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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XMZnbQbPnBZgKZB4W9hDTXQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240684</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>MiniEditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de Glicog&#234;nio Sintase 3 Beta: Um Marcador Promissor para Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alesso</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Aznar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queda</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohty</surname>
            <given-names>Dania</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7152-1810</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Fieo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">UNIFIEO</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Fieo - UNIFIEO, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Santo Amaro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Santo Amaro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Dupuytren</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Limoges</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="FR">Fran&#231;a</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Dupuytren, Limoges &#8211; Fran&#231;a</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Especializado e Centro de Pesquisa King Faisal</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Riad</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="SA">Ar&#225;bia Saudita</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital Especializado e Centro de Pesquisa King Faisal, Riad &#8211; Ar&#225;bia Saudita</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Maria Cury Salemi</label> &#8226; Av. Jandira, 185 apt. 41B. CEP <postal-code>04080-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>verasalemi@icloud.com</email>, <email>verasalemi@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240684</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Glicog&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) envolve inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. A preval&#234;ncia est&#225; aumentando devido a melhorias nos tratamentos de IC e maior expectativa de vida na popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a abordagem diagn&#243;stica de pacientes com IC aumentou significativamente com o desenvolvimento de novos algoritmos para promover o diagn&#243;stico mais precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O uso cuidadoso de biomarcadores pode ajudar a refinar o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento e melhorar ainda mais o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC. O termo "biomarcador" (de marcador biol&#243;gico) foi cunhado em 1989 para identificar um par&#226;metro biol&#243;gico mensur&#225;vel e quantific&#225;vel usado para avaliar a sa&#250;de e a fisiologia dos pacientes em termos de risco de doen&#231;a e diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Desde os primeiros estudos de Braunwald na d&#233;cada de 1950 sobre a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) na IC, centenas de mol&#233;culas foram estudadas, mas apenas o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e o pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal se aproximam das caracter&#237;sticas do biomarcador ideal da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, confiar em biomarcadores de congest&#227;o facilmente mensur&#225;veis, como BNPs, deixa de detectar aproximadamente um ter&#231;o de todos os pacientes afetados, podendo ser desproporcionalmente alto para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, embolia pulmonar e hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, o otimismo tem sido alto quanto ao potencial significado cl&#237;nico da glicog&#234;nio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) como um alvo farmacol&#243;gico para isquemia e IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> &#201; uma serina-treonina quinase, que foi identificada pela primeira vez como um regulador do metabolismo do glicog&#234;nio e da homeostase da glicose. Al&#233;m disso, est&#225; envolvida em uma variedade de processos biol&#243;gicos para manter a homeostase card&#237;aca normal, incluindo prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, apoptose, sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de insulina, fibrose, hipertrofia, controle da divis&#227;o celular e desenvolvimento card&#237;aco da resposta imune. Em pacientes com IC, sua inibi&#231;&#227;o induz inibi&#231;&#227;o da apoptose e pode apresentar um mecanismo protetor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> GSK3 &#233; codificada por dois genes diferentes, alfa (&#945;) e beta (&#946;). Al&#233;m disso, esses genes codificam um conjunto de uma variante de splicing alfa (&#945;) e duas beta (&#946;1 e &#946;2).</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios mecanismos podem regular a GSK3, e sua atividade basal est&#225; sujeita &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o ou inibi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em resposta a um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, um objetivo imediato &#233; restringir a expans&#227;o da cicatriz e preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, fortes evid&#234;ncias agora apoiam um papel para a inibi&#231;&#227;o da GSK-3 mediando o poro de transi&#231;&#227;o da permeabilidade mitocondrial no mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico. No cora&#231;&#227;o, a &#234;nfase foi colocada particularmente na GSK3&#946; em vez da GSK3&#945;, pois a GSK-3&#946; &#233; regulada negativamente na hipertrofia e na IC e atua como um regulador negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O elegante estudo prospectivo publicado no ABC-2024-0155 da presente edi&#231;&#227;o mostra que 112 pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica apresentam n&#237;veis aumentados de GSK3&#946; em compara&#231;&#227;o com 50 controles saud&#225;veis. &#192; medida que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduz, os n&#237;veis de GSK3&#946; tamb&#233;m diminuem para prevenir a apoptose e a morte dos mi&#243;citos, mostrando um mecanismo protetor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os autores sugerem que ele poderia ser usado como um marcador de IC em associa&#231;&#227;o com BNP. No entanto, o BNP apresenta um aumento importante na IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, enquanto a GSK3&#946; aumenta em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da di&#225;stole neste estudo n&#227;o incluiu o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, que apresenta um papel importante em pacientes com IC. Por outro lado, marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o como PCR, raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito e raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Conclu&#237;mos que mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para mostrar o valor da GSK3&#946; em pacientes com IC e a associa&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Determina&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de Glicog&#234;nio Sintase 3 Beta em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, um Novo Marcador para Diagn&#243;stico e Defini&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade da Doen&#231;a?</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240684i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serum Glycogen Synthase 3 Beta Levels: A Promissory Marker for Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alesso</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Aznar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queda</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohty</surname>
            <given-names>Dania</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7152-1810</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Fieo - UNIFIEO, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Santo Amaro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
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          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Limoges</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="FR">France</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Dupuytren, Limoges &#8211; France</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Riad</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="SA">Saudi Arabia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital Especializado e Centro de Pesquisa King Faisal, Riad &#8211; Saudi Arabia</institution>
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          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address: Vera Maria Cury Salemi</label> &#8226; Av. Jandira, 185 apt. 41B. Postal Code <postal-code>04080-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>verasalemi@icloud.com</email>, <email>verasalemi@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Glycogen</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) involves systemic inflammation and metabolic alterations. The prevalence is rising due to improvements in HF treatments and longer life expectancy in the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Also, the diagnostic approach of patients with HF has markedly increased with the development of new algorithms to promote earlier diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Careful use of biomarkers might help to refine the diagnosis and management and further improve the prognosis of HF patients. The term "biomarker" (from biological marker) was coined in 1989 to identify a measurable and quantifiable biological parameter used to assess the health and physiology of patients in terms of disease risk and diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Since Braunwald's first studies in the 1950s on C-reactive protein (CRP) in HF, hundreds of molecules have been studied, but only B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro&#8211;B-type natriuretic peptide come close to the characteristics of ideal HF biomarker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, relying on easily measurable congestion biomarkers such as BNPs misses approximately one-third of all affected patients. It may be disproportionately high for patients with renal failure, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and chronic hypoxia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Over the past decade, optimism has been high for the potential clinical significance of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) as a pharmacological target for ischemia and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It is a serine-threonine kinase, which was first identified as a regulator of glycogen metabolism and glucose homeostasis. Also, it is involved in a variety of biological processes to maintain normal cardiac homeostasis, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, insulin signaling, fibrosis, hypertrophy, the control of cell division, and immune response cardiac development. In HF patients, its inhibition induces apoptosis inhibition and may present a protective mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> GSK3 is encoded by two different genes, alpha (&#945;) and beta (&#946;). Moreover, these genes encode a set of one alpha (&#945;) and two beta (&#946;1 and &#946;2) splice variants.</p>
      <p>Multiple mechanisms may regulate GSK3, and its basal activity is subjected to activation or inhibition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In response to a myocardial infarction, an immediate goal is to restrict scar expansion and preserve function. Also, strong evidence now supports a role for GSK-3 inhibition mediating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the mechanism of protection of ischemic preconditioning. In the heart, emphasis has been placed particularly on GSK3&#946; rather than GSK3&#945;, as GSK-3&#946; is downregulated in hypertrophy and HF and acts as a negative regulator.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The elegant prospective study published in ABC-2024-0155 of the present issue shows that 112 patients with chronic HF present increased levels of GSK3&#946; compared to 50 healthy controls. As the left ventricle ejection fraction reduces, the levels of GSK3&#946; also decrease to prevent apoptosis and myocyte death, showing a protective mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The authors suggest that it could be used as a marker of HF in association with BNP. However, BNP presents an important increase in HF with reduced ejection fraction, whereas GSK3&#946; rises in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction. The evaluation of diastole in this study did not include left atrium volume, which presents an important role in HF patients. On the other side, markers of inflammation such as CRP, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and platelets to lymphocyte ratio did not present statistical differences compared to the control group. We conclude that further studies are needed to show the value of GSK3&#946; in HF patients and the association of biomarkers in clinical practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Determination of Serum Glycogen Synthase 3 Beta Levels in Patients with Heart Failure, a Novel Marker for Diagnosis and Defining Disease Severity?</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
