<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kXYF6Sf9SJxfvJSXhzp5HNP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240116</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Colesterol N&#227;o Controlado em Indiv&#237;duos com Hipercolesterolemia Grave Acompanhados em um Programa de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9860-6582</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kashiwagi</surname>
            <given-names>Nea Miwa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Regina Lamas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nieri</surname>
            <given-names>Josu&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minanni</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cenocor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guarulhos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cenocor, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">George Institute for Global Health UK</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">George Institute for Global Health UK, Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Raul D. Santos &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701. CEP 05651-901, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil; E-mail: <email>rauldsf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Raul Santos - Amryt, Amgen, Ach&#233;, Astra Zeneca, Esperion, Eli-Lilly, Kowa, Libbs, Novo-Nordisk, Novartis, PTC Therapeutics and Sanofi/Regeneron.</p>
          <p>Fernando Yue Cesena - Sup e educacional da Novo-Nordisk.</p>
          <p>Otavio Berwanger - recebeu subs&#237;dios da AstraZeneca, Amgen, Servier, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Novartis, Pfizer e Boehringer Ingelheim.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240116</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Colesterol N&#227;o Controlado em Indiv&#237;duos com Hipercolesterolemia Grave Acompanhados em um Programa de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de no Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Aus&#234;ncia de controle dos n&#237;veis de colesterol na hipercolesterolemia grave.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kXYF6Sf9SJxfvJSXhzp5HNP/8fa7720180fdac4e2a3f69cd53a0df7e37f4f78d.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kXYF6Sf9SJxfvJSXhzp5HNP/a4dfc0a3a14277fdef8392ca67f45f3b4e6918d2.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kXYF6Sf9SJxfvJSXhzp5HNP/70b837882387904709a14004b618fdfbfc8d0257.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave (HG) s&#227;o considerados sob alto risco de desenvolverem aterosclerose e devem ser intensivamente tratados com medicamentos hipolipemiantes, visando uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de LDL-Colesterol &#8805;50% e uma meta &lt;70 mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o controle dos n&#237;veis de colesterol em indiv&#237;duos com HG (LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL ou 160-189 mg/dL usando medicamentos hipolipemiantes) acompanhados em um programa de avalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram avaliados 55 000 indiv&#237;duos, dos quais 2214 (4%) apresentavam HG, e 1016 (45,8%) foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es repetidas. O alcance das metas de LDL-C foi o desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A idade m&#233;dia (&#177;DP) foi 44,9&#177;8,8 anos; 84,2% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino, e 0,5% relataram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio. A concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de LDL-C foi 203,0&#177;22,0 mg/dL, e apesar de 62,5% dos pacientes terem referido dislipidemia, somente 19% estavam usando drogas hipolipemiantes (5,9% nos casos de LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL). Durante um seguimento de 4,1&#177;2,8 anos, o uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes aumentou de 18,1% para 48,4% (p&lt;0,00001); de 5,9% para 45,4% naqueles com LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (p&lt; 0,00001), embora 31% dos casos com LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL terem interrompido o uso desses f&#225;rmacos. No geral, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 26,7% nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C (p&lt;0,0001). Redu&#231;&#245;es &#8805;50% no LDL-C foram alcan&#231;adas por 19,2%, 19,1%, e 19,7 % de todos os indiv&#237;duos, e naqueles com LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL e 160-189 mg/dL, respectivamente. Somente 3,1% atingiram concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL (2,7% naqueles com LDL-C &#8805; 190 e 5,3% naqueles com 160-189 mg/dL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Uma s&#233;ria lacuna foi encontrada entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento e a realidade em indiv&#237;duos com elevado risco ateroscler&#243;tico por HG.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>#303771/2023-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Amgen Brasil e parcialmente financiado por CNPq n&#250;mero 303771/2023-2.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) &#233; a principal causa de morte no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) plasm&#225;tico &#233; um fator de risco causal para DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A determina&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es do LDL-C &#233;, portanto, uma ferramenta essencial para estimar o risco de DCVA e implementar terapias preventivas. Adultos com hipercolesterolemia grave (HG), definida como LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL, s&#227;o classificados como indiv&#237;duos com alto risco de DCVA independentemente de outras condi&#231;&#245;es de risco, e as diretrizes recomendam terapia com agentes hipolipemiantes e mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida para prevenir o in&#237;cio de DCVA. Para esses indiv&#237;duos, diretrizes dos EUA, Brasil e Europa recomendam uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C de pelo menos 50%, com metas de LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL nas duas &#250;ltimas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, concentra&#231;&#245;es persistentes de LDL-C entre 160 e 189 mg/dL est&#227;o associadas a um risco elevado de DCVA ao longo da vida, s&#227;o consideradas potenciadores do risco, e favorecem o in&#237;cio da terapia com estatina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Programas de avalia&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>checkups</italic> de sa&#250;de t&#234;m como objetivo identificar fatores de risco para DCVA e encaminhar os indiv&#237;duos &#224; assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica adequada quando necess&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> N&#243;s detectamos previamente uma importante lacuna na percep&#231;&#227;o do risco para DCVA, no manejo dos n&#237;veis de colesterol, e consci&#234;ncia sobre a hipercolesterolemia familiar em indiv&#237;duos com HG submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esses achados complementaram outra observa&#231;&#227;o mostrando uma percep&#231;&#227;o inadequada do risco global de DCVA por indiv&#237;duos em risco que possam ter consequ&#234;ncias delet&#233;rias para o controle de fatores de risco e preven&#231;&#227;o de DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A falta de controle adequado dos fatores de risco ou estado da doen&#231;a, e a aus&#234;ncia de ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s os programas de <italic>checkup</italic> &#233; um desafio para os programas de medicina preventiva<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e precisa ser abordada. O objetivo deste estudo foi gerar evid&#234;ncia de mundo real (EMR) sobre a efic&#225;cia do controle do LDL-C de acordo com diretrizes recentes em indiv&#237;duos com HG submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es repetidas em um programa de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de de rotina. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o alcance das metas de LDL-C recomendadas para esses indiv&#237;duos em alto risco (redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805;50% e/ou LDL-C &lt;70 mg/dL).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo consiste em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva de dados coletados prospectivamente de adultos submetidos a um protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina do estado de sa&#250;de em um ambulat&#243;rio de um hospital terci&#225;rio em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. A maioria dos participantes trabalharam em empresas que ofereciam avalia&#231;&#245;es rotineiras de sa&#250;de a seus empregados. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica (CAAE n&#250;mero 25772619.0000.00.0071), e se obteve dispensa do termo de consentimento. Este estudo foi financiado pelo laborat&#243;rio Amgen Brasil, e a fonte financiadora n&#227;o participou da coleta, an&#225;lise, e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, conclus&#245;es do estudo, ou elabora&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram a) indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805; 18 anos com HG definida como LDL-C &#8805;190mg/dL ou b) LDL-C entre 160 e 189 mg/dL naqueles usando medicamentos hipolipemiantes, acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio entre outubro de 2004 e novembro de 2019. O protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de consistiu em exame cl&#237;nico (uso de question&#225;rios para DCVA pr&#233;via e seus fatores de risco, press&#227;o arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia, e medicamentos para seus controles), e exames laboratoriais em jejum como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Um relat&#243;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o foi enviado ou para os participantes ou para o m&#233;dico ocupacional da empresa quando dispon&#237;vel, e os participantes foram convidados para uma segunda entrevista com m&#233;dicos examinadores para discutir os resultados do teste. Os participantes foram aconselhados e encaminhados para um especialista em caso de resultados anormais. Normalmente, nenhum medicamento foi prescrito pelo m&#233;dico que realizava o <italic>check-up</italic>. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram extra&#237;dos do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico eletr&#244;nico: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para DCVA tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabagismo atual, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) precoce (&lt;55 em mulheres e &lt; 65 anos em homens), s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica definida de acordo com a Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional do Diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e DAC definida como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Os dados sobre perfis lip&#237;dicos em jejum (colesterol total, LDL-C e triglicer&#237;deos) tamb&#233;m foram coletados.</p>
      <p>Dos indiv&#237;duos avaliados em mais de uma ocasi&#227;o, foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso ou n&#227;o de drogas hipolipemiantes e o alcance de metas de LDL-C de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es, isto &#233;, porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com LDL-C &lt;100 mg/dL, &lt;70 mg/dL, e &lt;50 mg/dL durante o seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foram determinas as mudan&#231;as m&#233;dias de porcentagem no LDL-C desde a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o e a porcentagem dos indiv&#237;duos que se mantiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C a partir do basal, como recomendado por diretrizes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> para indiv&#237;duos em alto risco para DCVA. Para pacientes com mais de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o, dados da &#250;ltima visita foram considerados para an&#225;lise.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov; dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), dados n&#227;o gaussianos s&#227;o apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil), e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise, os indiv&#237;duos foram primeiramente categorizados e agrupados de acordo com os valores de LDL-C durante o acompanhamento como &gt; 100, 100-70, &lt;70-50, e &lt;50. An&#225;lise descritiva foi usada, e os grupos foram comprados pelo teste t de Student pareado. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram comparados usando o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste de exato de Fisher. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica <italic>stepwise</italic> univariada e multivariada foram usados para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas de interesse com terapia com medicamentos hipolipemiantes na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica durante o seguimento. Um p-valor bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o software R vers&#227;o 4.1.1 (R Foundation).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ilustra o fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o e categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. Um total de 55000 indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados, dos quais 2214 (4%) apresentavam HG, e 1016 (45.8%) foram avaliados mais de uma vez. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais de indiv&#237;duos na avalia&#231;&#227;o basal (n=2214), com 86,4% dos pacientes apresentando n&#237;veis de LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL e 13,6% 160-189 mg/dL com agentes hipolipemiantes. A maioria dos pacientes era de jovens do sexo masculino; praticamente um a cada dez pacientes apresentava s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ou era fumante, e menos de 1% referiu DAC pr&#233;via. Embora 62,5% dos pacientes tenham relatado diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia, somente 19% estavam usando drogas hipolipemiantes, com 5,9% nos casos com LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o e categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240116-40116-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave na avalia&#231;&#227;o basal (n=2214)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=2214)</th>
                <th>LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (n=1913)</th>
                <th>LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL com agentes hipolipemiantes (n=301)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">44,9&#177;8,8</td>
                <td align="center">44,2&#177;8,6</td>
                <td align="center">49,1 &#177; 8,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,864 (84,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,620 (84,7)</td>
                <td align="center">244 (81,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">299 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">228 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (23,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">256 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">220 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (10,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">218 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">180 (9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia relatada n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1383 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1132 (59,2)</td>
                <td align="center">251 (83,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (3,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">281,0 &#177; 28,0</td>
                <td align="center">286,0 &#177; 26,0</td>
                <td align="center">249,0 &#177; 17,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">203,0 &#177; 22,0</td>
                <td align="center">207,0 &#177; 19,0</td>
                <td align="center">172,0 &#177; 8,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 11,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">148,0 (26,0-1176,0)</td>
                <td align="center">148,0 (26,0-1176,0)</td>
                <td align="center">143,0 (47,0-671,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Valores de triglicer&#237;deos apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos indiv&#237;duos com avalia&#231;&#245;es repetidas (n=1016). Como o esperado, esses indiv&#237;duos apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas similares a do grupo todo. Durante o acompanhamento, somente cinco (0,5%) indiv&#237;duos desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> mostra o uso de terapia com medicamentos hipolipemiantes de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de dislipidemia durante o acompanhamento de 4,1 &#177; 2,8 anos. O uso desses agentes aumentou 2,7 &#8211; 7,7 vezes, respectivamente, na popula&#231;&#227;o total e naqueles com LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (teste do qui-quadrado, p&lt;0,00001 vs. basal para ambos). Por outro lado, 31% dos casos com LDL-C de 160-189 mg/dL e terapia pr&#233;via com hipolipemiantes interromperam o uso de medicamentos durante o seguimento.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos indiv&#237;duos submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es repetidas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=1016)</th>
                <th>LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (n=884)</th>
                <th>LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL com agentes hipolipemiantes no basal (n=132)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">44,4 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">43,8 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">48,1 &#177; 8,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">899 (88,5)</td>
                <td align="center">786 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (85,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (18,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (9,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia relatada n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">631 (62,1)</td>
                <td align="center">526 (59,5)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (79,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">280,0 &#177; 26,0</td>
                <td align="center">284,0 &#177; 23,0</td>
                <td align="center">248,0 &#177; 16,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">202,0 &#177; 20,0</td>
                <td align="center">206,0 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center">173,0 &#177; 8,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 11,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">147,0 (26,0-1176,0)</td>
                <td align="center">148,0 (26,0-1176,0)</td>
                <td align="center">133,0 (55,0-412,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Valores de triglicer&#237;deos apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Uso de agentes hipolipemiantes por grupo de pacientes categorizados por n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol; teste do qui-quadrado, p&lt;0,00001 vs. Basal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240116-40116-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C durante o seguimento; no geral, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 26,7% nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C (p&lt;0,0001). Redu&#231;&#245;es &#8805; 50% no LDL-C foram alcan&#231;adas em 19,2% de todos os indiv&#237;duos, 19,1% em indiv&#237;duos com LDL &#8805; 190 mg/dL e 19,7% daqueles com LDL 160-189 mg/dL em uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes no basal.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Mudan&#231;as nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) durante o seguimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=1016)</th>
                <th>LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (n=884)</th>
                <th>LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL com com agentes hipolipemiantes no basal (n=132)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C no basal (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">202,0&#177;20,0</td>
                <td align="center">206,0&#177;18,0</td>
                <td align="center">173,0&#177;8,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<sup>1</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C no seguimento (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">146,0&#177;46,0</td>
                <td align="center">149,0&#177;46,0</td>
                <td align="center">132,0&#177;47,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>1</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia de mudan&#231;a (%) no LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">-26,7%</td>
                <td align="center">-26,1%</td>
                <td align="center">-24%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; <sup>1</sup> teste t pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> mostra as porcentagens de indiv&#237;duos que atingiram metas de LDL-C &lt; 100mg/dL, &lt;70 mg/dL, e &lt; 50 mg/dL em todos os pacientes e nos subgrupos com HG. A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram as metas recomendadas pelas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Porcentagens dos pacientes com hipercolesterolemia grave no basal que atingiram as metas de LDL-colesterol (&lt;100 mg/dL, &lt;70 mg/dL, and &lt; 50 mg/dL).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240116-40116-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> mostram associa&#231;&#245;es univariada e multivariada das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas com o uso de terapia medicamentosa hipolipemiante na &#250;ltima visita. Idade mais avan&#231;ada, diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o ou dislipidemia, um n&#250;mero maior de consultas, e um per&#237;odo mais longo de acompanhamento foram independentemente associados com o uso de terapia hipolipemiante.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas entre pacientes que usavam medicamentos hipolipemiantes e pacientes que n&#227;o os usavam na &#250;ltima visita cl&#237;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=1016)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o usavam agentes hipolipemiantes (n=524)</th>
                <th>Usavam agentes hipolipemiantes (n=492)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)<sup>1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">44,4 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">43,1&#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,7 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">899 (88,5)</td>
                <td align="center">464 (88,5)</td>
                <td align="center">435 (88,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9463</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC n (%)<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">122 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">21 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,714</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">631 (62,1)</td>
                <td align="center">287 (54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">344 (69,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">109 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4303</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">73 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,547</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de consultas<sup>1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,0025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo entre a primeira e a &#250;ltima consulta (anos)<sup>1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; <sup>1</sup>Teste t de Student; <sup>2</sup>teste do qui-quadrado; <sup>3</sup>Teste exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#245;es multivariadas das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas com o uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes na &#250;ltima consulta</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th>OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (1,03; 1,07)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,72 (1,12; 2,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,22 (1,65; 2,99)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de consultas</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (1,08; 1,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo entre a primeira e a &#250;ltima consulta (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (1,06; 1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Modelo log&#237;stico multivariado stepwise; teste Hosmer e Lameshow: p = 0,2547; OR: odds ratio (IC95%: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Foi encontrado um hiato significativo no controle do LDL-C neste grupo de indiv&#237;duos com HG e de alto risco para DCVA submetidos a pelo menos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de de rotina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Esse hiato persistiu por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 4,1 anos de acompanhamento em que avalia&#231;&#245;es repetidas foram realizadas. Vale ressaltar que oito em 10 indiv&#237;duos persistiram com concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de LDL-C, e somente 19,2% alcan&#231;aram a redu&#231;&#227;o recomendada de pelo menos 50% no LDL-C e 3,1% a meta de LDL-C &lt;70mg/dL. Daqueles com LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL, 55% persistiram sem uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes apesar das claras recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes sobre seu uso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ainda, praticamente tr&#234;s em 10 indiv&#237;duos com LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL no basal interromperam a terapia farmacol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C est&#225; entre as medidas preventivas mais importantes para mitigar o risco de DCVA. Indiv&#237;duos com HS s&#227;o considerados em risco mais elevado ao longo da vida mesmo sem outros fatores de risco ou manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;vias de aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Considerando esse risco, as diretrizes indicam uma redu&#231;&#227;o robusta nos n&#237;veis de LDL, isto &#233;, de pelo menos 50% dos n&#237;veis basais, e documentos brasileiros e europeus recomendam a manuten&#231;&#227;o de valores de LDL-C abaixo de 70mg/dL. Para isso, al&#233;m das mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, recomenda-se terapia farmacol&#243;gica com altas doses de estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia. Contudo, considerando as altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C nos indiv&#237;duos deste estudo, terapias combinadas com ezetimibe, &#225;cido bempedoico ou inibidores da pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase subtilisina quexina tipo 9 (PCSK9), anticorpos monoclonais ou pequenos RNA de interfer&#234;ncia (siRNA), pode ser necess&#225;ria para se atingir as metas de LDL-C. De fato, sugeriu-se recentemente que terapias combinadas reduzem os n&#237;veis de colesterol, atingindo-se as metas de LDL-C em indiv&#237;duos em risco alto ou muito alto para DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o deriva de evid&#234;ncia robusta de que estatinas, eztimibe e inibidores monoclonais da PCSK9 reduzem DCVA e que tal efeito depende da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A HG pode indicar a presen&#231;a de formas gen&#233;ticas de dislipidemias, como a hipercolesterolemia familiar e a hipercolesterolemia polig&#234;nica. Evid&#234;ncia recente indica que um hist&#243;rico gen&#233;tico comprovado para dislipidemias est&#225; associado com risco mais alto de DCVA em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos em que variantes gen&#233;ticas n&#227;o s&#227;o encontradas e similarmente apresentam n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-C. Isso provavelmente ocorre devido &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada a n&#237;veis muito altos de LDL-C, principalmente nos casos de HG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Anteriormente, em um grupo menor de indiv&#237;duos com HG derivada da mesma popula&#231;&#227;o de que se originaram, Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> encontraram, em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o transversal, baixo conhecimento sobre HG e suas consequ&#234;ncias, como in&#237;cio precoce de aterosclerose, necessidade de farmacoterapia para reduzir os n&#237;veis de LDL-C, e rastreamento em cascata por parentes assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias dos estudos Da Vinci<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e Santorini<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> com popula&#231;&#245;es europeias contempor&#226;neas indicam que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos com risco alto ou muito alto persistem com concentra&#231;&#245;es inadequadas de colesterol. Metas de LDL-C mais r&#237;gidas, com diretrizes mais recentes propondo valores ainda mais baixos de LDL-C que no passado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e o baixo uso de terapias combinadas podem justificar esses achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O atual estudo EMR mostra que o controle inadequado de LDL-C em indiv&#237;duos em alto risco no Brasil n&#227;o &#233; circunstancial, uma vez que os resultados persistem durante avalia&#231;&#245;es repetidas. Vale destacar que, no basal, apesar de 59% dos indiv&#237;duos com LDL-C &#8805;190 mg/dL estudados relataram um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de dislipidemia, 94% n&#227;o estavam usando medicamentos hipolipemiantes. Durante o acompanhamento, o uso desses f&#225;rmacos subiu para 45%, enquanto todos os pacientes deveriam estar em tratamento segundo as diretrizes. De fato, essa &#233; uma das raz&#245;es por que 81% dos participantes do estudo n&#227;o atingiram as metas recomendadas de redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805;50% nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C e de 97% deles n&#227;o mantiveram os n&#237;veis de LDL-C abaixo de 70mg/dL. Outro achado importante que pode justificar os resultados no grupo todo e que 31% daqueles com LDL-C 160-189mg/dL em uso de agentes hipolipemiantes no basal interromperam o uso dos medicamentos.</p>
      <p>Para modificar os achados negativos deste de outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>&#233; essencial identificar poss&#237;veis causas para a falta do uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes. De fato, idade avan&#231;ada, seguimentos mais longos, um n&#250;mero maior de consultas, e presen&#231;a pr&#233;via de fatores de risco para aterosclerose foram independentemente associados com uso de agentes hipolipemiantes na &#250;ltima consulta do seguimento. Assim, a idade relativamente baixa dos pacientes, a baixa frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via, e de eventos cardiovasculares incidentes durante a acompanhamento, o pequeno n&#250;mero de consultas e a possibilidade de m&#225; percep&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA pelos indiv&#237;duos estudados podem haver contribu&#237;do para o achado. Katz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> observaram uma m&#225; percep&#231;&#227;o do alto risco de DCVA em 6544 indiv&#237;duos que se submeteram ao mesmo protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Quando um per&#237;odo de uma vida foi aplicado em vez do per&#237;odo de 10 anos normalmente utilizado para avaliar o risco de DCVA, 91,2% dos pacientes em alto risco foram considerados indiv&#237;duos que percebiam mal o risco. Concei&#231;&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> relataram um agravamento nos fatores de risco para DCVA, exceto na frequ&#234;ncia de tabagismo, em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas repetidas, mostrando, claramente, que a detec&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para reduzir o risco de DCVA. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante esclarecer que m&#233;dicos no protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de usualmente n&#227;o prescrevem medicamentos hipolipemiantes e, na maioria das situa&#231;&#245;es, d&#227;o conselhos sobre resultados e os encaminham para atendimento m&#233;dico pr&#243;prio. De fato, tempos mais curtos de acompanhamentos e menor n&#250;mero de visitas no programa de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de foram indicadores independentes de falta de uso de hipolipemiantes.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, os participantes do estudo n&#227;o representam completamente a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, considerando o alto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e a predomin&#226;ncia de sexo masculino. Contudo, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o transversal do estudo ELSA-Brasil, um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico mais amplo realizado com funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos de seis grandes &#225;reas urbanas brasileiras, tamb&#233;m mostrou que, nos indiv&#237;duos considerados de alto risco para doen&#231;as card&#237;acas equivalentes &#224; DAC, somente 38,6% apresentavam concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C de acordo com metas recomendadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ainda, recentemente, Machline-Carrion et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e Santo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> encontraram lacunas importantes no tratamento adequado com agentes hipolipemiantes na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e prim&#225;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> de pacientes atendidos na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Resultados do estudo atual apresentam uma situa&#231;&#227;o preocupante considerando o acompanhamento prospectivo. Segundo, nem todos os indiv&#237;duos com HG compareceram em mais de uma visita, mas as caracter&#237;sticas basais daqueles submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram diferentes das dos pacientes acompanhados. Terceiro, este relat&#243;rio retrata um &#250;nico centro de S&#227;o Paulo, e pode n&#227;o representar a realidade de programas similares no pa&#237;s. Finalmente, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos relacionados &#224; estatina, que poderiam ter levado &#224; n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#224; terapia. Os pontos fortes do estudo s&#227;o a repeti&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo padronizado durante o acompanhamento e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco para DCVA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo de EMR, encontrou-se um hiato grave e persistente no controle do LDL-C em indiv&#237;duos com HG. A idade relativamente baixa dos participantes, e o pequeno n&#250;mero de consultas, a baixa ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, e uma m&#225;-percep&#231;&#227;o do risco pode explicar, em parte, os resultados do estudo. Interven&#231;&#245;es mais adequadas, consistindo em um maior n&#250;mero de consultas, fontes de telemedicina, e uma abordagem multiprofissional para aumentar a percep&#231;&#227;o sobre os benef&#237;cios do controle da dislipidemia, podem ser necess&#225;rias para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de alto risco, como mostrado para indiv&#237;duos com DCVA pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>RDS recebe uma bolsa do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico, Brasil, (CNPq) #303771/2023-2.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Ribeiro ALP, Duncan BB, Brant LC, Lotufo PA, Mill JG, Barreto SM. Cardiovascular Health in Brazil: Trends and Perspectives. Circulation. 2016;133(4):422-33. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008727.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ALP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Health in Brazil: Trends and Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>422</fpage>
          <lpage>433</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008727</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):3168-209. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grundy</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beam</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Birtcher</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>3168</fpage>
          <lpage>3209</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111-88. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mach</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baigent</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catapano</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koskinas</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casula</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badimon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Faludi AA, Izar MCO, Saraiva JFK, Chacra APM, Bianco HT, Afiune A Neto, et al. Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose - 2017. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(2 Supl 1):1-76. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170121.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faludi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MCO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>JFK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chacra</surname>
              <given-names>APM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bianco</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose - 2017</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Supl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170121</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Abdullah SM, Defina LF, Leonard D, Barlow CE, Radford NB, Willis BL, et al. Long-term Association of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol with Cardiovascular Mortality in Individuals at Low 10-Year Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2018;138(21):2315-25. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034273.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdullah</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defina</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leonard</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barlow</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radford</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willis</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term Association of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol with Cardiovascular Mortality in Individuals at Low 10-Year Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2315</fpage>
          <lpage>2325</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034273</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Laurinavicius AG, Kashiwagi NM, Carvalho JA, Oliva CA, Santos RD Filho. Check-up and Cardiovascular Risk Progression: Is There a Room for Innovation? Einstein. 2015;13(2):196-201. doi: 10.1590/S1679-45082015AO3216.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kashiwagi</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliva</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Check-up and Cardiovascular Risk Progression: Is There a Room for Innovation?</article-title>
          <source>Einstein</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>196</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1679-45082015AO3216</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Santos RD, Pereira C, Cesena F, Laurinavicius AG, Tabone V, Bittencourt MS. Cardiovascular Risk Misperception and Low Awareness of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Individuals with Severe Hypercholesterolemia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(4):706-12. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190516.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cesena</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tabone</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk Misperception and Low Awareness of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Individuals with Severe Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>706</fpage>
          <lpage>712</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190516</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Katz M, Laurinavicius AG, Franco FG, Conceicao RD, Carvalho JA, Pesaro AE, et al. Calculated and Perceived Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Subjects Submitted to a Routine Medical Evaluation: The Perception Gap. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(8):1076-82. doi: 10.1177/2047487314543074.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franco</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conceicao</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pesaro</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Calculated and Perceived Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Subjects Submitted to a Routine Medical Evaluation: The Perception Gap</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1076</fpage>
          <lpage>1082</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2047487314543074</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Ndumele CE, Nasir K, Concei&#231;ao RD, Carvalho JA, Blumenthal RS, Santos RD. Hepatic Steatosis, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome are Independently and Additively Associated with Increased Systemic Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(8):1927-32. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.228262.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ndumele</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Concei&#231;ao</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hepatic Steatosis, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome are Independently and Additively Associated with Increased Systemic Inflammation</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1927</fpage>
          <lpage>1932</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.228262</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Masana L, Ibarretxe D, Plana N. Reasons Why Combination Therapy Should Be the New Standard of Care to Achieve the LDL-cholesterol Targets: Lipid-lowering Combination Therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020;22(8):66. doi: 10.1007/s11886-020-01326-w.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Masana</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ibarretxe</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reasons Why Combination Therapy Should Be the New Standard of Care to Achieve the LDL-cholesterol Targets: Lipid-lowering Combination Therapy</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rep</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <size units="pages">66</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11886-020-01326-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Wang N, Fulcher J, Abeysuriya N, Park L, Kumar S, Di Tanna GL, et al. Intensive LDL Cholesterol-lowering Treatment Beyond Current Recommendations for the Prevention of Major Vascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Trials Including 327 037 Participants. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(1):36-49. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30388-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fulcher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abeysuriya</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Tanna</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intensive LDL Cholesterol-lowering Treatment Beyond Current Recommendations for the Prevention of Major Vascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Trials Including 327 037 Participants</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>36</fpage>
          <lpage>49</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30388-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Ray KK, Reeskamp LF, Laufs U, Banach M, Mach F, Tokg&#246;zoglu LS, et al. Combination Lipid-lowering Therapy as First-line Strategy in Very High-risk Patients. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(8):830-3. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab718.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reeskamp</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laufs</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banach</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mach</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokg&#246;zoglu</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combination Lipid-lowering Therapy as First-line Strategy in Very High-risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>830</fpage>
          <lpage>833</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab718</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Khera AV, Won HH, Peloso GM, Lawson KS, Bartz TM, Deng X, et al. Diagnostic Yield and Clinical Utility of Sequencing Familial Hypercholesterolemia Genes in Patients with Severe Hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(22):2578-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.520.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khera</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Won</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peloso</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lawson</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartz</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic Yield and Clinical Utility of Sequencing Familial Hypercholesterolemia Genes in Patients with Severe Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2578</fpage>
          <lpage>2589</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.520</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Trinder M, Francis GA, Brunham LR. Association of Monogenic vs Polygenic Hypercholesterolemia with Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(4):390-9. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5954.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trinder</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunham</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Monogenic vs Polygenic Hypercholesterolemia with Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>390</fpage>
          <lpage>399</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5954</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Ray KK, Molemans B, Schoonen WM, Giovas P, Bray S, Kiru G, et al. EU-wide Cross-sectional Observational Study of Lipid-modifying Therapy Use in Secondary and Primary Care: The Da Vinci Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(11):1279-89. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa047.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molemans</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoonen</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giovas</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bray</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiru</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>EU-wide Cross-sectional Observational Study of Lipid-modifying Therapy Use in Secondary and Primary Care: The Da Vinci Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1279</fpage>
          <lpage>1289</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa047</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Ray KK, Haq I, Bilitou A, Manu MC, Burden A, Aguiar C, et al. Treatment Gaps in the Implementation of LDL Cholesterol Control Among High- and Very High-risk Patients in Europe between 2020 and 2021: The Multinational Observational SANTORINI Study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2023;29:100624. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100624.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haq</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilitou</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manu</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burden</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguiar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment Gaps in the Implementation of LDL Cholesterol Control Among High- and Very High-risk Patients in Europe between 2020 and 2021: The Multinational Observational SANTORINI Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Reg Health Eur</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <size units="pages">100624</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100624</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Machline-Carrion MJ, Soares RM, Damiani LP, Campos VB, Sampaio B, Fonseca FH, et al. Effect of a Multifaceted Quality Improvement Intervention on the Prescription of Evidence-based Treatment in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk in Brazil: The BRIDGE Cardiovascular Prevention Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(5):408-17. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.0649.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machline-Carrion</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damiani</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>VB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of a Multifaceted Quality Improvement Intervention on the Prescription of Evidence-based Treatment in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk in Brazil: The BRIDGE Cardiovascular Prevention Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>408</fpage>
          <lpage>417</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2019.0649</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Lotufo PA, Santos RD, Figueiredo RM, Pereira AC, Mill JG, Alvim SM, et al. Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of High Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Brazil: Baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(3):568-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.12.029.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alvim</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of High Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Brazil: Baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>568</fpage>
          <lpage>576</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacl.2015.12.029</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Santos RD. Inadequate Control of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Europe: EUROASPIRE Repeats Itself. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(8):820-3. doi: 10.1177/2047487319831476.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inadequate Control of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Europe: EUROASPIRE Repeats Itself</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>820</fpage>
          <lpage>823</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2047487319831476</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Machline-Carrion MJ, Girotto AN, Nieri J, Pereira PM, Monfardini F, Forestiero F, et al. Assessing Statins Use in a Real-world Primary Care Digital Strategy: A Cross-sectional Analysis of a Population-wide Digital Health Approach. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023;23:100534. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100534.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machline-Carrion</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girotto</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieri</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monfardini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forestiero</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessing Statins Use in a Real-world Primary Care Digital Strategy: A Cross-sectional Analysis of a Population-wide Digital Health Approach</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Reg Health Am</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <size units="pages">100534</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.lana.2023.100534</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Santo K, Santos RD, Girotto AN, Nieri J, Monfardini F, Raupp P, et al. Statins Use for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Population-based Digitally Enabled Real-world Evidence Cross-sectional Study in Primary Care in Brazil. J Clin Lipidol. 2024;18(3):384-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.02.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santo</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girotto</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieri</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monfardini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raupp</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Statins Use for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Population-based Digitally Enabled Real-world Evidence Cross-sectional Study in Primary Care in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>384</fpage>
          <lpage>393</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacl.2024.02.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE # 25772619.0000.00.0071. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Amgen Brasil e parcialmente financiado por CNPq n&#250;mero 303771/2023-2.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240116i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uncontrolled Cholesterol in Individuals with Severe Hypercholesterolemia in a Health Evaluation Program in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9860-6582</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kashiwagi</surname>
            <given-names>Nea Miwa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Regina Lamas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nieri</surname>
            <given-names>Josu&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minanni</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cenocor, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="">United Kingdom</country>
        <institution content-type="original">George Institute for Global Health UK, London &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Raul D. Santos &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701. Postal Code 05651-901, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil; E-mail: rauldsf@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>Raul Santos &#8211; Amryt, Amgen, Ach&#233;, Astra Zeneca, Esperion, Eli-Lilly, Kowa, Libbs, Novo-Nordisk, Novartis, PTC Therapeutics and Sanofi/Regeneron.</p>
          <p>Fernando Yue Cesena &#8211; Educational support from Novartis.</p>
          <p>Carlos Andre Minanni &#8211; Educational support from Novo-Nordisk.</p>
          <p>Otavio Berwanger &#8211; Received grants from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Servier, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Novartis, Pfizer, and Boehringer Ingelheim.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Uncontrolled Cholesterol in Individuals with Severe Hypercholesterolemia in a Health Evaluation Program in Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Lack of cholesterol control in severe hypercholesterolemia.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240116-40116-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia (SH) are considered at high atherosclerosis risk and should be intensively treated with lipid-lowering drugs aiming for an LDL-C reduction of&#8805;50% and a goal of &lt;70 mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to evaluate cholesterol control in individuals with SH (LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL or 160-189 mg/dL using lipid-lowering drugs) followed in a health evaluation program.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> 55,000 individuals were evaluated, of which 2,214 (4%) had SH, and 1,016 (45.8%) had repeated assessments. Achievement of recommended LDL-C goals was the primary study endpoint. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Mean age (&#177; SD) was 44.9&#177;8.8 years, 84.2% were men, and 0.5% reported previous myocardial infarction. Mean LDL-C was 203.0&#177;22.0 mg/dL, and although 62.5% referred dyslipidemia, only 19% were using lipid-lowering drugs (5.9% in cases with LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL). During a 4.1&#177;2.8-year follow-up, use of lipid-lowering drugs increased from 18.1% to 48.4% (p&lt;0.00001), 5.9% to 45.4% in those with LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (p&lt; 0.00001) though 31% of cases with LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL stopped taking medications. Overall, there was a mean 26.7% reduction in LDL-C (p&lt;0.0001), and LDL-C reductions &#8805;50% were attained in 19.2%, 19.1%, and 19.7 % of all individuals, and in those with LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL and 160-189 mg/dL respectively. Only 3.1% reached LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL (2.7% in those with LDL-C &#8805; 190 and 5.3% in those with 160-189 mg/dL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> A serious gap was found between treatment recommendations and reality in individuals at high atherosclerosis risk due to SH.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is a causal risk factor for ASCVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The determination of LDL-C concentrations, therefore, is an essential tool for estimating ASCVD risk and implementing preventive therapies. Adults with severe hypercholesterolemia (SH) defined as LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL, are classified as at high ASCVD risk independently of other risk conditions or factors, and guidelines recommend pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy in addition to lifestyle changes to prevent the onset of ASCVD. For these individuals, US, Brazilian, and European guidelines recommend LDL-C reductions of at least 50% with LDL-C goals &lt; 70 mg/dL in the latter two guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition, persistent LDL-C concentrations between 160 and 189 mg/dL are associated with an elevated lifetime risk of ASCVD, are considered risk enhancers and favor the initiation of statin therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Health evaluation or checkup programs aim to identify risk factors for ASCVD and refer individuals to adequate medical care when necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Previously, we detected an important gap in ASCVD risk perception, cholesterol management, and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) awareness in individuals with SH submitted to a routine health evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These findings complemented another observation showing an inadequate overall ASCVD risk perception by individuals at risk that might have deleterious consequences for controlling risk factors and preventing ASCVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The lack of adequate control of risk factors or disease states and absence of compliance with recommendations after checkup programs is a challenge to preventive medicine programs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and needs to be addressed. The objective of this study was to generate real-world evidence (RWE) on the efficacy of LDL-C control according to recent guidelines in individuals with SH submitted to repeated evaluations in a routine health evaluation program. The primary study endpoint was attaining recommended LDL-C goals (reduction &#8805;50% and/or LDL-C &lt;70 mg/dL) for these high-risk individuals during follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective evaluation of prospectively collected data from adults undergoing a routine health evaluation protocol at an outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Most participants worked in companies that offered routine health evaluations to their employees. This study was approved by the ethics committee (CAAE number 25772619.0000.00.0071), and a waiver for informed consent was obtained. This study was funded by an unrestricted grant from Amgen Laboratories Brazil, and the funding source had no role in data collection, analysis, interpretation, study conclusions, and manuscript writing.</p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were a) individuals aged &#8805; 18 years with SH defined as an LDL-C &#8805;190mg/dL or b) LDL-C between 160 and 189 mg/dL in those using pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy followed at the outpatient clinic between October 2004 and November 2019. The health evaluation protocol consisted of clinical examination (use of standard questionnaires for previous ASCVD and its risk factors, blood pressure, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and medications for their control), physical examination, and fasting laboratory tests as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> An evaluation report was sent to either participants or company occupational physicians when available, and participants were invited to a second interview with examining physicians to discuss test results. Participants were advised and referred to a specific disease specialist in case of abnormal test results. Usually, no medications were prescribed by the check-up physician. The following parameters were extracted from electronic medical records: age, sex, body mass index, presence of ASCVD risk factors such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, current smoking, family history of early coronary heart disease (CHD) (&lt;55 and &lt; 65 years old respectively in male and female first-degree relatives), metabolic syndrome defined according to the International Diabetes Federation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and previous CHD defined as myocardial infarction, angina or revascularization. Data on fasting lipid profiles (total and LDL-C, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides) were also collected.</p>
        <p>In subjects evaluated on more than one occasion, information was collected regarding the use or not of lipid-lowering drugs and the achievement of LDL-C goals according to guideline recommendations, i.e., percentage of individuals with LDL-C &lt;100 mg/dL, &lt;70 mg/dL, and &lt;50 mg/dL in the follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The mean percentage changes in LDL-C from the first evaluation and the percentage of those attaining LDL-C lowering &#8805; 50% from baseline as recommended by guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> for high ASCVD risk subjects were also determined. Data from the last visit were analyzed for those with more than one follow-up evaluation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data normality was tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; continuous data with a Gaussian distribution are shown as mean standard deviation (SD), non-Gaussian data are shown as medians (interquartile ranges), and categorical variables are shown as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          <p>For the analysis, study subjects were initially categorized and grouped according to LDL-C (mg/dL) values during follow-up as &gt; 100, 100-70, &lt;70-50, and &lt;50. Descriptive statistics were performed, and groups were compared by Student&#8217;s paired t-test. Categorical data were compared using the chi-squared test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of clinical variables of interest with pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy at the last clinical evaluation during follow-up. A two-tailed p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. All analyses were performed using the R software version 4.1.1 (R Foundation).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the flowchart of patient selection and categorization. A total of 55,000 individuals were evaluated, of which 2,214 (4%) had SH, and 1,016 (45.8%) were assessed more than once. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows clinical and laboratory characteristics of individuals at baseline evaluation (n=2,214), with 86.4% of patients presenting LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL and 13.6% presenting 160-189 mg/dL with lipid-lowering drugs. This is a young, predominantly male population; roughly one in ten had metabolic syndrome or were smokers, and less than 1% referred previous CHD. Although 62.5% reported previous dyslipidemia diagnosis, only 19% were using lipid-lowering drugs, with 5.9% in cases with LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of patient selection and categorization; LLT: pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240116-40116-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and laboratory characteristics of individuals presenting severe hypercholesterolemia at baseline evaluation (n=2,214)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=2,214)</th>
                  <th>LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (n=1,913)</th>
                  <th>LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL with lipid-lowering medications (n=301)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.9&#177;8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">44.2&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">49.1 &#177; 8.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.864 (84.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.620 (84.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">244 (81.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">299 (13.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (11.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (23.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (11.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (10.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metabolic syndrome, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (9.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (13.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Referred Dyslipidemia, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1383 (62.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1132 (59.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">251 (83.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">281.0 &#177; 28.0</td>
                  <td align="center">286.0 &#177; 26.0</td>
                  <td align="center">249.0 &#177; 17.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">203.0 &#177; 22.0</td>
                  <td align="center">207.0 &#177; 19.0</td>
                  <td align="center">172.0 &#177; 8.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 11.0</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 11.0</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 11.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL); median (ranges)</td>
                  <td align="center">148.0 (26.0-1176.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">148.0 (26.0-1176.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">143.0 (47.0-671.0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>CHD: coronary heart disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the clinical and laboratory characteristics of individuals with repeated evaluations (n=1,016). As expected, these individuals had characteristics similar to those of the whole group. During follow-up, only 5 (0.5%) individuals developed CHD events. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> shows the use of lipid-lowering therapy according to dyslipidemia criteria during the 4.1 &#177; 2.8-year follow-up. The use of lipid-lowering drugs increased 2.7-fold and 7.7-fold, respectively, in the whole population and those with LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (Chi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> test, p&lt; 0.00001 vs. baseline for both). On the other hand, 31% of cases with LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL and previous lipid-lowering therapy stopped taking medications at follow-up.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and laboratory characteristics of individuals undergoing repeated evaluations</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=1,016)</th>
                  <th>LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (n=884)</th>
                  <th>LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL with lipid-lowering medications at baseline (n=132)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.4 &#177; 8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">43.8 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">48.1 &#177; 8.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">899 (88.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">786 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (85.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (12.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (18.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (10.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (10.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metabolic syndrome n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (9.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">631 (62.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">526 (59.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (79.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">280.0 &#177; 26.0</td>
                  <td align="center">284.0 &#177; 23.0</td>
                  <td align="center">248.0 &#177; 16.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">202.0 &#177; 20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">206.0 &#177; 17.0</td>
                  <td align="center">173.0 &#177; 8.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 11.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides</td>
                  <td align="center">147.0 (26.0-1176.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">148.0 (26.0-1176.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">133.0 (55.0-412.0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Lipids in mg/dL; triglyceride values are shown as median (ranges); CHD: coronary heart disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Use of lipid-lowering therapy by LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) level groups; chi-squared 2 test, p&lt;0.00001 vs. baseline.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240116-40116-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows changes in LDL-C during follow-up; overall, there was a mean 26.7% reduction in LDL-C (p&lt;0.0001). LDL-C reductions &#8805;50% were attained in 19.2%, 19.1%, and 19.7 %, respectively, in all individuals, in those with LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL and those with 160-189 mg/dL with lipid-lowering medications at baseline.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Changes in LDL-cholesterol levels during follow-up</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=1,016)</th>
                  <th>LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL (n=884)</th>
                  <th>LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL with lipid lowering medications at baseline (n=132)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C at baseline (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">202.0&#177;20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">206.0&#177;18.0</td>
                  <td align="center">173.0&#177;8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<sup>1</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C at follow-up (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">146.0&#177;46.0</td>
                  <td align="center">149.0&#177;46.0</td>
                  <td align="center">132.0&#177;47.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>1</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean % change in LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">-26.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">-26.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">-24%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>LDL: low-density lipoprotein; <sup>1</sup> paired t-test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> shows the percentages of SH individuals achieving LDL-C goals (&lt;100 mg/dL, &lt;70 mg/dL, and &lt; 50 mg/dL). Most individuals did not achieve recommended goals according to guidelines recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Percentages of individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia at baseline achieving LDL-cholesterol goals (&lt;100 mg/dL, &lt;70 mg/dL, and &lt; 50 mg/dL).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240116-40116-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">5</xref> show univariate and multivariate associations of clinical variables with the use of pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy on the last visit. Older age, previous diagnosis of hypertension or dyslipidemia, a higher number of medical visits, and a longer follow-up duration were independently associated with the use of lipid-lowering therapy.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparisons of clinical variables in those using or not lipid-lowering medications on the last medical visit</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=1016)</th>
                  <th>Not in use of lipid lowering medications (n=524)</th>
                  <th>In use of lipid lowering medications (n=492)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)<sup>1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">44.4 &#177; 8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">43.1&#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">45.7 &#177; 8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">899 (88.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">464 (88.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">435 (88.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9463</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHD n (%)<sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">122 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">21 (2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.714</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">631 (62.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">287 (54.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">344 (69.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">109 (10.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4303</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metabolic syndrome n (%)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">73 (7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.547</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of medical visits<sup>1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time interval between first and last visits (years)<sup>1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>CHD: coronary heart disease; <sup>1</sup>: Student&#8217;s t test; <sup>2</sup>: Chi<sup>2</sup> test ; <sup>3</sup>: Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate associations of clinical variables with the use of lipid-lowering medications on the last medical visit</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (1.03; 1.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension diagnosis</td>
                  <td align="center">1.72 (1.12; 2.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia diagnosis</td>
                  <td align="center">2.22 (1.65; 2.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of consultations</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21 (1.08; 1.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time interval between first and last visits (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15 (1.06; 1.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0004</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>Multivariate stepwise logistic model; Hosmer and Lameshow test: p= 0.2547; OR: odds ratio (95% CI: confidence interval).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>A significant hiatus in LDL-C control was encountered in this group of individuals with SH and considered to be at high ASCVD risk who were submitted to at least one routine health evaluation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). This hiatus persisted during a mean 4.1-year follow-up where repetitive assessments were performed. Of importance, 8 in 10 individuals persisted with elevated LDL-C concentrations, and only 19.2% and 3.1% attained the recommended LDL-C reduction of at least 50% and an LDL-C goal of &lt; 70 mg/dL, respectively. Of those with LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL, 55% persisted without lipid-lowering pharmacological therapies despite the clear recommendations of guidelines for their use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Furthermore, roughly 3 in 10 individuals with LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL at baseline stopped pharmacological therapy.</p>
        <p>Reduction of LDL-C is among the most important preventive measures to mitigate the risk of ASCVD. Those with SH are considered to have a high lifetime risk even without other risk factors or previous clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Considering this risk, guidelines indicate robust LDL-C lowering, i.e., at least 50% from baseline levels, and Brazilian and European documents recommend attaining an LDL-C value &lt; 70 mg/dL. For that, in addition to changes in lifestyle, pharmacological therapy with high-dose, high-potency statins is recommended. However, considering the very high LDL-C in these individuals seen in this study, association therapies like ezetimibe, bempedoic acid, or proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, either monoclonal antibodies or small interfering RNA drugs, may be necessary to attain the LDL-C goals. Indeed, combination therapies have been recently suggested to reduce cholesterol and achieve the proposed LDL-C goals in individuals at high and very high risk for ASCVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This recommendation derives from robust evidence that statins, ezetimibe, and monoclonal PCSK9 inhibitors reduce ASCVD and that this effect depends on LDL-C lowering.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>SH may indicate the presence of genetic forms of dyslipidemias like familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia. Recent evidence indicates that a proven genetic background for dyslipidemias is associated with higher ASCVD risk compared to individuals where genetic variants are not encountered, yet they have similar high LDL-C concentrations. This probably occurs due to prolonged exposure to very high LDL-C, mainly in the case of FH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previously, in a smaller group of individuals with SH derived from the same population where the participants of this study originated, Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> found, in a cross-sectional evaluation, low awareness of either FH or its consequences, like early atherosclerosis onset, the need for pharmacological therapy to reduce LDL-C, and cascade screening of asymptomatic relatives.</p>
        <p>Evidence from the DaVinci<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and Santorini<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> studies in contemporary European populations indicate that most high and very high-risk individuals persist with inadequate cholesterol concentrations. Stricter LDL-C goals, with recent guidelines proposing even lower LDL-C than in the past,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and the low use of combination therapies may justify these findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The current RWE study shows that inadequate control of LDL-C in high-risk Brazilian individuals is not circumstantial since findings persist during repeated evaluations. Of importance, at baseline, although 59% of studied individuals with LDL-C &#8805;190mg/dL reported previous dyslipidemia diagnosis, 94% were not taking lipid-lowering drugs. During follow-up, the use of these medications rose to 45%, while all were supposed to be in use of medications according to guidelines. Indeed, this is one of the reasons why 81% of study participants did not attain the recommended goals of reducing LDL-C &#8805; 50% and 97% did no attain LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL. Another important finding that may justify the results in the whole group is that 31% of those with LDL-C 160-189 mg/dL who were using lipid-lowering therapies at baseline stopped taking medications.</p>
        <p>To change the negative findings of this and other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> it is essential to identify possible causes for the lack of use of lipid-lowering medications. Indeed, older age, longer follow-ups, a higher number of visits, and the previous presence of risk factors for atherosclerosis were independently associated with pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy use at the last follow-up visit. Thus, the relatively young age of the population, the low frequency of previous cardiovascular disease and incident CHD events during follow-up, the small number of visits, and the possible ASCVD risk misperception by the studied individuals may have contributed to this finding. Previously, Katz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> have encountered a misperception of high ASCVD risk in 6,544 individuals who underwent same health evaluation protocol. When a lifetime instead of the usual 10-year estimation was used to evaluate ASCVD risk, 91.2% of high-risk subjects were considered hypo-perceivers. Concei&#231;&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> have previously reported a worsening of risk factors for ASCVD except for smoking frequency in individuals who underwent repeated medical evaluations, clearly showing that detection of risk factors is not enough to reduce the risk of ASCVD. It is also important to clarify that physicians at the health evaluation protocol usually do not prescribe lipid-lowering medications and, in most situations, only give advice about results and refer them to proper medical care. It is uncertain if participants followed these recommendations. Indeed, shorter follow-ups and fewer medical visits at the health evaluation program were independent indicators of a lack of use of pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. First, the study participants do not fully represent the Brazilian population, considering the high socioeconomic level and male sex predominance. However, a cross-sectional evaluation of the ELSA-Brasil study, a broader epidemiological study performed with civil servants of six large Brazilian urban areas, also showed that in those considered as high-risk for CHD equivalent, only 38.6% had their LDL-C concentrations according to recommended goals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Moreover, recently, Machline-Carrion et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and Santo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> have found important gaps in the use of adequate lipid-lowering therapies in secondary<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and primary prevention<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> individuals seen in primary care. Results of the current study show a worrisome situation considering the prospective follow-up. Second, not all individuals with SH attended more than one visit, but the baseline characteristics of those with one single evaluation and those who were followed are similar. Third, this report was about a single center in Sao Paulo, and it may not represent the reality of similar programs in Brazil. Finally, it was not possible to determine the occurrence of statin-related adverse events that could have led to non-compliance with therapy. The study&#8217;s strengths are the repetition of a standardized protocol during follow-up and the ascertainment of risk factors for ASCVD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this RWE study, a severe and persistent hiatus in controlling LDL-C in individuals with SH was found. The relatively young age of study participants, the low number of visits, the small occurrence of CHD events, and risk misperception may partly explain the study findings. More adequate interventions, consisting of more medical visits, telemedicine resources, and a multi-professional approach to increase awareness about the benefits of dyslipidemia control, may be necessary for high-risk primary prevention, as shown for people with previous ASCVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>RDS receives a scholarship from Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico, Brazil, (CNPq) #303771/2023-2.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein under the protocol number CAAE # 25772619.0000.00.0071. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Amgen Brasil and partially funded by CNPq grant 303771/2023-2.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
