<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CWCYLVdKxGZTJhMpZx5jDbt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240594</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Curando Cora&#231;&#245;es com Humor: O Potencial da Risoterapia na Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Cleidiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Ricardo Stein &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240594</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Risoterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A risoterapia, tamb&#233;m conhecida como terapia do humor, utiliza o riso e o prazer como ferramentas para melhorar o bem-estar f&#237;sico e emocional. Esta pr&#225;tica oferece in&#250;meros benef&#237;cios, incluindo: (1) redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de cortisol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> reduzindo assim o estresse &#8211; um fator de risco cardiovascular bem estabelecido; (2) melhora da circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasoativas;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e (3) melhora do humor, o que ajuda a combater a depress&#227;o e a ansiedade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#8211; condi&#231;&#245;es comumente encontradas em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo conduzido nos EUA envolvendo 48 pacientes diab&#233;ticos que tinham sofrido recentemente um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio dividiu esses participantes em dois grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Um grupo recebeu reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca padr&#227;o, al&#233;m de sess&#245;es di&#225;rias de humor de 30 minutos de sua escolha (interven&#231;&#227;o), enquanto o outro grupo recebeu apenas reabilita&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o (controle). As descobertas revelaram que o grupo de humor apresentou menos arritmias, n&#237;veis reduzidos de epinefrina e norepinefrina na urina e no plasma, uma necessidade reduzida de nitroglicerina para controlar a angina e menos infartos recorrentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Miller et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstraram que assistir a um filme de com&#233;dia aumenta significativamente a dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, enquanto assistir a filmes estressantes tende a reduzir essa dilata&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo aberto com 17 participantes idosos que assistiram a com&#233;dia stand-up uma vez por semana durante 4 semanas relatou redu&#231;&#245;es na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e na press&#227;o arterial, juntamente com aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de serotonina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Outras evid&#234;ncias sugerem que pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o menos propensos a rir muito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas entre idosos &#233; 1,2 vezes maior naqueles que nunca riem em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que riem diariamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Coletivamente, essas descobertas destacam o potencial do humor como uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz para melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular e a qualidade de vida geral.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Risoterapia em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
        <p>O imperativo de melhorar os resultados globais de sa&#250;de para pacientes com DAC merece nossa aten&#231;&#227;o e deve ser priorizado por v&#225;rias raz&#245;es. Primeiro, apesar dos avan&#231;os significativos no tratamento, a DAC continua sendo a principal causa de morte no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em segundo lugar, pacientes que apresentam baixa qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de de um a tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio podem estar sob risco aumentado de eventos adversos, incluindo morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Pesquisas cont&#237;nuas que visam melhorar o progn&#243;stico de indiv&#237;duos que sofreram de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda s&#227;o um foco cr&#237;tico na &#225;rea.</p>
        <p>Curiosamente, a maioria dos estudos sobre risoterapia se concentrou em seus efeitos de curto prazo em vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares, principalmente em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ou aqueles com condi&#231;&#245;es diferentes de DAC. H&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas sobre como a risoterapia afeta pacientes com DAC. At&#233; onde sabemos, nenhum ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado foi conduzido no Brasil para avaliar essa terapia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. No entanto, dados de um estudo anterior conduzido por nosso grupo de pesquisa (CardioEx) no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre indicaram que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de com&#233;dia de 30 minutos melhorou significativamente os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os participantes que assistiram a um filme de com&#233;dia (com m&#233;dia de 63 &#177; 31 risadas genu&#237;nas) apresentaram maior volume sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo (21,2 ml; 24,8%) e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (1,6 L/min; 27,1%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que assistiram a um document&#225;rio neutro (p &lt; 0,05). No entanto, an&#225;lises de longo prazo s&#227;o necess&#225;rias, principalmente com foco em par&#226;metros mais relevantes no contexto da doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Temos o prazer de compartilhar que estamos atualmente conduzindo um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado para preencher essa lacuna. Nosso grupo de pesquisa est&#225; investigando os efeitos da risoterapia na capacidade funcional, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel (idade m&#233;dia [DP] de 64 &#177; 10 anos). Os participantes foram designados para um grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, que assistiu a 30 minutos de um filme de com&#233;dia, ou um grupo de controle, que assistiu a 30 minutos de um document&#225;rio neutro. An&#225;lises interinas (dados n&#227;o publicados) indicam que 24 sess&#245;es de risoterapia podem melhorar significativamente o VO<sub>2</sub>pico. Ainda mais encorajador, ap&#243;s 3 meses de risoterapia, o VO<sub>2</sub>pico aumentou em 11%, um resultado compar&#225;vel aos vistos em alguns programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca focados em exerc&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Vale sempre a pena enfatizar que melhorar a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio &#233; um objetivo fundamental da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Mais de duas d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s, Myers et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> estabeleceram que a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio &#233; um preditor mais forte de mortalidade em homens do que muitos outros fatores de risco cardiovascular bem conhecidos. Especificamente, o aumento do VO<sub>2</sub>pico demonstrou fornecer benef&#237;cios significativos na redu&#231;&#227;o da carga de DAC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e &#233; um forte preditor de futuras readmiss&#245;es cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado a avaliar o VO<sub>2</sub>pico de longo prazo ap&#243;s a risoterapia em indiv&#237;duos com DAC est&#225;vel. Embora os desafios de melhorar o progn&#243;stico para pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares sejam ineg&#225;veis, &#233; encorajador ver um foco crescente em abordagens multifacetadas para lidar com essa quest&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o &#233; brincadeira &#8211; entre essas novas abordagens parece estar a risoterapia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kramer</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leitao</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Laughter as Medicine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Interventional Studies Evaluating the Impact of Spontaneous Laughter on Cortisol Levels</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0286260</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0286260</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Kramer CK, Leitao CB. Laughter as Medicine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Interventional Studies Evaluating the Impact of Spontaneous Laughter on Cortisol Levels. PLoS One. 2023;18(5):e0286260. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286260.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fry</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Effect of Mirthful Laughter on the Human Cardiovascular System</article-title>
          <source>Med Hypotheses</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>636</fpage>
          <lpage>639</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.044</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Miller M, Fry WF. The Effect of Mirthful Laughter on the Human Cardiovascular System. Med Hypotheses. 2009;73(5):636-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.044.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akimbekov</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Razzaque</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Laughter Therapy: A Humor-induced Hormonal Intervention to Reduce Stress and Anxiety</article-title>
          <source>Curr Res Physiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <fpage>135</fpage>
          <lpage>138</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.crphys.2021.04.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Akimbekov NS, Razzaque MS. Laughter Therapy: A Humor-induced Hormonal Intervention to Reduce Stress and Anxiety. Curr Res Physiol. 2021;4:135-8. doi: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.04.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kwapong</surname>
              <given-names>YA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boakye</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Honigberg</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oyeka</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Depression and Poor Mental Health with Cardiovascular Disease and Suboptimal Cardiovascular Health among Young Adults in the United States</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e028332</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.122.028332</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Kwapong YA, Boakye E, Khan SS, Honigberg MC, Martin SS, Oyeka CP, et al. Association of Depression and Poor Mental Health with Cardiovascular Disease and Suboptimal Cardiovascular Health among Young Adults in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(3):e028332. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028332.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease and Depression: A Narrative Review</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>1274595</fpage>
          <lpage>1274595</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2023.1274595</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Li X, Zhou J, Wang M, Yang C, Sun G. Cardiovascular Disease and Depression: A Narrative Review. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1274595. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1274595.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lukman</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berk</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Humor, as an Adjunct Therapy in Cardiac Rehabilitation, Attenuates Catecholamines and Myocardial Infarction Recurrence</article-title>
          <source>Adv Mind Body Med</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3-4</issue>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Tan SA, Tan LG, Lukman ST, Berk LS. Humor, as an Adjunct Therapy in Cardiac Rehabilitation, Attenuates Catecholamines and Myocardial Infarction Recurrence. Adv Mind Body Med. 2007;22(3-4):8-12.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mangano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plotnick</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogel</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Cinematic Viewing on Endothelial Function</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>261</fpage>
          <lpage>262</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.2005.061424</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Miller M, Mangano C, Park Y, Goel R, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA. Impact of Cinematic Viewing on Endothelial Function. Heart. 2006;92(2):261-2. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2005.061424.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshikawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohmaki</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawahata</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maekawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogihara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morishita</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beneficial Effect of Laughter Therapy on Physiological and Psychological Function in Elders</article-title>
          <source>Nurs Open</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/nop2.190</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Yoshikawa Y, Ohmaki E, Kawahata H, Maekawa Y, Ogihara T, Morishita R, et al. Beneficial Effect of Laughter Therapy on Physiological and Psychological Function in Elders. Nurs Open. 2018;6(1):93-9. doi: 10.1002/nop2.190.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seidler</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inverse Association between Sense of Humor and Coronary Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>88</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00470-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Clark A, Seidler A, Miller M. Inverse Association between Sense of Humor and Coronary Heart Disease. Int J Cardiol. 2001;80(1):87-8. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00470-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hayashi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawachi</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohira</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kondo</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shirai</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kondo</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Laughter is the Best Medicine? A Cross-sectional Study of Cardiovascular Disease among Older Japanese Adults</article-title>
          <source>J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>546</fpage>
          <lpage>552</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2188/jea.JE20150196</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Hayashi K, Kawachi I, Ohira T, Kondo K, Shirai K, Kondo N. Laughter is the Best Medicine? A Cross-sectional Study of Cardiovascular Disease among Older Japanese Adults. J Epidemiol. 2016;26(10):546-52. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20150196.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salari</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morddarvanjoghi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdolmaleki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasoulpoor</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khaleghi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hezarkhani</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Global Prevalence of Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cardiovasc Disord</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>206</fpage>
          <lpage>206</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12872-023-03231-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Salari N, Morddarvanjoghi F, Abdolmaleki A, Rasoulpoor S, Khaleghi AA, Hezarkhani LA, et al. The Global Prevalence of Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):206. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03231-w.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pocock</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brieger</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Health-related Quality of Life 1-3 Years Post-myocardial Infarction: Its Impact on Prognosis</article-title>
          <source>Open Heart</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e001499</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/openhrt-2020-001499</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Pocock S, Brieger DB, Owen R, Chen J, Cohen MG, Goodman S, et al. Health-related Quality of Life 1-3 Years Post-myocardial Infarction: Its Impact on Prognosis. Open Heart. 2021;8(1):e001499. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001499.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buhler</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horn</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nery</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An Isolated 30-Minute Comedy Session Increases Systolic Volume and Cardiac Output in Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <supplement>1Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S1</fpage>
          <lpage>S51</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2047487319860046</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Silveira AD, Buhler RP, Oliveira RC, Horn TL, Zanini M, Nery RM, et al. An Isolated 30-Minute Comedy Session Increases Systolic Volume and Cardiac Output in Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26 (1Suppl 1):S1:S51. doi: 10.1177/2047487319860046.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prakash</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Do</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Partington</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atwood</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise Capacity and Mortality Among men Referred for Exercise Testing</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>793</fpage>
          <lpage>801</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa011858</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise Capacity and Mortality Among men Referred for Exercise Testing. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(11):793-801. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011858.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Letnes</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vesterbekkmo</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wisl&#248;ff</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nes</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Peak Oxygen Uptake and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in a Healthy Population: The HUNT Fitness Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1633</fpage>
          <lpage>1639</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehy708</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Letnes JM, Dalen H, Vesterbekkmo EK, Wisl&#248;ff U, Nes BM. Peak Oxygen Uptake and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in a Healthy Population: The HUNT Fitness Study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(20):1633-39. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy708.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mikkelsen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cadarso-Su&#225;rez</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lado-Baleato</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#237;az-Louzao</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gil</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reeh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improvement in VO2peak Predicts Readmissions for Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Rehabilitation</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>811</fpage>
          <lpage>819</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2047487319887835</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Mikkelsen N, Cadarso-Su&#225;rez C, Lado-Baleato O, D&#237;az-Louzao C, Gil CP, Reeh J, et al. Improvement in VO2peak Predicts Readmissions for Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Rehabilitation. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27(8):811-9. doi: 10.1177/2047487319887835.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240594i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Healing Hearts with Humor: The Potential of Laughter Therapy in Cardiac Rehabilitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Cleidiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Ricardo Stein &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Laughter Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Laughter therapy, also known as humor therapy, utilizes laughter and enjoyment as tools to enhance physical and emotional well-being. This practice offers numerous benefits, including: (1) lowering cortisol levels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> thereby reducing stress &#8211; a well-established cardiovascular risk factor; (2) improving blood circulation through the release of vasoactive substances;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and (3) boosting mood, which helps to combat depression and anxiety<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#8211; conditions commonly found in patients with cardiovascular diseases and which are also risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A study conducted in the USA involving 48 diabetic patients who had recently experienced a myocardial infarction divided these participants into two groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> One group received standard cardiac rehabilitation in addition to 30-minute daily humor sessions of their choice (intervention), while the other group received only standard rehabilitation (control). The findings revealed that the humor group experienced fewer arrhythmias, reduced levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in both urine and plasma, a decreased need for nitroglycerin to manage angina, and fewer recurrent infarctions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Additionally, Miller et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstrated that watching a comedy film significantly increases flow-mediated dilation in healthy individuals, whereas viewing stressful films tends to reduce this dilation. Furthermore, an open-label trial with 17 elderly participants who watched stand-up comedy once a week for 4 weeks reported reductions in heart rate and blood pressure, along with increased plasma serotonin levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Further evidence suggests that patients with cardiovascular disease are less likely to laugh heartily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Moreover, the prevalence of heart disease among the elderly is 1.2 times higher in those who never laugh compared to those who laugh daily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of humor as an effective strategy for improving cardiovascular health and overall quality of life.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Laughter therapy in patients with coronary artery disease</title>
          <p>The imperative to improve global health outcomes for patients with CAD deserves our attention and should be prioritized for several reasons. First, despite significant advancements in treatment, CAD remains the leading cause of death worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Second, patients who experience low health-related quality of life one to three years after a myocardial infarction may be at increased risk of adverse events, including death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ongoing research aimed at improving the prognosis of individuals who have suffered from acute coronary syndrome is a critical focus in the field.</p>
          <p>Interestingly, most studies on laughter therapy have focused on its short-term effects on cardiovascular variables, primarily in healthy individuals or those with conditions other than CAD. There is limited information on how laughter therapy impacts patients with CAD. To our knowledge, no randomized clinical trials have been conducted in Brazil to evaluate this therapy in this patient population. However, data from a previous study conducted by our research group (CardioEx) at the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre indicated that a single 30-minute comedy session significantly improved hemodynamic parameters in patients with stable CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Participants who watched a comedy film (averaging 63 &#177; 31 genuine laughs) showed higher maximum stroke volume (21.2 ml; 24.8%) and cardiac output (1.6 L/min; 27.1%) compared to those who watched a neutral documentary (p &lt; 0.05). Nonetheless, long-term analyses are necessary, particularly focusing on parameters that are more relevant in the context of cardiovascular disease.</p>
          <p>We are pleased to share that we are currently conducting a randomized clinical trial to fill this gap. Our research group is investigating the effects of laughter therapy on functional capacity, endothelial function, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with stable CAD (mean [SD] age 64 &#177; 10 years). Participants were assigned to either an intervention group, which watched 30 minutes of a comedy film, or a control group, which watched 30 minutes of a neutral documentary. Interim analyses (unpublished data) indicate that 24 sessions of laughter therapy can significantly improve VO<sub>2</sub>peak. Even more encouraging, after 3 months of laughter therapy, VO<sub>2</sub>peak increased by 11%, a result comparable to those seen in some cardiac rehabilitation programs focused on exercise.</p>
          <p>It is always worth emphasizing that improving exercise capacity is a key goal of cardiac rehabilitation. More than two decades ago, Myers et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> established that exercise capacity is a stronger predictor of mortality in men than many other well-known cardiovascular risk factors. Specifically, increasing VO<sub>2</sub>peak has been shown to provide significant benefits in reducing the burden of CAD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular readmissions and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first randomized clinical trial to evaluate long-term VO<sub>2</sub>peak following laughter therapy in individuals with stable CAD. While the challenges of improving the prognosis for cardiovascular disease patients are undeniable, it is encouraging to see an increasing focus on multifaceted approaches to tackle this issue.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, it is no joke &#8211; among these new approaches appears to be laughter therapy.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
