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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">94xs8dfGjNy4WmQZb4QZ4Sd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240396</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria Fora do Hor&#225;rio de Expediente: Experi&#234;ncia de uma D&#233;cada em Centro Cardiovascular de Alto Volume</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8420-7628</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cirne</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2823-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1933-1507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leong</surname>
            <given-names>Darryl P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3192-8835</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">McMaster University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hamiton</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">McMaster University &#8211; Department of Medicine, Hamiton, Ontario &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia &#8211; Hemodin&#226;mica, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Filipe Cirne &#8226; McMaster University &#8211; Medicine &#8211; 237 Barton Street East Hamiton Hamiton Ont&#225;rio L8L 2X2 &#8211; Canad&#225;; E-mail: <email>cirnemd@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Pedro Lemos</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240396</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria Fora do Hor&#225;rio de Expediente: Experi&#234;ncia de uma D&#233;cada em Centro Cardiovascular de Alto Volume</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/94xs8dfGjNy4WmQZb4QZ4Sd/85073eeb74c559384ce08da3e95cb890cf9f4947.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O impacto de se realizar uma interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp) em hor&#225;rio fora do expediente sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Comparar as caracter&#237;sticas e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) de ICPp realizada fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente versus ICPp realizada em hor&#225;rio de expediente em um centro de cardiologia de alto volume.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte de pacientes submetidos &#224; ICPp por Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (IAMCSST) entre 2009 e 2019. Definimos hor&#225;rio fora do expediente como dias de trabalho entre 8pm e 7h59am, al&#233;m de finais de semana e feriados. Comparamos pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora do hor&#225;rio do expediente quanto as caracter&#237;sticas basais e eventos em um ano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 2560 pacientes foram tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente e 1876 pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente. Os grupos foram similares para a maioria das caracter&#237;sticas basais. Uma carga de trombo mais alta foi observada em pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (50% x 45%; p &lt; 0,01), e nesse grupo o acesso radial foi o mais frequentemente utilizado (62% x 58%; p = 0,01). O sucesso do procedimento n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (95,7% x 96,4%; p = 0,21). As taxas de MACE foram mais altas em pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente em 30 dias (10,2% x 8,5%; p = 0,04) e em um ano de seguimento (15,4% x 13,1%; p = 0,03), devido &#224;s taxas mais elevadas de morte em 30 dias (7,8% x 6,1%; p = 0,03) e em um ano de seguimento (11,1% x 9,0%; p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em um centro de cardiologia de alto volume, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, os tempos porta-bal&#227;o, o sucesso das ICPps e as taxas de complica&#231;&#227;o foram similares entre pacientes com IAMCSST tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente e pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente. Contudo, os pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente apresentaram taxas mais altas de MACE e de mortalidade, apesar de taxas similares de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Eventos Cardiovasculares Adversos Maiores</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>No contexto do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), embora superior &#224; tromb&#243;lise, a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp) depende de uma infraestrutura mais complexa, incluindo um laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo e de uma equipe multidisciplinar de suporte. Uma vez que muitos eventos de IAMCSST ocorrem durante a noite e nos finais de semana, isto &#233;, em per&#237;odo fora do expediente de trabalho, esses servi&#231;os devem funcionar 24 horas por dia, sete dias da semana. O desempenho das ICPps realizadas em hor&#225;rios fora do expediente parece estar associado com piores desfechos do IAMCSST, com poss&#237;veis raz&#245;es incluindo demora no tempo entre o in&#237;cio de sintomas e a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e no tempo porta-bal&#227;o, varia&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas circadianas, e padr&#245;es distintos de assist&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em um estudo, Henriques et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mostraram que, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais cl&#237;nicas ou demora no tratamento, os pacientes tratados em per&#237;odos fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente apresentaram taxas mais altas de falha na angioplastia (6,9% vs. 3,8%; p&lt;0,01) bem como uma mortalidade mais alta em 30 dias (4,2% vs 1,9%, p&lt;0,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as em desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre ICPp realizada no hor&#225;rio e fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente em estudos mais recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Um estudo franc&#234;s relatou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre ICPp realizada durante ou fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade hospitalar (8,1% vs. 7,0%; p = 0,49) ou mortalidade em um ano (11,0% vs. 11,1%; p = 0,89) respectivamente. Vale ressaltar que as caracter&#237;sticas basais eram bem equilibradas entre os dois grupos, incluindo taxas de parada card&#237;aca (7,9% vs. 8,8%; p = 0,55) e de choque cardiog&#234;nico (12,3% vs. 14,7%; p = 0,16). Al&#233;m disso, o tempo mediano entre os primeiros sintomas e o contato m&#233;dico e o tempo mediano entre o contato m&#233;dico e a inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter n&#227;o foram diferentes (120 minutos vs. 126 minutos; p = 0,25 e 90 minutos vs. 93 minutos; p = 0,58; respectivamente), bem como a taxa de acesso radial para o cateterismo (85,6% vs. 87,5%; p = 0,27).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Redes de assist&#234;ncia regionais organizadas, com padroniza&#231;&#227;o de rotinas e ampla disponibilidade de centros de ICPp, capazes de realizar esses procedimentos em tempo h&#225;bil, 24 horas por dia, sete dias por semana, devem ser considerados para esse efeito similar entre ICPp realizada em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora de hor&#225;rio de expediente nessas coortes contempor&#226;neas.</p>
      <p>Portanto, considerando os resultados conflitantes na literatura sobre o impacto de se submeter &#224; ICPp em hor&#225;rio de expediente <italic>versus</italic> fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente quanto os desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes com IAMCSST, nosso objetivo foi avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em curto e em longo prazo de uma coorte contempor&#226;nea de pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPp fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente em um centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia durante um per&#237;odo de dez anos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte de pacientes consecutivos com IAMCSST tratados com ICPp no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul entre 2009 e 2019. Nossa institui&#231;&#227;o &#233; um centro acad&#234;mico de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia para o tratamento de condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas complexas no sul do Brasil, que cobre uma regi&#227;o de aproximadamente 4,5 milh&#245;es de pessoas. O laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel 24 horas por dia, sete dias da semana, e realiza aproximadamente 3000 ICPps por ano.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram IAMCSST com menos de 12 horas desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, ou com mais de 12 horas em caso de dor persistente e/ou evid&#234;ncia de isquemia. Exclu&#237;mos pacientes com idade inferior a 18 anos e aqueles que se recusaram a assinar o termo de consentimento.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos: 1) ICP realizada durante hor&#225;rio de expediente (dias de trabalho regulares, entre 8h e 19h59, e 2) ICP realizada fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (dias de trabalho regulares entre 20h e 7h59, e fins de semana e feriados).</p>
        <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local; todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos assinaram um termo de consentimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de ICPp</title>
        <p>Depois que o diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foi confirmado, todos os pacientes receberam 300 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) e um inibidor de P2Y12, 600 mg de clopidogrel ou 180 mg de ticagrelor. Os pacientes foram imediatamente transferidos ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo para serem submetidos a um angiograma coron&#225;rio e a uma ICPp se apropriado. O local de acesso vascular, uso de pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, administra&#231;&#227;o inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o e implante de <italic>stent</italic> foram decididos pelo t&#233;cnico atendente. Todas as ICPs foram realizadas por cardiologistas treinados e experientes, e seguindo diretrizes nacionais e internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>IAMCSST como um crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi definido como (1) dor ou equivalente em repouso associada com eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST &#8805; 1 mm em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas no eletrocardiograma (ECG); ou (2) dor ou equivalente em repouso associada com um bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) presumidamente novo no ECG. Infarto foi classificado de acordo com a Quarta Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi definido como o tempo entre a admiss&#227;o hospitalar e a primeira infla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o de angioplastia ou o implante do <italic>stent</italic> (o que ocorreu primeiro). O tempo entre in&#237;cio de sintoma e admiss&#227;o hospitalar foi definido como o tempo pr&#233;-admiss&#227;o. Uma carga tromb&#243;tica elevada foi definida como trombos claramente vis&#237;veis na angiografia coron&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o TIMI (<italic>Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</italic>) sangramento maior foi definido como sangramento clinicamente evidente com uma queda nos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina &#8805; 5g/dL, ou hemorragia cerebral, ou sangramento fatal, ou, se relacionado &#224; cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, sangramento fatal, necessidade de procedimento cir&#250;rgico para interromper a cirurgia, sangramento intracraniano no perioperat&#243;rio, necessidade de transfus&#227;o com cinco ou mais bolsas de hem&#225;cias dentro de 48 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia ou drenagem de mais de dois litros dentro de 24 horas. Sangramento menor foi definido como presen&#231;a de sangramento clinicamente evidente com uma queda nos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina entre 3g/dL e 5g/dL ou hemat&#243;crito entre 9% e 15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Sangramento &#8220;n&#227;o-TIMI&#8221; foi definido como aquele que n&#227;o preenchia as defini&#231;&#245;es acima, mas requereu cuidado m&#233;dico, testes laboratoriais ou de imagens, ou cirurgia. Sepse foi definida como a presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o acompanhada por sinais e/ou sintomas. Les&#227;o renal aguda foi definida como um aumento nos n&#237;veis de creatinina &#8805; 50% a partir dos n&#237;veis basais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um desfecho composto de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Major Adverse Cardiac Events</italic>) consistindo em morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em um ano. Desfechos secund&#225;rios foram MACE em 30 dias, cada componente do desfecho prim&#225;rio em 30 dias e em um ano, trombose de <italic>stent</italic> e necessidade de uma nova ICP. IM foi definido como dor tor&#225;cica recorrente com nova eleva&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores s&#233;ricos, ap&#243;s um decl&#237;nio inicial da curva natural, com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST ou novas ondas Q, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o universal de IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> AVC foi definido como um novo d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico focal de in&#237;cio repentino, de causa presumidamente cerebrovascular, irrevers&#237;vel (ou resultando em morte) dentro de 24 horas, e n&#227;o causado por outra causa prontamente identific&#225;vel. AVC foi classificado como isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico. Uma nova ICP foi composta da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo e da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso n&#227;o culpado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados foram coletados prospectivamente, inseridos em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico e analisados com o programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS version 19.0 for Windows).</p>
        <p>Normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi confirmada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, ou, se mais apropriado, como mediana &#177; intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste t, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. A an&#225;lise do tempo de sobrevida foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e os desfechos dos pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP em hor&#225;rio de expediente e em hor&#225;rio fora de expediente foram comparados pelo teste de log-rank. Os preditores de MACE e de morte foram avaliados pelos modelos de risco proporcional de Cox. As vari&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o se o p valor fosse menor que 0,05, ou por relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica demonstrada em estudos anteriores. Um p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre dezembro de 2009 e dezembro de 2019, 4436 pacientes consecutivos com IAMCSST foram tratados com ICPp em nosso centro. Um total de 2560 pacientes foram tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente, enquanto 1876 foram tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente. Em um ano, 31 (1,2%) pacientes atendidos fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente e 24 atendidos no hor&#225;rio de expediente perderam seguimento no estudo. No geral, ambos os grupos apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais similares, com exce&#231;&#227;o de uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de fumantes entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; ICPp em hor&#225;rio fora de expediente (44,7% vs. 39,3%; p &lt; 0,01), e uma taxa mais alta de CABG pr&#233;via entre aqueles submetidos &#224; ICPp em hor&#225;rio de expediente (4,0% vs. 2,8%; p = 0,02). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos quanto &#224; idade, sexo, local do infarto e classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 4436)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>Fora de expediente (n = 2560)</th>
                <th>No expediente (n = 1876)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1749 (68,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1318 (70,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Caucasiano</td>
                <td align="center">2023 (86%)</td>
                <td align="center">1484 (85,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco para DAC</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1144 (44,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">738 (39,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1614 (63,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1164 (62,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">655 (25,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">489 (26,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">807 (31,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">546 (29,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF de DAC prematura</td>
                <td align="center">608 (23,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">478 (25,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">518 (20,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">376 (20,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">422 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">311 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CABG pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">69 (2,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (4,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">152 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC/AIT</td>
                <td align="center">167 (6,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente</td>
                <td align="center">465 (18,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">341 (18,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC</td>
                <td align="center">63 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (2,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">123 (4,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Tratamento m&#233;dico nas primeiras 24 horas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">2498 (98,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1826 (98%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">2323 (92%)</td>
                <td align="center">1689 (91,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">30 (1,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prasugrel</td>
                <td align="center">13 (0,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (0,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">2106 (83,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1540 (82,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">1650 (65,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1215 (65,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">1556 (61,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1201 (64,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">113 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato parenteral</td>
                <td align="center">462 (18,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">332 (17,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inotr&#243;picos</td>
                <td align="center">15 (0,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (0,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasopressores</td>
                <td align="center">179 (7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (6,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sintoma-hospital (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">241 (123;412)</td>
                <td align="center">240 (122;400)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TIMI RISK score</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">1943 (75,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1391 (70%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">267 (10,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">205 (10,3%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">129 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (5,4%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">258 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">201 (10,1%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico TnI-us (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3295 (945;7354)</td>
                <td align="center">3317 (976;7415)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1111 (43,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">862 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto no VE</td>
                <td align="center">327 (12,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">241 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE</td>
                <td align="center">33 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio AV completo</td>
                <td align="center">97 (3,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (3,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">187 (7,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">129 (6,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; AV: atrioventricular; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TnI-us: Troponina I ultrassens&#237;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o de uma maior carga tromb&#243;tica no grupo submetido &#224; ICP fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (49,6% vs. 45,5%; p &lt; 0,01), todas as caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas foram similares, incluindo a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), a art&#233;ria culpada, a complexidade da les&#227;o na art&#233;ria culpada, e o grau de fluxo TIMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas basais dos pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 4436)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>Fora do expediente (n = 2560)</th>
                <th>No hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 1876)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Extens&#227;o da DAC</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de &#250;nico vaso</td>
                <td align="center">1157 (45,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">887 (47,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de dois vasos</td>
                <td align="center">853 (33,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">605 (32,6%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos</td>
                <td align="center">493 (19,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">334 (18%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose &gt; 50% na art&#233;ria principal esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">89 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (3,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vaso culpado</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ADAE</td>
                <td align="center">1098 (43,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">834 (45,6%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cx</td>
                <td align="center">321 (12,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">234 (12,8%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACD</td>
                <td align="center">1039 (41,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">708 (38,8%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LM</td>
                <td align="center">23 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (0,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AMID/EVS</td>
                <td align="center">31 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (1,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o de bifurca&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">284 (11,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">179 (9,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alta carga tromb&#243;tica</td>
                <td align="center">1247 (49,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">835 (45,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga de c&#225;lcio moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">221 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">168 (9,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grau de fluxo TIMI pr&#233;-procedimento</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">1912 (76,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1363 (74,4%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">246 (9,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">192 (10,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">114 (4,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (5,4%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">229 (9,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (9,7%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; AMID: art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna direita; Cx: art&#233;ria circunflexa; ECS: enxerto de veia safena; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O uso de um acesso radial, p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s implante de <italic>stent</italic> e administra&#231;&#227;o de inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa foram mais comuns nos pacientes atendidos fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente. Al&#233;m disso, o comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> foi significativamente maior nesses pacientes. N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto aos tempos porta-bal&#227;o, uso de trombectomia manual, grau de fluxo TIMI, grau de opacifica&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s o procedimento, uso de bomba de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, sucesso da ICPp e taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Aspectos da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria de pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 4436)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 2560)</th>
                <th>No hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 1876)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo porta-bal&#227;o (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (53;95)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (50;95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acesso radial</td>
                <td align="center">1544 (62,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1061 (57,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1684 (68,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1186 (65,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombectomia manual</td>
                <td align="center">470 (19,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">318 (17,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo do <italic>stent</italic></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Met&#225;lico</td>
                <td align="center">1729 (75,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1256 (75,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">551 (24,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">399 (24,1%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">23 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 1 <italic>stent</italic></td>
                <td align="center">488 (20,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">378 (21,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia <italic>ad-hoc</italic> de vaso n&#227;o culpado</td>
                <td align="center">54 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">813 (33,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">484 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% estenose residual</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Grau do fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-procedimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">67 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (2,2%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">31 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (1,3%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">108 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (4,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">2262 (91,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1648 (91,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Grau de opacifica&#231;&#227;o (<italic>blush</italic>) do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-procedimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">174 (7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (5,8%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">80 (3,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (3,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">190 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (7,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">2016 (82%)</td>
                <td align="center">1469 (82,4%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sucesso do procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">2356 (95,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1726 (96,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa</td>
                <td align="center">659 (26,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">407 (22,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bomba de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">83 (3,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (2,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcapasso tempor&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">107 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (4,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">59 (2,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (2,3%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perfura&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,1%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aus&#234;ncia de refluxo</td>
                <td align="center">88 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (2,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o aguda do vaso culpado</td>
                <td align="center">13 (0,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o do vaso do ramo</td>
                <td align="center">26 (1,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (1,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FV/TV</td>
                <td align="center">67 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (2,7%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio AV completo</td>
                <td align="center">25 (1,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (0,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,2%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>AV: atrioventricular; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; FV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; TV: taquicardia ventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Embora a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE durante a interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tenha sido estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos, a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE em 30 dias (10,2% vs. 8,5%, p = 0,04) e em um ano foi maior (15,4% vs. 13,1%; p = 0,02) nos pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio fora de expediente que naqueles tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Os pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio fora de expediente apresentaram maiores taxas de mortalidade hospitalar (7,9% vs. 6,1%, p = 0,02), em 30 dias (7,8% vs. 6,1%, p = 0,03) e em um ano (11,1% vs. 9%, p = 0,02). IM e AVC n&#227;o foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Os pacientes submetidos &#224; ICPp em hor&#225;rio fora de expediente apresentaram taxas mais altas de ICP em vasos n&#227;o culpados (13,6% vs. 11,2%; p = 0,04) e uma taxa mais baixa de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso alvo (3,0% vs. 3,6%; p = 0,04). Outros desfechos cl&#237;nicos e complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, tais como sangramento maior e menor, trombose de <italic>stent</italic> e les&#227;o renal aguda foram similares entre os grupos (Tabela S1 no material suplementar).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 4436)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 2560)</th>
                <th>No hor&#225;rio de expediente (n = 1876)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Durante interna&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MACE</td>
                <td align="center">239 (9,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">200 (7,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM</td>
                <td align="center">39 (1,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC</td>
                <td align="center">19 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombose de <italic>stent</italic></td>
                <td align="center">32 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>30 dias</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MACE</td>
                <td align="center">259 (10,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (8,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">197 (7,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM</td>
                <td align="center">58 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (2,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC</td>
                <td align="center">24 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (1,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nova ICP</td>
                <td align="center">381 (16,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">265 (15,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>1 ano</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MACE</td>
                <td align="center">389 (15,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">242 (13,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">280 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM</td>
                <td align="center">117 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC</td>
                <td align="center">31 (1,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (1,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nova ICP</td>
                <td align="center">452 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">309 (18,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; MACE: cardiovasculares adversos maiores (major adverse cardiovascular events); ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os preditores independentes de MACE em um ano foram ICPp realizada em hor&#225;rio fora de expediente, tempo pr&#233;-admiss&#227;o prolongado, pior classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip, acesso radial, doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, les&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda e grau de fluxo TIMI mais baixo ap&#243;s o procedimento, de acordo com o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Tabagismo foi inversamente associado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE em um ano. Os preditores independentes de morte em um ano foram todos os mencionados acima e diabetes mellitus. Al&#233;m disso, o tabagismo associou-se inversamente com morte em um ano.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox para eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) e mortalidade em um ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">MACE</th>
                <th colspan="3">morte</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,06-1,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,08-1,66</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,02-1,04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,03-1,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,75-1,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,67-1,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,63-0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,56-0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,97-1,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,28</td>
                <td align="center">1,03-1,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sintoma-hospital</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,0-1,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,0-1,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip</td>
                <td align="center">1,76</td>
                <td align="center">1,63-1,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">2,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,9-2,25</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acesso radial</td>
                <td align="center">1,65</td>
                <td align="center">1,37-1,97</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,62</td>
                <td align="center">1,3-2,03</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de vasos afetados</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,05-1,31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,02-1,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">1,75</td>
                <td align="center">1,27-2,43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,94</td>
                <td align="center">1,36-2,77</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga tromb&#243;tica elevada</td>
                <td align="center">1,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,93-1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,83-1,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grau de fluxo TIMI ap&#243;s o procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,60-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,53-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HR: hazards ratio; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1-3</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04"/> representam as curvas de Kaplan-Meier para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de MACE, mortalidade, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, AVC e ICP, mostrando taxas mais altas de MACE e morte quando a ICPp foi realizada fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente, com separa&#231;&#227;o precoce das curvas, antes de seis meses de seguimento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier para eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240396-40396-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier para mortes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240396-40396-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240396-40396-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de um grande centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, pacientes com IAMCSST que chegaram ao hospital fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente n&#227;o apresentaram maior tempo entre in&#237;cio de sintomas e chegada ao hospital (pr&#233;-admiss&#227;o) nem maior tempo porta-bal&#227;o, e apresentaram resultados imediatos da ICPp similares em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes tratados durante o hor&#225;rio de expediente. Contudo, as taxas de MACE e de mortalidade em 30 dias e em um ano foram significativamente mais altas em pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente. No presente estudo, aproximadamente 40% dos pacientes tratados em nosso hospital necessitaram de cuidado em hor&#225;rios fora do expediente, e o alcance de um tempo porta-bal&#227;o e resultados imediatos da ICPp similares a de pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente reinfor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia de um cuidado estruturado para lidar com pacientes com IAMCSST, de maneira mais homog&#234;nea poss&#237;vel, 24 horas por dia, sete dias da semana.</p>
      <p>Considerando que o IAMCSST &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o sens&#237;vel ao tempo no que diz respeito aos resultados e desfechos &#243;timos da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> diferentes diretrizes ao redor do mundo defendem curtos tempos porta-agulha e porta-bal&#227;o, os quais devem ser inferiores a 30 minutos e 90 minutos, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Alguns estudos mais antigos mostraram tempos de isquemia mais longos quando a ICPp foi realizada fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Com a padroniza&#231;&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas ao longo do tempo, tempos similares de isquemia foram alcan&#231;ados independentemente da localiza&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, do dia da semana ou do hor&#225;rio do dia, e consequentemente nenhuma diferen&#231;a nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Ainda, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas no tempo entre pr&#233;-admiss&#227;o nem no tempo porta-bal&#227;o entre os grupos, apesar de taxas mais elevadas de MACE e morte nos pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente.</p>
      <p>Entre os estudos prospectivos comparando ICPp realizada em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora de expediente, nosso estudo &#233; um dos maiores estudos publicados, o maior de um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia, e o mais contempor&#226;neo. Em outro estudo recente, publicado em 2019, Lattuca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> analisaram dados de 2167 pacientes consecutivos com IAMCSST tratados no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Piti&#233;-Salp&#234;tri&#232;re em Paris. As taxas de mortalidade em um ano foram similares entre os pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente (HR = 0,94, IC95% 0,64-1,37; p = 0,89).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Vale destacar que nosso tamanho amostral foi duas vezes maior que o do estudo de Lattuca et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> o que pode ter aumentado nosso poder estat&#237;stico e nos possibilitado mostrar uma diferen&#231;a significativa na mortalidade e nos MACE entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>Os principais achados deste estudo &#8211; taxas mais altas de MACE e de mortalidade nos pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente &#8211; devem ser analisados diante de algumas caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas de nosso estudo. Primeiro, os pacientes tratados em ambos os grupos foram similares no geral, com exce&#231;&#227;o da maior carga tromb&#243;tica nos pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente. Esse aspecto est&#225; normalmente associado a taxas mais altas de complica&#231;&#245;es, aus&#234;ncia de refluxo, taxas de sucesso das ICCPs mais baixas e piores desfechos, mas em nosso estudo, os resultados da ICPp foram similares entre os dois grupos. Segundo, os tempos porta-bal&#227;o foram similares em ambos os grupos, mostrando acesso similar ao cuidado entre pacientes tratados dentro e fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente. Terceiro, o principal fator associado &#224;s taxas elevadas de MACE foi uma maior mortalidade no grupo tratado fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente, sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativa nas taxas de evento isqu&#234;mico. Esses achados sugerem que, apesar de apresentar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e do procedimento similares a de pacientes tratados em hor&#225;rio de expediente, os indiv&#237;duos tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente est&#227;o em maior risco. Um aumento na mortalidade total n&#227;o atribu&#237;vel a eventos isqu&#234;micos aumenta a possibilidade de diferen&#231;as em outras comorbidades n&#227;o detectadas em nosso banco de dados.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, encontramos taxas mais altas de tabagismo em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP realizada fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente, similar a estudos pr&#233;vios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> embora a frequ&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) tenha sido similar em ambos os grupos. O uso mais frequente de inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa por pacientes tratados fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente provavelmente reflete a maior carga tromb&#243;tica observada nesses pacientes. O uso mais frequente de acesso vascular radial fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente pode refletir operadores mais jovens atuando nesses hor&#225;rios, que foram treinados em um per&#237;odo em que essa via j&#225; havia se tornado o padr&#227;o-ouro. Finalmente, embora as taxas de trombectomia manual n&#227;o tenham sido desprez&#237;veis em nosso estudo (cerca de 18%), vale observar que, historicamente, a maioria desses procedimentos foram realizados antes da publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo TOTAL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> em um per&#237;odo em que a evid&#234;ncia corroborava redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas por esses procedimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox, mostramos que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ICPp realizada fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente e taxas mais elevadas de MACE e morte foi independente de fatores de risco conhecidos para eventos nesse contexto. De fato, a maioria das vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo foram preditivas de MACE e morte, com exce&#231;&#227;o do sexo masculino, carga tromb&#243;tica elevada, e diabetes. Tabagismo mostrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com MACE e morte, associa&#231;&#227;o previamente conhecida e demonstrada como o &#8220;paradoxo do fumante&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Por fim, &#233; prov&#225;vel que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre acesso radial e um aumento de 65% e 62% no risco de MACE e morte, respectivamente, tenha sido falsa, considerando sua conhecida superioridade sobre o acesso femoral mostrada em estudos randomizados anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo est&#225; relacionada a sua natureza unic&#234;ntrica. Contudo, nossa institui&#231;&#227;o &#233; um centro de refer&#234;ncia para ICPp em uma regi&#227;o com 34 cidades e 4,3 milh&#245;es de pessoas, com livre acesso por meio do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de no Brasil. O achado de taxas mais altas de morte no grupo submetido &#224; ICPp em hor&#225;rio fora de pico, sem resultados piores do procedimento ou maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos levanta a possibilidade de caracter&#237;sticas basais de maior risco nesse grupo, n&#227;o detectadas por nosso banco de dados. Nesse sentido, a falta de avali&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no seguimento, da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em m&#233;dio e longo prazo, das taxas de acompanhamento regular com um cardiologista, da ades&#227;o a terapias farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, e de mortes por doen&#231;as n&#227;o cardiovasculares, como o c&#226;ncer, tamb&#233;m pode representar limita&#231;&#245;es. Fatores como diferen&#231;as t&#233;cnicas entre equipes trabalhando em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora desse hor&#225;rio, impacto de longas horas de trabalho e priva&#231;&#227;o de sono n&#227;o parecem justificar as diferen&#231;as identificadas, uma vez que as taxas de sucesso foram similares entre os grupos. Ticagrelor e Prasugrel n&#227;o foram frequentemente utilizados por quest&#245;es de reembolso relacionadas ao sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de no Brasil, o que pode representar uma limita&#231;&#227;o ao extrapolar nossos resultados a outros pa&#237;ses. A maioria dos pacientes foram tratados com <italic>stents</italic> met&#225;licos, tamb&#233;m por quest&#245;es de reembolso no momento dos procedimentos, mas a frequ&#234;ncia de seu uso foi similar entre os grupos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste grande estudo prospectivo comparando ICPp realizada em hor&#225;rio de expediente e fora de hor&#225;rio de expediente em pacientes com IAMCSST, encontramos que ICPp fora do hor&#225;rio de expediente foi associada com taxas mais altas de MACE e morte em um ano, mas o tempo porta-bal&#227;o, resultados da ICPp, e taxas de IM, AVC e ICP em 30 dias e em um ano foram similares entre os grupos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">McMaster University &#8211; Department of Medicine, Hamiton, Ontario &#8211; Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia &#8211; Hemodin&#226;mica, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Filipe Cirne &#8226; McMaster University &#8211; Medicine &#8211; 237 Barton Street East Hamiton Hamiton Ont&#225;rio L8L 2X2 &#8211; Canada; E-mail: cirnemd@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Pedro Lemos</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention during Off-Hours: One-Decade Experience from a High-Volume Cardiovascular Center</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240396-40396-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The impact of performing a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) off-hours on clinical outcomes is not well established.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> Compare characteristics and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) of pPCI off-hours versus on-hours in a high-volume cardiology center.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Prospective cohort of patients who underwent pPCI for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from 2009 to 2019. We defined off-hours pPCI as workdays from 8pm to 7:59 am as well as weekends and holidays. We compared patients treated on- and off-hours as to baseline characteristics and 1-year events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 2,560 patients were treated off-hours and 1,876 patients treated on-hours. The groups were similar for most of the baseline characteristics. A higher thrombus burden was seen in patients treated off-hours (50% x 45%; p &lt; 0.01), and in this group the radial access was more frequently used (62% x 58%; p = 0.01). Procedural success was not statistically different between the groups (95.7% x 96.4%; p = 0.21). MACE rates were higher in patients treated off-hours at 30 days (10.2% x 8.5%; p = 0.04) and at one year of follow-up (15.4% x 13.1%; p = 0.03), driven by higher death rates at 30 days (7.8% x 6.1%; p = 0.03) and at 1 year follow-up (11.1% x 9.0%; p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In a high-volume cardiology center, clinical characteristics, door-to-balloon times, procedural pPCI success and complication rates of STEMI patients treated on and off-hours were similar. However, patients treated off-hours presented higher MACE and mortality rates, in spite of similar MI and stroke rates.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), while superior to thrombolysis, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) relies on a more complex infrastructure including a catheterization laboratory, and a multidisciplinary team to support it. As many STEMI events occur at night and during weekends, i.e., during &#8220;off-hours&#8221; periods, these services must function 24 hours a day, seven days a week. It has been suggested that the performance of pPCI during off-hours periods could be associated with worse STEMI outcomes, with possible underlying reasons including differences in pre-hospital delay and door-to-balloon times, physiological circadian variations and distinct patterns of care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Importantly, in one study, Henriques et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> showed that, despite no difference in baseline clinical characteristics or treatment delays, patients treated off-hours had higher rates of angioplasty failure (6.9% vs. 3.8%, p &lt; 0.01) as well as a higher thirty-day mortality (4.2% vs 1.9%, p &lt; 0.01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, no differences in clinical outcomes between pPCI performed on- and off-hours were seen in more recent reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A French study showed no association between on- versus off-hours pPCI regarding in-hospital (8.1% vs. 7.0%; p = 0.49) or 1-year mortality (11.0% vs. 11.1%; p = 0.89), respectively. Of note, baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the two groups, including rates of cardiac arrest (7.9% vs. 8.8%; p = 0.55) and cardiogenic shock (12.3% vs. 14.7%; p = 0.16). Additionally, median symptom-to-first medical contact time and median first medical contact-to-sheath insertion time were not different (120 min vs. 126 min; p = 0.25 and 90 min vs. 93 min; p = 0.58, respectively), as well as the rate of radial access for catheterization (85.6% vs. 87.5%; p = 0.27).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Organized and regionalized STEMI care networks, with standardization of routines and broad availability of pPCI centers, capable to perform these procedures in a timely manner 24h a day, seven days a week, are to be considered for the similar effectiveness of pPCI on- versus off-hours in these contemporary cohorts.</p>
        <p>Therefore, considering the conflicting results in the literature regarding the impact of undergoing pPCI on- versus off-hours on the clinical outcomes of patients with STEMI, our objective was to assess the clinical characteristics as well as short and mid-term clinical outcomes of a contemporary cohort of patients with STEMI treated with pPCI off-hours at a tertiary cardiology center over a 10-year period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>Prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with STEMI treated with pPCI at the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul between 2009 and 2019. Our institution is an academic cardiac referral center for treatment of complex cardiac conditions in south Brazil, covering a region with approximately 4.5 million people. The cardiac catheterization laboratory is available 24/7, performing approximately 3000 PCIs per year.</p>
          <p>The inclusion criteria were STEMI with less than 12h since the onset of symptoms, or with more than 12h if persistent pain and/or evidence of ischemia were present. We excluded patients under 18 years of age and those who refused to sign informed consent.</p>
          <p>Patients were divided into two groups: 1) PCI on-hours, workdays from 8am to 7:59 pm, and 2) PCI off-hours, workdays from 8pm to 7:59 am as well as weekends and holidays.</p>
          <p>The protocol was approved by the local ethics committee; all included patients signed the informed consent form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary PCI procedure</title>
          <p>After the diagnosis of STEMI was confirmed, all patients received acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 300mg and a P2Y12 inhibitor, clopidogrel 600mg or ticagrelor 180 mg. Patients were immediately transferred to the catheterization laboratory to undergo a coronary angiogram and pPCI if appropriate. Vascular access site, use of pre-dilatation, administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, tromboaspiration and stent implantation were decided by the attending technician. All pPCIs were performed by trained and experienced interventional cardiologists, and according to national and international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions</title>
          <p>STEMI as an inclusion criterion was defined as: (1) resting pain or equivalent associated with ST segment elevation &#8805;1 mm in at least two contiguous leads on the electrocardiogram (ECG); or (2) resting pain or equivalent associated with a presumably new left bundle branch block (LBBB) on ECG. Infarct was classified according to the Fourth Universal Definition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Door-to-balloon time was determined as the time between the hospital admission and either the first angioplasty balloon insufflation or stent implantation (whatever came first). The time between symptom onset and hospital admission was defined as pre-hospital delay. High thrombotic burden was defined as clearly visible thrombus on coronary angiography.</p>
          <p>According to the TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) classification, major bleeding was defined as clinically evident bleeding with a drop in hemoglobin levels &#8805;5g/dl, or cerebral hemorrhage, or fatal bleeding, or, if related to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, fatal bleeding, need for surgical procedure to stop the bleeding, perioperative intracranial bleeding, need for transfusion with &#8805;5 units of packed red blood cells within 48h postoperative or drainage of more than two liters within 24 hours. Minor bleeding was defined as the presence of clinically evident bleeding with a drop in hemoglobin levels between 3g/dl and 5g/dl or hematocrit between 9% and 15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Non-TIMI bleeding was defined as the one that did not meet the above definitions, but required medical care, laboratory/imaging tests or surgery. Sepsis was defined as the presence of infection accompanied by systemic signs and/or symptoms. Acute kidney injury was defined as an increase in creatinine levels &#8805;50% from patient basal levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study endpoints</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), consisting of death, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke at one year. Secondary outcomes were MACE at 30-days, each component of the primary outcome at 30-days and 1-year, stent thrombosis and the need for a new PCI. MI was defined as recurrent chest pain with new elevation of serum biomarkers, after the initial decline of the natural curve, with ST-segment elevation or new Q waves, according to the universal definition of MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Stroke was defined as a new, sudden-onset focal neurological deficit, of presumably cerebrovascular cause, irreversible (or resulting in death) within 24 hours, and not caused by another readily identifiable cause. Stroke was classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic. A new PCI was composed of both target vessel revascularization and non-culprit vessel revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All the data were collected prospectively, entered in a dedicated database and analyzed with the statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 19.0 for Windows).</p>
          <p>Normality of data distribution was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were reported as mean &#177; standard deviation or, if more appropriate, as median &#177; interquartile range. Categorical variables were reported as absolute and relative frequencies. Continuous variables were compared by t test, and the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used for categorical variables. Analysis of survival time was done with the Kaplan-Meier method and the outcomes of patients undergoing PCI on- versus off-hours compared by the log rank test. The predictors of MACE and death were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models. Variables were included in the regression model if p value was less than 0.05, or by clinical importance demonstrated in prior studies. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between December 2009 and December 2019, 4,436 consecutive patients with STEMI were treated with pPCI at our center. A total of 2,560 patients were treated off-hours, while 1876 were treated on-hours. At 1 year, 31 (1.2%) patients in the off-hours group and 24 (1.2%) in the on-hours group were lost to follow-up. Overall, both groups had similar clinical characteristics at baseline, except for a higher prevalence of smokers in the off-hours group (44.7% vs. 39.3%; p &lt; 0.01), and a higher rate of previous CABG in the on-hours group (4.0% vs. 2.8%; p = 0.02). No statistical differences were found between the groups with regards to age, sex, infarct location and Killip classification, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical characteristics of patients treated on- vs off-hours (n = 4436)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>Off-hours (n = 2560)</th>
                  <th>On-hours (n = 1876)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center">1749 (68.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1318 (70.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caucasian</td>
                  <td align="center">2023 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1484 (85.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CAD risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">1144 (44.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">738 (39.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1614 (63.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1164 (62.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">655 (25.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">489 (26.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">807 (31.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">546 (29.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FH of premature CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">608 (23.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">478 (25.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous MI</td>
                  <td align="center">518 (20.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">376 (20.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous PCI</td>
                  <td align="center">422 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">311 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (2.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (5.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke/TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (6.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (6.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermittent claudication</td>
                  <td align="center">465 (18.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">341 (18.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (2.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (2.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (4.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (5.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medical treatment in the first 24 hours</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA</td>
                  <td align="center">2498 (98.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1826 (98%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">2323 (92%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1689 (91.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (1.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prasugrel</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (0.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">2106 (83.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1540 (82.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">1650 (65.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1215 (65.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI</td>
                  <td align="center">1556 (61.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1201 (64.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (3.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parenteral nitrates</td>
                  <td align="center">462 (18.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">332 (17.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inotropes</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (0.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (0.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressors</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (7.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (6.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-hospital delay (minutes)</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (123;412)</td>
                  <td align="center">240 (122;400)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIMI RISK score</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">1943 (75,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1391 (70%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (10,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (10,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (5,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">258 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (10,1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hs-TnI peak (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3295 (945;7354)</td>
                  <td align="center">3317 (976;7415)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anterior MI</td>
                  <td align="center">1111 (43.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">862 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">327 (12.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LBBB</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete AV block</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (3.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (3.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip III/IV</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (7.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (6.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA: acetylsalycilic acid; AV: atrioventricular; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; FH: family history; Hs-TnI: high-sensitive Troponin I; LBBB: left bundle branch block; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; RV: right ventricular; TIA: transient ischemic attack.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Apart from a higher thrombotic burden in the off-hours group (49.6% vs 45.5%; p &lt; 0.01), all other angiographic features were similar, including coronary artery disease (CAD) extension, culprit vessel, culprit lesion complexity and TIMI grade flow classification (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline angiographic features of patients treated on- vs off-hours (n = 4436)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>Off-hours (n = 2560)</th>
                  <th>On-hours (n = 1876)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD extension</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 vessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1157 (45.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">887 (47.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 vessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">853 (33.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">605 (32.6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 vessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">493 (19.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">334 (18%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left main &gt; 50% stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (3.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (3.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Culprit vessel</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">1098 (43.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">834 (45.6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cx</td>
                  <td align="center">321 (12.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">234 (12.8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA</td>
                  <td align="center">1039 (41.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">708 (38.8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LM</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LIMA/SVG</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (1.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bifurcation lesion</td>
                  <td align="center">284 (11.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (9.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.108</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heavy thrombotic burden</td>
                  <td align="center">1247 (49.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">835 (45.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate/severe calcium burden</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (8.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (9.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI grade flow pre-procedure</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">1912 (76.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1363 (74.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">246 (9.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (10.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (4.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (5.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (9.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (9.7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; Cx: circumflex artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LIMA: left internal mammary artery; RCA: right coronary artery; SVG: saphenous vein graft; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The use of a radial access, post-dilatation after stent implantation and administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were more common in the off-hours group. Moreover, the stent length was significantly longer in the off-hours group. We observed no between group differences concerning door-to-balloon times, utilization of manual thrombectomy, TIMI grade flow and myocardial blush grade after the procedure, intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use, pPCI success and procedural complication rates (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Primary percutaneous coronary intervention procedural aspects of patients treated on- vs. off-hours (n = 4436)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic </th>
                  <th>Off-hours (n = 2560)</th>
                  <th>On-hours (n = 1876)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Door-to-balloon time (minutes)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (53;95)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (50;95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radial access</td>
                  <td align="center">1544 (62.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1061 (57.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-dilatation</td>
                  <td align="center">1684 (68.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1186 (65.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Manual thrombectomy</td>
                  <td align="center">470 (19.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">318 (17.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stent type</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMS</td>
                  <td align="center">1729 (75.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1256 (75.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DES</td>
                  <td align="center">551 (24.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">399 (24.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent length (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">22 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 1 stent</td>
                  <td align="center">488 (20.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">378 (21.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-culprit vessel <italic>ad-hoc</italic> angioplasty</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (2.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Post-dilatation</td>
                  <td align="center">813 (33.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">484 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% residual stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIMI grade flow post-procedure</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (2.2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">2262 (91.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1648 (91.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blush grade post-procedure</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (7.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (5.8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (3.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (3.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (7.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (7.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">2016 (82%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1469 (82.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedural success</td>
                  <td align="center">2356 (95.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1726 (96.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors</td>
                  <td align="center">659 (26.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">407 (22.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IABP</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (3.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (2.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transient PM</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (4.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (4.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Procedural complications</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary dissection</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (2.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (2.3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary perforation</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No-reflow</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (3.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (2.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Culprit vessel acute occlusion</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branch vessel occlusion</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (1.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VF/VT</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete AV block</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (1.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>AV: atrioventricular; BMS: bare metal stent; DES: drug eluting stent; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PM: pacemaker; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction classification; VF: ventricular fibrillation; VT: ventricular tachycardia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Although in-hospital MACE was not statistically different between groups, but MACE at 30-days (10.2% vs 8.5%, p = 0.04) and at one-year (15.4% vs 13.1%; p = 0.02) were higher in patients treated off- vs on-hours (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). Patients treated off-hours presented higher death rates during hospitalization (7.9% vs 6.1%, p = 0.02), at 30 days (7.8% vs 6.1%, p = 0.03) and at one year (11.1% vs 9%, p = 0.02). MI and stroke were not statistically different between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref>). The off-hours group had higher rates of non-culprit vessel PCI (13.6% vs. 11.2%; p = 0.04) and lower rate of a new target vessel revascularization (3.0% vs 3.6%; p = 0.04). Other clinical outcomes and in-hospital complications, like major and minor bleeding, stent thrombosis and acute kidney injury were similar between the groups (Table S1 in the supplementary appendix).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical outcomes of patients treated on- vs off-hours (n = 4436)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Off-hours (n = 2560)</th>
                  <th>On-hours (n = 1876)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>In-hospital</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MACE</td>
                  <td align="center">239 (9.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (7.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (1.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent thrombosis</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (1.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>30 days</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MACE</td>
                  <td align="center">259 (10.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (8.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (7.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (2.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (2.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (1.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>New PCI</td>
                  <td align="center">381 (16.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">265 (15.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>1 year</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MACE</td>
                  <td align="center">389 (15.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">242 (13.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">280 (11.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (5.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (1.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>New PCI</td>
                  <td align="center">452 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (18.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>MI: myocardial infarction; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; PCI; percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The independent predictors of MACE at one-year were off-hours pPCI, pre-hospital delay, worse Killip classification, radial access, multivessel disease, left main lesion and lower TIMI grade flow following the procedure, according to the Cox proportional hazards model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). Smoking was inversely associated with the occurrence of MACE at one-year. The independent predictors of death at one-year were all those mentioned above and diabetes mellitus. Smoking was also inversely associated with one-year death.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression analysis for MACE and 1-year death</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="3">MACE</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Death</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Off-hours</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06-1.49</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08-1.66</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02-1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03-1.05</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75-1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67-1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking habit</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63-0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56-0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97-1.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03-1.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-hospital delay</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0-1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0-1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip</td>
                  <td align="center">1.76</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63-1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">2.07</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9-2.25</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radial access</td>
                  <td align="center">1.65</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37-1.97</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.62</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3-2.03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of diseased vessels</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05-1.31</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02-1.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left main lesion</td>
                  <td align="center">1.75</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27-2.43</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.94</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36-2.77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heavy thrombotic burden</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93-1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83-1.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI grade flow post-procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60-0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53-0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>CI: confidence interval; HR: hazards ratio; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction score.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1 to 3</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001"/><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001"/> represent the Kaplan-Meier curves for the comparison between groups of MACE, death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and PCI, showing higher rates of MACE and death when the pPCI was done off-hours, with early separation of the curves, before six months of follow-up.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier estimate for MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240396-40396-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier estimate for death.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240396-40396-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier estimates for myocardial infarction, stroke and percutaneous coronary intervention. MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240396-40396-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In a population of patients from a high-volume cardiac referral center, STEMI patients arriving at the hospital off-hours did not show significantly longer pre-hospital or door-to-balloon times and showed similar immediate pPCI results when compared to those treated during on-hours. However, 30-day and one-year MACE and death rates were significantly higher in patients treated in the off-hours period. In the present study, approximately 40% of the patients treated in our hospital needed care in the off-hours period, and the achievement of similar door-to-balloon times and immediate pPCI results than those treated on-hours reinforce the importance of providing structured care to deal with STEMI patients as homogeneously as possible on a 24/7 basis.</p>
        <p>Acknowledging that STEMI is a time-sensitive condition with regards to optimal revascularization results and outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> different guidelines worldwide advocate for short door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, recommending that they should be ideally less than 30 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Some older studies showed longer ischemic times when pPCI was done off-hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> With standardization of practices over time, similar ischemic times were achieved regardless of geographic location, day of the week or time of the day, and consequently no differences in clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Similarly, we found no statistical differences in pre-hospital delay and door-to-balloon times between the groups, albeit higher rates of MACE and death were seen in patients treated off-hours.</p>
        <p>Among prospective studies comparing pPCI on versus off-hours, our study is one of the largest published, the largest from a middle-income country, and the most contemporary study. In another recent study, published in 2019, Lattuca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> analyzed data of 2,167 consecutive patients with STEMI treated at the University Hospital Piti&#233;-Salp&#234;tri&#232;re in Paris. Mortality rates in 1 year were similar for patients treated on- versus off-hours (HR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.64-1.37; p = 0.89).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is worth highlighting that our sample size was twofold when compared to the study by Lattuca et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which may have increased our statistical power and enabled us to show a significant difference in death and MACE between groups.</p>
        <p>The main findings of our study, higher MACE and death rates in patients treated off-hours, should be viewed in the light of some specific characteristics of our study. Firstly, patients treated in both groups were generally similar, but off-hours patients had a higher thrombotic burden. This aspect is generally associated with higher complication rates, no-reflow, lower pPCI success rates and worse outcomes, but in our study pPCI results were similar between both groups. Secondly, door-to-balloon times were similar in both groups, which shows similar access to care between patients treated off- and on-hours. Thirdly, the main driver of increased MACE rates was a higher mortality in the off-hours group, with no statistically significant differences in the rates of ischemic events. These findings may suggest that, despite having similar clinical, angiographic and procedural characteristics to patients treated on-hours, individuals treated off-hours are at higher risk. An increase in total mortality not attributable to higher ischemic events raises the possibility of differences in other comorbid conditions not captured in our database.</p>
        <p>We found higher rates of smoking in patients undergoing primary PCI off-hours, like several previous studies also reported,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> but the frequency of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnosis was similar in both groups. The more frequent use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients treated off-hours probably reflects the higher thrombotic burden seen in these patients. The fact that radial vascular access was more often used off-hours may reflect younger operators working in those hours, since they were trained in a period when this route has already become the gold standard of care. Finally, although manual thrombectomy rates were not negligible in our study, around 18%, it is important to note that historically most of these procedures were performed before the publication of the TOTAL study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> in a time when the evidence was supportive of those procedures reducing clinical complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our Cox regression model, we show that the association of off-hours pPCI with higher MACE and death was independent of known risk factors for events in these setting. Indeed, most variables included in the model were predictive of MACE and death, except for male sex, high thrombotic burden and diabetes. Smoking habit showed an inverse relationship with MACE and death, an association already demonstrated and known as the &#8220;Smoker&#180;s paradox&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Lastly, it is likely that the association of radial access with a 65% and 62% increase in the risk for MACE and death, respectively, was spurious, considering its known superiority over femoral access from prior randomizes studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A limitation of this study relates to its single center nature. However, our institution is a referral center for pPCI in a region with 34 cities and 4.3 million people, with free access through the public health system in Brazil. The finding of higher death rates in the off-hours group without worse pPCI results or higher ischemic events raises the possibility of higher-risk baseline features in this group not captured by our database. In this regard, the lack of assessment of the incidence of heart failure in the follow-up, left ventricle ejection fraction in the mid and long term, rates of regular follow-up with a cardiologist, adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, and non-CVD death, including cancer-related death, may also represent limitations. Factors like technical differences among teams working on- and off-hours, impact of longer working hours and sleep deprivation do not seem to justify the differences found as the procedure success rates were similar between groups. Ticagrelor and prasugrel were not used frequently due to reimbursement issues related to the public health system in Brazil, which may represent a limitation when extrapolating our findings to other countries. Most patients were treated with bare metal stents, also due to reimbursement issues at the time of the procedures, but the frequency of its use was similar in both groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this large contemporary prospective study comparing primary PCI done on- versus off-hours in patients with STEMI, we found that off-hours pPCI was associated with higher rates of MACE and death at 1 year, but door-to-balloon time, pPCI results and rates of MI, stroke and PCI at 30 days and one year were similar between the groups.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Filipe Cirne, from Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia under the protocol number 4486/10. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
