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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TqhnGbksxWBFsdStCDdJgyk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240679</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Osteoprotegerina: Um Biomarcador na Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Rui P&#243;voa</bold> &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 340. CEP <postal-code>04026-000</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240679</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Osteoprotegerina</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Os biomarcadores s&#227;o indicadores biol&#243;gicos que podem ser quantificados para avaliar processos biol&#243;gicos normais ou patol&#243;gicos e respostas &#224;s diversas interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> S&#227;o encontrados nos diversos fluidos corporais, tais como sangue, urina ou em tecidos e ajudam no diagn&#243;stico precoce de algumas doen&#231;as, al&#233;m do monitoramento da progress&#227;o ou da avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do tratamento. Al&#233;m da import&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, podem estimar o risco e o progn&#243;stico. Isto &#233; muito bem estruturado nos processos cuja base inflamat&#243;ria se destaca em um cen&#225;rio multifatorial, tais como a hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A DRC, que &#233; um problema crescente de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, cada vez mais presente no cen&#225;rio das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (CVs) devido &#224; alta morbimortalidade. Est&#225; no final evolutivo da sequ&#234;ncia do <italic>continuum</italic> CV onde os principais fatores de risco (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia) n&#227;o foram tratados de forma adequada. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com DRC est&#227;o ainda sob um risco CV maior devido &#224; presen&#231;a destes fatores que muitas vezes continuam sem tratamento adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na medicina de precis&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria para a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de diversos elementos dependendo dos aspectos cl&#237;nicos e da proposta terap&#234;utica em cada doen&#231;a de forma particular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na DRC a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de potenciais biomarcadores otimiza a medicina de precis&#227;o, podendo fornecer uma nova estrat&#233;gia para conhecer os meandros fisiopatol&#243;gicos da evolu&#231;&#227;o deste complexo mecanismo de perda evolutiva da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Assim, a osteoprotegerina (OPG), uma glicoprote&#237;na pertencente ao grupo dos receptores do fator de necrose tumoral, participa na regula&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo &#243;sseo e tem sido associada &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular e &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, estando seus n&#237;veis associados com maior incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as CVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O trabalho de Matos TO et al. avaliou em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal diminu&#237;da em est&#225;gio 3 (TFG &lt;60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>), a rela&#231;&#227;o da OPC com diversos par&#226;metros CVs que se relacionam com o risco CV ou com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O racional foi estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o da OPG com a DRC e analisar diversos par&#226;metros CVs, visto a rela&#231;&#227;o deste biomarcador com o metabolismo do c&#225;lcio na matriz vascular e a consequente calcifica&#231;&#227;o. Geralmente os n&#237;veis de OPG est&#227;o elevados nas fases terminais da DRC e &#233; um forte preditor de calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular em todos os est&#225;gios da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>Os resultados foram interessantes, mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o positiva e significante deste biomarcador do metabolismo &#243;sseo, com os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos da press&#227;o de pulso central, velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP), <italic>augmentation index</italic>, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central. Todos s&#227;o fatores de risco independentes para a maioria das doen&#231;as CVs.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular e da calcifica&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#233; frequente na DRC, principalmente nas fases mais avan&#231;adas. Por&#233;m podem se instalar nas fases mais precoces e s&#227;o um fator de risco independente para as doen&#231;as CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por isso, a import&#226;ncia deste biomarcador &#233; a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da deposi&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio nas art&#233;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Deve-se destacar a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significante da OPG com a VOP, que se correlaciona com a idade vascular, refletindo do caso da DRC a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ou envelhecimento vascular mais precoce. Entretanto a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo n&#227;o apresentou qualquer rela&#231;&#227;o com a OPG. Sabemos que &#233; utilizada para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, por&#233;m estas altera&#231;&#245;es endoteliais na DRC ainda n&#227;o t&#234;m os aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos bem definidos. Diversos mecanismos podem estar envolvidos ou participar de forma peculiar alterando a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e n&#227;o somente o metabolismo do &#243;xido n&#237;trico. A pr&#243;pria calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular est&#225; envolvida globalmente sendo o destaque nesta disfun&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste trabalho de Matos et al. os n&#237;veis de OPG tiveram uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta e crescente com o grau da DRC, mostrando uma rela&#231;&#227;o tipo "dose/efeito" aumentando a sua validade como marcador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ainda n&#227;o sabemos de que forma a OPG est&#225; envolvida na patogenia da calcifica&#231;&#227;o da arterial, os meandros fisiopatol&#243;gicos no contexto do metabolismo do c&#225;lcio e a verdadeira rela&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Este estudo pioneiro na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira deu os primeiros passos para compreendermos o valor de determinados biomarcadores, e sua rela&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica na doen&#231;a renal onde a esfera de morbimortalidade &#233; t&#227;o grave e n&#227;o s&#243; explicada pelos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos comuns &#224;s doen&#231;as CV.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Osteoprotegerina e Disfun&#231;&#227;o Vascular em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica Est&#225;gio 3 e em Pacientes sem Disfun&#231;&#227;o Renal: Estudo Caso-Controle</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240679i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Osteoprotegerin: A Biomarker in Chronic Kidney Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Rui P&#243;voa</bold> &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 340. Postal Code <postal-code>04026-000</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Osteoprotegerin</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Kidney Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Biomarkers are biological indicators that can be quantified to assess normal or pathological biological processes and responses to various therapeutic interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> They are found in various body fluids, such as blood, urine, or tissues, and help in the early diagnosis of some diseases, in addition to monitoring progression or evaluating the effectiveness of treatment. In addition to their importance in clinical diagnosis, they can estimate risk and prognosis. This is very well structured in processes whose inflammatory basis stands out in a multifactorial scenario, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CKD, which is a growing public health problem, is increasingly present in the cardiovascular (CV) disease scenario due to its high morbidity and mortality. It is at the evolutionary end of the CV continuum where the main risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia) have not been adequately treated. In addition, patients with CKD are still at a higher CV risk due to the presence of these factors that often remain without adequate treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In precision medicine, it is necessary to identify and quantify several elements depending on the clinical aspects and the therapeutic proposal for each disease in a particular way.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In CKD, the use of potential biomarkers optimizes precision medicine and can provide a new strategy to understand the pathophysiological intricacies of the evolution of this complex mechanism of progressive loss of renal function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, osteoprotegerin (OPG), a glycoprotein belonging to the group of tumor necrosis factor receptors, participates in the regulation of bone metabolism and has been associated with vascular calcification and coronary artery disease, with its levels being associated with a higher incidence and prevalence of CV diseases. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Matos TO et al. evaluated the relationship between OPG and several CV parameters related to CV risk or endothelial function in patients with stage 3 renal function impairment (GFR &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The rationale was to study the relationship between OPG and CKD and to analyze several CV parameters, given the relationship of this biomarker with calcium metabolism in the vascular matrix and consequent calcification. OPG levels are generally elevated in the terminal stages of CKD and are a strong predictor of vascular calcification in all stages of renal dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The results were interesting, showing the positive and significant relationship of this bone metabolism biomarker with the hemodynamic parameters of central pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index, peripheral systolic blood pressure, and central systolic blood pressure. All of these are independent risk factors for most CV diseases.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of vascular calcification and coronary artery calcification is common in CKD, especially in the more advanced stages. However, they can occur in the earlier stages and are an independent risk factor for CV disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, the importance of this biomarker is the early detection of calcium deposition in the arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is worth highlighting the positive and significant correlation between OPG and PWV, which correlates with vascular age, reflecting in the case of CKD the presence of injury or earlier vascular aging. However, flow-mediated dilation did not show any relationship with OPG. We know that it is used to assess endothelial function, but the pathophysiological aspects of these endothelial changes in CKD do not yet have well-defined pathophysiological aspects. Several mechanisms may be involved or participate peculiarly, altering endothelial function and not only nitric oxide metabolism. Vascular calcification itself is globally engaged and is the highlight of this dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this work by Matos et al., OPG levels had a direct and increasing relationship with the degree of CKD, showing a "dose/effect" relationship, increasing its validity as a marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> We still do not know how OPG is involved in the pathogenesis of arterial calcification, the pathophysiological intricacies in the context of calcium metabolism, and the true relationship with the prognosis of kidney disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This pioneering study in the Brazilian population took the first steps towards understanding the value of certain biomarkers and their diagnostic and prognostic relationship in kidney disease, where the sphere of morbidity and mortality is so serious and not only explained by the classic risk factors common to CV diseases.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Osteoprotegerin and Vascular Dysfunction in Patients with Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease and Those without Renal Dysfunction: A Case-Control Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
