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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9Xrr3J5kqxPZ5mq4swHKcdR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240357</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rela&#231;&#227;o Causal entre Microbiota Intestinal e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana de Duas Amostras</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9393-6950</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Xuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guo</surname>
            <given-names>Jiongchao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Lei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zheng</surname>
            <given-names>Huangsheng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The First People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, The First People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Health Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi&#8217;an Jiaotong University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Shanxi Province</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Health Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi&#8217;an Jiaotong University, Shanxi Province &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Yuan Zhou &#8226; Intersection of Huizhou Avenue and Changsha Road, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001 &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>yuan.zhou.hefei@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con" id="fn_ast1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240357</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: A Rela&#231;&#227;o Causal entre Microbiota Intestinal e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana de Duas Amostras</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Vis&#227;o geral do processo de an&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) e principais suposi&#231;&#245;es.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Estudos anteriores caracterizaram adequadamente a microbiota intestinal (MI) na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). No entanto, a causalidade precisa entre a MI e a FA permanece obscura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O presente estudo utilizou dados p&#250;blicos de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla para explorar a causalidade entre MI e FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Na primeira de duas rodadas de an&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM), as vari&#225;veis instrumentais (VIs) inclu&#237;ram polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) que ficaram abaixo do limite de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de todo o genoma (5 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup>). Para chegar a uma conclus&#227;o mais abrangente e inclusiva, selecionamos ainda SNPs abaixo do n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o l&#243;cus (1 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup>) como VIs para o segundo grupo. A an&#225;lise de RM considerou o efeito causal estatisticamente significativo entre MI espec&#237;fica e FA quando p &lt; 0,05. Al&#233;m disso, na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, p &gt; 0,05 n&#227;o indicou heterogeneidade nem pleiotropia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> No limiar de signific&#226;ncia de todo o l&#243;cus, os resultados demonstraram um impacto causal da MI no risco de FA. O m&#233;todo de pondera&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia inversa indicou que <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Firmicutes</italic>, <italic>Alloprevotella</italic>, <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic>, <italic>Blautia</italic>, <italic>Eggerthella</italic>, <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcaceae UCG004</italic> e <italic>Ruminococcus1</italic> foram negativamente correlacionados com FA, ao passo que <italic>Pasteurellales</italic>, <italic>Pasteurellaceae</italic>, <italic>Oxalobacter</italic>, <italic>Ruminiclostridium5</italic> e <italic>Turicibacter</italic> foram positivamente correlacionados. Al&#233;m disso, no limiar de signific&#226;ncia de todo o genoma, <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Bifidobacteriaceae</italic> e <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> foram fatores de prote&#231;&#227;o para o risco de desenvolver FA, ao passo que <italic>Oxalobacteraceae</italic> e <italic>Erysipelatoclostridium</italic> foram fatores de risco para FA. Entretanto, an&#225;lises de sensibilidade mostraram heterogeneidade ou pleiotropia horizontal nos resultados para <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Oxalobacter</italic> e <italic>Firmicutes</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo fornece evid&#234;ncias da exist&#234;ncia de causalidade favor&#225;vel e desfavor&#225;vel da MI no risco de FA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</kwd>
        <kwd>Microbioma Gastrointestinal</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma arritmia prevalente e complexa que geralmente se manifesta em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 60 anos e atualmente afeta mais de 370 mil indiv&#237;duos em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A FA &#233; caracterizada por interrup&#231;&#245;es no processo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios, podendo resultar em sintomas como palpita&#231;&#245;es, desconforto no peito, falta de ar e tens&#227;o psicol&#243;gica devido &#224;s contra&#231;&#245;es atriais irregulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Complica&#231;&#245;es mais s&#233;rias, incluindo acidentes vasculares cerebrais isqu&#234;micos (infartos cerebrais), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e at&#233; morte, tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicas indicam uma combina&#231;&#227;o de diversos fatores de risco cardiovascular modific&#225;veis que influenciam o in&#237;cio e o avan&#231;o da FA, como idade, sexo, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus e obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Necessita-se urgentemente da elucida&#231;&#227;o adicional da patog&#234;nese da FA para melhorar sua preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento.</p>
      <p>O intestino humano serve como habitat para diversos microrganismos n&#227;o patog&#234;nicos, conhecidos coletivamente como microbiota intestinal (MI), que &#233; essencial para moldar e facilitar as opera&#231;&#245;es dos sistemas metab&#243;lico e imunol&#243;gico. Estudos cl&#237;nicos recentes e experimentos de base revelaram que a MI possivelmente influencia as vias de doen&#231;as por meio dos metab&#243;litos gerados nos intestinos. Notavelmente, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre MI e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) ganhou for&#231;a significativa em pesquisas em andamento. Em um estudo, o conte&#250;do fecal de doadores humanos hipertensos foi transplantado em camundongos livres de germes e os aumentos diretos subsequentes na press&#227;o arterial puderam ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, descobriu-se que a MI contribui para a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e progress&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em camundongos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por meio do metabolismo da colina da dieta em N-&#243;xido de trimetilamina (TMAO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora alguns estudos tenham abordado o perfil diversificado da MI na FA, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre MI e FA.</p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM), que envolve a fus&#227;o de dados agregados de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS), permite mitigar a influ&#234;ncia de fatores de confus&#227;o. Portanto, a RM se destaca como uma abordagem predominante para deduzir a exist&#234;ncia de uma conex&#227;o causal entre exposi&#231;&#227;o e resultado. Variantes gen&#233;ticas que exibem associa&#231;&#245;es significativas com a exposi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o escolhidas como vari&#225;veis instrumentais (VIs) para deduzir causalidade. Se a exposi&#231;&#227;o for causal, as VIs que afetam a exposi&#231;&#227;o influenciar&#227;o o resultado proporcionalmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No estudo atual, foi realizada RM de duas amostras para examinar se existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre MI e o risco de FA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados</title>
        <p>Aproveitando dados do cons&#243;rcio MiBioGen, Kurilshikov et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> aproveitaram perfis de sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e informa&#231;&#245;es de genotipagem de uma cole&#231;&#227;o de 18.340 amostras para explorar a intrincada intera&#231;&#227;o entre variantes gen&#233;ticas e a MI. A totalidade dos participantes do cons&#243;rcio MiBioGen abrangeu popula&#231;&#245;es europeias de 11 pa&#237;ses, constituindo um coletivo de 25 coortes distintas. Por meio de um exame das varia&#231;&#245;es nos t&#225;xons da MI, o estudo GWAS por fim extraiu 122.110 locais distintos de varia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica origin&#225;rios de 211 t&#225;xons em v&#225;rios n&#237;veis (filo, classe, ordem, fam&#237;lia, g&#234;nero). A partir desse GWAS em larga escala, as VIs correspondentes aos t&#225;xons da MI foram derivadas em cinco n&#237;veis. Como os dados adquiridos do cons&#243;rcio MiBioGen n&#227;o tinham an&#225;lise no n&#237;vel de esp&#233;cie, tamb&#233;m obtivemos VIs para t&#225;xons da MI no n&#237;vel de esp&#233;cie do estudo TwinsUK Registro GWAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Goodrich et al. geraram VIs de t&#225;xons da MI no n&#237;vel de esp&#233;cie a partir de 1.126 pares de g&#234;meos para dados de sequenciamento de 16S rRNA, definindo, por fim, quatro esp&#233;cies qualificadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As estat&#237;sticas resumidas do GWAS para FA foram extra&#237;das da vers&#227;o mais recente (vers&#227;o R9) do projeto de pesquisa FinnGen (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://r9.finngen.fi/">https://r9.finngen.fi/</ext-link>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando 45.766 casos de FA e 191.924 controles ap&#243;s ajustes para idade, sexo, parentesco gen&#233;tico, lote de genotipagem e os primeiros 10 componentes principais separadamente.</p>
        <p>Para o desenho de um estudo de RM v&#225;lido, o tamanho da amostra necess&#225;ria deve ser calculado. De acordo com a teoria estat&#237;stica assint&#243;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> o tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra derivado do uso de ferramentas da web dispon&#237;veis (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sb452.shinyapps.io/power/">https://sb452.shinyapps.io/power/</ext-link>) no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (&lt; 0,05) e poder (&gt; 80%) dado deve ser 9900. O tamanho da amostra inclu&#237;do em nosso estudo de pesquisa conseguiu atender aos crit&#233;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico</title>
        <p>Para garantir a credibilidade e a precis&#227;o das conclus&#245;es sobre o nexo causal entre MI e o risco de FA, diversos procedimentos de controle de qualidade foram empregados para escolher meticulosamente as VIs mais confi&#225;veis. Primeiro, os polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) que exibiam associa&#231;&#245;es significativas com a MI foram escolhidos como VIs, com dois limites distintos aplicados para facilitar essa sele&#231;&#227;o e atingir um escopo mais abrangente de resultados: uma cole&#231;&#227;o de SNPs abaixo do limite de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de todo o genoma (5 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup>), bem como um grupo adicional de SNPs abaixo do n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o l&#243;cus (1 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em segundo lugar, foi necess&#225;rio avaliar a for&#231;a da correla&#231;&#227;o entre VIs e exposi&#231;&#227;o. Essas avalia&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o normalmente realizadas por meio da estat&#237;stica F, que foi calculada como <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, onde R<sup>2</sup> representa a vari&#226;ncia de exposi&#231;&#227;o explicada pelos SNPs selecionados, n &#233; o tamanho da amostra e k representa o n&#250;mero de VIs inclu&#237;das. Se a estat&#237;stica F for menor que 10, isso significa uma conex&#227;o fraca entre VIs e exposi&#231;&#227;o, ent&#227;o os SNPs que contribuem para essas VIs foram exclu&#237;dos. Em segundo lugar, o limite para a frequ&#234;ncia do alelo menor (MAF) da variante em considera&#231;&#227;o foi definido em 0,01. Terceiro, os SNPs em alto desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o (LD) foram exclu&#237;dos das VIs; a presen&#231;a de LD substancial poderia introduzir resultados tendenciosos. Neste estudo, o LD entre os SNPs inclu&#237;dos foi avaliado pelo processo de aglomera&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup> &lt; 0,001 e dist&#226;ncia de aglomera&#231;&#227;o = 10.000 kb). Quarto, uma faceta fundamental da RM envolve a confirma&#231;&#227;o de que os efeitos dos SNPs na exposi&#231;&#227;o pertencentes ao mesmo alelo se alinham com os efeitos no resultado. Em conformidade com esse princ&#237;pio, os SNPs palindr&#244;micos foram exclu&#237;dos das VIs. Quinto, nos casos em que os SNPs vinculados &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram identificados no resultado GWAS, SNPs substitutos que apresentaram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas com as variantes pertinentes foram substitu&#237;dos (r<sup>2</sup>&gt; 0,8).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>As suposi&#231;&#245;es da randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana</title>
        <p>Para realizar uma an&#225;lise de RM de duas amostras precisa e padronizada, as tr&#234;s suposi&#231;&#245;es abaixo tiveram que ser atendidas:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> (1) as VIs inclu&#237;das para utiliza&#231;&#227;o devem exibir uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com os t&#225;xons da MI; (2) as VIs inclu&#237;das e os fatores de confus&#227;o (que influenciam a MI e a FA) devem permanecer independentes uns dos outros; e (3) n&#227;o deve existir nenhuma pleiotropia horizontal, o que significa que as VIs afetam a FA apenas por meio dos t&#225;xons da MI. Nossos resultados foram relatados simultaneamente seguindo as orienta&#231;&#245;es MR-STROBE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S1-suppl.pdf">Tabela S1</ext-link>). Este estudo n&#227;o exigiu consentimento informado ou aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica porque utilizou dados dispon&#237;veis publicamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, empregamos diferentes t&#233;cnicas de RM, incluindo pondera&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia inversa (IVW), MR-Egger, mediana ponderada, modo simples e modo ponderado, para verificar a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia causal da composi&#231;&#227;o da MI no risco de FA. Neste cen&#225;rio, o m&#233;todo prim&#225;rio empregado para an&#225;lise de RM foi o IVW, que funciona essencialmente como uma t&#233;cnica de meta-an&#225;lise que se transforma em uma regress&#227;o ponderada dos efeitos dos resultados das VIs sobre os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o para produzir uma estimativa abrangente da influ&#234;ncia da MI no risco de FA, ao mesmo tempo em que restringe o intercepto a zero. Na aus&#234;ncia de pleiotropia horizontal, o IVW poderia efetivamente contornar a influ&#234;ncia de fatores de confus&#227;o, permitindo estimativas imparciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, existem v&#225;rios outros m&#233;todos para complementar os resultados do IVW. A regress&#227;o MR-Egger pode identificar e contabilizar a pleiotropia, embora essa abordagem frequentemente gere estimativas com precis&#227;o limitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A abordagem da mediana ponderada fornece estimativas confi&#225;veis considerando a suposi&#231;&#227;o de que um m&#237;nimo de 50% das VIs s&#227;o v&#225;lidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Embora o modo simples possa n&#227;o possuir o mesmo n&#237;vel de pot&#234;ncia que o IVW, ele oferece resili&#234;ncia contra os efeitos da multival&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Por fim, o modo ponderado &#233; suscet&#237;vel a varia&#231;&#245;es na sele&#231;&#227;o da largura de banda para estimativa do modo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade geralmente foram realizadas em tr&#234;s etapas. A regress&#227;o MR-Egger, um m&#233;todo que permite identificar e contabilizar a pleiotropia na an&#225;lise de RM ao mesmo tempo em que deriva estimativas de efeitos causais e analisa se os resultados s&#227;o influenciados pela pleiotropia horizontal direcionada, foi inicialmente aplicada para avaliar a poss&#237;vel presen&#231;a de efeitos de pleiotropia horizontal entre os SNPs inclu&#237;dos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Considerando as limita&#231;&#245;es de precis&#227;o e poder estat&#237;stico associadas &#224; regress&#227;o MR-Egger, a abordagem de soma residual e valores discrepantes da pleiotropia RM (MR-PRESSO) foi empregada para identificar poss&#237;veis valores discrepantes que poderiam indicar vi&#233;s de pleiotropia e, posteriormente, corrigir os efeitos de pleiotropia horizontal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Por fim, a estat&#237;stica Q de Cochran foi empregada para medir o grau de heterogeneidade entre os SNPs selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram executadas usando o software R (vers&#227;o 4.3.1). O pacote R TwoSampleMR (vers&#227;o 0.5.7, Stephen Burgess, Chicago, IL, EUA) foi usado para realizar an&#225;lises de RM de causalidade entre MI e FA. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado um poss&#237;vel efeito causal estatisticamente significativo entre exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> ilustra o desenho do estudo e o fluxo espec&#237;fico da an&#225;lise de RM entre MI e FA. As estat&#237;sticas resumidas do GWAS para a MI foram obtidas do cons&#243;rcio MiBioGen e do cons&#243;rcio TwinsUK Registry, que cont&#234;m 18.340 e 1.126 indiv&#237;duos, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, as estat&#237;sticas resumidas do GWAS para FA foram obtidas do cons&#243;rcio FinnGen, que cont&#233;m 45.766 casos de FA e 191.924 controles. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os detalhes de tr&#234;s conjuntos de dados.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o das fontes de dados para microbiota intestinal e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Cons&#243;rcio</th>
                  <th>Tamanho da amostra</th>
                  <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Ano</th>
                  <th>Peri&#243;dico</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Microbiota intestinal</td>
                  <td align="center">MiBioGen</td>
                  <td align="center">18.340 indiv&#237;duos</td>
                  <td align="center">Europeia</td>
                  <td align="center">2021</td>
                  <td align="center">Nature Genetics</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TwinsUK Registry</td>
                  <td align="center">1.126 indiv&#237;duos</td>
                  <td align="center">Europeia</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">Cell Host &amp; Microbe</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">FinnGen (R9)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.766 casos e 191.924 controles</td>
                  <td align="center">Europeia</td>
                  <td align="center">2022</td>
                  <td align="center">Nature</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis instrumentais</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s uma rigorosa etapa de controle de qualidade, 2.182 SNPs foram identificados como VIs associados a 207 t&#225;xons da MI no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o l&#243;cus (p &lt; 1 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup>). Esses t&#225;xons compreendiam quatro esp&#233;cies (14 SNPs), nove filos (102 SNPs), 10 classes (109 SNPs), 19 ordens (210 SNPs), 35 fam&#237;lias (385 SNPs) e 130 g&#234;neros (1.362 SNPs). Cada SNP apresentou validade suficiente (variando de 14,59 a 88,43, todos F &gt; 10; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S2-suppl.pdf">Tabela S2</ext-link> fornece informa&#231;&#245;es abrangentes sobre as VIs.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sele&#231;&#227;o das VIs ap&#243;s controle de qualidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Taxonomias</th>
                  <th colspan="3">p &lt; 1e-05</th>
                  <th colspan="3">p &lt; 5e-08</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>T&#225;xons</th>
                  <th>VIs</th>
                  <th>Alcance (estat&#237;sticas F)</th>
                  <th align="left">T&#225;xons</th>
                  <th>VIs</th>
                  <th>Alcance (estat&#237;stica F)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Esp&#233;cie</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">22,50-30,84</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">30,25-30,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Filo</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">16,97-58,16</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">58,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">109</td>
                  <td align="center">17,61-85,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">85,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ordem</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">210</td>
                  <td align="center">17,68-85,37</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">30,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fam&#237;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">385</td>
                  <td align="center">16,91-85,37</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">29,81-85,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero</td>
                  <td align="center">130</td>
                  <td align="center">1362</td>
                  <td align="center">14,59-88,43</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">29,35-88,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">207</td>
                  <td align="center">2182</td>
                  <td align="center">14,59-88,43</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">29,35-88,43</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>VIs: vari&#225;veis instrumentais.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, no limiar de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de todo o genoma (p &lt; 5 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup>), apenas 23 SNPs foram identificados como VIs, associados a 20 t&#225;xons da MI. Esses t&#225;xons compreendiam uma esp&#233;cie (2 SNPs), um filo (1 SNP), uma classe (1 SNP), uma ordem (1 SNP), cinco fam&#237;lias (6 SNPs) e 11 g&#234;neros (12 SNPs). Cada SNP individual apresentou validade satisfat&#243;ria (variando de 29,35 a 88,43, todos F &gt; 10; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S3-suppl.pdf">Tabela S3</ext-link> apresenta detalhes essenciais das VIs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o l&#243;cus</title>
        <p>Com base no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o l&#243;cus, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref> descreve graficamente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre MI e FA pela an&#225;lise de RM. Al&#233;m disso, uma vis&#227;o geral abrangente dos resultados pode ser encontrada na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S4-suppl.pdf">Tabela S4</ext-link>. Entre os resultados de RM, descobrimos que a abund&#226;ncia relativa geneticamente prevista de dois filos, uma ordem, uma fam&#237;lia e 10 g&#234;neros estava causalmente associada &#224; FA. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s classifica&#231;&#245;es de filos biol&#243;gicos, o m&#233;todo IVW demonstrou que <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> e <italic>Firmicutes</italic> foram negativamente correlacionados com o risco de FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, as estimativas do IVW por RM indicaram que a ordem de <italic>Pasteurellales</italic> e a fam&#237;lia de <italic>Pasteurellaceae</italic> estavam positivamente correlacionadas com o risco de FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, as estimativas do IVW por RM indicaram que <italic>Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Eggerthella, Howardella, Ruminococcaceae UCG004</italic> e <italic>Ruminococcus1</italic> foram fatores de prote&#231;&#227;o para FA. Em contraste, <italic>Oxalobacter, Ruminiclostridium5</italic> e <italic>Turicibacter</italic> foram fatores de risco para FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>). Os outros dois t&#225;xons da MI (esp&#233;cie e classe) n&#227;o mostraram rela&#231;&#227;o com FA por IVW.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise causal da microbiota intestinal (MI) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o l&#243;cus (p&lt;1x10-5). (A) Todos os resultados da an&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) e an&#225;lise de sensibilidade entre MI e FA. (B) Resultados de RM dos t&#225;xons da MI com rela&#231;&#227;o causal com a FA usando o m&#233;todo de pondera&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia inversa (IVW).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240357-40357-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p/>
        <p>A <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S5-suppl.pdf">Tabela S5</ext-link> demonstra ainda os resultados da an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, que indicam que n&#227;o houve heterogeneidade ou pleiotropia horizontal em <italic>Pasteurellaceae, Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium, Eggerthella, Ruminiclostridium5, Ruminococcaceae UCG004, Ruminococcus1, Turicibacter</italic> ou <italic>Pasteurellales</italic>. Al&#233;m disso, MR-PRESSO n&#227;o encontrou valores at&#237;picos nesses t&#225;xons da MI. Entretanto, a heterogeneidade apareceu em tr&#234;s t&#225;xons da MI: <italic>Howardella, Oxalobacter</italic> e <italic>Firmicutes</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S5-suppl.pdf">Tabela S5</ext-link>). Portanto, usamos os resultados dos efeitos aleat&#243;rios do IVW para resolver esse problema. Simultaneamente, um t&#225;xon da MI exibiu evid&#234;ncias de pleiotropia horizontal, a saber, <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, mas a an&#225;lise MR-PRESSO subsequente indicou que esse t&#225;xon em particular n&#227;o continha nenhum SNP at&#237;pico que exigisse remo&#231;&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S5-suppl.pdf">Tabela S5</ext-link>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o genoma</title>
        <p>Dependendo do limite de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de todo o genoma, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref> representa visualmente a associa&#231;&#227;o entre MI e FA por meio da an&#225;lise de RM. Al&#233;m disso, uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o abrangente dos resultados &#233; fornecida na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S6-suppl.pdf">Tabela S6</ext-link>. Entre os resultados de RM, descobrimos que a abund&#226;ncia relativa geneticamente prevista de um filo, uma classe, uma ordem, duas fam&#237;lias e dois g&#234;neros estava causalmente associada &#224; FA. Os resultados da raz&#227;o de Wald demonstraram que o filo de <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> e a classe de <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> estavam negativamente correlacionados com o risco de FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>). Quanto &#224; fam&#237;lia, <italic>Bifidobacteriaceae</italic> foi negativamente correlacionada com o risco de FA usando o m&#233;todo IVW, e <italic>Oxalobacteraceae</italic> foi positivamente correlacionada com o risco de FA usando o m&#233;todo da raz&#227;o de Wald (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, quanto ao g&#234;nero, <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> foi um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para FA usando o m&#233;todo IVW, e <italic>Erysipelatoclostridium</italic> foi um fator de risco para FA usando o m&#233;todo da raz&#227;o de Wald (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise causal da microbiota intestinal (MI) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) no limiar de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de todo o genoma (p&lt;5x10-8). (A) Todos os resultados da an&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) e an&#225;lise de sensibilidade entre MI e FA. (B) Resultados de RM dos t&#225;xons da MI com rela&#231;&#227;o causal com a FA usando o m&#233;todo de pondera&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia inversa (IVW) ou raz&#227;o de Wald.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240357-40357-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S7-suppl.pdf">Tabela S7</ext-link> exibe os resultados do teste de heterogeneidade conduzido para t&#225;xons da MI apresentando dois SNPs. A heterogeneidade e a pleiotropia horizontal n&#227;o puderam ser examinadas porque apenas um SNP foi inclu&#237;do nos outros t&#225;xons da MI.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram o envolvimento significativo da ecologia microbiana intestinal no in&#237;cio e no avan&#231;o de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, aterosclerose e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> revelaram que indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o apresentam n&#227;o apenas diminui&#231;&#227;o da abund&#226;ncia gen&#233;tica e da diversidade &#945; em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis, como tamb&#233;m uma propor&#231;&#227;o elevada de bact&#233;rias <italic>Prevotella</italic>. Concomitantemente, uma an&#225;lise macrogen&#244;mica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> demonstrou que a MI de indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica apresentava n&#237;veis elevados de esp&#233;cies de <italic>Streptococcus</italic> e <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic>, em contraste com a MI de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o comparativa de bact&#233;rias fecais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> entre indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e seus pares saud&#225;veis indicou que aqueles com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca exibiram uma maior coloniza&#231;&#227;o de bact&#233;rias patog&#234;nicas, incluindo <italic>Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella</italic> e <italic>Yersinia enterocolitica</italic>.</p>
      <p>A FA &#233; um tipo mais espec&#237;fico de DCV. V&#225;rios estudos anteriores identificaram perfis de MI distintos entre indiv&#237;duos com FA, sendo que a FA demonstra altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na diversidade microbiana intestinal em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos controle. Um aumento na abund&#226;ncia de <italic>Ruminococcus, Streptococcus</italic> e <italic>Enterococcus</italic>, juntamente com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, Oscillibacter</italic> e <italic>Bilophila</italic>, foi observado em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a interrup&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio ecol&#243;gico intestinal tem sido associada ao avan&#231;o e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da FA. Uma investiga&#231;&#227;o recente de Zuo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> revelou distin&#231;&#245;es na diversidade microbiana e na composi&#231;&#227;o de metab&#243;litos entre pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, com FA persistente e sem FA. Al&#233;m disso, bact&#233;rias espec&#237;ficas exibiram enriquecimentos variados correspondentes a diferentes dura&#231;&#245;es de FA. Por exemplo, na FA persistente, a abund&#226;ncia de <italic>Butyricoccus</italic> e <italic>Paraprevotella</italic> diminuiu, enquanto a abund&#226;ncia de <italic>Dorea</italic> e <italic>Coprococcus</italic> apresentou aumento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Curiosamente, um aumento no enriquecimento de bact&#233;rias ben&#233;ficas e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no enriquecimento de bact&#233;rias patog&#234;nicas na MI, bem como altera&#231;&#245;es correspondentes nos n&#237;veis de metab&#243;litos, puderam ser observados ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com FA antes da abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos anteriores foram estudos observacionais e de pequenas coortes, e os tipos de MI inclu&#237;dos foram frequentemente limitados. Al&#233;m disso, muitos estudos exploraram apenas as caracter&#237;sticas da MI na FA sem examinar se a MI poderia influenciar o in&#237;cio da FA. Existia, portanto, a necessidade de caracterizar de forma mais completa a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre MI e FA. Utilizamos os mais amplos e atualizados dados GWAS para MI e FA, para SNPs intimamente relacionados como VIs. Primeiro, por meio da an&#225;lise de RM no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o l&#243;cus, identificamos <italic>Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Eggerthella, Howardella, Ruminococcaceae UCG004</italic> e <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> como sendo negativamente correlacionados com a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, e <italic>Pasteurellales, Pasteurellaceae, Oxalobacter, Ruminiclostridium5</italic> e <italic>Turicibacter</italic> como sendo positivamente correlacionados com FA. Em segundo lugar, de acordo com o limiar de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de todo o genoma, identificamos <italic>Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriaceae</italic> e <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> como fatores de prote&#231;&#227;o para o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, enquanto <italic>Oxalobacteraceae</italic> e <italic>Erysipelatoclostridium</italic> foram fatores de risco para FA. Os resultados para <italic>Actinobacteria, Howardella, Oxalobacter</italic> e <italic>Firmicutes</italic> devem ser interpretados com mais cautela devido &#224; presen&#231;a de heterogeneidade ou pleiotropia horizontal.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo identificou um total de 10 t&#225;xons da MI associados positivamente &#224; FA e sete que foram associados negativamente. Primeiro, <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> e <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> foram particularmente importantes para reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, pois foi comprovado que estavam fortemente correlacionadas negativamente com FA, n&#227;o apenas no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de todo o foco, mas tamb&#233;m no limiar de todo o genoma, indicando novamente a import&#226;ncia desses dois t&#225;xons da MI para prevenir o surgimento de FA. O estudo FINRISK 2002<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> observou que <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> estava negativamente correlacionado com a preval&#234;ncia de FA e positivamente correlacionado a incidentes de FA. Al&#233;m disso, Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> exibiram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na abund&#226;ncia de <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> em pacientes com FA em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles, independentemente de terem recebido terapia anticoagulante oral (ACO) de longo prazo. Apesar da falta de estudos relevantes demonstrando o envolvimento de <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> com o desenvolvimento de FA, Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m descobriram que as cepas enriquecidas (<italic>Actinobacteria</italic>) presentes em FA submetidas a ACOs de longo prazo estavam positivamente correlacionadas com o tempo de protrombina (p &lt; 0,05), o que pode aumentar o risco de sangramento em pacientes com FA. Notavelmente, a capacidade das <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> de mitigar o risco de desenvolver FA tem sido uma observa&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica at&#233; o momento. Em segundo lugar, embora n&#227;o tenha mostrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal com FA no limiar de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de todo o genoma, um subconjunto adicional de t&#225;xons da MI ainda sugeria o desenvolvimento da FA, incluindo <italic>Firmicutes, Alloprevotella, RuminococcaceaeUCG004</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcus1, Oxalobacter</italic> e <italic>Turicibacter</italic>. Semelhante &#224;s nossas descobertas, <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> demonstrou estar negativamente associado &#224;s pontua&#231;&#245;es CHA2DS2-VASc, o que significa que a disponibilidade de <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> pode resultar em um risco reduzido de FA. No entanto, Zuo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> detectaram crescimento excessivo de <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> em pacientes com FA. Enquanto isso, outro estudo da mesma equipe<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> descobriu maior indu&#231;&#227;o de FA em camundongos privados de sono (SD) e descobriu que tais camundongos tinham maiores abund&#226;ncias de <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> e <italic>Alloprevotella</italic>, o que sugere que essas esp&#233;cies de bact&#233;rias podem ser alvos promissores para a suscetibilidade &#224; FA mediada pela priva&#231;&#227;o de sono. Tamb&#233;m diferiu de nossas descobertas, pois o estudo FINRISK 2002<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> considerou que <italic>Turicibacter</italic> estava negativamente associado &#224; FA prevalente, enquanto <italic>Firmicutes</italic> foi considerado equivalente em pacientes com FA e controles no estudo de Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Embora o g&#234;nero <italic>Oxalobacter</italic> previsto geneticamente tenha sido positivamente associado ao risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria em uma an&#225;lise de RM <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mo/><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>06</mml:mn><mml:mo>;</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>67</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> nosso estudo concluiu que <italic>Oxalobacter</italic> e <italic>Oxalobacteraceae</italic> foram fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de FA, o que complementa e refina as conclus&#245;es de estudos anteriores. Por fim, existe um subconjunto de t&#225;xons da MI cuja rela&#231;&#227;o com a FA n&#227;o foi abordada em estudos anteriores, incluindo <italic>Blautia, Eggerthella, Howardella, Pasteurellales, Pasteurellaceae, Ruminiclostridium5</italic> e <italic>Erysipelatoclostridium</italic>. Portanto, nossa pesquisa preenche, de modo satisfat&#243;rio, essa parte da lacuna.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos que desregulam a ecologia intestinal e, portanto, promovem a FA v&#234;m de duas fontes principais. Primeiro, a desregula&#231;&#227;o da MI pode causar FA por meio de inflama&#231;&#227;o. Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> demonstraram pela primeira vez que altera&#231;&#245;es na MI relacionadas &#224; idade levaram ao aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de lipopolissacar&#237;deos (LPS) e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, o que aumentou a fibrose atrial e promoveu o desenvolvimento de FA. Os mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos proarr&#237;tmicos atriais causados pelos LPS podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; liga&#231;&#227;o de nucleot&#237;deos nos &#225;trios e &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de ves&#237;culas inflamat&#243;rias NLRP3. Sequencialmente, os metab&#243;litos derivados da MI tamb&#233;m tiveram uma fun&#231;&#227;o vital na patog&#234;nese da FA. Ao serem absorvidos pelo intestino do hospedeiro, os metab&#243;litos derivados da MI foram capazes de influenciar c&#233;lulas imunes no intestino, al&#233;m de atuar como mol&#233;culas de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o e influenciar importantes vias metab&#243;licas. Por exemplo, TMAO, que &#233; derivado da colina e da carnitina da dieta, exacerbou o aumento da atividade neural e induziu FA por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial, possivelmente porque TMAO poderia estimular a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores inflamat&#243;rios e ativar a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o p65 NF-&#954;B.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o indoxil sulfato (IS) foi a toxina ur&#234;mica mais comum, derivada do metabolismo do triptofano da dieta. Em estudos com animais, o IS pode contribuir para o in&#237;cio da FA ao aumentar a express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, como fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e pr&#243;-fibr&#243;ticos, induzindo assim o estresse oxidativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Mais pesquisas b&#225;sicas ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para explorar se existem mecanismos adicionais pelos quais a MI regula a FA.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rias imita&#231;&#245;es desta obra tamb&#233;m devem ser abordadas. Primeiro, apesar das tr&#234;s premissas fundamentais da RM terem sido atendidas, nenhuma garantia absoluta de vi&#233;s instrumental fraco pode ser feita. Em segundo lugar, devido &#224; disponibilidade inadequada de um n&#250;mero substancial de VIs para an&#225;lise de RM reversa, n&#227;o conseguimos determinar uma poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o causal rec&#237;proca entre MI e FA. Terceiro, como o GWAS abrangeu apenas popula&#231;&#245;es europeias, as descobertas deste estudo podem n&#227;o ser universalmente aplic&#225;veis a outros grupos &#233;tnicos. Quarto, empregar in&#250;meras corre&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas rigorosas e conservadoras poderia ser excessivamente restritivo, possivelmente negligenciando os t&#225;xons da MI que poderiam ter conex&#245;es causais com a FA. Considerando a plausibilidade biol&#243;gica, consequentemente, n&#227;o incorporamos os resultados de m&#250;ltiplos testes. Por fim, este estudo marcou a tentativa inaugural de examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre t&#225;xons da MI e risco de FA por meio de an&#225;lise de RM no n&#237;vel de esp&#233;cie. Entretanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que n&#227;o foram detectados resultados positivos em n&#237;vel de esp&#233;cie. Considerando as distintas fontes de dados utilizadas para a an&#225;lise em n&#237;vel de esp&#233;cie, em contraste com os outros cinco n&#237;veis e reconhecendo a diferen&#231;a substancial nos tamanhos de amostra entre o GWAS conduzido por Goodrich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e o de Kurilshikov et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> tornou-se evidente que a sele&#231;&#227;o potencial de VIs foi bastante limitada. Portanto, essa descoberta no n&#237;vel de esp&#233;cie foi apenas uma explora&#231;&#227;o preliminar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Concluindo, este estudo de RM demonstrou o efeito causal da MI na FA, encontrando 10 t&#225;xons da MI que foram correlacionados positivamente com a FA, bem como sete que foram correlacionados negativamente. Esses tipos de t&#225;xons da MI podem servir como novos biomarcadores e fornecer insights sobre o tratamento e a preven&#231;&#227;o da FA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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    <fn-group>
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        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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        <article-title>The Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Atrial Fibrillation: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
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            <given-names>Yuan</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Xuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
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          <name>
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        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, The First People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Health Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi&#8217;an Jiaotong University, Shanxi Province &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Yuan Zhou</bold> &#8226; Intersection of Huizhou Avenue and Changsha Road, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001 &#8211; China. E-mail: yuan.zhou.hefei@outlook.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The authors contributed equally to this work</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Atrial Fibrillation: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Overview of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis process and major assumptions.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240357-40357-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Previous studies have adequately characterized the gut microbiota (GM) in atrial fibrillation (AF). Nevertheless, the precise causality between GM and AF remains elusive.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study utilized public data from genome-wide association studies to explore the causality between GM and AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> In the first of two rounds of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, the instrumental variables (IVs) comprised single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that fell below the genome-wide statistical significance threshold (5 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup>). To attain a more comprehensive and inclusive conclusion, we further selected SNPs falling below the locus-wide significance level (1 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup>) as IVs for the second group. The MR analysis considered the statistically significant causal effect between the specific GM and AF when p &lt; 0.05. Furthermore, in sensitivity analysis, p &gt; 0.05 indicated no heterogeneity and pleiotropy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> At the locus-wide significance threshold, the findings demonstrated a causal impact of GM on AF risk. The inverse variance weighting method indicated that <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Firmicutes</italic>, <italic>Alloprevotella</italic>, <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic>, <italic>Blautia</italic>, <italic>Eggerthella</italic>, <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcaceae UCG004</italic>, and <italic>Ruminococcus1</italic> were negatively correlated with AF, while <italic>Pasteurellales</italic>, <italic>Pasteurellaceae</italic>, <italic>Oxalobacter</italic>, <italic>Ruminiclostridium5</italic>, and <italic>Turicibacter</italic> were positively correlated. Furthermore, at the genome-wide significance threshold, <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Bifidobacteriaceae</italic>, and <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> were protective factors for the risk of developing AF, whereas <italic>Oxalobacteraceae</italic> and <italic>Erysipelatoclostridium</italic> were risk factors for AF. However, sensitivity analyses showed heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy within the outcomes for <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Oxalobacter</italic>, and <italic>Firmicutes</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This study provides evidence for the existence of both favorable and unfavorable causality of GM on AF risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Gastrointestinal Microbiome</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent and intricate arrhythmia that typically manifests in individuals over the age of 60 and currently impacts over 370,000 individuals globally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> AF is distinguished by disruptions in the depolarization process of the atria, potentially resulting in symptoms such as palpitations, chest discomfort, breathlessness, and psychological strain due to irregular atrial contractions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> More serious complications, including ischemic strokes (cerebral infarctions), cardiac insufficiency, and even death, can also occur.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Both clinical and preclinical observations indicate that a multitude of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors coalesce to influence the onset and advancement of AF, such as age, gender, coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The further elucidation of AF pathogenesis is urgently needed to improve its prevention and treatment.</p>
        <p>The human gut serves as a habitat for a diverse array of non-pathogenic microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiota (GM), which is pivotal in shaping and facilitating the operations of metabolic and immune systems. Recent clinical studies and foundational experiments have revealed that GM potentially influences disease pathways through the metabolites generated within the intestines. Notably, the association between GM and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has gained significant traction in ongoing research. In one study, the fecal contents of hypertensive human donors were transplanted into germ-free mice, whose subsequent direct increases in blood pressure could be attributed to the GM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Furthermore, the GM was found to contribute to the exacerbation of cardiac function and progression of myocardial fibrosis in mice with heart failure through the metabolism of dietary choline into trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although some studies have elaborated upon the diverse GM profile of AF, whether a causal relationship exists between GM and AF remains unclear.</p>
        <p>The Mendelian randomization (MR) technique, which involves the amalgamation of aggregated data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), allows for the mitigation of the confounding influence of factors. Hence, MR stands as a prevalent approach for deducing the existence of a causal connection between exposure and outcome. Genetic variants exhibiting significant associations with exposure are chosen as instrumental variables (IVs) to deduce causality. If exposure is causal, the IVs that affect exposure will influence the outcome proportionally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the current study, two-sample MR was performed to examine whether a causal relationship exists between the GM and AF risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources</title>
          <p>Leveraging data from the MiBioGen consortium, Kurilshikov et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> harnessed 16S rRNA gene sequencing profiles and genotyping information from a collection of 18,340 samples to explore the intricate interplay between genetic variants and the GM. The entirety of subjects within the MiBioGen consortium encompassed European populations spanning 11 countries, constituting a collective of 25 distinct cohorts. Through an examination of variations in GM taxa, the GWAS study ultimately extracted 122,110 distinct genetic variation sites originating from 211 taxa at various levels (phylum, class, order, family, genus). From this large-scale GWAS, IVs corresponding to GM taxa were derived across five levels. Since the data acquired from the MiBioGen consortium lacked analysis at the species level, we also procured IVs for GM taxa at the species level from the TwinsUK Registry GWAS study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Goodrich et al. generated IVs of GM taxa at the species level from 1,126 pairs of twins for 16S rRNA sequencing data, ultimately defining four qualifying species.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>GWAS summary statistics for AF were excerpted from the newest release (Version R9) of the FinnGen research project (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://r9.finngen.fi/">https://r9.finngen.fi/</ext-link>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Analyses were undertaken using 45,766 AF cases and 191,924 controls after adjusting for age, sex, genetic relatedness, genotyping batch, and the first 10 principal components separately.</p>
          <p>In order to design a valid MR study, the required sample size should be calculated. According to asymptotic statistical theory,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> the minimum sample size derived from the use of available web tools (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sb452.shinyapps.io/power/">https://sb452.shinyapps.io/power/</ext-link>) at the given level of significance (&lt; 0.05) and power (&gt; 80%) should be 9900. The sample size included in our research study could fulfill the criteria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Single nucleotide polymorphism selection</title>
          <p>To ensure the credibility and precision of the conclusions regarding the causal link between GM and AF risk, a series of quality control procedures were employed to choose the most reliable IVs meticulously. First, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) displaying significant associations with the GM were chosen as IVs, with two distinct thresholds applied to facilitate this selection and achieve a more comprehensive scope of results: a collection of SNPs below the genome-wide statistical significance threshold (5 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup>), as well as an additional group of SNPs below the locus-wide significance level (1 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Second, it was necessary to assess the strength of the correlation between IVs and exposure. Such evaluations are typically accomplished through the F-statistic, which was calculated as <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> , where R<sup>2</sup> represents the exposure variance explained by the selected SNPs, n is the sample size, and k represents the number of included IVs. If the F-statistic is less than 10, it signifies a weak connection between IVs and exposure, so the SNPs that contribute to these IVs were excluded. Second, the threshold for the minor allele frequency (MAF) of the variant under consideration was set at 0.01. Third, SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) were excluded from the IVs; the presence of substantial LD could potentially introduce biased outcomes. In this study, LD among the included SNPs was assessed by the clumping process (R<sup>2</sup> &lt; 0.001, and clumping distance = 10,000 kb). Fourth, a pivotal facet of MR involves confirming that the effects of the SNPs on the exposure pertaining to the same allele align with the effects on the outcome. In adherence to this principle, palindromic SNPs were excluded from the IVs. Fifth, in instances where SNPs linked to exposure were not identified in the outcome GWAS, proxy SNPs that displayed significant associations with the pertinent variants were substituted (r<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.8).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The assumptions of mendelian randomization</title>
          <p>To perform an accurate and standardized two-sample MR analysis, the following three assumptions had to be met:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> (1) the IVs eventually included for utilization must exhibit a strong association with GM taxa; (2) the included IVs and confounders (influencing the GM and AF) must remain independent of each other; and (3) no horizontal pleiotropy should exist, meaning that the IVs affect AF only through GM taxa. Our findings were simultaneously reported following the MR-STROBE guidance<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S1-suppl.pdf">Table S1</ext-link>). This study did not require informed consent or ethical approval because it used publicly available data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>In the present study, we employed different MR techniques, including inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode, to ascertain the potential causal influence of GM composition on AF risk. In this scenario, the primary method employed for MR analysis was IVW, which essentially functions as a meta-analysis technique that transforms into a weighted regression of the outcome effects of IVs on the exposure effects to yield a comprehensive estimate of the influence of the GM on the risk of AF while constraining the intercept to zero. In the absence of horizontal pleiotropy, IVW could effectively circumvent the influence of confounding factors, allowing for unbiased estimates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In addition, several other methods exist to complement the IVW results. MR-Egger regression can identify and account for pleiotropy, although this approach often generates estimates with limited precision.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The weighted median approach furnishes reliable estimates under the assumption that a minimum of 50% of the IVs are valid.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> While the simple mode may not possess the same level of potency as IVW, it does offer resilience against the effects of multivalency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Finally, the weighted mode is susceptible to variations in the selection of bandwidth for mode estimation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Sensitivity analyses were usually performed in three steps. MR-Egger regression, a method that identifies and accounts for pleiotropy in MR analysis while deriving estimates of causal effects and scrutinizing whether the outcomes are influenced by directed horizontal pleiotropy, was initially conducted to evaluate the potential presence of horizontal pleiotropy effects among the included SNPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Considering the limitations in accuracy and statistical power associated with MR-Egger regression, the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) approach was employed to identify potential outliers that might indicate pleiotropy bias and subsequently correct for horizontal pleiotropy effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Finally, Cochran&#8217;s Q statistic was employed to measure the degree of heterogeneity among the selected SNPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All statistical analyses were executed using R software (Version 4.3.1). The R package TwoSampleMR (version 0.5.7, Stephen Burgess, Chicago, IL, USA) was used to perform MR analyses of causality between the GM and AF. p &lt; 0.05 was considered a potentially statistically significant causal effect between exposure and outcome.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Sources</title>
          <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref> illustrates the study design and specific flow of MR analysis between the GM and AF. GWAS summary statistics for the GM were obtained from the MiBioGen consortium and the TwinsUK Registry consortium, which contain 18,340 and 1,126 individuals, respectively. Moreover, GWAS summary statistics for AF were obtained from the FinnGen consortium, which contains 45,766 AF cases and 191,924 controls. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the details of three datasets.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Description of data sources for gut microbiota and atrial fibrillation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Traits</th>
                    <th>Consortium</th>
                    <th>Sample size</th>
                    <th>Populations</th>
                    <th>Year</th>
                    <th>Journal</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Gut Microbiota</td>
                    <td align="center">MiBioGen</td>
                    <td align="center">18,340 individuals</td>
                    <td align="center">European</td>
                    <td align="center">2021</td>
                    <td align="center">Nature Genetics</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TwinsUK Registry</td>
                    <td align="center">1,126 individuals</td>
                    <td align="center">European</td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Cell Host &amp; Microbe</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                    <td align="center">FinnGen (R9)</td>
                    <td align="center">45,766 cases and 191,924 controls</td>
                    <td align="center">European</td>
                    <td align="center">2022</td>
                    <td align="center">Nature</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of Instrumental Variables</title>
          <p>After a rigorous quality control step, 2,182 SNPs were identified as IVs associated with 207 GM taxa at the locus-wide significance level (p &lt; 1 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup>). These taxa comprised four species (14 SNPs), nine phyla (102 SNPs), 10 classes (109 SNPs), 19 orders (210 SNPs), 35 families (385 SNPs), and 130 genera (1,362 SNPs). Each SNP showed sufficient validity (ranging from 14.59&#8211;88.43, all F &gt; 10; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S2-suppl.pdf">Table S2</ext-link> provides comprehensive information about the IVs.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Selection of IVs after quality control</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Taxonomies</th>
                    <th colspan="3">p &lt; 1e-05</th>
                    <th colspan="3">p &lt; 5e-08</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Taxa</th>
                    <th>IVs</th>
                    <th>Range (F statistics)</th>
                    <th align="left">Taxa</th>
                    <th>IVs</th>
                    <th>Range (F statistics)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Species</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">22.50-30.84</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">30.25-30.84</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Phylum</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">102</td>
                    <td align="center">16.97-58.16</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">58.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">109</td>
                    <td align="center">17.61-85.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">85.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Order</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">210</td>
                    <td align="center">17.68-85.37</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">30.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">385</td>
                    <td align="center">16.91-85.37</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">29.81-85.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Genus</td>
                    <td align="center">130</td>
                    <td align="center">1362</td>
                    <td align="center">14.59-88.43</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">29.35-88.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">207</td>
                    <td align="center">2182</td>
                    <td align="center">14.59-88.43</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">29.35-88.43</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>IVs: instrumental variables.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Furthermore, at the genome-wide statistical significance threshold (p &lt; 5 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup>), only 23 SNPs were identified as IVs, associated with 20 GM taxa. These taxa comprised one species (2 SNPs), one phylum (1 SNP), one class (1 SNP), one order (1 SNP), five families (6 SNPs), and 11 genera (12 SNPs). Every individual SNP exhibited satisfactory validity (ranging from 29.35&#8211;88.43, all F &gt; 10; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S3-suppl.pdf">Table S3</ext-link> presents essential details concerning the IVs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mendelian randomization analysis of locus-wide significance level</title>
          <p>Based on the locus-wide significance level, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1A</xref> graphically depicts the relationship between GM and AF by MR analysis. Additionally, a comprehensive overview of the outcomes can be found in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S4-suppl.pdf">Table S4</ext-link>. Among the MR results, we found the genetically predicted relative abundance of two phyla, one order, one family, and 10 genera was causally associated with AF. Regarding biological phylum classifications, the IVW method demonstrated that <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> and <italic>Firmicutes</italic> were negatively correlated with the risk of AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>). Moreover, the MR estimates of IVW indicated that the order of <italic>Pasteurellales</italic> and the family of <italic>Pasteurellaceae</italic> were positively correlated with AF risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>). Regarding genus, the MR estimates of IVW indicated that <italic>Alloprevotella</italic>, <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic>, <italic>Blautia</italic>, <italic>Eggerthella</italic>, <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcaceae UCG004</italic>, and <italic>Ruminococcus1</italic> were protective factors for AF. In contrast, <italic>Oxalobacter</italic>, <italic>Ruminiclostridium5</italic>, and <italic>Turicibacter</italic> were risk factors for AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>). The other two GM taxa (species and class) did not show a relationship with AF by IVW.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Causal analysis of gut microbiota (GM) and atrial fibrillation (AF) at the locus-wide significance level (p&lt;1x10-5). (A) All results of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and sensitivity analysis between GM and AF. (B) MR results of GM taxa with a causal relationship to AF using the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240357-40357-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S5-suppl.pdf">Table S5</ext-link> further demonstrates the results of the sensitivity analysis, which indicate that no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was present in <italic>Pasteurellaceae</italic>, <italic>Alloprevotella</italic>, <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic>, <italic>Eggerthella</italic>, <italic>Ruminiclostridium5</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcaceae UCG004</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcus1</italic>, <italic>Turicibacter,</italic> or <italic>Pasteurellales</italic>. Furthermore, MR-PRESSO did not find outliers in these GM taxa. However, heterogeneity appeared in three GM taxa: <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Oxalobacter</italic>, and <italic>Firmicutes</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S5-suppl.pdf">Table S5</ext-link>). We thus used the random effects results of IVW to solve this problem. Simultaneously, one GM taxon exhibited evidence of horizontal pleiotropy, namely <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, but subsequent MR-PRESSO analysis indicated that this particular taxon did not contain any outlier SNPs requiring removal (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S5-suppl.pdf">Table S5</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mendelian randomization analysis of genome-wide significance level</title>
          <p>Depending on the genome-wide statistical significance threshold, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref> visually represents the association between GM and AF through MR analysis. Furthermore, a comprehensive presentation of results is provided in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S6-suppl.pdf">Table S6</ext-link>. Among the MR results, we found the genetically predicted relative abundance of one phylum, one class, one order, two families, and two genera was causally associated with AF. The Wald ratio results demonstrated that the phylum of <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> and the class of <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> were negatively correlated with the risk of AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>). As for family, <italic>Bifidobacteriaceae</italic> was negatively correlated with AF risk using the IVW method, and <italic>Oxalobacteraceae</italic> was positively correlated with AF risk using the Wald ratio method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>). Moreover, as for genus, <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> was a protective factor for AF using the IVW method, and <italic>Erysipelatoclostridium</italic> was a risk factor for AF using the Wald ratio method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Causal analysis of gut microbiota (GM) and atrial fibrillation (AF) at the genome-wide statistical significance threshold (p&lt;5x10-8). (A) All results of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and sensitivity analysis between GM and AF. (B) MR results of GM taxa with a causal relationship to AF using the inverse variance weighting (IVW) or Wald ratio method.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240357-40357-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S7-suppl.pdf">Table S7</ext-link> displays the outcomes of the heterogeneity test conducted for GM taxa featuring two SNPs. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy could not be examined because only one SNP was included in the other GM taxa.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Earlier research has demonstrated the significant involvement of gut microbial ecology in the onset and advancement of various CVDs, encompassing conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> revealed that individuals with prehypertension and hypertension exhibit not only diminished gene abundance and &#945;-diversity compared to healthy controls but also an elevated proportion of <italic>Prevotella</italic> bacteria. Concurrently, a macrogenomic analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> demonstrated that the GM of individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease harbored elevated levels of <italic>Streptococcus</italic> and <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> species, in contrast to the GM of healthy individuals. Furthermore, a comparative investigation of fecal bacteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> between individuals with chronic heart failure and their healthy counterparts indicated that those with heart failure exhibited higher colonization of pathogenic bacteria, including <italic>Campylobacter</italic>, <italic>Shigella</italic>, <italic>Salmonella</italic>, and <italic>Yersinia enterocolitica</italic>.</p>
        <p>AF is a more specific type of CVD. Numerous preceding studies have identified distinct GM profiles among individuals with AF, with AF showing significant alterations in gut microbial diversity compared to control individuals. An increased abundance of <italic>Ruminococcus</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus</italic>, and <italic>Enterococcus</italic>, along with a decrease in <italic>Faecalibacterium</italic>, <italic>Alistipes</italic>, <italic>Oscillibacter</italic>, and <italic>Bilophila</italic>, was observed in patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Furthermore, disruption in gut ecological balance has been linked to the advancement and duration of AF. A recent investigation by Zuo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> revealed distinctions in microbial diversity and metabolite composition among patients with paroxysmal AF, with persistent AF, and without AF. Moreover, specific bacteria exhibited varying enrichments corresponding to different durations of AF. For instance, in persistent AF, the abundance of <italic>Butyricoccus</italic> and <italic>Paraprevotella</italic> was diminished, while the abundance of <italic>Dorea</italic> and <italic>Coprococcus</italic> showed an increase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Interestingly, an increase in the enrichment of beneficial bacteria and a decrease in that of pathogenic bacteria in the GM, as well as corresponding changes in metabolite levels, could be observed after ablation, compared to patients with AF before radiofrequency ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, most previous studies have been observational and small cohort studies, and the types of GM included were often limited. In addition, many studies have merely explored GM characteristics in AF without examining whether GM could influence the onset of AF. A need thus existed to characterize the causal relationship between the GM and AF more fully. We used the largest and most up-to-date GWAS data for GM and AF for closely related SNPs as IVs. First, through MR analysis at the locus-wide significance level, we identified <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Firmicutes</italic>, <italic>Alloprevotella</italic>, <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic>, <italic>Blautia</italic>, <italic>Eggerthella</italic>, <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcaceae UCG004</italic>, and <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> as being negatively correlated with the occurrence of AF, and <italic>Pasteurellales</italic>, <italic>Pasteurellaceae</italic>, <italic>Oxalobacter</italic>, <italic>Ruminiclostridium5,</italic> and <italic>Turicibacter</italic> as being positively correlated with AF. Second, under the genome-wide statistical significance threshold, we identified <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Bifidobacteriaceae,</italic> and <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> as protective factors for the risk of AF occurrence, whereas <italic>Oxalobacteraceae</italic> and <italic>Erysipelatoclostridium</italic> were risk factors for AF. The results for <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>, <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Oxalobacter,</italic> and <italic>Firmicutes</italic> must be interpreted with more caution due to the presence of heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy.</p>
        <p>Our study identified a total of 10 GM taxa positively associated with AF and seven that were negatively associated. First, <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> and <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> were particularly important for reducing the occurrence of AF, as they were proved to be markedly negatively correlated with AF not only at the focus-wide significance level but also at the genome-wide threshold, again indicating the importance of these two GM taxa for preventing the emergence of AF. FINRISK 2002 study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> noted that <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> was negatively correlated with AF prevalence and positively collateral to AF incidents. Furthermore, Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> exhibited a significant decrease in <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> abundance in patients with AF compared to controls, irrespective of whether they received long-term oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy. Despite the lack of relevant studies demonstrating the involvement of <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> with the development of AF, Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> nonetheless also found that the enriched strains (<italic>Actinobacteria</italic>) present in AF undergoing long-term OACs were positively correlated with prothrombin time (p &lt; 0.05), which may enhance the bleeding risk in patients with AF. Notably, the ability of <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> to mitigate the risk of developing AF has been a unique observation to date. Second, while not showing a causal association with AF at the genome-wide statistical significance threshold, an additional subset of GM taxa were still suggestive of AF development, including <italic>Firmicutes</italic>, <italic>Alloprevotella</italic>, <italic>RuminococcaceaeUCG004</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcus1</italic>, <italic>Oxalobacter,</italic> and <italic>Turicibacter</italic>. Similar to in our findings, <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> was shown to be negatively associated with CHA2DS2-VASc scores, meaning that the availability of <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> may result in a reduced risk of AF. Nonetheless, Zuo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> detected <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> overgrowth in AF patients. Meanwhile, another study by the same team<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> uncovered higher AF induction in sleep-deprived (SD) mice and found that such mice had higher abundances of <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> and <italic>Alloprevotella</italic>, implying that these species of bacteria may be promising targets for SD-mediated AF susceptibility. It also differed from our findings, since the FINRISK 2002 study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> considered <italic>Turicibacter</italic> to be negatively linked to prevalent AF, whereas <italic>Firmicutes</italic> were seen to be equivalent in patients with AF and controls in the Li et al. study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> While the genetically predicted genus <italic>Oxalobacter</italic> was positively associated with the risk of developing coronary artery disease in an MR analysis <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> [odds ratio </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo/><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.06</mml:mn><mml:mo>;</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.67</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> our study concluded that <italic>Oxalobacter</italic> and <italic>Oxalobacteraceae</italic> were risk factors for developing AF, which complements and refines the conclusions of prior studies. Finally, a subset of GM taxa whose relationship to AF has not been addressed in previous studies exists, including <italic>Blautia</italic>, <italic>Eggerthella</italic>, <italic>Howardella</italic>, <italic>Pasteurellales</italic>, <italic>Pasteurellaceae</italic>, <italic>Ruminiclostridium5</italic>, and <italic>Erysipelatoclostridium</italic>. Our research thus fills this part of the gap satisfactorily.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms that dysregulate gut ecology and thus promote AF come from two main sources. First, GM dysregulation could cause AF to occur through inflammation. Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> demonstrated for the first time that age-related GM alterations led to increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations and impaired glucose tolerance, which enhanced atrial fibrosis and promoted the development of AF. The mechanisms underlying the atrial proarrhythmic effects driven by LPS could be attributed to the binding of nucleotides in the atria and the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles. Sequentially, GM-derived metabolites also had a vital function in the pathogenesis of AF. By being absorbed into the host intestine, GM-derived metabolites were able to influence immune cells in the gut, as well as act as signaling molecules and influence important metabolic pathways. For example, TMAO, which is derived from dietary choline and carnitine, exacerbated increased neural activity and induced AF via atrial pacing, possibly because TMAO could stimulate the release of inflammatory factors and activate the p65 NF-&#954;B signaling pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In addition, indoxyl sulfate (IS) was the most common uremic toxin derived from the metabolism of dietary tryptophan. In animal studies, IS could contribute to the initiation of AF by upregulating the expression of signaling molecules such as pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors, thereby inducing oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Further basic research is still needed to explore whether additional mechanisms exist by which the GM regulates AF.</p>
        <p>Several imitations of this work must also be addressed. First, despite the three fundamental assumptions of MR being met, no absolute assurance of weak instrumental bias could be made. Second, owing to the inadequate availability of a substantial number of IVs for reverse MR analysis, we were unable to ascertain a potential reciprocal causal relationship between GM and AF. Third, since the GWAS encompassed solely European populations, the findings of this study might not be universally applicable to other ethnic groups. Fourth, employing numerous stringent and conservative statistical corrections could potentially be excessively restrictive, possibly neglecting the GM taxa that could have causal connections to AF. Considering biological plausibility, we consequently refrained from incorporating the results of multiple tests. Lastly, this study marked the inaugural attempt to scrutinize the association between GM taxa and AF risk via MR analysis at the species level. However, it is noteworthy that positive outcomes at the species level were not detected. Considering the distinct data sources utilized for the species-level analysis, in contrast to the other five levels and recognizing the substantial difference in sample sizes between the GWAS conducted by Goodrich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and that of Kurilshikov et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> it became evident that the potential selection of IVs was greatly constrained. Thus, this discovery at the species level was only a preliminary exploration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this MR study demonstrated the causal effect of GM on AF, finding 10 GM taxa that were positively correlated with AF, as well as seven that were negatively correlated. These types of GM taxa may serve as new biomarkers and provide insights into the treatment and prevention of AF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information Supplementary Table 1, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S1-suppl.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplementary Table 2, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S2-suppl.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplementary Table 3, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S3-suppl.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplementary Table 4, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S4-suppl.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplementary Table 5, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S5-suppl.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplementary Table 6, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S6-suppl.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplementary Table 7, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0357_AO_Table_S7-suppl.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
