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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3T9YQqqmvjfpRLpsdw5RnhH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240211</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndices Inflamat&#243;rios Sist&#234;micos como Novos Biomarcadores para Canal Arterial Hemodinamicamente Significativo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9409-185X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cakir</surname>
            <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tayman</surname>
            <given-names>Cuneyt</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ankara Bilkent City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Neonatology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cankaya</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ankara Bilkent City Hospital &#8211; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cankaya, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Ufuk Cakir &#8226; Ankara Bilkent City Hospital. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>drufukcakir@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240211</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: &#205;ndices Inflamat&#243;rios Sist&#234;micos como Novos Biomarcadores para Canal Arterial Hemodinamicamente Significativo</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Resumo dos resultados do nosso estudo. MRL: raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos/linf&#243;citos; NRL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PIV: valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o panimune; PLR: raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; SII: &#205;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica sist&#234;mica; SIRI: &#205;ndice de resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3T9YQqqmvjfpRLpsdw5RnhH/cd047f695d965d831c2555e36f45a05cdb16909c.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3T9YQqqmvjfpRLpsdw5RnhH/42f88280d71cba5a2e4ebcb546fdb78f23e56a80.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3T9YQqqmvjfpRLpsdw5RnhH/c8439a8ce1ad6ec71a349b7945c7319c3fabac81.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Aumento da tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de prostaglandina causam fechamento ductal. O papel diagn&#243;stico dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos no canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativo (hsPCA) em beb&#234;s prematuros &#233; desconhecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o papel dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos na preditividade da hsPCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Beb&#234;s prematuros com semanas gestacionais (SG) &lt;32 semanas foram avaliados retrospectivamente. &#205;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos propor&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR), propor&#231;&#227;o mon&#243;cito-linf&#243;cito (MLR), propor&#231;&#227;o plaqueta-linf&#243;cito (PLR), &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica (SII), valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o pan-imune (PIV) e &#237;ndice de resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (SIRI) foram calculados. &#205;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos foram comparados entre os grupos hsPCA e n&#227;o hsPCA. Um p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 1228 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, incluindo 447 pacientes no grupo hsPCA e 781 pacientes no grupo n&#227;o-hsPCA. O valor PIV [mediana (Q1 - Q3): 5,18 (2,38-10,42)] no grupo hsPCA foi estatisticamente significativamente maior do que o valor PIV [mediana (Q1 - Q3): 3,52 (1,41-6,45)] no grupo n&#227;o-hsPCA (p&lt;0,001). De acordo com a an&#225;lise ROC, o valor AUC do PIV para a previsibilidade de hsPCA foi de 0,618, e o n&#237;vel de corte foi &gt;8,66. Ap&#243;s at&#233; mesmo m&#250;ltiplas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o PIV mostrou ser um par&#226;metro significativo para o diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA (OR 1,972, IC 95% 1,114-3,011. p=0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Um alto valor de PIV pode ser um indicador de uso r&#225;pido, baixo custo, simples e facilmente acess&#237;vel para o diagn&#243;stico precoce de hsPCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Canal Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido Prematuro</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="45"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O canal arterial (CA), que funciona abertamente na vida intrauterina, deve fechar ap&#243;s o nascimento. A falha no fechamento do CA na vida extrauterina causa um aumento no fluxo sangu&#237;neo pulmonar e, consequentemente, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no fluxo sangu&#237;neo sist&#234;mico. A instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica devido ao canal arterial patente (PCA) est&#225; associada ao aumento de morbidades, como hemorragia pulmonar, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio (SDR), displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), hemorragia intraventricular (HIV), enterocolite necrosante (NEC), retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP), leucomal&#225;cia periventricular (PVL) e paralisia cerebral, al&#233;m de maior mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hip&#243;tese cl&#225;ssica no fechamento ductal &#233; que a contra&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas no CA &#233; induzida por baixa tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, diminui&#231;&#227;o da prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) e prostaciclina (PGI2). Essa contra&#231;&#227;o causa baixa tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio local, desencadeando a morte celular e aumentando a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores de crescimento induz&#237;veis por baixa tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio. Ent&#227;o, ocorre o fechamento funcional do CA. Como resultado, ocorre a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e o fechamento anat&#244;mico do CA. Al&#233;m da hip&#243;tese cl&#225;ssica de fechamento do CA, eletr&#243;litos s&#233;ricos, osmolaridade s&#233;rica, n&#237;vel de hemoglobina, contagem de plaquetas e fun&#231;&#245;es plaquet&#225;rias tamb&#233;m podem afetar o fechamento do CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, o efeito dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos obtidos a partir de par&#226;metros de hemograma no fechamento do CA em beb&#234;s prematuros n&#227;o &#233; conhecido exatamente.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, alguns estudos relacionados a alguns &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios foram conduzidos no diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o em adultos, avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento da sepse e resultados cl&#237;nicos, avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados cl&#237;nicos da infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19, avalia&#231;&#227;o da fibrose pulmonar idiop&#225;tica, hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea, met&#225;stases tumorais, embolia pulmonar e mortalidade ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Para esse prop&#243;sito, a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR), raz&#227;o mon&#243;cito-linf&#243;cito (MLR) e raz&#227;o plaqueta-linf&#243;cito (PLR) foram investigadas. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o uso de novos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos, como o &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica (SII), o valor pan-imune-inflama&#231;&#227;o (PIV) e o &#237;ndice de resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (SIRI) atraiu aten&#231;&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico de algumas doen&#231;as e na avalia&#231;&#227;o de resultados cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No campo da neonatologia, alguns estudos relataram que altos valores de NLR podem estar associados &#224; sepse de in&#237;cio precoce (SIP), taquipneia transit&#243;ria do rec&#233;m-nascido (TTN), ROP, HIV, NEC e resultados neonatais adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um aumento no valor de PLR demonstrou estar associado a um aumento na frequ&#234;ncia de restri&#231;&#227;o de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU), SIP e PCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Sabe-se que a inflama&#231;&#227;o afeta o fechamento ductal. &#205;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos s&#227;o usados como um indicador da gravidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o. Os efeitos dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos no fechamento ductal n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente compreendidos. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos avaliando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos como MLR, PIV, SII, SIRI e PCA hemodinamicamente significativa (hsPCA) em beb&#234;s prematuros. No presente estudo, objetivamos avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos e hsPCA em beb&#234;s prematuros &lt;32 semanas gestacionais (SG).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e plano de estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo foi realizado em beb&#234;s prematuros com SG &lt;32 semanas em nossa unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Os dados dos pacientes foram obtidos retrospectivamente de registros hospitalares entre fevereiro de 2018 e outubro de 2021. Pacientes com anomalias cong&#234;nitas importantes, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, SG &#8805;32 semanas e pacientes que morreram nos primeiros tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o parto sem diagn&#243;stico de PCA foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e desfechos cl&#237;nicos, valores de hemograma completo (como dados de gl&#243;bulos brancos e plaquetas) de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram registrados. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram tratados com os mesmos protocolos durante toda a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes inscritos foram divididos em dois grupos: hsPCA e n&#227;o hsPCA. A aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica foi obtida do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local antes do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e resultados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Dados de todos os pacientes, incluindo SG, peso ao nascer (PN), exposi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal a esteroides, sexo, SDR, HIV (grau &#8805; 3), NEC (grau &gt; 2), DBP moderada/grave, ROP, SIP e sepse de in&#237;cio tardio (SIT) foram registrados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Morbidades prematuras</title>
        <p>Pacientes que apresentavam dificuldade respirat&#243;ria e necessitavam de tratamento com surfactante endotraqueal foram definidos como SDR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Pacientes com HIV grave (grau &#8805; 3) por ultrassonografia craniana foram registrados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Beb&#234;s com NEC (grau &#8805; 2), de acordo com achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, foram registrados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Quando a idade p&#243;s-menstrual do prematuro atinge a 36&#170; semana, aqueles que necessitam de &lt; 30% de oxig&#234;nio foram definidos como moderados, e aqueles que necessitaram de &#8805;30% de oxig&#234;nio ou suporte de press&#227;o positiva foram definidos como DBP grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Pacientes diagnosticados e tratados para ROP no exame de retina foram registrados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Sepse diagnosticada em &lt;72 horas foi definida como SIP, e sepse reconhecida em &#8805;72 horas foi identificada como SIT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de ducto arterial persistente hemodinamicamente significativo</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia Doppler (ECHO) foi realizada para todos os prematuros nas primeiras 72 horas de vida p&#243;s-natal. Pacientes eleg&#237;veis foram diagnosticados com hsPCA de acordo com crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e de ECHO. Pacientes que n&#227;o preencheram os crit&#233;rios para hsPCA no ECHO (por exemplo, di&#226;metro interno de PCA &lt; 1,5 mm ou raz&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo/raiz a&#243;rtica &lt; 1,5 ou sem PCA) foram definidos como n&#227;o-hsPCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Pacientes com PCA clinicamente e ecocardiograficamente significativa foram definidos como hsPCA. Esses pacientes primeiro receberam tratamento m&#233;dico para fechamento ductal. Posteriormente, se a presen&#231;a de hsPCA persistisse ap&#243;s dois cursos de tratamento m&#233;dico, o tratamento de ligadura ductal era decidido e aplicado. A primeira op&#231;&#227;o no tratamento m&#233;dico de PCA era o ibuprofeno. Se houvesse uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de ibuprofeno, o paracetamol era usado como tratamento m&#233;dico. As contraindica&#231;&#245;es do ibuprofeno foram definidas como sepse, sangramento ativo, trombocitopenia, coagulopatia, NEC, insufici&#234;ncia renal e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita dependente do ducto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Canal arterial patente hemodinamicamente significativo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</td>
                  <td align="left">Murm&#250;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Prec&#243;rdio hiperdin&#226;mico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Pulsos pr&#233;-ductais delimitadores</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Piora do estado respirat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Press&#227;o de pulso ampla</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Hipotens&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Acidose metab&#243;lica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</td>
                  <td>Aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo/raiz a&#243;rtica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Cardiomegalia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Shunting da esquerda para a direita</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Grande canal aberto (&gt;1,5 mm)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Revers&#227;o do fluxo nas principais art&#233;rias p&#243;s-ductais</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de hemograma completo e &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue de todos os beb&#234;s prematuros nas primeiras 24 horas de vida foram coletadas em tubos de &#225;cido etilenodiaminotetrac&#233;tico (EDTA) e foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de hemograma completo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>Os valores de contagem de leuc&#243;citos (103 &#181;/L), contagem de neutr&#243;filos (103 &#181;/L), contagem de mon&#243;citos (103 &#181;/L), contagem de linf&#243;citos (103 &#181;/L), contagem de plaquetas (103 &#181;/L) e propor&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos imaturos para total foram analisados com hemocit&#244;metro autom&#225;tico Cell-Dyn 3700 (Abbott, Abbott Park, IL, EUA). NLR, f&#243;rmula NLR=N/L, f&#243;rmula PLR=P/L, f&#243;rmula MLR=M/L, f&#243;rmula SII=P x N/L, f&#243;rmula SIRI=N x M/L e PIV=P x N x M/L calculados usando as f&#243;rmulas. Como todos os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios s&#227;o raz&#245;es, eles n&#227;o t&#234;m uma unidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Os grupos hsPCA e n&#227;o hsPCA foram comparados em termos de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e resultados cl&#237;nicos, hemograma completo e &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados foram analisados com o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, EUA). A avalia&#231;&#227;o da conformidade das vari&#225;veis com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi implementada com o teste visual (histograma) e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste exato de Fisher ou o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi usado para a an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Um teste-t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para a an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram destacadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQR) (Q1 - Q3), e os resultados das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentados como frequ&#234;ncia. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi aplicada para identificar os fatores de risco independentes de hsPCA, como PN e SG. A an&#225;lise das curvas <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristics</italic> (ROC) foi realizada para avaliar o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia do par&#226;metro. A &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% da AUC, valores de corte, sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foram calculados pela an&#225;lise ROC. Um p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 1.379 beb&#234;s foram avaliados. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 151 rec&#233;m-nascidos foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Um total de 1.228 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Quatrocentos e quarenta e sete pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo hsPCA e 781 pacientes no grupo n&#227;o hsPCA. A frequ&#234;ncia de hsPCA foi de 36,4% (447/1.228) em prematuros com SG &lt; 32 semanas. O SG m&#233;dio de todos os pacientes do estudo foi de 28,4 &#177; 1,3 semanas e o PN m&#233;dio foi de 1.077 &#177; 234 g. Os resultados foram semelhantes entre os grupos em termos de SG, PN, esteroides pr&#233;-natais, g&#234;nero, NEC, SIP e SIT. A frequ&#234;ncia de DBP, HIV, SDR e ROP no grupo hsPCA foi estatisticamente significativamente maior do que no grupo n&#227;o hsPCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Contagens de leuc&#243;citos, plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos, mon&#243;citos, linf&#243;citos, raz&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos imaturos para total, NLR, MLR, PLR, SII e SIRI foram encontradas como semelhantes em ambos os grupos. O valor de PIV no grupo hsPCA foi estatisticamente significativamente maior do que o valor de PIV no grupo n&#227;o-hsPCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e resultados cl&#237;nicos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>n&#227;o-hsPDA (n=781)</th>
                <th>hsPDA (n=447)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Semana gestacional, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso ao nascer, g <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1082 &#177; 234</td>
                <td align="center">1068 &#177; 230</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esteroide pr&#233;-natal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">541 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">305 (68,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,447</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">412 (52,7)</td>
                <td align="center">219 (48,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65(8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (26,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HIV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NEC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDR, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">371 (47,5)</td>
                <td align="center">303 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ROP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SIP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,841</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,737</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a</sup>m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. *P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. DBP: displasia broncopulmonar; SIP: sepse de in&#237;cio precoce; HIV: hemorragia intraventricular; NEC: enterocolite necrosante; hsPCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa; SIT: sepse de in&#237;cio tardio; SDR: s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio; ROP: retinopatia da prematuridade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros leucocit&#225;rios de acordo com persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>n&#227;o-hsPCA (n=781)</th>
                <th>hsPCA (n=447)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11h16 (7h21-16h00)</td>
                <td align="center">11h00 (8h20-16h01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,195</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">223 (82-301)</td>
                <td align="center">225 (99-309)</td>
                <td align="center">0,183</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,22 (0,14-0,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 (0,15-0,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,566</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de mon&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,43-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 (0,42-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7,14 (5,25-10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7,05 (4,71-10,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,178</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Propor&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos imaturos para o total <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,01-0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (0,01-0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (0,01-0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (0,01-0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,09 (0,06-0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 (0,06-0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">33,47 (20,37-48,41)</td>
                <td align="center">33,52 (19,21-51,51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,221</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PIV <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3,52 (1,41-6,45)</td>
                <td align="center">5,18 (2,38-10,42)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SII <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7,63 (3,25-13,98)</td>
                <td align="center">6,59 (2,81-13,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,885</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SIRI <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (0,01-0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (0,01-0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a</sup> mediana (intervalo interquartil). *P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. hsPCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa; MLR: raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos/linf&#243;citos; NLR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PIV: valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o panimune; PLR: raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; SII: &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica sist&#234;mica; SIRI: &#237;ndice de resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de caixa de &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos com base na persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa. *P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. hsPCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa; MLR: raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos/linf&#243;citos; NLR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PIV: valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o panimune; PLR: raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; SII: &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica sist&#234;mica; SIRI: &#237;ndice de resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240211-40211-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Quatrocentos e seis pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo hsPCA com tratamento m&#233;dico e 41 pacientes no grupo hsPCA com ligadura cir&#250;rgica. O dia m&#233;dio de ligadura cir&#250;rgica foi de 22&#177;11 dias. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos em termos de &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros leucocit&#225;rios de acordo com o tratamento m&#233;dico e ligadura cir&#250;rgica em canal arterial patente hemodinamicamente significativo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>hsPCA com tratamento m&#233;dico (n=406)</th>
                <th>hsPCA com ligadura cir&#250;rgica (n=41)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (103 &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11h00 (8h00-16h00)</td>
                <td align="center">12h90 (8h60-20h30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,375</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas (103 &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">220 (95-277)</td>
                <td align="center">246 (104-299)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos (103 &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,22 (0,15-0,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30 (0,19-0,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de mon&#243;citos (103 &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,61 (0,42-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,47-1,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos (103 &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6,98 (4,71-10,62)</td>
                <td align="center">9,69 (5,12-12,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,314</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Propor&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos imaturos para o total <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (0,01-0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (0,01-0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,401</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (0,01-0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (0,01-0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,961</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,08 (0,04-0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 (0,04-0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">35,12 (20,37-48,41)</td>
                <td align="center">27,42 (19,21-41,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,708</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PIV <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,95 (1,41-9,48)</td>
                <td align="center">6,08 (3,32-15,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,349</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SII <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7,63 (10,72)</td>
                <td align="center">6,47 (3,66-12,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,730</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SIRI <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (0,01-0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (0,01-0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,274</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a</sup> mediana (intervalo interquartil). hsPCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa; MLR: raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos/linf&#243;citos; NLR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PIV: valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o panimune; PLR: raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; SII: &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica sist&#234;mica; SIRI: &#237;ndice de resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise ROC foi realizada para PIV para avaliar a preditividade de hsPCA em beb&#234;s &lt;32 SG. AUC, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, valores de VPN e gr&#225;fico ROC de PIV s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>. Ap&#243;s m&#250;ltiplas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o PIV mostrou-se um par&#226;metro significativo para o diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA (OR 1,972, IC 95% 1,114-3,011. p=0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor para valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o panimune em canal arterial patente hemodinamicamente significativo em &lt; 32 semanas gestacionais. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; PIV:valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o pan-imune.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240211-40211-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, o valor preditivo e diagn&#243;stico dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos em hsPCA foi avaliado. De acordo com os resultados da literatura, nosso estudo foi o primeiro a avaliar o efeito de seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos em prematuros com hsPCA. Com base em nossos resultados, foi descoberto que NLR, MLR, PLR, SII e SIRI n&#227;o puderam ser usados como um indicador significativo para a predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPCA. Descobrimos que o PIV foi o par&#226;metro efetivo e &#250;nico para a predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPCA nos seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos.</p>
      <p>Foi afirmado que altos valores de NLR, MLR e PLR podem ter pap&#233;is importantes na determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as como sepse, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e malignidades em adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>No entanto, no campo da neonatologia, h&#225; poucos dados sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre NLR, MLR, PLR e doen&#231;as neonatais. Altos valores de NLR s&#227;o mostrados como associados &#224; sepse neonatal, TTN, ROP, HIV e NEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Pelo contr&#225;rio, estudos est&#227;o relatando que NLR, MLR e PLR n&#227;o s&#227;o significativos para o diagn&#243;stico de SIP e ROP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, NLR n&#227;o foi considerado um par&#226;metro importante em rec&#233;m-nascidos com PCA em 28-37 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Estudos recentes em beb&#234;s prematuros relataram que altos valores de SII podem ser novos marcadores para o diagn&#243;stico de SDR, e altos valores de SIRI podem ser um novo marcador para a predi&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico de DBP moderada a grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; inconsist&#234;ncia nos resultados de estudos que avaliam NLR, MLR e PLR tanto em neonatologia quanto em outras faixas et&#225;rias, a busca por novos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos que possam ser usados no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as continua. Nesse contexto, foi determinado que SII alto pode ser um par&#226;metro eficaz na determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e mortalidade em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, pacientes com embolia pulmonar e esclerose m&#250;ltipla.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Foi determinado que um aumento no SIRI pode ser um indicador diagn&#243;stico precoce para infec&#231;&#227;o da corrente sangu&#237;nea em pacientes que requerem hemodi&#225;lise e um marcador progn&#243;stico em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Por outro lado, PIV &#233; um par&#226;metro mais novo, e foi relatado que seu alto n&#237;vel pode estar associado ao progn&#243;stico de pacientes com c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero de estudos avaliando seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos como um fator diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico em algumas doen&#231;as &#233; muito limitado. Urbanowicz et al. relataram que seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos estavam aumentados em pacientes submetidos a bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e NLR e SIRI poderiam ser marcadores eficazes para sobreviv&#234;ncia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Zinellu et al. descobriram que pacientes com fibrose pulmonar idiop&#225;tica com um PIV (tamb&#233;m chamado de &#237;ndice agregado de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (AISI)) &#8805;434 tiveram um tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia mediano mais curto. NLR, MLR, PLR, SII e SIRI n&#227;o foram associados &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia em pacientes com fibrose pulmonar idiop&#225;tica tamb&#233;m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ceran et al. determinaram que os valores de NLR, SII, SIRI e PIV foram maiores em pacientes com encefalopatia hip&#243;xico-isqu&#234;mica neonatal (HIE) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, mas o PLR foi menor do que o grupo controle. Ap&#243;s hipotermia terap&#234;utica, um aumento significativo foi encontrado no valor de PLR, juntamente com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel nos valores de NLR, SII, SIRI e PIV. Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado que o valor de NLR &#233; o par&#226;metro significativo entre seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos, que tem o maior poder preditivo para HIE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Descobrimos que apenas o valor de PIV foi o &#237;ndice inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico efetivo no diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA.</p>
      <p>Na hip&#243;xia-isquemia cerebral, h&#225; uma express&#227;o aumentada de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria &#224; les&#227;o envolvendo neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos. Portanto, o par&#226;metro NLR pode se tornar um preditor mais forte em pacientes com HIE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Assim como na fisiopatologia da HIE, a hip&#243;xia &#233; um fator na fisiopatologia do fechamento ductal. Considerando o aumento de neutr&#243;filos, mon&#243;citos e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da contagem de linf&#243;citos devido &#224; baixa tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos podem se tornar um marcador para o diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Enquanto mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e baixa tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio afetam o fechamento ductal, o efeito das c&#233;lulas leucocit&#225;rias no fechamento ductal n&#227;o &#233; totalmente conhecido. A esse respeito, n&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil interpretar os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos obtidos da contagem de leuc&#243;citos em doen&#231;as com fisiopatologia complexa, como PCA. Nesse caso, pode ser mais preciso encontrar o par&#226;metro com o maior valor preditivo para hsPCA.</p>
      <p>Prolifera&#231;&#227;o acelerada de megacari&#243;citos, aumento da destrui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e trombocitose est&#227;o associados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e isquemia. Como o aumento ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da contagem de plaquetas e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da contagem de linf&#243;citos est&#227;o associados &#224; agrega&#231;&#227;o e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, eles podem ser usados como marcadores de fator de risco em hsPCA. Portanto, &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos (PLR, SII e PIV) nos quais as plaquetas est&#227;o inclu&#237;das podem ser usados no diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA. As plaquetas desempenham um papel importante tanto estrutural quanto funcionalmente no fechamento do CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a isso, foi determinado que o PLR foi maior no grupo hsPCA no 1&#186;, 2&#186;, 3&#186; e 7&#186; dias ap&#243;s o nascimento em beb&#234;s com SG &lt;34 semanas. Semelhante aos nossos resultados, a contagem de plaquetas n&#227;o foi associada ao hsPCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No entanto, em nosso estudo, o valor do PLR n&#227;o foi considerado um par&#226;metro significativo no diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA. Isso pode ocorrer porque nossos pacientes s&#227;o mais imaturos e as amostras de sangue s&#227;o coletadas apenas nas primeiras 24 horas.</p>
      <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o do SII foi considerada um par&#226;metro significativo na mortalidade associada &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Foi relatado que o valor do SII &#233; um marcador valioso no diagn&#243;stico precoce de sepse neonatal em rec&#233;m-nascidos a termo com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o valor do SII e a PCA n&#227;o foi avaliada antes. Em nossos resultados, foi descoberto que o par&#226;metro do SII n&#227;o foi valioso na predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPCA. Em alguns estudos com adultos, o PIV demonstrou ser o valor progn&#243;stico efetivo entre seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios em pacientes com c&#226;ncer colorretal metast&#225;tico e fibrose pulmonar idiop&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, o valor do PIV, calculado pela inclus&#227;o de todos os par&#226;metros leucocit&#225;rios, foi considerado efetivo na predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPCA. De acordo com nossos resultados, baixa tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e inflama&#231;&#227;o podem resultar em aumento da apoptose de linf&#243;citos, contagens de neutr&#243;filos e mon&#243;citos tamb&#233;m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Em nossos dados, apenas a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos e hsPCA foi avaliada. Entre esses seis &#237;ndices, o PIV se destaca como o &#250;nico par&#226;metro associado &#224; hsPCA. O PIV pode ter sido um par&#226;metro significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o tanto &#224; PCA quanto &#224; baixa tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e inflama&#231;&#227;o, com possivelmente todos os linf&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos, mon&#243;citos e plaquetas sendo afetados. Essa hip&#243;tese deve ser avaliada em futuros estudos prospectivos.</p>
      <p>Consequentemente, acredita-se que tanto as c&#233;lulas leucocit&#225;rias respons&#225;veis pela inflama&#231;&#227;o quanto as plaquetas desempenham um papel no processo de fechamento ductal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Assim, o valor do PIV pode surgir como um par&#226;metro importante na previsibilidade do hsPCA. Como em nossos resultados, embora n&#227;o haja diferen&#231;a nas contagens de neutr&#243;filos, mon&#243;citos, linf&#243;citos e plaquetas entre os grupos, o PIV pode ser o par&#226;metro efetivo para hsPCA quando todos os par&#226;metros s&#227;o avaliados juntos. No entanto, nossos resultados s&#227;o v&#225;lidos apenas para &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos obtidos nas primeiras 24 horas em prematuros com SG &lt;32 semanas e hsPCA. Durante 24 horas ap&#243;s o parto prematuro, os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios podem aumentar devido &#224; SIP, por exemplo, da corioamnionite, que &#233; frequentemente uma causa de prematuridade. Seria mais adequado analisar a propor&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos totais imaturos, que &#233; conhecida como um indicador precoce de SIP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Em nossos resultados, tanto a propor&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos imaturos quanto a propor&#231;&#227;o de SIP foram semelhantes entre os grupos, mas o valor de PIV foi encontrado como um par&#226;metro que pode ser usado no acompanhamento de hsPCA.</p>
      <p>Outro resultado em nosso estudo foi que o valor de corte diagn&#243;stico do PIV de hsPCA foi &gt;8,66, que foi menor do que os valores de corte em outros estudos envolvendo &gt;410 para HIE, &gt;390 para c&#226;ncer colorretal metast&#225;tico e &gt;663 para mortalidade em pacientes com cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A principal raz&#227;o para essa diferen&#231;a nos valores de corte para PIV nos estudos pode ser devido &#224; idade dos pacientes, diferen&#231;as no diagn&#243;stico, tempo de coleta de sangue e ser a termo ou prematuro. Como as contagens de neutr&#243;filos s&#227;o baixas e as contagens de mon&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos s&#227;o altas em beb&#234;s a termo em valores de intervalo de refer&#234;ncia normais em compara&#231;&#227;o com adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de mon&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos diminui fisiologicamente nos dias p&#243;s-natais ap&#243;s o nascimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> &#192; medida que a SG diminui em beb&#234;s prematuros, os valores normais de refer&#234;ncia de mon&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos aumentam enquanto os valores de neutr&#243;filos diminuem. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; uma ligeira diminui&#231;&#227;o nos valores normais de refer&#234;ncia das contagens de plaquetas em beb&#234;s prematuros em compara&#231;&#227;o com beb&#234;s a termo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> De acordo com esses dados, ao interpretar os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos obtidos do hemograma em rec&#233;m-nascidos, a SG e o tempo de coleta de sangue devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o em doen&#231;as com fisiopatologia complexa, como a CA.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, objetivamos identificar &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos que pudessem predizer a presen&#231;a de hsPCA. Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos e hsPCA recebeu tratamento m&#233;dico, e hsPCA necessitou de ligadura cir&#250;rgica. O &#237;ndice inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico foi semelhante entre os dois grupos. Em nosso estudo, os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos foram avaliados apenas nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Como hsPCA foi diagnosticado em torno de 3 dias, o &#237;ndice inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico pode ter um valor preditivo no diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA. A ligadura cir&#250;rgica foi aplicada ap&#243;s dois cursos de tratamento m&#233;dico; assim, o dia da ligadura foi estendido at&#233; 3 semanas p&#243;s-natais. N&#227;o foi um par&#226;metro eficaz para avaliar a necessidade de ligadura cir&#250;rgica, que foi a morbidade tardia associada a hsPCA. Sugerimos que pacientes com hsPCA podem ser investigados para decidir sobre ligadura ductal durante o tratamento m&#233;dico p&#243;s-natal avaliando os valores de PIV.</p>
      <p>&#192; medida que o SG diminui, a frequ&#234;ncia de hsPCA aumenta. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; um &#250;nico par&#226;metro com alto poder de predi&#231;&#227;o para ajudar a determinar qual beb&#234; prematuro ter&#225; hsPCA. Esse par&#226;metro pode auxiliar o cl&#237;nico a estimar o paciente em risco de hsPCA durante o acompanhamento do beb&#234; prematuro. Esse tipo de par&#226;metro tamb&#233;m pode lan&#231;ar luz sobre as morbidades da prematuridade que podem estar associadas &#224; hsPCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, o PIV pode ser um novo par&#226;metro para hsPCA. Al&#233;m do importante valor de contribui&#231;&#227;o do PIV na predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPCA, o PIV &#233; um par&#226;metro barato e de r&#225;pido acesso que n&#227;o requer custo adicional. De acordo com nossos resultados, embora o PIV tenha sido um par&#226;metro eficaz na predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPCA, n&#227;o foi um par&#226;metro &#250;til que indica a necessidade de ligadura ductal. No entanto, o valor do PIV avaliado no primeiro dia pode prever hsPCA, que foi uma morbidade precoce de beb&#234;s prematuros. N&#227;o foi um par&#226;metro eficaz para avaliar a necessidade de ligadura cir&#250;rgica, que foi a morbidade tardia associada &#224; hsPCA. Sugerimos que pacientes com hsPCA podem ser investigados para decidir sobre ligadura ductal durante o tratamento m&#233;dico p&#243;s-natal avaliando os valores de PIV.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, pois continha dados de um &#250;nico centro e foi projetado retrospectivamente. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de todos os beb&#234;s prematuros nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Assim, o efeito dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos no CA em dias p&#243;s-natais subsequentes n&#227;o p&#244;de ser avaliado. Al&#233;m disso, os dados sobre o &#237;ndice inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico antes e depois do tratamento n&#227;o puderam ser analisados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a avaliar seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos no diagn&#243;stico e predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPCA em beb&#234;s prematuros. Entre seis &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos, o PIV foi considerado o par&#226;metro efetivo no diagn&#243;stico e predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPCA. Portanto, o PIV pode ser facilmente acess&#237;vel, usado rapidamente e um indicador simples e de baixo custo para o diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA. No entanto, o papel do PIV como um marcador preditivo e diagn&#243;stico para hsPCA precisa ser confirmado por outros estudos prospectivos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240211i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Systemic Inflammatory Indices as New Biomarkers for Hemodynamically Significant Ductus Arteriosus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9409-185X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cakir</surname>
            <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tayman</surname>
            <given-names>Cuneyt</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ankara Bilkent City Hospital &#8211; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cankaya, Ankara &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp><label>Mailing Address:</label> Ufuk Cakir &#8226; Ankara Bilkent City Hospital. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800 &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: <email>drufukcakir@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Systemic Inflammatory Indices as New Biomarkers for Hemodynamically Significant Ductus Arteriosus</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Summary of the results of our study.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240211-40211-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Increased oxygen tension and decreased prostaglandin levels cause ductal closure. The diagnostic role of systemic inflammatory indices in hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) in premature infants is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> We aimed to evaluate the role of systemic inflammatory indices in the predictivity of hsPDA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Premature infants with gestational weeks (GW) of &lt;32 weeks were evaluated retrospectively. Systemic inflammatory indices neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune- inflammation value (PIV), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) were calculated. Systemic inflammatory indices were compared between hsPDA and non-hsPDA groups. A p &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 1228 patients were included in the study, including 447 patients in the hsPDA group and 781 patients in the non-hsPDA group. The PIV value [median (Q1 - Q3): 5.18 (2.38-10.42)] in the hsPDA group was statistically significantly higher than the PIV value [median (Q1 - Q3): 3.52 (1.41-6.45)] in the non-hsPDA group (p&lt;0.001). According to the ROC analysis, the AUC value of PIV for the predictivity of hsPDA was 0.618, and the cutoff level was &gt;8.66. After even multiple logistic regression analyses, PIV was shown to be a significant parameter for the diagnosis of hsPDA (OR 1.972, 95% CI 1.114-3.011. p=0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> A high PIV value may be a quickly used indicator with low-cost, simple, and easily accessible for the early diagnosis of hsPDA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ductus Arteriosus</kwd>
        <kwd>Newborn Infant</kwd>
        <kwd>Premature Infant</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The ductus arteriosus (DA), which functions openly in intrauterine life, should close after birth. Failure of the closure of DA in extrauterine life causes an increase in pulmonary blood flow and, consequently, a decrease in systemic blood flow. Hemodynamic instability due to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with increased morbidities such as pulmonary hemorrhage, kidney dysfunction, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and cerebral palsy in addition to higher mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The classical hypothesis in ductal closure is that the contraction of smooth muscle cells in the DA is induced by low oxygen tension, decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and prostacyclin (PGI2). This contraction causes local low oxygen tension, triggering cell death and increasing the release of low oxygen tension -inducible growth factors. Then, the functional closure of the DA takes place. As a result, vascular remodeling and anatomical closure of the DA occur. Apart from the classical DA closure hypothesis, serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, hemoglobin level, platelet count, and platelet functions may also affect DA closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, the effect of systemic inflammatory indices obtained from hemogram parameters on DA closure in preterm infants is not known exactly.</p>
        <p>Recently, some studies related to some inflammatory indices have been conducted in the diagnosis of infection in adults, evaluation of sepsis treatment response and clinical results, evaluation of clinical results of COVID-19 infection, evaluation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, tumor metastases, pulmonary embolism and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. For this purpose, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were investigated. In recent years, the use of new systemic inflammatory indices such as the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) has attracted attention in the diagnosis of some diseases and the evaluation of clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the field of neonatology, some studies have reported that high NLR value may be associated with early onset sepsis (EOS), transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), ROP, IVH, NEC, and adverse neonatal outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Moreover, an increase in PLR value has been shown to be associated with an increase in the frequency of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), EOS, and PDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> It is known that inflammation affects ductal closure. Systemic inflammatory indices are used as an indicator of the severity of inflammation. The effects of systemic inflammatory indices on ductal closure are not fully understood. However, there are no studies evaluating the relationship between systemic inflammatory indices such as MLR, PIV, SII, SIRI, and hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA) in premature infants. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between six systemic inflammatory indices and hsPDA in premature babies &lt;32 gestational weeks (GW).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and plan</title>
          <p>Our study was carried out in premature babies with a GW of &lt;32 weeks in our neonatal intensive care unit. The data of the patients were obtained retrospectively from hospital records between February 2018 and October 2021. Patients with major congenital anomalies, congenital heart disease, GW &#8805;32 weeks, and patients who died within the first three days after delivery without a diagnosis of PDA were excluded from the study. Demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes, complete blood count values (such as white blood cell and platelet data) of all patients included in the study were recorded. Patients included in the study were treated with the same protocols throughout hospitalization. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups: hsPDA and non-hsPDA. Ethical approval was obtained from the local ethics committee before the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographical features and clinical outcomes</title>
          <p>Data for all patients, including GW, birth weight (BW), antenatal steroid exposure, gender, RDS, IVH (&#8805;3 grade), NEC (grade &gt;2), moderate/severe BPD, ROP, EOS, and late-onset sepsis (LOS) were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Premature morbidities</title>
          <p>Patients who had respiratory distress and required endotracheal surfactant treatment were defined as RDS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Patients with severe IVH (&#8805;3 grade) by cranial ultrasonography were recorded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Babies with NEC (&#8805;2 grade), according to clinical and laboratory findings, were registered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> When the postmenstrual age of the premature infant reaches the 36<sup>th</sup> week, those who need &lt;30% oxygen were defined as moderate, and those requiring &#8805;30% oxygen or positive pressure support were defined as severe BPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Patients diagnosed and treated for ROP in the retinal examination were recorded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Sepsis diagnosed in &lt;72 hours was defined as EOS, and sepsis recognized at &#8805;72 hours was identified as LOS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus</title>
          <p>Doppler echocardiography (ECHO) was performed for all premature infants in the first 72 hours of postnatal life. Eligible patients were diagnosed with hsPDA according to clinical and ECHO criteria. Patients who did not meet the criteria for hsPDA in ECHO (e.g., PDA internal diameter &lt;1.5 mm or left atrium/aortic root ratio &lt;1.5 or without PDA) were defined as non-hsPDA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Patients with both clinically and echocardiographically significant PDA were defined as hsPDA. These patients first received medical treatment for ductal closure. Subsequently, if the presence of hsPDA persisted after two courses of medical treatment, ductal ligation treatment was decided and applied. The first option in the medical treatment of PDA was ibuprofen. If there was a contraindication for ibuprofen use, paracetamol was used as medical treatment. Ibuprofen contraindications were defined as sepsis, active bleeding, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, NEC, renal failure, and duct-dependent congenital heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Clinical features</td>
                    <td align="left">Murmur</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Hyperdynamic precordium</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Bounding pre-ductal pulses</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Worsening respiratory status</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Wide pulse pressure</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Hypotension</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Metabolic acidosis</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Echocardiographic features</td>
                    <td>Increased left atrium to aortic root ratio</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Cardiomegaly</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Left-to-right shunting</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Large open ductus (&gt;1.5 mm)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Reversal of flow in post-ductal major arteries</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complete blood count analysis and systemic inflammatory indices</title>
          <p>Blood samples from all premature babies within the first 24 hours of life were taken into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes, and a complete blood count analysis was performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Leukocyte count (103 &#181;/L), neutrophil count (103 &#181;/L), monocyte count (103 &#181;/L), lymphocyte count (103 &#181;/L), platelet count (103 &#181;/L) values, and immature to total neutrophil ratio were analyzed with Cell-Dyn 3700 automatic hemocytometer (Abbott, Abbott Park, IL, USA). NLR, NLR=N/L formula, PLR=P/L formula, MLR=M/L formula, SII=P x N/L formula, SIRI=N x M/L formula, and PIV=P x N x M/L calculated using the formulas. Since all inflammatory indices are ratios, they do not have a unit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The hsPDA and non-hsPDA groups were compared in terms of demographical features and clinical outcomes, complete blood count, and systemic inflammatory indices.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) program. Evaluation of the conformity of the variables to the normal distribution was implemented with both visual (histogram) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Fisher&#8217;s Exact test or Pearson Chi-Square test was used for the analysis of categorical variables. An unpaired Student&#180;s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for the analysis of continuous variables. Normally distributed continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), non-normally distributed variables were highlighted as the median and interquartile range (IQR) (Q1 - Q3), and the results of categorical variables were shown as frequency. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify the independent risk factors of hsPDA, like as BW and GW. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves analysis was performed to evaluate the significance level of the parameter. The area under the curve (AUC) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the AUC, cutoff values, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated by ROC analysis. A p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>During the study period, 1379 infants were evaluated. According to the exclusion criteria, 151 newborn infants were excluded from the study. A total of 1228 patients were enrolled in the study. Four hundred forty-seven patients were included in the hsPDA group, and 781 patients in the non-hsPDA group. The frequency of hsPDA was found to be 36.4% (447/1228) in preterms with a GW of &lt;32 weeks. The mean GW of all study patients was 28.4&#177;1.3 weeks, and the mean BW was 1077&#177;234 g. Results were similar between the groups in terms of GW, BW, antenatal steroid, gender, NEC, EOS, and LOS. The frequency of BPD, IVH, RDS, and ROP in the hsPDA group was found to be statistically significantly higher than in the non-hsPDA group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Leukocyte, platelet, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte counts, immature to total neutrophil ratio, NLR, MLR, PLR, SII, and SIRI were found to be similar in both groups. The PIV value in the hsPDA group was statistically significantly higher than the PIV value in the non-hsPDA group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic variables and clinical outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>non-hsPDA (n=781)</th>
                  <th>hsPDA (n=447)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gestational week, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Birth weight, g <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1082 &#177; 234</td>
                  <td align="center">1068 &#177; 230</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antenatal steroid, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">541 (69.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">305 (68.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.447</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">412 (52.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">219 (48.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.205</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BPD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65(8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (26.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVH, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (13.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.711</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">371 (47.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (67.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ROP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (12.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EOS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.841</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LOS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.737</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a</sup> mean &#177; standard deviation. *P&lt;0.05 was considered statically significant. BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; EOS: early onset sepsis; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage; NEC: necrotising enterocolitis; hsPDA: hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; LOS: late onset sepsis; RDS: respiratory distress syndrome; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Leukocyte parameters according to hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>non-hsPDA (n=781)</th>
                  <th>hsPDA (n=447)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocyte count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11h16 (7h21-16h00)</td>
                  <td align="center">11h00 (8h20-16h01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.195</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">223 (82-301)</td>
                  <td align="center">225 (99-309)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.183</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.22 (0.14-0.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23 (0.15-0.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.566</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocyte count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.63 (0.43-0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65 (0.42-1.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.356</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7.14 (5.25-10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.05 (4.71-10.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.178</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Immature to total neutrophil ratio <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.05 (0.01-0.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06 (0.01-0.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.322</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.03 (0.01-0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (0.01-0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.386</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.09 (0.06-0.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08 (0.06-0.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">33.47 (20.37-48.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.52 (19.21-51.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.221</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIV <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3.52 (1.41-6.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.18 (2.38-10.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7.63 (3.25-13.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.59 (2.81-13.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.885</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIRI <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (0.01-0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (0.01-0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.108</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a</sup> median (interquartile range). *P &lt;0.05 was considered statically significant. hsPDA: hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; MLR: monocyte to lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PIV: pan immune inflammation value; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune inflammation index; SIRI: systemic inflammation response index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Box plot of systemic inflammatory indices based on hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus. *P &lt;0.05 was considered statically significant. hsPDA: hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; MLR: monocyte to lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PIV: pan immune inflammation value; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune inflammation index; SIRI: systemic inflammation response index.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240211-40211-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Four hundred and six patients were included in the hsPDA with medical treatment group and 41 patients in the hsPDA with surgical ligation group. The mean surgical ligation day was 22&#177;11 days. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of systemic inflammatory indices. The results are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Leukocyte parameters according to medical treatment and surgical ligation in hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>hsPDA with medical treatment (n=406)</th>
                  <th>hsPDA with surgical ligation (n=41)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocyte count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11h00 (8h00-16h00)</td>
                  <td align="center">12h90 (8h60-20h30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.375</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">220 (95-277)</td>
                  <td align="center">246 (104-299)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.291</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.22 (0.15-0.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30 (0.19-0.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocyte count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.61 (0.42-1.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72 (0.47-1.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.281</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte count (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6.98 (4.71-10.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.69 (5.12-12.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.314</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Immature to total neutrophil ratio <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.03 (0.01-0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03 (0.01-0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.401</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (0.01-0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03 (0.01-0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.961</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.08 (0.04-0.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09 (0.04-0.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">35.12 (20.37-48.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.42 (19.21-41.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.708</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIV <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.95 (1.41-9.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.08 (3.32-15.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.349</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7.63 (10.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.47 (3.66-12.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.730</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIRI <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 (0.01-0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (0.01-0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.274</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a</sup> median (interquartile range). hsPDA: hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; MLR: monocyte to lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PIV: pan immune inflammation value; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune inflammation index; SIRI: systemic inflammation response index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>ROC analysis was performed for PIV to evaluate the predictivity of hsPDA in infants &lt;32 GW. AUC, 95% confidence interval, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV values, and ROC graph of PIV are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>. After even multiple logistic regression analyses, PIV was shown to be a significant parameter for the diagnosis of hsPDA (OR 1.972, 95% CI 1.114-3.011. p=0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Receiver operating characteristic curves for pan immune inflammation value in hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in &lt; 32 gestational weeks. AUC: area under curve; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; PIV: pan immune inflammation value.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240211-40211-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In our study, the predictive and diagnostic value of systemic inflammatory indices in hsPDA was evaluated. According to literature results, our study was the first to assess the effect of six systemic inflammatory indices in preterms with hsPDA. Based on our results, it was found that NLR, MLR, PLR, SII, and SIRI could not be used as a meaningful indicator for the prediction of hsPDA. We found that the PIV was the effective and only parameter for the prediction of hsPDA in the six systemic inflammatory indices.</p>
        <p>It has been stated that high NLR, MLR, and PLR values may have important roles in determining the prognosis of diseases such as sepsis, cardiovascular diseases and malignancies in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, in the field of neonatology, there is little data on the relationship between NLR, MLR, PLR, and neonatal diseases. High NLR values are shown to be associated with neonatal sepsis, TTN, ROP, IVH, and NEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> On the contrary, studies are reporting that NLR, MLR, and PLR are not significant for the diagnosis of EOS and ROP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Additionally, NLR was not found to be an important parameter in newborns with PDA at 28-37 weeks of gestation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>Recent studies in preterm infants have reported that high SII values may be new markers for the diagnosis of RDS, and high SIRI values may be a new marker for the prediction and diagnosis of moderate to severe BPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the inconsistency in the results of studies evaluating NLR, MLR, and PLR in both neonatology and other age groups, the search for new systemic inflammatory indices that can be used in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases continues. In this context, it has been determined that high SII may be an effective parameter in determining the prognosis and mortality in patients with cancer, patients with pulmonary embolism, and multiple sclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> It has been determined that an increase in SIRI may be an early diagnostic indicator for bloodstream infection in patients requiring hemodialysis and a prognostic marker in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> On the other hand, PIV is a newer parameter, and it has been reported that its high level may be associated with the prognosis of patients with cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The number of studies evaluating six systemic inflammatory indices as a diagnostic and prognostic factor in some diseases is very limited. Urbanowicz et al. reported that six systemic inflammatory indices were increased in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass in the postoperative period, and NLR and SIRI could be effective markers for postoperative survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Zinellu et al. found that patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with a PIV (also called the aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI)) &#8805;434 had a shorter median survival time. NLR, MLR, PLR, SII, and SIRI were not associated with survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ceran et al. determined that NLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV values were higher in patients with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) compared to the control group, but PLR was lower than the control group. After therapeutic hypothermia, a significant increase was found in the PLR value, along with a considerable decrease in NLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV values. Moreover, it has been reported that the NLR value is the significant parameter among six systemic inflammatory indices, which has the highest predictive power for HIE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> We found that only the PIV value was the effective systemic inflammatory indices in the diagnosis of hsPDA.</p>
        <p>In cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, there is an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and an inflammatory response to injury involving neutrophils and lymphocytes. Therefore, the NLR parameter may become a stronger predictor in patients with HIE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> As in the pathophysiology of HIE, hypoxia is a factor in the pathophysiology of ductal closure. Considering the increased neutrophil, monocytes, and decreased lymphocyte counts due to low oxygen tension, systemic inflammatory indices may become a marker for the diagnosis of hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> While proinflammatory mediators and low oxygen tension affect ductal closure, the effect of leukocyte cells on ductal closure is not fully known. In this respect, it is not easy to interpret the systemic inflammatory indices obtained from the leukocyte count in diseases with complex pathophysiology, such as PDA. In this case, it may be more accurate to find the parameter with the highest predictive value for hsPDA.</p>
        <p>Accelerated megakaryocyte proliferation, increased platelet destruction, and thrombocytosis are associated with inflammation and ischemia. Since increased or decreased platelet count and decreased lymphocyte count are associated with both aggregation and inflammation, they can be used as risk factor markers in hsPDA. Therefore, systemic inflammatory indices (PLR, SII, and PIV) in which platelets are included may be used in the diagnosis of hsPDA. Platelets play an important role both structurally and functionally in DA closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In relation to that, it was determined that PLR was higher in the hsPDA group on the 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd,</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> days after birth in babies with a GW of &lt;34 weeks. Similar to our results, platelet count was not found to be associated with hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, in our study, PLR value was not found to be a significant parameter in the diagnosis of hsPDA. This may be due to the fact that our patients are more immature, and blood samples are taken only within the first 24 hours.</p>
        <p>SII elevation was found to be a significant parameter in mortality associated with coronary artery bypass surgery in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> It has been reported that SII value is a valuable marker in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis in term newborns with congenital heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> However, the relationship between SII value and PDA has not been evaluated before. In our results, it was found that the SII parameter was not valuable in the prediction of hsPDA. In some adult studies, PIV was shown to be the effective prognostic value among six inflammatory indices in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, the PIV value, calculated by including all leukocyte parameters, was found to be effective in predicting hsPDA. According to our results, low oxygen tension and inflammation may result in increased lymphocyte apoptosis neutrophil and monocyte counts as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In our data, only the relationship between systemic inflammatory indices and hsPDA was evaluated. Among these six indices, PIV stands out as the only parameter associated with hsPDA. PIV may have been a significant parameter in relation to both PDA and low oxygen tension and inflammation, with possibly all lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets being affected. This hypothesis should be evaluated in future prospective studies.</p>
        <p>Consequently, both leukocyte cells responsible for inflammation and platelets are thought to play a role in the ductal closure process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Thus, the PIV value may come forward as an important parameter in hsPDA predictivity. As in our results, although there is no difference in neutrophil, monocytes, lymphocyte, and platelet counts between the groups, PIV may be the effective parameter for hsPDA when all parameters are evaluated together. However, our results are only valid for systemic inflammatory indices obtained within the first 24 hours in premature infants with GW &lt;32 weeks and hsPDA. During 24 hours after premature birth, inflammatory indices could rise due to EOS, for example, from chorioamnionitis, which is often a cause of prematurity. It would be further to analyze the immature total neutrophil ratio, which is known as an early indicator of EOS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> In our results, both immature to total neutrophil ratio and EOS ratio were similar between the groups, but the PIV value was found as a parameter that can be used in hsPDA follow-up.</p>
        <p>Another result in our study was that the diagnostic PIV cutoff value of hsPDA was &gt;8.66, which was lower than the cutoff values in other studies involving &gt;410 for HIE, &gt;390 for metastatic colorectal cancer, and &gt;663 for mortality in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The main reason for this difference in cutoff values for PIV in the studies may be due to the age of the patients, differences in diagnosis, time of blood collection, and being term or preterm. As neutrophil counts are low and monocyte and lymphocyte counts are high in term infants at normal reference range values compared to adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Moreover, the number of monocytes and lymphocytes decreases physiologically in the postnatal days after birth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> As the GW decreases in preterm babies, the normal reference values of monocytes and lymphocytes increase while neutrophil values decrease. In addition, there is a slight decrease in the normal reference values of platelet counts in preterm babies compared to term babies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> According to these data, when interpreting the systemic inflammatory indices obtained from the blood count in newborns, the GW and blood collection time must be taken into account in diseases with complex pathophysiology, such as DA.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we aimed to identify systemic inflammatory indices that could predict the presence of hsPDA. Moreover, we evaluated the relationship between systemic inflammatory indices and hsPDA received medical treatment, and hsPDA required surgical ligation. Systemic inflammatory index were similar between both groups. In our study, systemic inflammatory indices were evaluated only within the first 24 hours of life. As hsPDA was diagnosed around 3 days, the systemic inflammatory index may have a predictive value in the diagnosis of hsPDA. Surgical ligation was applied after two courses of medical treatment; thus, the ligation day was extended up to postnatal 3 weeks. It was not an effective parameter to evaluate the need for surgical ligation, which was the late morbidity associated with hsPDA. We suggest that patients with hsPDA may be investigated for deciding ductal ligation during postnatal medical treatment by evaluating PIV values.</p>
        <p>As the GW decreases, the frequency of hsPDA increases. However, there is no single parameter with a high power of predictivity to help determine which premature baby will have hsPDA. Such a parameter may assist the clinician in estimating the patient at risk for hsPDA during the follow-up of the preterm infant. Such a kind of this parameter may also shed light on the morbidities of prematurity that may be associated with hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> In this regard, PIV may be a novel parameter for hsPDA. Besides the important contributing value of PIV in the predictivity of hsPDA, PIV is a cheap, quickly accessible parameter that does not require additional cost. According to our results, although PIV was an effective parameter in the predictivity of hsPDA, it was not a useful parameter indicating the need for ductal ligation. However, the PIV value evaluated within the first day can predict hsPDA, which was an early morbidity of preterm infants. It was not an effective parameter to assess the need for surgical ligation, which was the late morbidity associated with hsPDA. We suggest that patients with hsPDA may be investigated for deciding ductal ligation during postnatal medical treatment by evaluating PIV values.</p>
        <p>Our study had some limitations, as it contained data from a single center and was designed retrospectively. Blood samples were taken from all premature infants within the first 24 hours of life. Thus, the effect of systemic inflammatory indices on DA in subsequent postnatal days could not be evaluated. In addition, data on systemic inflammatory index before and after treatment could not be analyzed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our study is the first to evaluate six systemic inflammatory indices in the diagnosis and prediction of hsPDA in premature infants. Among six systemic inflammatory indices, PIV was found to be the effective parameter in the diagnosis and prediction of hsPDA. Therefore, PIV can be easily accessible, quickly used, and a low-cost, simple indicator for the diagnosis of hsPDA. However, the role of PIV as a predictive and diagnostic marker for hsPDA needs to be confirmed by other prospective studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Zekai Tahir Burak Hospital under the protocol number 29/2019. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
