237;ficas da m&#237;dia social, conte&#250;do de autoapresenta&#231;&#227;o gerado por si mesmo e por outros, bem como a efic&#225;cia de auto apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os perfis foram analisados quanto ao tipo (pessoal ou institucional) e g&#234;nero. Verificou-se que 0,8% dos perfis analisados eram institucionais. Entre os perfis pessoais, 76,5% eram de homens e 21,2% de mulheres. Registrou-se ainda que para 1,5% das contas n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar o g&#234;nero dos usu&#225;rios das contas.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da an&#225;lise quanto ao tipo do perfil, o estudo buscou mapear e categorizar as URLs disponibilizadas em cada uma das contas como possibilidade de informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais ou de v&#237;nculo profissional dos usu&#225;rios. Apenas 241 perfis disponibilizaram URL na descri&#231;&#227;o do perfil e a distribui&#231;&#227;o das URLs por tipo pode ser verificada no Gr&#225;fico 2.</p>
      <p>Os benef&#237;cios do uso do Twitter (X) por m&#233;dicos incluem melhoria na comunica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente e m&#233;dico-m&#233;dico, promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, rastreamento de t&#243;picos em sa&#250;de e doen&#231;as e constru&#231;&#227;o de identidade online positiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Esses podem ser observados com uma atua&#231;&#227;o consistente e no uso de funcionalidades, como compartilhamento de conte&#250;dos com link (URL) e intera&#231;&#245;es com outros usu&#225;rios da rede por meio de men&#231;&#245;es e respostas (@) e reprodu&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do de terceiros (RT).</p>
      <p>Os dados indicam que essas pr&#225;ticas s&#227;o pouco realizadas pelos cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X), uma vez que apenas 1,9% possuem perfis com URL, e mensagens com intera&#231;&#245;es com RT e @ tamb&#233;m s&#243; foram registradas em 1,7% das contas. A baixa participa&#231;&#227;o em m&#237;dias sociais pode estar associada ao fato de alguns m&#233;dicos relutarem em se envolver em comunica&#231;&#227;o <italic>online</italic> com seus pacientes ou suas comunidades devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es com leis de responsabilidade e privacidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto ao conte&#250;do dos <italic>tweets</italic> foi poss&#237;vel analisar as hashtags mais utilizadas pelas contas no per&#237;odo analisado. A an&#225;lise de presen&#231;a e atua&#231;&#227;o nas m&#237;dias sociais com fins acad&#234;micos e profissionais costuma se valer de m&#233;tricas e indicadores de desempenho. Entre esses, h&#225; os indicadores de conectividade social que agrupam m&#233;tricas que expressam o grau em que um usu&#225;rio est&#225; conectado com o resto da comunidade cient&#237;fica ou profissional que o cercam, e mesmo com a sociedade em geral. Portanto, a conectividade social corresponde &#224;s intera&#231;&#245;es usu&#225;rio-usu&#225;rio, medidas pelo n&#250;mero de seguidos e seguidores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que as contas possuem ao todo 418 312 seguidores e seguem 293 006 perfis, o que corresponde a uma m&#233;dia de 386 seguidores e 270 seguindo. A conectividade social das contas analisadas pode ser observada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, onde podemos observar que poucas contas alcan&#231;am mais de 2000 seguidores. Embora a m&#233;dia de seguidores seja maior que a de contas seguindo, no geral, as contas n&#227;o parecem atrair muitos seguidores. A maior concentra&#231;&#227;o &#233; de perfis com at&#233; 100 seguidores (71%) e a menor concentra&#231;&#227;o &#233; de perfis com mais de 1000 seguidores (4%). Quando analisamos essa distribui&#231;&#227;o de contas seguindo notamos que contas que seguem at&#233; 100 perfis (48,0%) ou mais de 100 at&#233; 1.000 (47,8%) est&#227;o bem pr&#243;ximas. As poucas contas com mais seguidores &#233; que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por elevar o valor da m&#233;dia para cima. A mediana calculada de 169,5 seguidores confirma essa assimetria com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia, efeito que n&#227;o &#233; visto para o n&#250;mero de contas que eles seguem, cuja mediana de 323 &#233; bem pr&#243;xima &#224; m&#233;dia.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Conectividade social das contas do Twitter (X)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Seguidores</th>
                <th>Contas</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0 - 100</td>
                <td align="center">770</td>
                <td align="center">71,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">101 - 1000</td>
                <td align="center">269</td>
                <td align="center">24,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1001 - 2000</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">n &gt; 2000</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1083</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A atua&#231;&#227;o no microblog &#8211; mantendo-se regularidade nas postagens com conte&#250;dos relevantes e o uso dos recursos de intera&#231;&#227;o &#8211; contribui para um bom desempenho na rede que, por sua vez, reflete na autoridade social do perfil. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra a distribui&#231;&#227;o das contas analisadas pela autoridade social. Ao se atribuir uma escala de 1 a 100 &#224; autoridade social, percebemos que as contas analisadas n&#227;o apresentam um bom desempenho nesse indicador tendo em vista que 81,8% n&#227;o ultrapassaram 25 pontos e 15% apresentaram at&#233; 50 pontos, ou seja, pouco mais de 97% das contas n&#227;o superaram a metade da escala do indicador. Para qualificar um pouco mais &#8220;autoridade social&#8221;, listamos os 20 principais perfis com melhor desempenho nesse indicador (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Autoridade Social das contas do Twitter (X)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Autoridade Social</th>
                <th>Contas</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0 - 25</td>
                <td align="center">886</td>
                <td align="center">81,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">26 - 50</td>
                <td align="center">168</td>
                <td align="center">15,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">51 - 75</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">n &gt; 75</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1083</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfis com maior autoridade social no Twitter (X)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Nome da conta</th>
                <th>G&#234;nero</th>
                <th>L&#237;ngua</th>
                <th>Local da conta</th>
                <th>Autoridade Social</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>MBittencourtMD</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Ingl&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center">77,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>josenalencar</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center">70,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>fabiovboas</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Bahia</td>
                <td align="center">66,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>evandrofilhobr</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Ingl&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Alagoas</td>
                <td align="center">62,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>fabioepm</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center">61,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pabeda1</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Ingl&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center">61,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>flaviobessajr</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Para&#237;ba</td>
                <td align="center">61,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>lilianigromaia</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center">60,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>drluizovando</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Mato Grosso do Sul</td>
                <td align="center">58,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lucas_P_Freitas</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                <td align="center">57,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>estadocida</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center">56,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>InacioCamba</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center">55,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>fikkumamoto</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Ingl&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Para&#237;ba</td>
                <td align="center">55,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>carlosF201634</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Ingl&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                <td align="center">54,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AdrianaSerpa1</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Pernambuco</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leticiagrocha_</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center">53,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMaranhao666</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center">52,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DrSergioBarros</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Ingl&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center">52,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>brunobalencar</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Portugu&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">Brazil</td>
                <td align="center">52,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rauldsf_santos</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Ingl&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center">51,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quanto ao conte&#250;do da autoapresenta&#231;&#227;o, foi poss&#237;vel analisar os termos e express&#245;es mais recorrentes na descri&#231;&#227;o da bio. Analisando o filograma na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>, percebe-se que o conjunto de textos obtidos a partir dos Tweets analisados pelo programa foi dividido em dois eixos: um profissional e outro pessoal. O primeiro conjunto divide-se em tr&#234;s tem&#225;ticas relacionadas ao &#226;mbito profissional: a primeira (23,9%; azul escuro) em sua maioria est&#225; relacionada &#224;s especializa&#231;&#245;es na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de (Cardio-oncologia, Cardiologia), doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cardiopulmonar), exames e tratamentos relacionados principalmente a doen&#231;as do cora&#231;&#227;o (eco, 3D, exerc&#237;cio, terapia) e refer&#234;ncias a grupos de profissionais da &#225;rea m&#233;dica (gbcobrazil - Grupo Brasileiro de Cardio-Oncologia). Assim, o assunto central nessa classe foi a &#8220;pr&#225;tica profissional m&#233;dica&#8221;, mais especificamente na &#225;rea da cardiologia. A segunda (18,6%, verde-&#225;gua) est&#225; mais voltada para os cargos que os usu&#225;rios ocupam, como diretor, professor, interno, cl&#237;nico, m&#233;dico, entre outros. Trata-se de uma categoria que demarca a autoridade pelo exerc&#237;cio profissional. J&#225; a terceira (30,5%, verde) refere-se &#224; vincula&#231;&#227;o institucional, sobretudo universidades e demais institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa. Trazem palavras que remetem &#224; &#8220;autoridade e vincula&#231;&#227;o profissional&#8221; dos usu&#225;rios, como refer&#234;ncias a institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino (Universidade, UNIFESP, UERJ), forma&#231;&#227;o (Medicina) e t&#237;tulos (Ph.D., fellow, conselheiro), bem como a profiss&#245;es (professor universit&#225;rio) e estados da regi&#227;o Sudeste do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eixo pessoal (27%, vermelho), as autodescri&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o relacionadas a intera&#231;&#227;o entre &#8220;gostos e valores&#8221; dos usu&#225;rios. Verifica-se men&#231;&#227;o a termos relacionados &#224; religi&#227;o (crist&#227;o, Deus, vida) e &#224; fam&#237;lia (casar, pai), bem como termos relacionados a atividades esportivas (jogador, t&#234;nis, flamenguista) e ao lazer (m&#250;sica, viagem). Percebe-se, pela an&#225;lise de CHD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>), que mostra como as palavras se relacionam em grupo, que este eixo pessoal apresenta certo distanciamento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Filograma gerado no Iramuteq mostrando as classes de palavras mais utilizadas por cardiologistas brasileiros em suas bios do Twitter (X).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230694-30694-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A AFC permite, por meio de gr&#225;ficos, visualizar a proximidade, ou seja, as rela&#231;&#245;es entre as palavras e das classes oriundas da CHD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). A AFC veio confirmar as percep&#231;&#245;es j&#225; obtidas com a figura anterior. O eixo pessoal mostra-se mais isolado das outras, de modo que apenas algumas de suas palavras representativas se misturam &#224;s das outras classes. J&#225; os grupos de palavras relacionados &#224;s filia&#231;&#245;es institucionais e aos cargos e atividades profissionais vigentes se encontram muito pr&#243;ximas, com grande parte de seus termos misturados entre si. Uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre esses grupos &#233; plaus&#237;vel, j&#225; que, por exemplo, ambas incluem termos relacionados a profiss&#245;es (professor, m&#233;dico, internista) e t&#237;tulos (Ph.D., Dr.).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo investigou o perfil dos cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X), com foco em sua presen&#231;a, influ&#234;ncia e alcance <italic>online</italic>, bem como na apresenta&#231;&#227;o de suas biografias. Os resultados revelaram algumas caracter&#237;sticas importantes sobre a comunidade de cardiologistas no Twitter (X) no contexto brasileiro. Uma descoberta interessante foi que a maioria dos cardiologistas brasileiros, usu&#225;rios do Twitter (X), opta por utilizar suas contas pessoais para se engajar na plataforma. Isso pode indicar uma prefer&#234;ncia por uma comunica&#231;&#227;o mais pessoal e direta com seus colegas, pacientes e seguidores, em vez de uma representa&#231;&#227;o institucional. Nakagawa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> avaliaram o perfil dos 100 maiores influenciadores em cardiologia de 2016 at&#233; 2020 e observaram uma predomin&#226;ncia de perfis de cardiologias dos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica e Europa, e nenhum cardiologista da Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
      <p>Dos 20 perfis de maior influ&#234;ncia, a maioria era de homens (80%), com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o sudeste (68%), refletindo o perfil da &#225;rea da cardiologia no pa&#237;s. Interessante foi o crescimento significativo de contas de cardiologistas brasileiros no ano de 2009. Esse aumento acompanhou o crescimento no n&#250;mero global de usu&#225;rios brasileiros do Twitter (X) que aumentou de 1 milh&#227;o em 2008 para 4 milh&#245;es em 2009. Esse crescimento foi impulsionado por uma s&#233;rie de fatores, incluindo o lan&#231;amento do Twitter (X) para dispositivos m&#243;veis em portugu&#234;s e o aumento da popularidade da plataforma entre celebridades e influenciadores brasileiros.</p>
      <p>Outra observa&#231;&#227;o relevante &#233; a disparidade de g&#234;nero entre os cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X). A maioria (76,5%) dos perfis identificados como cardiologistas pertencia a homens, enquanto apenas 21,2% eram de mulheres. Esses dados reproduzem os achados do pr&#243;prio Twitter (X) que mostraram que em 2022 cerca de 69% das contas eram de homens e 31% eram de mulheres. Essa disparidade &#233; mais acentuada em algumas regi&#245;es do mundo, como no Oriente M&#233;dio e na &#193;frica, onde as mulheres representam apenas 20% dos usu&#225;rios do Twitter (X). &#201; importante investigar mais a fundo as raz&#245;es por tr&#225;s dessa disparidade de g&#234;nero e explorar formas de promover uma maior participa&#231;&#227;o e representa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres cardiologistas na plataforma. Sarah e colaboradores avaliaram diversos sites e m&#237;dias sociais e encontraram disparidades importantes quanto ao g&#234;nero e etnia, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de maior compreens&#227;o sobre o tema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No que diz respeito ao alcance e influ&#234;ncia online dos cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X), observou-se que o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de seguidores por conta foi de 386, enquanto o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de perfis seguidos por conta foi de 270. Esses n&#250;meros indicaram um certo grau de interconex&#227;o e engajamento entre os cardiologistas brasileiros na plataforma. No entanto, tamb&#233;m foi observado que a maioria das contas tinha um n&#250;mero relativamente baixo de seguidores e baixa autoridade social. Isso sugere que a influ&#234;ncia <italic>online</italic> dos cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X) ainda &#233; limitada na maioria dos casos.</p>
      <p>As porcentagens de contas com at&#233; 100 seguidores (71%) e a de contas com mais de 1000 seguidores (4%) indicam que a maioria dos cardiologistas brasileiros no Twitter (X) tem um alcance relativamente limitado. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do a v&#225;rios fatores, como a natureza espec&#237;fica do campo da cardiologia e a competi&#231;&#227;o com outros especialistas e conte&#250;dos na plataforma.</p>
      <p>Essas descobertas podem refletir desigualdades existentes no campo da cardiologia, incluindo disparidades de g&#234;nero e desigualdades regionais no acesso a oportunidades e recursos. Estudos recentes sugerem que as m&#237;dias sociais como o Twitter (X) podem ser ferramentas efetivas para disseminar informa&#231;&#245;es e inova&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas e aumentar a produtividade acad&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Isto deve ser levado em conta pelos usu&#225;rios cardiologistas como forma de ampliar o alcance de suas atividades.</p>
      <p>O uso do Twitter (X) por cardiologistas brasileiros apresenta desafios significativos. Primeiramente, a baixa autoridade social de suas contas pode ser atribu&#237;da a v&#225;rios fatores. A barreira da l&#237;ngua portuguesa pode limitar a visibilidade internacional, uma vez que grande parte do conte&#250;do cient&#237;fico &#233; compartilhado em ingl&#234;s. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero reduzido de publica&#231;&#245;es produ&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas na &#225;rea cardiovascular no Brasil, em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros pa&#237;ses presentes na rede social, tamb&#233;m afeta a credibilidade e o alcance das contas dos cardiologistas brasileiros. Para superar essas limita&#231;&#245;es, &#233; crucial incentivar a participa&#231;&#227;o ativa desses profissionais no Twitter, promovendo a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento e colabora&#231;&#245;es internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante do nosso estudo &#233; que utilizamos um corte temporal restrito para an&#225;lise das contas do Twitter (X). Esta rede social tem passado por modifica&#231;&#245;es constantes ao longo do tempo que podem haver afetado a participa&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas brasileiros, apesar de acreditarmos que os usu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos n&#227;o tenham sofrido impacto significativo das mudan&#231;as. Uma vez que a coleta de dados se baseou na autoapresenta&#231;&#227;o, a pesquisa pode apresentar limita&#231;&#245;es de cobertura devido a n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o de cardiologistas que n&#227;o se apresentam na plataforma como tal. A busca por temas, express&#245;es ou <italic>hashtags</italic> que denotam debates na &#225;rea de Cardiologia como o #CardioTwitter pode contornar esse tipo de limita&#231;&#227;o e complementar as contas identificadas. Por fim, n&#227;o foi realizada uma busca por perfis institucionais e, consequentemente, a baixa taxa de 0,8% desses perfis identificados era esperada. Assim, essa limita&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerada na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os cardiologistas brasileiros com presen&#231;a e atua&#231;&#227;o no Twitter (X) apresentaram uma baixa autoridade social, que pode em parte, ser explicada pelo uso da l&#237;ngua portuguesa nas suas publica&#231;&#245;es. Observamos uma disparidade de g&#234;nero entre os cardiologistas brasileiros na plataforma, com predomin&#226;ncia de homens. Os perfis com maior influ&#234;ncia <italic>online</italic> foram de homens, sendo identificada uma alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de usu&#225;rios na regi&#227;o sudeste. Novos estudos devem ser realizados sobre o tema para verificar o impacto dessas caracter&#237;sticas na popula&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o das contas do Twitter (X) pelo ano de cria&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230694-30694-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise das URLs a partir das bios dos perfis das contas do Twitter (X) de cardiologistas brasileiros.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230694-30694-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Expressamos nossa profunda gratid&#227;o &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o Euclides da Cunha, &#224; Prefeitura de Niter&#243;i, &#224; Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares, ao Health Science &amp; Education Lab, ao Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Comunica&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal e ao Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense pelo apoio vital durante este estudo.</p>
    </ack>
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        <mixed-citation>20. Hudson S, French A. CardioTweeters: An Analysis of Twitter use by UK Cardiologists. Br J Cardiol. 2018;25:102-6. doi:10.5837/bjc.2018.023.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Hudson</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>French</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CardioTweeters: An Analysis of Twitter use by UK Cardiologists</article-title>
          <source>Br J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <fpage>102</fpage>
          <lpage>106</lpage>
          <pub-id>doi:10.5837/bjc.2018.023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Mueller AM, Wood Matabele KL, Edalatpour A, Marks JM, Afifi AM. Social Media Popularity and Academic Productivity in Academic Plastic Surgery: A Positive Correlation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2023;47(5):2150-8. doi: 10.1007/s00266-023-03605-7.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood Matabele</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edalatpour</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marks</surname>
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            </name>
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            </name>
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          <source>Aesthetic Plast Surg</source>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230694i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Twitter (X) as a Communication and Education Tool for Brazilian Cardiologists: Profile, Influence and Challenges</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9450-6744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Goneli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3910-3405</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribas</surname>
            <given-names>Luana de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Estephany de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Thaiane Moreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Aline Goneli de Lacerda &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24220-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: alinegoneli@id.uff.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Tiago Senra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Twitter (recently renamed to X) is a popular social media that can be used for health communication. There are few studies analyzing the profile of Brazilian cardiologists active on the platform.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To identify the profile of Brazilian cardiologists on Twitter (X), their online influence and reach, as well as their bios&#8217; description.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 1,083 accounts of Brazilian cardiologists were created between 2006 and 2021. Data were collected using the FollowerWonk tool and analyzed using the IRAMUTEQ software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Most profiles were of men (76.5%) and 0.8% was institutional profiles. Most profiles had less than 100 followers (71%) and low social authority (81.8%). The 20 most influential profiles were mostly of men (80%) and highly concentrated in the southeast of Brazil (68%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Brazilian cardiologists prefer a personal and direct communication in social medias, rather than an institutional representation. There is a gender disparity among Brazilian cardiologists on Twitter (X), with a predominance of men. The most influential profiles were of men, and mostly located in the southeastern Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Twitter (X) as a Communication and Education Tool for Brazilian Cardiologists: Profile, Influence and Challenges</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Correspondence factor analysis showing the most used words and their associations (generated by Iramuteq from tweets of Brazilian cardiologists).</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230694-30694-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Online Social Networking</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologists</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Communication</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Since Internet has become a common way by which people disseminate and access information about health,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> social medias has been an important place where health professionals share study results and scientific data and strengthen their relationships with patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Twitter (X) is currently the most popular social media used for communication in health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Sharing information on Twitter (X) may create a collaboration and communication environment among patients, physicians and researchers, and even improve the quality of healthcare. Due to the resources available in the platform that allow an interpersonal conversational communication,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the tweets can capitalize on social media to amplify the coverage of health messages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Twitter (X) has gained importance as an academic forum, particularly for its microblogging nature, that allows direct, rapid, real-time interactions among specialists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nearly 20% of the articles published in Pubmed are tweeted at least once, which increases the likelihood of citation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, despite this scientific achievement, few physicians and scientists engage in Twitter (X) routinely,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> as indicated in a study reporting that only 238 (16%) of 1,500 cardiologists had a Twitter (X) account. Although there are several potential explanations for his relatively low adherence to Twitter (X) among scientific community, important issues related to unreasonable points of view, data manipulation, inefficient use of time and patient privacy are probably contributing factors.</p>
        <p>As observed by Caleb Fergunson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> the percentage of professionals in the cardiovascular field (journals and associations) that use Twitter (X) to interact with other people and exchange ideas has increased. The assessment of the scope and the impact of research on health and clinical practice in social medias may provide information on the best strategies to foster the use of social networks. Although some authors have discussed the professional profile of researchers and healthcare providers in social medias in different countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> so far, there are no studies focused on the Brazilian context.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify Brazilian cardiologists among Twitter (X) users, analyze their impacts and reach, as well as their bios&#8217; description. We believe that the use of digital medias by cardiologists is a way to construct the social authority and capital required to understand how the field of Cardiology could be presented in the microblog.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is an exploratory study, with a quantitative and descriptive approach aimed at identifying the online presence, visibility and influence of Brazilian cardiologists on Twitter (X).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Twtitter (X) profiles (bios) of the users were examined using a web-based tool Followerwonk (https://moz.com/followerwonk) and the keywords &#8216;cardiologist&#8217; OR &#8216;cardiologista&#8217; in December 2022. Followerwonk can visualize Twitter (X) networks geographically, compare different user accounts, and analyze the content of Tweets from particular regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All data extracted from the profiles, including the Social Authority Score (SAS), were exported to a database spreadsheet for descriptive statistical analysis. The SAS is a Twitter (X) influence scale (1&#8211;100) that considers key performance indicators such as number of followers, user mentions, number of retweets and engagement of the users&#8217; publications on Twitter (X).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria of the profiles were: (a) personal or institutional profiles that did not belong to cardiologists; (b) Twitters accounts written in languages other than Portuguese or English, (c) inactive user (no posts in the last six months); (d) user&#8217;s location outside Brazil or the user is not affiliated to a Brazilian institution; (e) restricted accounts; and (f) profiles with no photos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>The variables considered in the analysis were: (i) number of profiles identified as Brazilian cardiologists and date of account creation; (ii) URLs available in the profile description; (iii) number of followers of Brazilian cardiologists (mean, standard deviation); (iv) top 100 social authorities; (v) correlation of the 100 main geographic locations and social authority; (vi) gender and race inequality related to the use of cardiology on Twitter (X), and (vii) the most common topics tweeted.</p>
          <p>Data from the bio description of each user were extracted and organized in a csy spreadsheet. For data processing, the software IRAMUTEQ (<italic>Interface de R pour l&#234;s Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires</italic>) was used; IRAMUTEQ is a free software based on the R language that enables processing and statistical analysis of the texts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Analysis of the textual content retrieved from the bios was made by the Descendant Hierarchical Classification (DHC) and the Correspondence Factor Analysis (CFA), which allow its identification via a single txt file, properly configured.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Descriptive data extracted from the Brazilian cardiologists&#8217; profiles identified on Twitter (X) revealed that the 1083 accounts analyzed were created between 2006 and 2021. Graph 1 illustrates the distribution of accounts by year of creation.</p>
        <p>There was a low adherence to Twitter during the first years of the microblog, with the highest number of accounts created in 2009 (n= 191) and 2010 (n=125), followed by a progressive decrease in the subsequent years. In 2017 onwards, the number of accounts started to increase again, particularly in 2019 (n=125) and 2020 (n=168).</p>
        <p>The variables suggested to be used in online self-presentations include individual traits, group membership, motives, specific social media variables, self-presentation content and feedback from others, as well as the efficacy of self-presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The profiles were analyzed in terms of type (personal or institutional) and gender; 0.8% were institutional profiles, and among personal profiles, 76.5% were men, 21.2% were women, and in 1.5% of the accounts the gender could not be identified.</p>
        <p>In addition, the study sought to map and categorize the URLs available in the accounts to check for additional information of occupation of the users. The URLs were available in only 241 of the profiles, and their distribution by type is illustrated in Graph 2.</p>
        <p>The benefits of physician participation in Twitter (X) includes communication enhancement (physician-patient and physician-physician), health promotion, screening for health and disease-related topics, and construction of a positive online identity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> These can be achieved by consistent engagement and use of functions by the users, like sharing of contents with links (URL), and interactions with other users by mentions, @replies and retweets.</p>
        <p>However, the data indicated that these practices are not often performed by Brazilian cardiologists on Twitter (X), since only 1.9% have a Twitter profile with URL, and messages with interactions with retweets and @ were seen in only 1.7% of the accounts. The low participation in social medias among physicians may be associated with the fact that some professionals may be reluctant to engage in online communication with their patients or their communities due to responsibility- and privacy-related issues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With respect to the content of the tweets, we analyzed the most used hashtags in the accounts during the study period. Analysis of the presence and engagement in social medias with academic or professional purposes is usually made by metrics and performance indicators. These indicators include social connectivity which groups metrics that express the extent to which a user is connected with the rest of the scientific or professional community that surrounds him, and even with the society in general. Therefore, it corresponds to user-user interactions, measured by the number of followers and followings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Results of the present study indicates that the accounts analyzed had a total of 418,312 followers and followed 293,006 profiles, corresponding to a mean of 386 followers and 270 followings. Social connectivity of these accounts is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, showing that few of them reached 2,000 followers. Although the mean number of followers was higher than the number of followings, in general, the accounts seem not to attract many followers. Most profiles (71%) had up to 100 followers and only 4% had more than 1,000 followers. Analysis of the distribution of the following accounts revealed that the percentage of accounts following up to 100 profiles (48.0%) was similar to that of accounts following more than 100 and less than 1000 profiles (47.8%). The few accounts with the highest number of followers were responsible for increasing the average. The median number of followers was 169.5, which confirms this asymmetry around the mean; this effect is not seen with the number of accounts they follow, whose median was 323, <italic>i.e</italic>., very close to the mean.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Social connectivity of Twitter (X) accounts</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Followers</th>
                  <th>Accounts</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0 - 100</td>
                  <td align="center">770</td>
                  <td align="center">71.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">101 - 1000</td>
                  <td align="center">269</td>
                  <td align="center">24.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1001 - 2000</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">n &gt; 2000</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1083</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The engagement on the microblog &#8211; regular postings containing relevant content and the use of interaction resources &#8211; contributes to a good performance on the Internet, which reflects in the social authority of the profile. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> describes the distribution of the accounts by social authority. By assigning a 1-100 scale to social authority, we observed that the accounts had a poor performance in this indicator, since 81.8% scored less than 25 points and 15% less than 50 points, <italic>i.e</italic>., a bit more than 97% of the accounts did not score higher than half of the scale. To further quality &#8220;social authority&#8221;, we listed the 20 profiles with the best performance in this indicator (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Social authority of the Twitter (X) accounts)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Social authority</th>
                  <th>Accounts</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0 - 25</td>
                  <td align="center">886</td>
                  <td align="center">81.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">26 - 50</td>
                  <td align="center">168</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">51 - 75</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">n &gt; 75</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1083</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Users&#8217; profiles with the highest social authority on Twitter (X)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Name</th>
                  <th>Gender</th>
                  <th>Language </th>
                  <th>Place</th>
                  <th>Social authorit</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>MBittencourtMD</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">English</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center">77.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>josenalencar</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center">70.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>fabiovboas</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">Bahia</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>evandrofilhobr</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">English</td>
                  <td align="center">Alagoas</td>
                  <td align="center">62.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>fabioepm</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center">61.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pabeda1</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">English</td>
                  <td align="center">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                  <td align="center">61.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>flaviobessajr</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">Para&#237;ba</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>lilianigromaia</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center">60.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>drluizovando</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">Mato Grosso do Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">58.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lucas_P_Freitas</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">57.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>estadocida</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center">56.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>InacioCamba</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                  <td align="center">55.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>fikkumamoto</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">English</td>
                  <td align="center">Para&#237;ba</td>
                  <td align="center">55.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>carlosF201634</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">English</td>
                  <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">54.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AdrianaSerpa1</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">Pernambuco</td>
                  <td align="center">54.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leticiagrocha_</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                  <td align="center">53.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMaranhao666</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center">52.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DrSergioBarros</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">English</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center">52.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>brunobalencar</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">Portuguese</td>
                  <td align="center">Brazil</td>
                  <td align="center">52.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rauldsf_santos</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">English</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center">51.4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding self-presentation, we analyzed the most used terms and expressions by the users in their bios&#8217; descriptions. As shown in the phylogram in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>, all the texts extracted from the tweets and analyzed by the software were divided into two axes &#8211; one professional and one personal axis. The first subgroup contains three professional-related subjects: the first one (23.9%; dark blue) refers mostly to specializations in the medical field (cardio-oncology, cardiology) cardiovascular diseases (heart failure, cardiopulmonary failure), exams and therapies used in cardiovascular diseases (echo, 3D, exercise, therapy) and references to medical groups (gbcobrazil - Grupo Brasileiro de Cardio-Oncologia). Thus, the core subject in this class was &#8220;medical professional practice&#8221;, more specifically in the cardiology field. The second subject (18.6%, in acqua blue) refers mostly to users&#8217; occupations and work positions (director, teacher, intern, clinician, doctor, among others. Authority is here determined by professional practice. The third subject (30.5%, in green) refers to institutional affiliation, mostly universities and other research institutions. It includes words referring to &#8220;authority and professional affiliation&#8221; as references to educational institutions (University, UNIFESP, UERJ), graduation (Medicine) and titles (PhD, fellow, tutor), job positions (lecturer) and states in the southeast region of Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo). With respect to the personal axis (27%, in red), self-descriptions are related to the &#8220;preferences and values&#8221; of the users. Words related to religion (Christian, God, life), family (get married, father), and others related to sports (player, tennis, Flamengo supporter) and hobbies (music, travel) were used in this category. Analysis of the DHC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>), which outlines the relationship of the word clusters, revealed that this personal axis is more distant from the other axes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Phylogram generated by Iramuteq showing the most used words by Brazilian cardiologists in their Twitter (X) bios, by class.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230694-30694-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The CFA allows, through graph analysis, to visualize the proximity (<italic>i.e</italic>., the relationship) between words and classes retrieved from the DHC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The CFA corroborated the insights from <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>. The personal axis is more isolated from the others, and only a few of its representative words were mixed with words of other classes. On the other hand, the words related to institutional affiliations and current job positions were very close to and mixed with each other. It is plausible to suggest a link between these groups since both include work-related words (teacher, doctor, intern) and titles (PhD, Dr.).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study investigated the profile of Brazilian cardiologists, active users of Twitter (X) in terms of presence, influence, online reach, and bios&#8217; description. The results revealed some relevant features of the cardiologist community on Twitter (X) in Brazil. One interesting finding was that most Brazilian cardiologists, users of Twitter (X), use their personal accounts to engage in the platform. This suggests a preference for a more personal and direct communication with their colleagues, patients and followers, over an institutional representation. Nakagawa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> evaluated the profile of the top 100 influencers in the cardiology field between 2016 and 2020 and found a predominance of cardiologists from the USA and Europe, and there was no Latin-American cardiologist on the list.</p>
        <p>Of the 20 most influential profiles, most were men (80%) and located in the southeast region, reflecting the profile of cardiology in the country. An interesting finding was the increase in the number of accounts of Brazilian cardiologists created in 2009. Such increase accompanied the growth in the number of Brazilian users of Twitter (X), which increased from one million in 2008 to four million in 2009. This phenomenon was triggered by several factors, including the launch of Twitter (X) for mobile devices in Portuguese and the greater popularity of the platform among Brazilian celebrities and influencers.</p>
        <p>Another notable observation is the gender disparity among Brazilian cardiologists on Twitter (X). Most (76.5%) of the profiles identified as belonging to cardiologists belonged to men whereas 21.2% to women. These findings reproduce the distribution of Twitter (X) profiles in 2022, with nearly 69% of the accounts belonging to men and 31% to women. Such disparity is more pronounced in some regions of the world, like the Middle East and Africa, where women account for only 20% of Twitter (X) users. It is important to further investigate the reasons for such gender disparity and to explore ways to promote greater participation and representation of female cardiologists on Twitter (X). Sadah et al. evaluated several websites and social medias and found marked disparities of gender and ethnicity, reinforcing the need for a deeper understanding about the theme.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With regards to online reach and influence of Brazilian cardiologists on Twitter (X), we found that the mean number of followers was 386 per account, while the mean number of profiles followed per account was 270. These numbers indicated some degree of interconnection and engagement among Brazilian cardiologists on the platform. However, we also observed that most of the accounts had a relatively low number of followers and low social authority. This suggests that the online influence of Brazilian cardiologists on Twitter (X) is still limited in most cases.</p>
        <p>The percentages of accounts with less than 100 followers (71%) and of accounts with more than 1,000 followers (4%) indicated that most Brazilian cardiologists on Twitter (X) had a relatively low reach. This may be attributed to several factors, including the nature of the cardiology field and the competition against other specialists and contents on the platform.</p>
        <p>These findings may reflect inequalities in the field of cardiology, including gender and geographic disparities regarding the access to opportunities and resources. Recent studies have suggested that social medias like Twitter (X) can be effective in disseminating information and medical innovations, and in leveraging academic productivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This should be considered by cardiologists willing to broaden the reach of their activities.</p>
        <p>Brazilian cardiologists face important challenges in using Twitter (X). First, the low social authority of their accounts may be attributed to several factors. First, Portuguese language may be a barrier to international visibility, since a massive part of scientific information is shard in English. Besides, the reduced number of scientific publications and productions in the field of cardiology in Brazil, as compared with other countries active on social medias, also affects both credibility and reach of Brazilian cardiologists&#8217; accounts. To overcome these limitations, it is crucial to encourage the active participation of these professionals on Twitter, to foster knowledge dissemination and international collaboration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One important limitation of this study was the fact that we applied a restricted period for analysis of the Twitter (X) accounts. Twitter (X) has suffered several changes over time that may have affected the participation of Brazilian cardiologists, although we believe that this</p>
        <p>was not the case. Since data collection was based on self-presentation, the study may have limitations in not identifying cardiologists who did not self-present as such on Twitter (X). A search for subjects, expressions or hashtags denoting debates in Cardiology, for example #CardioTwitter, may overcome this limitation and complete the number of cardiologists&#8217; accounts. Finally, we did not search for institutional profiles in the study, and hence the low percentage (0.8%) of these profiles in the results was expected. Therefore, this limitation should be considered in the interpretation of the results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Brazilian cardiologists identified as active users on Twitter (X) had a low social authority which may be partially explained by the use of Portuguese language in their publications. There was a gender disparity among the accounts, with predominance of men. The most influential profiles were also of men, and there was a high concentration of users in the southeast of Brazil. Further studies are needed to verify the impact of these features on the population over time.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of Twitter (X) accounts by year of creation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230694-30694-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Analysis of the URLs available on Twitter (X) bios of Brazilian cardiologists.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20230694-30694-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We would like to deeply thank <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Euclides da Cunha</italic>, Niteroi city government, <italic>Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares</italic>, Health Science &amp; Education Lab, the Fluminense Federal University postgraduate programs in Communication and in Cardiovascular Sciences for the vital support during the study period.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
