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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BHNmcnKcnNgKc5YDYkVrxSp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240155</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determina&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de Glicog&#234;nio Sintase 3 Beta em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, um Novo Marcador para Diagn&#243;stico e Defini&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade da Doen&#231;a?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Altunbas</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7081-5799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duzen</surname>
            <given-names>Veysel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaya</surname>
            <given-names>Emin Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0681-3267</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gokdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Hafize Gokce</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1251-3148</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Taysi</surname>
            <given-names>Seyithan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gaziantep University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gaziantep</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Gaziantep &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gaziantep City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gaziantep</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gaziantep City Hospital, Training and Research Hospital, Gaziantep &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hatay Dortyol State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hatay</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hatay Dortyol State Hospital, Hatay &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Biochemistry</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gaziantep University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gaziantep</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Biochemistry, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Gaziantep &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Mehmet Kaplan &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, 27310, Gaziantep &#8211; Turquia; E-mail: <email>kardiomehmet27@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240155</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Determina&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de Glicog&#234;nio Sintase 3 Beta em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, um Novo Marcador para Diagn&#243;stico e Defini&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade da Doen&#231;a?</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BHNmcnKcnNgKc5YDYkVrxSp/91be106f258d055fa7b880461267997347d97f78.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A glicog&#234;nio sintase quinase 3&#946; (GSK3&#946;) &#233; uma enzima que tem pap&#233;is na patog&#234;nese da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Tentamos revelar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK3&#946; em tipos de IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Neste estudo, avaliamos os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK3&#946; em pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, tentamos elucidar qualquer poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK3&#946; e a gravidade da doen&#231;a entre tr&#234;s tipos diferentes de pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Realizamos um estudo prospectivo e inscrevemos 112 pacientes: 50 pacientes no grupo IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), 30 pacientes no grupo IC com FE levemente reduzida (ICFEmr) e 32 pacientes no grupo IC com FE reduzida (ICFEr). Tamb&#233;m avaliamos 50 controles saud&#225;veis. Exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados. Medimos a GSK-3&#946; s&#233;rica e o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP). Medimos os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa altamente sens&#237;vel (PCR-as) e calculamos a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR) e a raz&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos (PLR) a partir da contagem do hemograma. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aceita foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK3&#946; foram significativamente maiores entre pacientes com IC em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis (n&#237;veis medianos de GSK3&#946;; 117,26 (45,39 -223,85) vs 13,91 (5,6 -23,3) ng/mL, p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de GSK3&#946; foram maiores entre pacientes com ICFEp e menores entre pacientes com ICFEr; 236,44 (132,89 -432) vs. 38,72 (23,15-67,31) ng/mL, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). Os n&#237;veis medianos de NT-proBNP, como esperado, foram significativamente maiores entre pacientes com IC em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis (660 (291 -1000) vs. 92 (78 -102) pg/mL, p&lt;0,001). Como um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, os valores de hsCRP, NLR e PLR n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre pacientes com IC e controles. Conclus&#227;o: Os n&#237;veis de GSK3&#946; foram significativamente maiores entre pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, &#224; medida que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminui, os n&#237;veis de GSK3&#946; tamb&#233;m se reduzem, provavelmente como um mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o para evitar mais apoptose e morte de mi&#243;citos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Quinase 3 da Glicog&#234;nio Sintase</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) est&#227;o aumentando em todo o mundo. Devido aos avan&#231;os cada vez maiores no tratamento de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular, arritmias e at&#233; mesmo cardiomiopatias inflamat&#243;rias e gen&#233;ticas, a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia aumenta, e isso resulta em mais pacientes vivendo com IC. Al&#233;m disso, o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o levam a um aumento no n&#250;mero de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Com base nas diretrizes recentes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia sobre a defini&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, existem tr&#234;s tipos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com base na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE): insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr), onde a FEVE &#233; &#8804;40%, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida (ICFEmr), onde a FE est&#225; entre 41 e 49% e, finalmente; ICFEp, onde a FE &#233; &#8805;50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A glicog&#234;nio sintase quinase 3 (GSK 3&#946;) &#233; uma serina-treonina quinase que foi descoberta primeiro como a principal enzima respons&#225;vel pelo metabolismo do glicog&#234;nio. No entanto, descobertas recentes sugerem que essa enzima tem v&#225;rios pap&#233;is em uma infinidade de fun&#231;&#245;es celulares, incluindo regula&#231;&#227;o de fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o, embriog&#234;nese, progress&#227;o do ciclo celular, prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, fibrose, apoptose, hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e at&#233; mesmo express&#227;o g&#234;nica. No que diz respeito, h&#225; v&#225;rios estudos indicando seu papel em v&#225;rios estados de doen&#231;a, incluindo les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;a de Alzheimer e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Quanto &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular, a principal &#225;rea de interesse &#233; o papel da GSK 3 na les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o. Recentemente, o papel da GSK 3 na IC ganhou mais interesse. As principais descobertas sugerem que a inibi&#231;&#227;o sustentada da GSK3 induz hipertrofia e inibe a apoptose, e essa regula&#231;&#227;o negativa na IC pode ser vista como uma resposta compensat&#243;ria e mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> &#192; luz desta pesquisa, quer&#237;amos avaliar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK-3 beta em tr&#234;s perfis diferentes de IC e comparar os resultados com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, inscrevemos pacientes com IC e controles saud&#225;veis entre 18 e 65 anos de idade. Com base nas diretrizes mais recentes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> categorizamos os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em tr&#234;s grupos: 50 pacientes no grupo de ICFEp, 30 pacientes no grupo de ICFEmr e 32 pacientes no grupo de ICFEr. Tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;mos 50 controles saud&#225;veis para comparar os resultados com pacientes com IC. Determinamos o n&#250;mero de pacientes em cada grupo por conveni&#234;ncia. A GSK-3&#946; (BT Lab, N&#250;mero de cat&#225;logo: E3196Hu, China) foi determinada com um kit comercial. A intensidade da cor gerada pelo m&#233;todo de ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA) foi medida com um leitor de ELISA (Biotek ELx800, EUA). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Gaziantep, Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica. Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como ng/mL. O n&#237;vel de pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) foi medido com um analisador de hemoglobina totalmente autom&#225;tico e dispositivos UNICELL-S (Shenzen, China). Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como pg/mL. Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa alta sensibilidade (PCR-as) s&#233;rica foram determinados com o dispositivo Beckman Coulter Chemistry Analyzer AU5800 (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA 92821 EUA). Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como mg/mL.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas transtor&#225;cicas foram registradas com base nos padr&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. A FEVE foi determinada usando a f&#243;rmula 2D de Simpson nas vistas apicais de quatro c&#226;maras e duas c&#226;maras. Para determinar a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica para ICFEp, usamos tr&#234;s determinantes principais da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica: velocidades diast&#243;licas precoces (E) e tardias (A) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo que foram registradas nas pontas dos folhetos da valva mitral na vista apical de quatro c&#226;maras, velocidades diast&#243;licas Doppler tecidual (e&#8217;) registradas no septo interventricular e na parede livre lateral e velocidade do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dessas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, sintomas cl&#237;nicos e achados de IC tamb&#233;m foram necess&#225;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas por meio de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas por meio de mediana e intervalo interquartil. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, os dados foram expressos como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. Os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram avaliados com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e revelaram que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (p&lt;0,05). Ao comparar essas vari&#225;veis aos grupos de estudo, foram usados os test U de Mann-Whitney ou o de Kruskal Wallis. Para determinar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, foi usado o teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Dunn. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o SPSS 22.0, e p &lt; 0,05 foi determinado como o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Inscrevemos 112 pacientes com IC e 50 controles saud&#225;veis. A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo foi de 59,57 &#177; 9,24 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes e controles foram resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi semelhante entre os grupos de pacientes e controles e entre pacientes com diferentes grupos de IC. Como um marcador de gravidade da doen&#231;a e progn&#243;stico, o marcador caracter&#237;stico da IC, os n&#237;veis medianos do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) foram significativamente maiores no grupo de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles saud&#225;veis (660 (291 -1000) vs. 92 (78 -102) p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, houve um aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,01). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK-3&#946; foram significativamente aumentados em pacientes com IC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle saud&#225;vel (117,26 (45,39 -223,85) vs 13,91 (5,6 -23,3) p &lt; 0,001). Os pacientes com IC foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos com base na FEVE: a) ICFEp onde a FEVE &#233; &#8805; 50%, b) ICFEmr onde a FEVE &#233; &#8805; 40%, mas &lt; 50% e c) ICFEr onde a FEVE &#233; &lt; 40%. Ao considerar diferentes grupos de IC com base na FEVE, os n&#237;veis de GSK-3&#946; foram mais baixos entre os pacientes com ICFEr (mediana 38,72) e mais altos entre os pacientes com ICFEp (mediana 236,44) (p &lt; 0,001). Ao avaliar pacientes com IC, em tr&#234;s grupos com base na FEVE, os n&#237;veis de GSK-3&#946; foram significativamente menores entre os pacientes com fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mais baixas. Entre os pacientes com ICFEP, os n&#237;veis medianos de GSK-3&#946; foram 236,44, enquanto os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK-3&#946; foram 129,2 para pacientes com ICFEM e 38,72 para pacientes com ICFEr (p&lt;0,001). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP tamb&#233;m aumentaram significativamente com a diminui&#231;&#227;o das fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,001). Como um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o e progn&#243;stico, os n&#237;veis de PCR-as e as raz&#245;es NLR foram semelhantes entre os diferentes grupos de IC com base na FEVE. As diferen&#231;as e compara&#231;&#245;es dentro do grupo s&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Controles</th>
                <th>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</th>
                <th>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>GSK-3&#946; (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,91 (5,6 -23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">117,26 (45,39 -223,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (78 -102 )</td>
                <td align="center">660 (291 -1000 )</td>
                <td align="center">0,001***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (55 -57 )</td>
                <td align="center">44,5 (35 -53,5 )</td>
                <td align="center">0,001***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-as (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2 -8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4,78 (2 -7,05 )</td>
                <td align="center">0,405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;cito</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,21 -11,53)</td>
                <td align="center">9,71 (7,21 -11,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,878</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas</td>
                <td align="center">258,5 (225 -311 )</td>
                <td align="center">281 (237 -333 )</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito</td>
                <td align="center">2,23 (1,78 -4,87)</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 (1,5 -3,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,187</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filo</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (4,96 -7,77 )</td>
                <td align="center">6,01 (4,44 -7,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,71 -1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,7 -0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFGe</td>
                <td align="center">82,36 (65 -109 )</td>
                <td align="center">99,5 (72 -109,5 )</td>
                <td align="center">0,200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR</td>
                <td align="center">2,06 (1,12 -4,02)</td>
                <td align="center">2,32 (1,61 -4,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,212</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PLR</td>
                <td align="center">111,05 (57,7 -150,25)</td>
                <td align="center">123,93 (79,21 -180,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>***p&lt;0,001; Teste U de Mann-Whitney. GSK-3&#946;: glicog&#234;nio sintase quinase 3 beta; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa altamente sens&#237;vel; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>); NLR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PLR: raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;as e compara&#231;&#245;es dentro do grupo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Controles saud&#225;veis e tipos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</th>
                <th>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">GSK-3&#946; (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">13,91 (5,6 -23,3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,001***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">38,72 (23,15 -67,31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">129,2 (78,9 -199,63)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">236,44 (132,89 -432)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">92 (78 -102)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,001***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">1110 (817,5 -2220)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">607 (430 -780)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">225 (180 -312)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">PCR-as (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2 -8,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,44 -9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1 -6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">3,64 (2 -6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Leuc&#243;cito</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,21 -11,53)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">9,86 (7,12 -11,77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">9,87 (7,21 -11,06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 (7,67 -12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Plaquetas</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">258,5 (225 -311)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">272 (237,5 -358,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">280,5 (228 -321)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">281 (238 -365)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Linf&#243;cito</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">2,23 (1,78 -4,87)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 (1,53 -4,87)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 (1,56 -2,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">2,34 (1,42 -3,12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Neutr&#243;filo</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (4,96 -7,77)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,025*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">7,59 (5,41 -8,33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">5,95 (4,35 -6,87)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">4,99 (4,37 -7,77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">NLR</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">2,06 (1,12 -4,02)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,601</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">2,13 (1,12 -4,62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">2,62 (1,67 -3,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">2,28 (1,87 -3,49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">PLR</td>
                <td align="center">Controles saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">111,05 (57,7 -150,25)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">116,22 (53,62 -175,07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEmr</td>
                <td align="center">119,25 (86,34 -161,04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">147,33 (101,08 -190)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>***: p&lt;0,001 (diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa muito forte). *: p&lt;0,05 (diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa). GSK-3&#946;: glicog&#234;nio sintase quinase 3 beta; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa altamente sens&#237;vel; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>); NLR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PLR: raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos marcadores estabelecidos para progn&#243;stico entre pacientes com IC e, como um marcador novo e promissor, medimos os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK-3&#946; e comparamos os resultados com controles saud&#225;veis. A principal descoberta do estudo foi que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK-3&#946; aumentaram significativamente entre pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, com a redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de GSK-3&#946; tiveram uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis mais altos de n&#237;veis de GSK-3&#946; foram registrados entre pacientes com ICFEp. A glicog&#234;nio sintase quinase (GSK) tem duas isoformas, &#945; e &#946;. Para mecanismos espec&#237;ficos do cora&#231;&#227;o, a isoforma &#946; ganhou muito interesse. Estudos recentes revelaram que a GSK-3&#946; tem um papel importante no pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, p&#243;s-condicionamento, hipertrofia e IC. Entre v&#225;rias vias e mecanismos, o efeito da GSK-3&#946; na fisiologia card&#237;aca &#233; exercido pela fosforila&#231;&#227;o de reguladores transcricionais e fatores de inicia&#231;&#227;o translacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A GSK-3&#946; ativada previne o crescimento hipertr&#243;fico de mi&#243;citos e, especialmente no processo de avan&#231;o da IC, a GSK-3&#946; &#233; inibida provavelmente como um mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK-3&#946; foram mais altos entre pacientes com ICFEp. Com a redu&#231;&#227;o das fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de GSK-3&#946; estavam diminuindo constantemente, e essa diferen&#231;a atingiu uma diferen&#231;a fortemente significativa (p&lt;0,001). Nossas descobertas apoiam descobertas de pesquisas anteriores de que, com o avan&#231;o da IC, a GSK-3 &#233; regulada negativamente como um mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o. Outro suporte para essa descoberta vem de um estudo animal. Kirk et al. avaliaram cora&#231;&#245;es de c&#227;es com IC com dissincronia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>&#186; Eles usaram terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) para esses animais e descobriram que o GSK-3&#946; foi desativado nesses cora&#231;&#245;es e reativado pela TRC. Al&#233;m disso, a TRC melhorou a responsividade ao c&#225;lcio dos miofilamentos por meio da reativa&#231;&#227;o do GSK-3. Essa descoberta tamb&#233;m sugere uma poss&#237;vel abordagem terap&#234;utica para terapias de IC em um futuro pr&#243;ximo. N&#243;s medimos os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP, que &#233; aceito como o biomarcador padr&#227;o para IC tanto no diagn&#243;stico quanto na determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e tamb&#233;m na avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis, os n&#237;veis medianos de NT-proBNP foram significativamente maiores entre pacientes com IC. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi positivamente correlacionada com os n&#237;veis de GSK-3&#946;, que tamb&#233;m foram significativamente aumentados entre pacientes com IC em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis. A partir deste ponto, podemos assumir que o GSK-3&#946; pode ser usado como um novo biomarcador para IC como o BNP. No entanto, estudos adicionais com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Como um fator de risco estabelecido para eventos cardiovasculares e especialmente coron&#225;rios futuros, tamb&#233;m medimos os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as. Tanto para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria quanto para IC, a PCR-as &#233; um marcador estabelecido para progn&#243;stico. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as foram semelhantes entre controles saud&#225;veis e pacientes com IC. Outros marcadores amplamente estudados de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica s&#227;o a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (NLR) e a raz&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos (PLR). A inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#233; aceita como uma etapa patog&#234;nica fundamental tanto para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose quanto para IC. Al&#233;m disso, um n&#237;vel aumentado de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#233; aceito como um marcador de progn&#243;stico ruim para eventos coron&#225;rios agudos e IC cr&#244;nica. Em sua grande metan&#225;lise, Dong et al. avaliaram 9.406 pacientes de oito estudos e revelaram que a NLR &#233; um marcador de progn&#243;stico ruim para pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda recente, e valores mais altos de NLR basal foram associados ao aumento da mortalidade hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uthamalingam et al. avaliaram pacientes hospitalizados por IC aguda descompensada e revelaram que valores aumentados de NLR foram independentemente associados &#224; mortalidade a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os valores medianos de NLR foram semelhantes tanto para controles saud&#225;veis e para pacientes com IC (p: 0,212). Al&#233;m disso, os valores medianos de NLR foram semelhantes entre diferentes subgrupos de IC (p: 0,601). O n&#250;mero relativamente baixo de pacientes pode explicar essa falta de diferen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o inscrevemos pacientes com descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda. Como NLR &#233; geralmente um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda e, portanto, a descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda de IC provavelmente causaria eleva&#231;&#227;o dos valores de NLR calculados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo e perspectivas futuras</title>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes inscritos. O maior n&#250;mero de pacientes produziria dados clinicamente mais relevantes e robustos. A via da glicog&#234;nio sintase quinase beta est&#225; ganhando interesse crescente na via da IC. Com uma maior compreens&#227;o dessa via, novas terapias para IC visando a via GSK podem se tornar dispon&#237;veis em um futuro pr&#243;ximo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de GSK-3&#946; aumentaram significativamente entre pacientes com IC em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de GSK-3 mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, apontando para um poss&#237;vel mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m um alvo terap&#234;utico para o tratamento de IC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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              <surname>Torbica</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240155i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determination of Serum Glycogen Synthase 3 Beta Levels in Patients with Heart Failure, a Novel Marker for Diagnosis and Defining Disease Severity?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Altunbas</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7081-5799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duzen</surname>
            <given-names>Veysel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaya</surname>
            <given-names>Emin Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0681-3267</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gokdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Hafize Gokce</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1251-3148</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Taysi</surname>
            <given-names>Seyithan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Gaziantep &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gaziantep City Hospital, Training and Research Hospital, Gaziantep &#8211;Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hatay Dortyol State Hospital, Hatay &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Biochemistry, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Gaziantep &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Mehmet Kaplan &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, 27310, Gaziantep &#8211; Turkey; E-mail: kardiomehmet27@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Determination of Serum Glycogen Synthase 3 Beta Levels in Patients with Heart Failure, a Novel Marker for Diagnosis and Defining Disease Severity?</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240155-40155-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Glycogen synthase kinase 3&#946; (GSK3&#946;) is an enzyme that has roles in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). We try to reveal serum GSK3&#946; levels in types of HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> In this study, we evaluated serum GSK3&#946; levels in HF patients. Also, we tried to elucidate any possible relationship between serum GSK3&#946; levels and disease severity among three different types of HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We performed a prospective study and enrolled 112 patients: 50 patients in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) group, 30 patients in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) group, and 32 patients in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction group (HFrEF). We also evaluated 50 healthy controls. Echocardiographic examinations were performed. We measured serum GSK-3&#946; and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). We measured highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and calculated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) from the hemogram count. Statistical significance was accepted p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Serum GSK3&#946; levels were significantly higher among patients with HF compared to healthy controls (median GSK3&#946; levels; 117.26 (45.39 -223.85) vs 13.91 (5.6 -23.3) ng/mL, p&lt;0.001). Also, GSK3&#946; levels were highest among patients with HFpEF and lowest among patients with HFrEF; 236.44 (132.89 -432) vs. 38.72 (23.15-67.31) ng/mL respectively (p&lt;0.001). Median NT-proBNP levels, as expected, were significantly higher among patients with HF compared to healthy controls (660 (291 -1000) vs. 92 (78 -102) pg/mL, p&lt;0.001). As a marker of systemic inflammation, hsCRP values, NLR, and PLR did not differ significantly among HF patients and controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> GSK3&#946; levels were significantly higher among patients with HF. Also, as the ejection fraction declines, GSK3&#946; levels also reduce, probably as a protective mechanism to prevent further apoptosis and myocyte death.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) is increasing worldwide. Due to ever-growing advances in the treatment of coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, and even inflammatory and genetic cardiomyopathies, the probability of survival increases, and this results in more patients living with HF. Also, the aging population and the increased incidence of hypertension lead to an increased number of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Based on the European Society of Cardiology&#8217;s recent guidelines on HF definition, there are three types of HF based on left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF): heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) where LVEF is &#8804; 40%, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) where EF is between 41 and 49% and finally; HFpEF where EF is &#8805; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK 3) is a serine-threonine kinase that was primarily discovered as the main enzyme responsible for glycogen metabolism. However, recent findings suggest that this enzyme has various roles in a multitude of cellular functions, including regulation of transcription factors, embryogenesis, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, fibrosis, apoptosis, myocardial hypertrophy, and even gene expression. As regards there are numerous studies indicating its role in various disease states, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, cancer, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As for cardiovascular disease, the main area of interest is the role of GSK 3 in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recently, the role of GSK 3 in HF has gained more interest. The main findings suggest that sustained inhibition of GSK3 induces hypertrophy and inhibits apoptosis, and this downregulation in HF can be viewed as a compensatory response and protective mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In light of this research, we wanted to evaluate serum levels of GSK-3 beta levels in three different HF profiles and compare the results with healthy subjects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>In this study, we enrolled HF patients and healthy controls between 18 and 65 years of age. Based on the most recent European Society of Cardiology guidelines on HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> we categorized HF patients into three groups: 50 patients in HFpEF group, 30 patients in HFmrEF group and 32 patients in HFrEF. We also included 50 healthy controls to compare the results with HF patients. We determined the number of patients in each group by convenience. The glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3&#946;) (BT Lab, Catalog No: E3196Hu, China) level was determined with a commercial kit. The color intensity generated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was measured with an ELISA reader (Biotek ELx800, USA). All procedures were performed at Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry. Results are expressed as ng/mL. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level was measured with a fully automatic Hemoglobin Analyzer and UNICELL-S (Shenzen, China) devices. Results are expressed as pg/mL. Serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were determined with the Beckman Coulter Chemistry Analyzer AU5800 (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA 92821 USA) device. Results are expressed as mg/mL.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Transthoracic echocardiographic measurements were recorded based on American Society of Echocardiography standards. The left ventricular ejection fraction was determined using the 2D Simpson formula from both apical four-chamber and two-chamber views. To determine the presence of diastolic dysfunction for HFpEF group, we used three main determinants of diastolic dysfunction: left ventricle early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities which were recorded at mitral valve leaflet tips from apical 4-chamber view, tissue Doppler diastolic velocities (e&#8217;) recorded at interventricular septum and lateral free wall and tricuspid valve regurgitation jet velocity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In addition to these echocardiographic variables, clinical symptoms and findings of HF were also needed for the diagnosis of HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution were described through mean &#177; standard deviation, and continuous variables without normal distribution were described through median and interquartile range. For categorical variables, data were expressed as frequency and percentage. Biochemical parameters were evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test and revealed that they did not show normal distribution (p&lt;0.05). While comparing these variables to study groups, the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal Wallis tests were used. In order to determine the difference between groups, Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparison test was used. Additionally, Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the association between numerical variables. Analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0, and p&lt;0.05 was determined as the level of statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We enrolled 112 patients with HF and 50 healthy controls. The mean age of the total study population was 59.57 &#177; 9.24 years. The baseline characteristics of the patients and controls were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Mean age was similar both between patient and control groups and between patients with different HF groups. As a marker of disease severity and prognosis, the hallmark marker of HF, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) median levels were significantly higher in the patient group compared to healthy controls (660 (291 -1000) vs. 92 (78 -102) p&lt; 0.001). Also, there was a significant increase in NT-proBNP levels with decreasing ejection fraction (p&lt;0.01). Serum GSK-3&#946; levels were significantly increased in HF patients compared to healthy control (117.26 (45.39 -223.85) vs 13.91 (5.6 -23.3) p&lt;0.001). HF patients were divided into three groups based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): a) HFpEF where LVEF is &gt; 50%, b) HFmrEF where LVEF is &gt; 40% but &lt;50% and c) HFrEF where LVEF is &lt;40%. While considering different HF groups based on LVEF, GSK-3&#946; levels were lowest among patients with HFrEF (median 38.72) and highest among patients with HFpEF (median 236.44) (p&lt;0.001). While evaluating patients with HF, in three groups based on LVEF, GSK-3&#946; levels were significantly lower among patients with lower left ventricular ejection fractions. Among patients with HFpEF, median GSK-3&#946; levels were 236.44, whereas serum GSK-3&#946; levels were 129.2 for patients with HFmrEF and 38.72 for patients with HFrEF (p&lt;0.001). Serum BNP levels were also significantly increased with decreasing ejection fractions (p&lt;0.001). As a marker of inflammation and prognosis, hs-CRP levels and NLR ratios were similar between different HF groups based on LVEF. In-group differences and comparisons are summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the patients and controls</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Controls</th>
                  <th>Patients with heart failure</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Median (Q1-Q3)</th>
                  <th>Median (Q1-Q3)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>GSK-3&#946; (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.91 (5.6 -23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">117.26 (45.39 -223.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (78 -102 )</td>
                  <td align="center">660 (291 -1000 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (55 -57 )</td>
                  <td align="center">44.5 (35 -53.5 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2 -8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.78 (2 -7.05 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0.405</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocyte</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7.21 -11.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.71 (7.21 -11.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.878</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet</td>
                  <td align="center">258.5 (225 -311 )</td>
                  <td align="center">281 (237 -333 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0.252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte</td>
                  <td align="center">2.23 (1.78 -4.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.31 (1.5 -3.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.187</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 (4.96 -7.77 )</td>
                  <td align="center">6.01 (4.44 -7.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 (0.71 -1.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77 (0.7 -0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR</td>
                  <td align="center">82.36 (65 -109 )</td>
                  <td align="center">99.5 (72 -109.5 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0.200</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06 (1.12 -4.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.32 (1.61 -4.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.212</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">111.05 (57.7 -150.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">123.93 (79.21 -180.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.069</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>***p&lt;0.001; Mann-Whitney U test. GSK-3&#946;; glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; hsCRP: highly sensitive C reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; In-group differences and comparisons</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Healthy controls and types of heart failure</th>
                  <th>Median (Q1-Q3)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">GSK-3&#946; (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">13.91 (5.6 -23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.001***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">38.72 (23.15 -67.31)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">129.2 (78.9 -199.63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">236.44 (132.89 -432)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (78 -102)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.001***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">1110 (817.5 -2220)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">607 (430 -780)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">225 (180 -312)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2 -8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.425</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2.44 -9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1 -6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">3.64 (2 -6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Leukocyte</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7.21 -11.53)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">9.86 (7.12 -11.77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">9.87 (7.21 -11.06)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9 (7.67 -12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Platelet</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">258.5 (225 -311)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.550</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">272 (237.5 -358.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">280.5 (228 -321)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">281 (238 -365)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Lymphocyte</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">2.23 (1.78 -4.87)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.31 (1.53 -4.87)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.31 (1.56 -2.75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.34 (1.42 -3.12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Neutrophil</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 (4.96 -7.77)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.025*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">7.59 (5.41 -8.33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">5.95 (4.35 -6.87)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">4.99 (4.37 -7.77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06 (1.12 -4.02)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.601</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.13 (1.12 -4.62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.62 (1.67 -3.95)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.28 (1.87 -3.49)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">Healthy controls</td>
                  <td align="center">111.05 (57.7 -150.25)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">116.22 (53.62 -175.07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">119.25 (86.34 -161.04)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">147.33 (101.08 -190)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>***: p&lt;0.001 (statistically very strong significant difference). *: p&lt;0.05 (statistically significant difference). GSK-3&#946;; glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; hsCRP: highly sensitive C reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we evaluated established markers for prognosis among patients with HF, and as a new and promising marker, we measured serum GSK-3&#946; levels and compared results to healthy controls. The main finding of the study was that serum GSK-3&#946; levels had significantly increased among patients with HF. Also, with reducing ejection fraction, GSK-3&#946; levels had a trend toward a reduction. The highest levels of GSK-3&#946; levels were recorded among patients with HFpEF.</p>
        <p>Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) has two isoforms, &#945; and &#946;. For mechanisms specific to the heart, &#946; isoform has gained much interest. Recent studies revealed that GSK-3&#946; has an important role in ischemic preconditioning, postconditioning, hypertrophy, and HF. Among various pathways and mechanisms, the effect of GSK-3&#946; on cardiac physiology is exerted by phosphorylation of transcriptional regulators and translational initiation factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Activated GSK-3&#946; prevents hypertrophic growth of myocytes, and especially in the process of advancing HF, GSK-3&#946; is inhibited probably as a protective mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In our study, serum GSK-3&#946; levels were highest among patients with HFpEF. With reducing ejection fractions, GSK-3&#946; levels were constantly decreasing, and this difference had reached a strongly significant difference (p&lt;0.001). Our findings support previous research findings that, with advancing HF, GSK-3&#946; is downregulated as a protective mechanism. Another support for this finding comes from an animal study. Kirk et al. evaluated dog hearts with HF with dyssynchrony.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>&#186; They used cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for these animals and found that GSK-3&#946; was deactivated in these hearts and reactivated by CRT. Also, CRT improved the calcium responsiveness of myofilaments through GSK-3 reactivation. This finding also suggests a possible therapeutic approach for HF therapies in the near future.</p>
        <p>We measured serum BNP levels, which is accepted as the standard biomarker for HF both at the diagnosis and determination for prognosis and also evaluating the response to treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As compared to healthy controls, median NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher among patients with HF. This association was positively correlated with GSK-3&#946; levels, which were also significantly increased among patients with HF compared to healthy controls. From this point, we can assume that GSK-3&#946; may be used as a novel biomarker for HF like BNP. However, further studies with a greater number of patients are needed to clarify this association.</p>
        <p>As an established risk factor for future cardiovascular and especially coronary events, we also measured serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels. Both for coronary artery disease and HF, hsCRP is an established marker for prognosis. Serum levels of hs-CRP were similar between healthy controls and patients with HF. Other widely studied markers of systemic inflammation are neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Systemic inflammation is accepted as a key pathogenetic step both for the development of atherosclerosis and HF. Also, an increased level of systemic inflammation is accepted as a poor prognostic marker for acute coronary events and chronic HF. In their large meta-analysis, Dong et al. evaluated 9406 patients from eight studies and revealed that NLR is a poor prognostic marker for patients with recent acute coronary syndrome, and higher baseline NLR values were associated with increased in-hospital mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uthamalingam et al. evaluated patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF and revealed that increased NLR values were independently associated with long-term mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In our study, median values of NLR were similar both for healthy controls and for patients with HF (p:0.212). Also, median NLR values were similar across different HF subgroups (p:0.601). The relatively low number of patients can explain this lack of difference. Also, we did not enroll patients with acute decompensation. Since NLR is generally a marker of acute inflammation and hence acute decompensation of HF would probably cause in elevation of calculated NLR values.</p>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
          <title>Study limitations and future perspectives</title>
          <p>One limitation of our study was the relatively small number of patients enrolled. The higher number of patients would yield more clinically relevant and robust data. The glycogen synthase kinase beta pathway is gaining increased interest in the HF pathway. With an increased understanding of this pathway, new therapies for HF targeting the GSK pathway may become available in the near future.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Serum levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3&#946;) is significantly increased among patients with HF compared to healthy controls. Also, GSK-3&#946; levels showed a significant reduction with reduced ejection fraction, pointing towards a possible protective mechanism and also a therapeutic target for the treatment of HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Gaziantep University School of Medicine under the protocol number 2021-672. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
