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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gFrN5QxWZW8Yg37ddKyvRhp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240695</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escolha de Dupla Antiagrega&#231;&#227;o na Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana: Apenas uma Quest&#227;o de Equil&#237;brio entre a Carga Isqu&#234;mica e o Risco de Sangramento?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8471-5745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7377-2808</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esp&#237;ndola</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Neto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Maria Cristina Almeida &#8226;</bold> Rua Santa Catarina, 1327, apto 601. CEP <postal-code>30170-081</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>criscal45@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240695</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Dupla Antiagrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Stent</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou cr&#244;nica &#233; uma das amea&#231;as mais importantes &#224; sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e/ou funcionais das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e/ou da microcircula&#231;&#227;o, a doen&#231;a pode culminar em desequil&#237;brio entre a demanda mioc&#225;rdica e o suprimento de sangue, resultando em isquemia.</p>
    <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de eventos isqu&#234;micos coron&#225;rios agudos baseada em diminuir o risco de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; uma medida muito importante. A preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) com <italic>stent</italic> &#233; importante para reduzir o risco de trombose no <italic>stent</italic>, eventos isqu&#234;micos e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), particularmente logo ap&#243;s o implante de <italic>stent</italic>. Muitos protocolos foram estudados, mas a a dupla antigrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAPT) com aspirina e um inibidor P2Y12 potente &#233; o padr&#227;o atual de tratamento ap&#243;s a ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A intensidade e a dura&#231;&#227;o ideal da DAPT ap&#243;s ICP continuam controversas, especialmente pela associa&#231;&#227;o com um aumento no risco de sangramento. Por outro lado, a DAPT est&#225; associada a uma menor ocorr&#234;ncia de IM ap&#243;s a ICP em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; monoterapia com aspirina ou com inibidor P2Y12.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Assim, a decis&#227;o sobre qual estrat&#233;gia escolher na DAPT baseia-se na avalia&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica e do risco de sangramento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Escolha da dupla antigrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAPT): o desafio est&#225; em equilibrar a preven&#231;&#227;o dos eventos isqu&#234;micos com o risco de sangramento. IAMCST: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240695-40695-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>O risco de sangramento &#233; proporcional &#224; intensidade e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da DAPT, mas o perfil individual de risco e benef&#237;cio ajuda no rastreio de indiv&#237;duos em alto risco de sangramento, de acordo com o escores de risco como ARC-HBR e PRECISE-DAPT. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica de acordo com escores de risco de isquemia como SYNTAX 2, GRACE, TIMI e DAPT, na presen&#231;a de situa&#231;&#245;es como idade avan&#231;ada, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia deve ser considerada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os escores d&#227;o direcionamento aos m&#233;dicos em ajustar a dura&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade da DAPT aos perfis individuais dos pacientes, melhorando os desfechos cl&#237;nicos. O risco isqu&#234;mico &#233; mais alto nos primeiros meses ap&#243;s a ICP e diminui posteriormente, ao passo que o risco de sangramento tende a se manter consistentemente elevado ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O escore PRECISE-DAPT &#233; comumente utilizado; um escore mais alto indica um risco de sangramento elevado, sugerindo que a DAPT por per&#237;odos mais curtos ou o uso de agentes menos potentes pode ser mais seguro. O ARC-HBR &#233; outra ferramenta amplamente aceita para identificar pacientes em alto risco de sangramento. Esses crit&#233;rios s&#227;o validados pela capacidade de predizer um risco anual de sangramento maior de 4% ou mais, segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o BARC 3 ou 5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O risco de isquemia pode ser avaliado usando os escores DAPT e SYNTAX II, que ajuda a determinar se um paciente se beneficiaria de terapia prolongada ou mais intensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Quando um alto risco isqu&#234;mico &#233; identificado, os benef&#237;cios da DAPT estendida devem ser pesados contra os riscos de sangramento indicados pelo ARC-HBR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O escore GRACE pode fornecer um <italic>insight</italic> para o risco isqu&#234;mico p&#243;s-s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, ajudando a direcionar a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias antiplaquet&#225;rias mais agressivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Escores de risco: risco de isquemia e de sangramento.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240695-40695-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o entre o risco de isquemia e o risco de sangramento &#233; complexo, e a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica deve ser individualizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A modula&#231;&#227;o da terapia antitromb&#243;tica &#233; crucial para se atingir o ponto entre seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do tratamento. As diretrizes n&#227;o s&#227;o claras sobre a melhor estrat&#233;gia para pacientes com alto risco de sangramento, e o uso de escores pode ser &#250;til.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com alto risco isqu&#234;mico e baixo risco de sangramento, estender a DAPT al&#233;m de 12 meses pode ser ben&#233;fico. Para pacientes com um alto risco de sangramento e um baixo risco isqu&#234;mico, uma mudan&#231;a na terapia diminuindo-se a dura&#231;&#227;o da DAPT ou alterando-se para agentes menos potentes pode ser apropriado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os escores de risco s&#227;o ferramentas valiosas, por&#233;m, o julgamento cl&#237;nico, prefer&#234;ncias do paciente, e caracter&#237;sticas individuais devem ajudar na decis&#227;o final sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade da DAPT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Terapia Antiplaquet&#225;ria Dupla Combinada em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o na Turquia: DAPT-TR</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;z</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toprak</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aydin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sara&#231;</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Do&#287;du&#351;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Opan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fixed-Dose Antiplatelet Dual Combination in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in Turkish Population: DAPT-TR</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240202</elocation-id>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240202">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240202</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 &#214;z A, Toprak K, Aydin E, Sara&#231; I, Do&#287;du&#351; M, Opan S, et al. Fixed-Dose Antiplatelet Dual Combination in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in Turkish Population: DAPT-TR. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(11):e20240202. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240202">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240202</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240695i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Choice of Antiplatelet Dual Combination in Coronary Artery Disease: Is this Just a Question of Balance between ischemic Burden and Bleeding Risk?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8471-5745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7377-2808</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esp&#237;ndola</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Neto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Addrerss:</label><bold>Maria Cristina Almeida</bold> &#8226; Rua Santa Catarina, 1327, apto 601. Postal Code <postal-code>30170-081</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>criscal45@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Dual Anti-Platelet Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Stent</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Acute or chronic coronary syndrome is one of the most important threats to public health. Because of structural and/or functional alterations of the coronary arteries and/or microcirculation, it can culminate in disbalance between myocardial demand and blood supply resulting in ischemia.</p>
      <p>Primary prevention of acute coronary ischemic events based on lowering the risk of coronary artery occlusion is a very important measurement. Secondary prevention after myocardial revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent is important to reduce the risk of stent thrombosis, ischemic events and myocardial infarction (MI), particularly early after stenting. Many protocols have been studied, but the dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin plus a potent P2Y12 inhibitor is the current standard of care after PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The intensity and optimal duration of treatment with DAPT after PCI remains controversial, especially because it is associated with an increased risk of bleeding. On the other hand, DAPT is associated with less MI after PCI in comparison with aspirin or P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Therefore the decision on which strategy to choose in DAPT treatment is based on the evaluation of ischaemic burden and bleeding risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) choice: the challenge lies in balancing the prevention of ischemic events with the risk of bleeding; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240695-40695-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The bleeding risk is proportional to the intensity and duration of DAPT, but individual risk-benefit profile helps to screen who are at high bleeding risk (HBR), according to risk scores as ARC-HBR and PRECISE-DAPT. The evaluation of ischemic burden according to ischemic risk scores as SYNTAX 2, GRACE, TIMI and DAPT in presence of situations as advanced age, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia should be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These scores guide clinicians in tailoring DAPT duration and intensity to individual patient profiles, improving clinical outcomes. The ischemic risk is highest in the first few months after PCI and decreases thereafter, while the bleeding risk tends to remain consistently elevated over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>PRECISE-DAPT score is commonly used; a higher score indicates a HBR, suggesting that shorter durations of DAPT or less potent agents may be safer. ARC-HBR is another widely accepted tool designed to identify patients with HBR. These criteria are validated by the ability to predict a 4% or greater annual risk of major bleeding, as per the BARC 3 or 5 bleeding classifications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ischemic risk can be assessed using DAPT score and SYNTAX II score which helps determine if a patient would benefit from prolonged or more intensive therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> When high ischemic risk is identified, the benefits of extended DAPT must be weighed against the bleeding risks indicated by the ARC-HBR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> GRACE score can provide insight into post-acute coronary syndrome ischemic risk, helping to guide the need for more aggressive antiplatelet strategies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risk scores: ischemic risk and bleeding risk.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240695-40695-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The interplay between ischemic and bleeding risk is complex, and clinical decision-making must be individualized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Modulation of antithrombotic therapy is crucial to achieve the point between safety and efficacy of the treatment. The guidelines are not clear about the best strategy for HBR patients and utilizing scores may be useful.</p>
      <p>In patients at high ischemic risk and low bleeding risk, extending DAPT beyond 12 months may provide substantial benefit, and patients with a HBR and low ischemic risk, a change in therapy by shortening DAPT duration or switching to less potent agents may be appropriate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Risk scores are valuable tools, but clinical judgment, patient preferences, and individual characteristics should guide the final decision on DAPT duration and intensity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Fixed-Dose Antiplatelet Dual Combination in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in Turkish Population: DAPT-TR</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
