<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qZbTj3x9n8DqRnVb3WHzpZF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20240701</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pior Progn&#243;stico de Pacientes com IAMCST Fora do Hor&#225;rio de Expediente: O que Estamos Perdendo?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Gelain</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Smiderle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>henrique.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240701</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>IAMCSST</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Fora do Hor&#225;rio de Expediente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>No Brasil, a incid&#234;ncia anual de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; estimada em aproximadamente 300.000 a 400.000 casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#231;os no tratamento, o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio continua sendo a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> com uma taxa de letalidade em torno de 9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> De acordo com o registro BRACE, a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; respons&#225;vel por 45% das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es no Brasil, com dois ter&#231;os atribu&#237;dos ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Notadamente, 40% a 60% dos pacientes com IAMCSST se apresentam fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente, entre &#224;s 19h e &#224;s 7h, e nos fins de semana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Dado que o tratamento do IAMCSST &#233; tempo-sens&#237;vel<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e requer uma equipe multidisciplinar complexa no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, o impacto do tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o nos resultados do paciente continua sendo uma quest&#227;o controversa. Assim, a quest&#227;o de se a apresenta&#231;&#227;o fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente resulta em um progn&#243;stico pior ainda &#233; question&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da revista, Cirne et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> examinaram um registro prospectivo de um centro de SCA de alto volume no sul do Brasil, abrangendo 4.436 pacientes consecutivos com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP) entre 2009 e 2019. Os pacientes foram estratificados por tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o: no hor&#225;rio de expediente versus fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um composto de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM), que incluiu morte, IAM ou acidente vascular cerebral em um ano, juntamente com ECAM em 30 dias, trombose de stent e necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Entre a coorte, 2.576 (57%) pacientes foram tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, sexo, art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto ou classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo sintoma-hospital (m&#233;dia de 240 minutos) e o tempo porta-bal&#227;o (TPB) (m&#233;dia de 70 minutos) foram semelhantes. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na complexidade do procedimento, complica&#231;&#245;es, uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico ou taxas de sucesso de angioplastia; entretanto, pacientes fora do hor&#225;rio apresentaram uma carga tromb&#243;tica maior (49,6% vs. 45,5%, p&lt;0,01). Apesar das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas basais compar&#225;veis, aqueles que se apresentaram fora do hor&#225;rio apresentaram maiores taxas de ECAM em 30 dias e um ano (10,2% vs. 8,5% e 15,4% vs. 13,1%, respectivamente), bem como maior mortalidade (hospitalar: 7,9% vs. 6,1%; 30 dias: 7,8% vs. 6,1%; 1 ano: 11,1% vs. 9%, respectivamente). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na incid&#234;ncia de IAM ou AVC.</p>
    <p>Desde o in&#237;cio dos anos 2000, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o TPB e o aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com IAMCSST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> gerou preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao "efeito fim de semana", sugerindo que os pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente tendem a apresentar resultados piores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Numerosos estudos e meta-an&#225;lises produziram resultados conflitantes sobre o risco de ECAM durante o acompanhamento de curto e longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Notadamente, uma meta-an&#225;lise de 2017<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> envolvendo 192.658 pacientes indicaram mortalidade elevada a curto prazo para apresenta&#231;&#245;es fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente, embora esse progn&#243;stico adverso tenha diminu&#237;do para pacientes submetidos a ICPP. Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, v&#225;rios estudos de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos mostraram que as disparidades nos resultados para pacientes fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente diminu&#237;ram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os fatores contribuintes podem incluir melhorias nos processos de atendimento, treinamento aprimorado da equipe e distribui&#231;&#227;o mais equitativa de recursos 24 horas por dia. Essa tend&#234;ncia &#233; resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, que destaca dados de estudos importantes nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, confirmando a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as significativas nos resultados para apresenta&#231;&#245;es de IAMCSST em hor&#225;rio de expediente versus fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente. No entanto, alguns centros ainda relatam resultados piores para pacientes fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Taxas de mortalidade de curto prazo em pacientes com IAMCST fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente vs. dentro do hor&#225;rio de expediente.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240701-40701-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>V&#225;rios aspectos do estudo de Cirne et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> merecem considera&#231;&#227;o adicional. Embora nenhum aumento estatisticamente significativo em ECAM tenha sido observado durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, um aumento not&#225;vel na mortalidade foi evidente, persistindo durante o acompanhamento de m&#233;dio prazo. Mesmo com tempo sintoma-hospital semelhante, esses achados sugerem um vi&#233;s potencial na capacidade dos pacientes de reconhecer o in&#237;cio dos sintomas durante as horas noturnas, uma hip&#243;tese j&#225; proposta anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Isso poderia prolongar a dura&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, como evidenciado pela maior carga tromb&#243;tica e pelo uso aumentado de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa em pacientes fora do hor&#225;rio, potencialmente exacerbando os resultados hospitalares relacionados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, que n&#227;o foram relatados. Al&#233;m disso, a qualidade diferencial do atendimento fora do hor&#225;rio &#8212; dif&#237;cil de medir objetivamente &#8212; pode desempenhar um papel, pois o desempenho do m&#233;dico e a disponibilidade de recursos podem ser comprometidos, apesar dos tempos porta-bal&#227;o compar&#225;veis entre os grupos. Tamb&#233;m devemos considerar as taxas mais altas de ECAM n&#227;o relacionadas a eventos isqu&#234;micos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, sugerindo a influ&#234;ncia potencial de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o aferidas, como o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mortalidade n&#227;o card&#237;aca, ades&#227;o irregular &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento inadequado ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
    <p>Dados esses resultados, &#233; imperativo buscar por um sistema de sa&#250;de que garanta uma qualidade uniforme de atendimento 24 horas por dia, 7 dias por semana, principalmente &#224; luz da descoberta de que at&#233; 57% dos pacientes com IAMCSST se apresentam fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente. Tamb&#233;m devemos priorizar o acompanhamento cont&#237;nuo desses pacientes ap&#243;s a alta. Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o impacto do tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o nos resultados do IAMCSST continua sendo uma quest&#227;o n&#227;o resolvida. Os insights de estudos como o de Cirne et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> s&#227;o vitais para melhorar nossa compreens&#227;o e aperfei&#231;oar o atendimento a essa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria Fora do Hor&#225;rio de Expediente: Experi&#234;ncia de uma D&#233;cada em Centro Cardiovascular de Alto Volume</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tim&#243;teo</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute Myocardial Infarction Death Rates in Brazil - A Small Light at the End of the Tunnel</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>327</fpage>
          <lpage>328</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210446</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Tim&#243;teo AT. Acute Myocardial Infarction Death Rates in Brazil - A Small Light at the End of the Tunnel. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(2):327-8. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210446.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petriz</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furtado</surname>
              <given-names>RHM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemke</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Unstable Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction without ST-Segment Elevation - 2021</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>264</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210180</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Nicolau JC, Feitosa GS Filho, Petriz JL, Furtado RHM, Pr&#233;coma DB, Lemke W, et al. Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Unstable Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction without ST-Segment Elevation - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(1):181-264. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210180.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lira</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
              <given-names>DRG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MAGB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>US</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiological Profile of Hospitalizations for Acute Myocardial Infarction between 2019 and 2023</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Implantol Health Sci</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>2287</fpage>
          <lpage>2296</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36557/2674-8169.2024v6n4p2287-2296</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Paiva MF Neto, Lira PP, Corr&#234;a DRG, Souza TC, Silva MAGB, Souza US, et al. Epidemiological Profile of Hospitalizations for Acute Myocardial Infarction between 2019 and 2023. Braz J Implantol Health Sci. 2024;6(4):2287&#8211;96. doi: 10.36557/2674-8169.2024v6n4p2287-2296.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Franken</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giugliano</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baracioli</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godoy</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furtado</surname>
              <given-names>RHM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Performance of Acute Coronary Syndrome Approaches in Brazil: A Report from the BRACE (Brazilian Registry in Acute Coronary SyndromEs)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>284</fpage>
          <lpage>292</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjqcco/qcz045</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Franken M, Giugliano RP, Goodman SG, Baracioli LM, Godoy LC, Furtado RHM, et al. Performance of Acute Coronary Syndrome Approaches in Brazil: A Report from the BRACE (Brazilian Registry in Acute Coronary SyndromEs). Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2020;6(4):284-92. doi: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcz045.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lattuca</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerneis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Payot</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barth&#233;lemy</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>On- Versus Off-Hours Presentation and Mortality of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2260</fpage>
          <lpage>2268</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2019.07.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Lattuca B, Kerneis M, Saib A, Nguyen LS, Payot L, Barth&#233;lemy O, et al. On- Versus Off-Hours Presentation and Mortality of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(22):2260-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2019.07.017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henriques</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haasdijk</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zijlstra</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcome of Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction During Routine Duty Hours versus During Off-Hours</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2138</fpage>
          <lpage>2142</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00461-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Henriques JP, Haasdijk AP, Zijlstra F; Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Outcome of Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction During Routine Duty Hours versus During Off-Hours. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(12):2138-42. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00461-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fazel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joseph</surname>
              <given-names>TI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sankardas</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeh</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumbhani</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Multivariate Network Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e015186</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.119.015186</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Fazel R, Joseph TI, Sankardas MA, Pinto DS, Yeh RW, Kumbhani DJ, et al. Comparison of Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Multivariate Network Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(12):e015186. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015186.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cirne</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>CO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leong</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quadros</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria Fora do Hor&#225;rio de Expediente: Experi&#234;ncia de uma D&#233;cada em Centro Cardiovascular de Alto Volume</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240396</elocation-id>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240396">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240396</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Cirne F, Schmidt MM, Cardoso CO, Leong DP, Quadros AS. Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria Fora do Hor&#225;rio de Expediente: Experi&#234;ncia de uma D&#233;cada em Centro Cardiovascular de Alto Volume. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(11):e20240396. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240396">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240396</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Luca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suryapranata</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ottervanger</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Time Delay to Treatment and Mortality in Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Every Minute of Delay Counts</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1223</fpage>
          <lpage>1225</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000121424.76486.20</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, Antman EM. Time Delay to Treatment and Mortality in Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Every Minute of Delay Counts. Circulation. 2004;109(10):1223-5. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000121424.76486.20.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bell</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redelmeier</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality Among Patients Admitted to Hospitals on Weekends as Compared with Weekdays</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>345</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>668</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMsa003376</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Bell CM, Redelmeier DA. Mortality Among Patients Admitted to Hospitals on Weekends as Compared with Weekdays. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(9):663-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa003376.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enezate</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omran</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Dadah</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmud</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Outcomes of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention During Off-Hours versus On-Hours</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1742</fpage>
          <lpage>1754</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.07.082</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Enezate TH, Omran J, Al-Dadah AS, Alpert M, Mahmud E, Patel M, et al. Comparison of Outcomes of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention During Off-Hours versus On-Hours. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(10):1742-54. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.07.082.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jneid</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palacios</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilic</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moukarbel</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Time of Presentation on the Care and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2502</fpage>
          <lpage>2509</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.752113</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Jneid H, Fonarow GC, Cannon CP, Palacios IF, Kilic T, Moukarbel GV, et al. Impact of Time of Presentation on the Care and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2008;117(19):2502-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.752113.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geng</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Off-Hours Presentation is Associated with Short-Term Mortality but Not with Long-Term Mortality in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0189572</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0189572</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Wang B, Zhang Y, Wang X, Hu T, Li J, Geng J. Off-Hours Presentation is Associated with Short-Term Mortality but Not with Long-Term Mortality in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189572. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189572.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodr&#237;guez-Arias</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortega-Paz</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugaletta</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freixa</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masotti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Regueiro</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Clinical Outcomes in STEMI Patients Treated with Primary PCI According to Day-Time of Medical Attention and its Relationship with Circadian Pattern</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>305</volume>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.01.041</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Rodr&#237;guez-Arias JJ, Ortega-Paz L, Brugaletta S, Freixa X, Masotti M, Regueiro A, et al. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes in STEMI Patients Treated with Primary PCI According to Day-Time of Medical Attention and its Relationship with Circadian Pattern. Int J Cardiol. 2020;305:35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.01.041.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cubeddu</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palacios</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blankenship</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horvath</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kovacic</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcome of Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention During on- Versus Off-Hours (a Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction [HORIZONS-AMI] Trial Substudy)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>946</fpage>
          <lpage>954</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.11.062</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Cubeddu RJ, Palacios IF, Blankenship JC, Horvath SA, Xu K, Kovacic JC, et al. Outcome of Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention During on- Versus Off-Hours (a Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction [HORIZONS-AMI] Trial Substudy). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(7):946-54. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.11.062.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saleem</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannam</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aronow</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalapatapu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pucillo</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Effects of Off-Normal Hours, Age, and Gender for Coronary Angioplasty on Hospital Mortality in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>763</fpage>
          <lpage>764</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.11.057</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Saleem MA, Kannam H, Aronow WS, Weiss MB, Kalapatapu K, Pucillo AL, et al. The Effects of Off-Normal Hours, Age, and Gender for Coronary Angioplasty on Hospital Mortality in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(6):763-4. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.11.057.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Du</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors Attributed to the Higher In-Hospital Mortality of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Admitted During Off-Hour in Comparison with Those During Regular Hour</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0175485</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0175485</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Li M, Li S, Du X, Wu T, Li X, Ma C, et al. Factors Attributed to the Higher In-Hospital Mortality of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Admitted During Off-Hour in Comparison with Those During Regular Hour. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175485. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175485.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240701i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Worse Prognosis of STEMI Patients during Off-Hours: What are we Missing?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Gelain</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Smiderle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>henrique.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>STEMI</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Off-hours</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In Brazil, the annual incidence of myocardial infarction is estimated at approximately 300,000 to 400,000 cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite advancements in treatment, myocardial infarction remains the leading cause of death in Brazil and globally,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> with a lethality rate of around 9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> According to the BRACE registry, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) accounts for 45% of hospitalizations in Brazil, with two-thirds attributed to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), including both ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Notably, 40% to 60% of STEMI patients present during off-hours, between 7 PM and 7 AM, and on weekends.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Given that the treatment of STEMI is time-sensitive<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and requires a complex multidisciplinary team in the catheterization laboratory, the impact of presentation timing on patient outcomes remains a contentious issue. Thus, the question of whether off-hours presentation results in a poorer prognosis is still debated.</p>
      <p>In this issue of the journal, Cirne et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> examined a prospective registry from a high-volume ACS center in Southern Brazil, encompassing 4,436 consecutive STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) between 2009 and 2019. Patients were stratified by presentation time: on-hours versus off-hours. The primary outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which included death, AMI, or stroke at one year, along with MACE at 30 days, stent thrombosis, and the need for new revascularization. Among the cohort, 2,576 (57%) patients were treated during off-hours, with no significant differences between the groups concerning age, sex, infarction-related artery, or Killip classification. Additionally, symptom-to-hospital time (mean 240 minutes) and door-to-balloon time (DTB) (mean 70 minutes) were similar. No differences were observed in procedural complexity, complications, intra-aortic balloon pump usage, or angioplasty success rates; however, off-hours patients exhibited a higher thrombotic burden (49.6% vs. 45.5%, p&lt;0.01). Despite comparable baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics, those presenting off-hours had higher rates of MACE at 30 days and one year (10.2% vs. 8.5% and 15.4% vs. 13.1%, respectively), as well as increased mortality (in-hospital: 7.9% vs. 6.1%; 30 days: 7.8% vs. 6.1%; 1 year: 11.1% vs. 9%, respectively). No differences were noted in AMI or stroke incidence.</p>
      <p>Since the early 2000s, the link between DTB and increased mortality in STEMI patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> has prompted concerns regarding the "weekend effect," suggesting that patients treated during off-hours tend to experience worse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Numerous studies and meta-analyses have produced conflicting findings on the risk of MACE during short- and long-term follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Notably, a 2017 meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> involving 192,658 patients indicated heightened short-term mortality for off-hours presentations, though this adverse prognosis diminished for patients who underwent PPCI. Over the past decade, several studies from developed countries have shown that disparities in outcomes for off-hour patients have largely disappeared.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Contributing factors may include improvements in care processes, enhanced staff training, and more equitable resource distribution around the clock. This trend is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>, which highlights data from major pivotal studies over the last 20 years, confirming the absence of significant differences in outcomes for on- versus off-hour STEMI presentations. Nonetheless, some centers still report poorer outcomes for off-hour patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Off-hours vs. on-hours short-term mortality rates in STEMI patients.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240701-40701-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Several aspects of the study by Cirne et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> warrant further consideration. Although no statistically significant increase in MACE was observed during hospitalization, a notable rise in mortality was evident, persisting through mid-term follow-up. Even with similar symptom-to-hospital times, these findings suggest a potential bias in patients' ability to recognize the onset of symptoms during nighttime hours, a hypothesis previously proposed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This could prolong ischemic duration, as evidenced by the higher thrombotic burden and increased use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in off-hour patients, potentially exacerbating in-hospital outcomes related to heart failure and its complications, which were not reported. Additionally, the differential quality of care during off-hours&#8212;difficult to measure objectively&#8212;may play a role, as physician performance and resource availability may be compromised despite comparable DTB times between groups. We must also consider the higher rates of MACE unrelated to ischemic events after hospital discharge, suggesting the potential influence of unmeasured variables such as the development of heart failure, non-cardiac mortality, irregular medication adherence, and inadequate post-discharge follow-up.</p>
      <p>Given these results, it is imperative to strive for a healthcare system that ensures uniform quality of care 24/7, particularly in light of the finding that up to 57% of STEMI patients present during off-hours. We must also prioritize continuous follow-up for these patients post-discharge. Ultimately, the impact of presentation timing on STEMI outcomes remains an unresolved issue. The insights from studies like that of Cirne et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> are vital for enhancing our understanding and improving care for this high-risk population.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention during Off-Hours: OneDecade Experience from a High-Volume Cardiovascular Center</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
