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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QqcqtLdkSh5ctBRvW8QcbXG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240682</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2451-5570</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Da Luz</surname>
            <given-names>Protasio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia: Protasio Lemos Da Luz</label> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 5 andar - Bloco II sala 08. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>protasio.luz@incor.usp.br</email>, <email>protasiodaluz@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240682</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Mendeliana</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Microbiota</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A microbiota intestinal (MI) &#233; um importante mediador para diversas doen&#231;as, como diabetes, aterosclerose, hipertens&#227;o arterial, obesidade, c&#226;ncer e doen&#231;as neuropsiqui&#225;tricas, incluindo Alzheimer, autismo e depress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A MI &#233; formada por uma variedade de bact&#233;rias, fungos, v&#237;rus e arqueas e sua principal fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; facilitar a absor&#231;&#227;o e o metabolismo de alimentos (prote&#237;nas, gorduras e carboidratos). Um exemplo das m&#250;ltiplas a&#231;&#245;es da MI &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o bidirecional entre o intestino e o c&#233;rebro, o chamado "eixo intestino/c&#233;rebro". Al&#233;m disso, os metab&#243;litos produzidos pela MI s&#227;o capazes de induzir efeitos localmente ou &#224; dist&#226;ncia, o que sugere que o intestino &#233; um &#243;rg&#227;o end&#243;crino.</p>
    <p>A MI &#233; composta por trilh&#245;es de c&#233;lulas &#8211; cerca de 10 vezes mais do que todas as c&#233;lulas do organismo humano. Os filos Firmicutes (principalmente esp&#233;cies de Clostridia) e Bacteroidetes representam cerca de 90% da MI, que tamb&#233;m &#233; composta por Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria e Verrucomicrobia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, a MI surgiu como um novo fator de risco independente para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> </sup> Entre as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) tamb&#233;m foi associada &#224; disbiose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As principais causas da FA s&#227;o hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Com base em observa&#231;&#245;es experimentais e cl&#237;nicas, os mecanismos subjacentes que ligam a FA &#224; MI podem ser resumidos brevemente da seguinte forma: A MI produz diversos compostos qu&#237;micos, incluindo lipopolissacar&#237;deos (LPS), trimetil-amino mon&#243;xido (TMAO), &#225;cidos graxos de cadeia curta (SCFAs), &#225;cidos biliares (ABs) e fenilacetilglutamina (PAGLn).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> </p>
    <p>Esses produtos agem por meio dos receptores TLR4, GPR43, B<sub>2</sub>ARS e M<sub>2</sub>R tanto em fibroblastos quanto em mi&#243;citos, que estimulam os inflamossomos NLRP3 por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o da NFK-&#946;. A NLRP3 causa a forma&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, ou seja, IL-1&#946;, IL-6 e TNF-&#945;. A ativa&#231;&#227;o dessas vias leva, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural em fibroblastos, remodela&#231;&#227;o de conexina, remodela&#231;&#227;o aut&#244;noma, remodela&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e remodela&#231;&#227;o de manuseio de Ca++ em mi&#243;citos. O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo exerce um papel fundamental na patog&#234;nese e perpetua&#231;&#227;o da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es miocit&#225;rias levam, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, &#224; reentrada e &#224; atividade desencadeada (manuseio de Ca++), o que causa FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup> </p>
    <p>A disbiose da flora intestinal tamb&#233;m prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o de barreira da parede intestinal, agindo sobre prote&#237;nas de jun&#231;&#227;o, como conexinas, facilitando os efeitos t&#243;xicos bacterianos no plasma e aumentando a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> ROS s&#227;o outra ponte entre a MI e a FA, atribu&#237;da principalmente &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o da NLRP-3. Al&#233;m disso, uma expans&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos foi observada no mioc&#225;rdio atrial durante a FA, contribuindo para a libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Mon&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos s&#227;o os leuc&#243;citos predominantes no tecido card&#237;aco. Macr&#243;fagos podem liberar metaloproteinase de matriz 7, capazes de clivar a matriz extracelular, contribuindo para a remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural. Finalmente, a contribui&#231;&#227;o de micro RNAs (especificamente, miR-177 e miR-204) foi sugerida, com miRNAs influenciando a motilidade cardiovascular e contribuindo para a remodela&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> </p>
    <p>Em resumo, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre FA e MI &#233; baseada em diversos fatores celulares e metab&#243;licos diferentes. Embora seu papel definitivo ainda n&#227;o tenha sido completamente esclarecido, a soma das evid&#234;ncias &#233; convincente.</p>
    <p>No entanto, nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o causal direta foi estabelecida entre MI e doen&#231;a cardiovascular, j&#225; que fatores de confus&#227;o, como obesidade e estilo de vida, al&#233;m de pequenas amostras, dificultam tal interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Zhou et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) foi usada para avaliar a poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre FA e MI.</p>
    <p>Duas amostras da popula&#231;&#227;o de ascend&#234;ncia europeia foram analisadas: o cons&#243;rcio MiBioGen e o Estudos de Associa&#231;&#227;o Gen&#244;mica Ampla (GWAS) da Twins UK. Assim, um grande n&#250;mero de casos foi inclu&#237;do: 122, 110 locais de varia&#231;&#227;o distintos origin&#225;rios de 211 t&#225;xons em v&#225;rios n&#237;veis (filo, classe, ordem, fam&#237;lia, g&#234;nero); 45.766 casos de FA e 191.924 controles. Vale mencionar que duas popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes evitam vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As principais suposi&#231;&#245;es sobre RM foram seguidas. Assim, a independ&#234;ncia da vari&#225;vel instrumental (VI) foi assegurada pelo uso de Polimorfismo de Nucleot&#237;deo &#218;nico (SNP) derivados de grandes GWAS. A pleiotropia horizontal, o fen&#244;meno pelo qual uma VI pode influenciar diferentes resultados independentemente do fator de risco espec&#237;fico estudado, foi considerada e reconhecida quando necess&#225;rio, mas n&#227;o interferiu nos resultados principais. Assim, podemos inferir que SNPs espec&#237;ficos de fato se correlacionaram com FA. Uma gama quase completa do reino animal foi analisada, incluindo: filo, classe, ordem, fam&#237;lia e g&#234;nero.</p>
    <p>As principais descobertas inclu&#237;ram associa&#231;&#245;es positivas e negativas entre AF e determinados componentes da MI. Especificamente, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Eggerthella, Howardella, Ruminococcaceae UCG004 e Ruminococcus1 foram negativamente correlacionados com a FA, enquanto Pasteurellales, Pasteurellaceae, Oxalobacter, Ruminiclostridium5 e Turicibacter foram positivamente associados com a FA.</p>
    <p>A plausibilidade biol&#243;gica precisa ser examinada. Esta &#233; obviamente uma quest&#227;o intrincada. As descobertas de que determinados componentes da MI podem ser protetores e outros "promotores" s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. O fato de alguns pacientes desenvolverem FA e outros n&#227;o sugere que h&#225; diferen&#231;as entre eles. Como a FA tem sido consistentemente relacionada &#224; disbiose da MI, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de componentes espec&#237;ficos da MI como protetores ou indutores parece plaus&#237;vel e, de fato, explicaria a raz&#227;o pela qual alguns pacientes s&#227;o mais propensos &#224; FA do que outros.</p>
    <p>A signific&#226;ncia das principais descobertas &#233; consider&#225;vel. Em vez de estudos observacionais nos quais a confus&#227;o &#233; virtualmente imposs&#237;vel de explicar, um estudo de RM oferece uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal direta. Assim, o estudo oferece uma base s&#243;lida para decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas e at&#233; mesmo poss&#237;veis terap&#234;uticas. Um aspecto peculiar &#233; que a MI &#233; composta de muitas esp&#233;cies. At&#233; que ponto cada uma influencia a preval&#234;ncia ou persist&#234;ncia da FA permanece um fato desconhecido.</p>
    <p>Uma implica&#231;&#227;o mais pr&#225;tica a possibilidade de interferir com a MI para prevenir a FA ou evitar sua recorr&#234;ncia. Probi&#243;ticos podem ser uma alternativa, assim como a dieta. Por&#233;m, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias conclusivas de que tais interven&#231;&#245;es sejam eficazes. Portanto, h&#225; desafios consider&#225;veis a serem enfrentados antes que essas novas descobertas possam ser traduzidas em ferramentas objetivas para orientar decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Rela&#231;&#227;o Causal entre Microbiota Intestinal e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana de Duas Amostras</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240682i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mendelian Randomization in Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2451-5570</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Da Luz</surname>
            <given-names>Protasio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Protasio Lemos Da Luz</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 5 andar - Bloco II sala 08. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>protasio.luz@incor.usp.br</email>, <email>protasiodaluz@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mendelian</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Microbiota</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Gut microbiota (GM) is an important mediator of several diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, obesity, cancers, and neuropsychiatric diseases, including Alzheimer's, autism, and depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The intestinal microbiota is formed by a variety of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea; its main function is to facilitate the absorption and metabolism of foods (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates). One example of the multiple actions of the GM is the bidirectional relationship between the intestine and the brain, the so-called "gut/brain axis." Furthermore, metabolites produced by GM can induce effects locally or at a distance, which suggests that the intestine is an endocrine organ.</p>
      <p>The intestinal microbiota is made up of trillions of cells &#8211; about 10 times more than all the cells of the human organism. The phyla Firmicutes (mainly Clostridia species) and Bacteroidetes represent about 90% of GM, which is also composed of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>More recently, GM emerged as a new independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> </sup> Among cardiac diseases, atrial fibrillation (AF) has also been associated with dysbiosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The main causes of AF are hypertension, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.</p>
      <p>Based on several experimental and clinical observations, the underlying mechanisms linking AF and GM can be briefly summarized as follows: GM produces several chemical compounds, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), trimethyl-amino monoxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and phenylacetylglutamine (PAGLn).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>These products act through TLR4, GPR43, B<sub>2</sub>ARS and M<sub>2</sub>R receptors both in fibroblasts and myocytes; they stimulate NLRP3 inflammasomes through NFK-&#946; activation. NLRP3 causes the formation of inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1&#946;, IL-6 and TNF-&#945;. These pathways&#8217; activation ultimately leads to structural remodeling in fibroblasts, connexin remodeling, autonomous remodeling, electrical remodeling and Ca<sup>++</sup> handling remodeling in myocytes. The autonomic nervous system exerts an overwhelming role in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> These alterations in myocytes ultimately lead to re-entry and triggered activity (Ca<sup>++</sup> handling), which causes AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Dysbiosis of intestinal flora also impairs the barrier function of the intestinal wall, acting upon junction proteins such as connexins, facilitating bacterial toxic effects on plasma and adding to systemic inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> ROS is another bridge between GM and AF ascribed mainly to NLRP-3 activation. Furthermore, an expansion of leucocytes has been observed in the atrial myocardium during AF, contributing to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Monocytes and macrophages are the predominant leucocytes in the heart. Macrophages can liberate matrix metalloproteinase 7, which can cleave extracellular matrix, contributing to structural remodeling. Finally, the contribution of micro RNAs, namely miR-177 and miR-204, has been suggested, with these miRNAs influencing cardiovascular motility and contribute to myocyte remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>In summary, the relationship between AF and GM is based on many different cellular and metabolic factors. Although their definitive role has not yet been completely clarified, the sum of evidence is compelling.</p>
      <p>However, no direct causal relationship has been established between GM and cardiovascular disease because confounding factors, such as obesity and lifestyle, in addition to small samples, hamper such interpretation.</p>
      <p>In the study by Zhou et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mendelian randomization (MR) was used to assess the possible causal relationship between AF and GM.</p>
      <p>Two samples from a population of European ancestry were analyzed: the MiBioGen consortium and the Twins UK registry GWAS study. Thus, a large number of cases was included: 122, 110 distinct variation sites originating from 211 taxa at various levels (phylum, class, order, family, genus); 45,766 AF cases and 191.924 controls. It should be mentioned that two different populations avoid selection bias.</p>
      <p>The main assumptions concerning MR were followed. Thus, the independence of the instrumental variable (IV) was assured by the use of SNPs derived from large GWAS. Horizontal pleiotropy, the phenomenon by which an IV can influence different outcomes independent of the specific risk factor studied, was considered and recognized when necessary but did not interfere with the main findings. Thus, we can infer that specific SNPs, in fact, correlated with AF. An almost complete array of animal kingdoms was analyzed, including phylum, class, order, family, and genus.</p>
      <p>The main findings were that positive and negative associations between AF and certain MB components were found. Specifically, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Eggerthella, Howardella, Ruminococcaceae UCG004, and Ruminococcus1 were negatively correlated with AF, while Pasteurellales, Pasteurellaceae, Oxalobacter, Ruminiclostridium5, and Turicibacter were <italic>positively</italic> associated with AF.</p>
      <p>Biological plausibility needs to be examined. This is obviously an intricate matter. The findings show that certain GM components can be protective and other "promoters" are compatible with clinical observations. The fact that some patients develop AF and others do not suggests that there are differences among them. Since AF has been consistently related to GM dysbiosis, the identification of particular components of GM as protective or inducers seems plausible and in fact, may explain why some patients are more prone to AF than others.</p>
      <p>The significance of the main findings is considerable. Rather than observational studies in which confounding is virtually impossible to account for, an MR study offers a direct causal relationship. Hence, it offers a sound basis for medical and even possible therapeutic decisions. A peculiar aspect is that GM is composed of many species. To which extent each one influences the prevalence or persistence of AF remains unknown.</p>
      <p>A more practical implication is whether it is possible to interfere with GM in order to prevent AF or avoid recurrence. Probiotics could be an alternative as well as a diet. But so far, there is no conclusive evidence that such interventions are effective. Thus, there are considerable challenges to be addressed before these discoveries can be translated into objective tools to guide medical decisions.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: The Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Atrial Fibrillation: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
