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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CTmkfvjM47m9McrKR5zVRyj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240058</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia e Seguran&#231;a Terap&#234;utica do Paracetamol versus Ibuprofeno na Persist&#234;ncia do Ducto Arterial em Rec&#233;m-Nascidos: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5681-5669</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>da Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Halecy Davidson Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o</role>
          <role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise</role>
          <role>interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Eryvelton de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o</role>
          <role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise</role>
          <role>interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Caroline de Almeida Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Bernadete de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o</role>
          <role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise</role>
          <role>interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Translacional, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Halecy Davidson Sousa da Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235. CEP <postal-code>50670-901</postal-code>, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE - Brasil E-mail: <email>halecy.davidson@ufpe.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240058</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <p>O fechamento do canal arterial por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de inibidores de cicloxigenase (COX), &#233; considerado o tratamento de primeira linha da persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativo (PCAHS). Fisiologicamente, as prostaglandinas t&#234;m papel reconhecido na PCA (persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial). Reconhecidamente, a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a comparativa entre o ibuprofeno e o paracetamol precisa ser determinada para escolha racional da terapia medicamentosa do fechamento do ducto arterial (DA) em protocolos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar os aspectos da efic&#225;cia e da seguran&#231;a terap&#234;utica do paracetamol versus ibuprofeno no tratamento da PCA em rec&#233;m-nascidos prematuros.</p>
        <p>Procedeu-se a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do protocolo PRISMA, utilizando as bases de dados Medline, Pubmed, LILACS e SciELO. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos dos &#250;ltimos 10 anos (2013-2023), os quais analisaram a efic&#225;cia e/ou seguran&#231;a do paracetamol em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno em rec&#233;m-nascidos com diagn&#243;stico de PCA.</p>
        <p>Foram selecionados para an&#225;lise 8 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs), resultando em um tamanho amostral de 781 neonatos com PCA tratados com paracetamol ou com ibuprofeno. A efic&#225;cia do paracetamol para o fechamento do DA &#233; compar&#225;vel ao ibuprofeno. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na incid&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos relacionadas entre os dois medicamentos na maioria dos estudos.</p>
        <p>H&#225; equival&#234;ncia na efic&#225;cia e na seguran&#231;a do ibuprofeno e paracetamol para promover o fechamento do DA em rec&#233;m-nascidos prematuros com PCAHS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Persist&#234;ncia do Canal Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ibuprofeno</kwd>
        <kwd>Paracetamol</kwd>
        <kwd>Efic&#225;cia</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-nascidos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia e da seguran&#231;a do paracetamol em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno no tratamento da PCA em RNs prematuros. DA: ducto arterioso; RNs: rec&#233;m-nascidos; PCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial; COX: cicloxigenase; POX: peroxidase; PGE2: prostaglandina E2; ECRs: ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240058-40058-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O canal arterial conecta a art&#233;ria pulmonar e a aorta descendente proximal durante a fase fetal. Apesar da pat&#234;ncia do canal ser essencial, o fechamento p&#243;s-natal &#233; crucial para a completa independ&#234;ncia das circula&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;mica e pulmonar. Fisiologicamente, o fechamento do ducto arterial (DA) ocorre espontaneamente, em at&#233; 72 horas ap&#243;s o nascimento. Todavia, a oclus&#227;o pode ser retardada ou inefetiva em rec&#233;m-nascidos (RN) prematuros, principalmente aqueles com um peso extremamente baixo ao nascer (&lt; 1000g) ou idade gestacional (IG) &lt; 28 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativo (PCAHS) &#233; definida e est&#225; associada a sinais cl&#237;nicos ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e hipoperfus&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esse &#233; um importante fator de risco para mortalidade e morbidade de RN. Diante disso, o fechamento do canal arterial pode ser feito mediante uso de f&#225;rmacos inibidores da bioss&#237;ntese de prostaglandinas na parede da estrutura do canal arterial.</p>
      <p>O tratamento da PCA varia desde observa&#231;&#227;o, interven&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa ou cir&#250;rgica. Os esquemas terap&#234;uticos utilizados no tratamento da PCA s&#227;o compostos por inibidores da cicloxigenase (COX), incluindo a indometacina ou o ibuprofeno, e o paracetamol, um inibidor do s&#237;tio peroxidase da COX. A terapia padr&#227;o para fechamento do PCA, com uso de indometacina ou ibuprofeno, pode causar efeitos adversos como hiperbilirrubinemia, inibi&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, perfura&#231;&#245;es gastrointestinais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A escolha da terapia adequada pode ser desafiadora, em raz&#227;o da necessidade de equilibrar o risco de efeitos adversos e o benef&#237;cio almejado com a terapia. Embora o ibuprofeno seja a terapia de primeira escolha, seu uso pode oferecer algum risco de les&#227;o renal aguda, protein&#250;ria, sangramento gastrointestinal, perturba&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o cerebral, enterocolite necrosante (ECN) e hemorragia peri-intraventricular (HPIV) em RN prematuros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; presum&#237;vel que o paracetamol tenha um perfil de seguran&#231;a superior com potencial de ser uma terapia substituta para os dois medicamentos utilizados atualmente (ibuprofeno e indometacina).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda s&#227;o escassos os estudos que avaliaram sistematicamente o perfil de seguran&#231;a e de efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica do paracetamol em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno para o fechamento de PCA. O objetivo desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica &#233; apresentar o compilado da literatura direcionada a expor a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do paracetamol em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno no fechamento do canal arterial patente no rec&#233;m-nascido prematuros.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi desenvolvida conforme a metodologia <italic>Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses</italic> (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esse estudo respaldou-se nos crit&#233;rios "PICO", isto &#233;, o acr&#244;nimo para Popula&#231;&#227;o, Interven&#231;&#227;o, Controle e Resultados em ingl&#234;s. A pesquisa foi sistematicamente realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE, e LILACS, utilizando os seguintes descritores consultados pelos sites <italic>Medical Subject Headings</italic> (MeSH) e Descritores em Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de (DeCS): <italic>"Efficacy", "Ibuprofen", "Acetaminophen", "Ductus Arteriosus, Patent".</italic> Utilizou-se o operador <italic>booleano</italic> "AND" para agregar os descritores. Objetivou-se avaliar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do paracetamol em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno no tratamento da persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (PCA) em RN prematuros. Os estudos foram inclu&#237;dos com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios: artigos publicados nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos (2013 a 2023), com texto dispon&#237;vel na &#237;ntegra nos idiomas em ingl&#234;s e portugu&#234;s os quais avaliaram a efic&#225;cia e/ou seguran&#231;a do paracetamol em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno em RN com diagn&#243;stico de PCA. Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos duplicados, protocolos cl&#237;nicos, relatos de casos, estudos de coorte, revis&#245;es narrativas, sistem&#225;ticas e/ou metan&#225;lises, ensaios cl&#237;nicos que utilizaram tratamento combinado, de bra&#231;o &#250;nico, aqueles que avaliaram apenas a efic&#225;cia do paracetamol ou do ibuprofeno isoladamente, ou que utilizaram outros AINEs.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos</title>
        <p>O processo de triagem foi composto por tr&#234;s etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na sele&#231;&#227;o de todos os estudos com os descritores pesquisados no DeCS/MeSH presentes no t&#237;tulo, no resumo ou na palavra-chave. Na segunda etapa, os resumos dos estudos foram examinados e os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o aplicados. Na terceira etapa, os mesmos crit&#233;rios estabelecidos foram aplicados tamb&#233;m durante a leitura, na &#237;ntegra, dos estudos selecionados na etapa de triagem, para avaliar a elegibilidade e, por sua vez, a inclus&#227;o dos trabalhos nesta revis&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o e caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos</title>
        <p>O fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos est&#225; representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>. As buscas eletr&#244;nicas nas principais bases de dados resultaram em um total de 97 resultados (44 no Pubmed, 0 na LILACs, 51 na MEDLINE e 0 na SCIELO), sendo 2 estudos inclu&#237;dos manualmente. Foram eliminados 35 artigos duplicados, resultando em 63 estudos. Com base na leitura inicial dos resumos, 40 estudos foram exclu&#237;dos por serem artigos de revis&#227;o (n = 27), editoriais (n = 2), estudos de coorte (n = 9) e relato de caso (n = 1). Ap&#243;s avaliar os 24 artigos eleg&#237;veis mediante revis&#227;o integral do texto, foram exclu&#237;dos 14 estudos pelos seguintes motivos: 1) Ensaios cl&#237;nicos que n&#227;o compararam efic&#225;cia e/ou seguran&#231;a do paracetamol com o ibuprofeno para o tratamento de PCA (n = 8); 1) protocolo para ensaio cl&#237;nico (n = 2); 3) Ensaios cl&#237;nicos que avalia&#231;&#227;o efic&#225;cia do tratamento combinado do paracetamol com ibuprofeno (n = 2). Dessa forma, 8 estudos foram inclu&#237;dos em s&#237;ntese qualitativa, resultando em um total de 781 neonatos com PCA tratados com paracetamol ou ibuprofeno. Um resumo dos oito estudos selecionados &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240058-40058-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Primeiro autor, ano(n&#186; de ref.)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Design do estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Protocolo de tratamento com paracetamol</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Protocolo de tratamento com Ibuprofeno</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Tamanho da amostra</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Principais conclus&#245;essobre a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Al-Lawama et al., 2018<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IG &#8804; 32 semanas ou peso ao nascer &#8804; 1.500g</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10mg/Kg/dose seguido de 1 a 2 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9% a cada 6H por 3 dias</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg seguido de 1 a 2 mL de SF 0,9% uma vez ao dia por 3 dias</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 <break/>(13/9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ibuprofeno oral e o paracetamol s&#227;o seguros e eficazes no tratamento de PCA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Balachander et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RN prematuros com suspeita cl&#237;nica de PCA ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o ecogr&#225;fica.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15mg/Kg/dose a cada 6 horas, por 02 dias.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10mg/kg/dose no 1&#186; dia, seguido de 5 mg/kg 24 horas ap&#243;s a primeira dose, por 2 dias.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">110<break/>(55/55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Paracetamol &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quando o ibuprofeno no fechamento da PCA, mas a incid&#234;ncia de LRA &#233; maior com ibuprofeno.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Yang et al., 2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RN com IG &lt; 37 semanas com at&#233; 24 horas de internamento.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg via oral a cada 6 horas por 3 dias.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg seguida de 5 mg/kg durante as primeiras 24 horas e 48 horas depois.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87<break/>(43/44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A efic&#225;cia do ibuprofeno e do paracetamol no tratamento da PCA &#233; semelhante e igualmente segura a curto prazo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dang et al., 2013<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RN com IG &#8804; 34 semanas com PCA confirma&#231;&#227;o ecogr&#225;fica.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg 6/6 horas, via oral, por 3 dias.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg seguida de 5 mg/kg, via oral, ap&#243;s 24 horas e 48 horas.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">160<break/>(80/80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Paracetamol tem boa efic&#225;cia e menor risco de sangramento gastrointestinal ou hiperbilirrubinemia em compara&#231;&#227;o com ibuprofeno.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dani et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IG 25 a 31 semanas e 6 dias com PCA confirmada por ecografia.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg/6 horas, via intravenosa, por 3 dias.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg, seguida de 5 mg/kg ap&#243;s 24 e 48 horas, via intravenosa.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">101<break/>(52/49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Paracetamol &#233; menos eficaz do que o ibuprofeno. O paracetamol &#233; t&#227;o seguro quanto o ibuprofeno.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">El-Farrash et al., 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IG &#8804; 34, idade p&#243;s-natal de 2 a 7 dias.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg/6 horas, via oral, por 3 dias.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg/dia seguido de 5 mg/kg/dia, via oral, por mais 3 dias</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60<break/>(30/30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ibuprofeno e paracetamol s&#227;o igualmente eficazes e seguros para tratar PCA.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Kumar et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IG &lt; 32 semanas com PCAHS.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg/6 horas, via oral, durante 3 dias.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg/dose, via oral, seguido de 5 mg/kg/dose 24 hs. e 48 hs. ap&#243;s a 1&#170; dose.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">161<break/>(81/80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Paracetamol oral n&#227;o &#233; inferior ao ibuprofeno oral no tratamento da PCA.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Oncel et al., 2014<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IG &lt; 32, peso ao nascer &lt; 1250 g e idade p&#243;s-natal 48-96 horas e pelo menos um sinal ecocardiogr&#225;fico de PCA.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg/6 horas durante 3 dias, via oral.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg seguida de 5 mg/kg em 24 e 48 horas.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80<break/>(40/40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">O paracetamol e o ibuprofeno via oral s&#227;o igualmente eficazes e seguros para o fechamento do PCA.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ECR: ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado; IG: idade gestacional; RN: rec&#233;m-nascido; PCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos analisados nesta revis&#227;o evidenciaram que o paracetamol e o ibuprofeno s&#227;o igualmente eficazes para promover o fechamento do canal arterial, de modo que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para ambas as farmacoterapias (Figura Central). Embora a maioria dos estudos tenham demonstrado a seguran&#231;a terap&#234;utica com paracetamol e com ibuprofeno para o fechamento do DA, alguns ensaios relataram efeitos adversos relacionados ao uso de ibuprofeno, mas sem qualquer repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica grave.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos consideraram como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o RNs prematuros, com PCA hemodinamicamente significativa (PCAHS), a partir de crit&#233;rios ecogr&#225;ficos, tais como di&#226;metro transductal, revers&#227;o do fluxo na aorta descendente, dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda; ou presen&#231;a de sinais cl&#237;nicos, como prec&#243;rdio hiperdin&#226;mico, pulsos perif&#233;ricos limitados e press&#227;o de pulso ampla, choque compensado ou hipotensivo, sinais de subperfus&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou superperfus&#227;o pulmonar (por exemplo, tempo de enchimento capilar prolongado, diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio, acidose metab&#243;lica, hipotens&#227;o, aumento do volume hep&#225;tico, crepita&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, edema pulmonar hemorr&#225;gico).</p>
      <p>Dani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> em recente ensaio cl&#237;nico evidenciaram que, embora o paracetamol tenha sido menos eficaz no fechamento do PCAHS do que o ibuprofeno (52 vs. 78% p = 0,026), a taxa de sucesso na constric&#231;&#227;o foi semelhante (81 vs. 90% p = 0,202). Os mesmos autores relatam ainda que o primeiro curso (15 mg/kg/dia por 3 dias) de tratamento com paracetamol foi menos eficaz do que com o ibuprofeno, mas ambos apresentaram efeito de constric&#231;&#227;o semelhante, visto que estes f&#225;rmacos n&#227;o diferem quanto &#224; necessidade de um segundo curso de tratamento, &#224; taxa de reabertura (0 vs. 2%, p = 0,078) e &#224; necessidade de fechamento cir&#250;rgico (0 vs. 2% p = 0,338). O mesmo ensaio refor&#231;a que uma segunda administra&#231;&#227;o de ibuprofeno foi eficaz no fechamento do PCA hemodinamicamente significativo e refrat&#225;rio ao primeiro curso de tratamento, sendo assim uma alternativa eficaz e segura ao fechamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>Por sua vez, Al-Lawama et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> em seus estudos demonstraram que a taxa de fechamento prim&#225;rio foi de 69% no grupo paracetamol e 78% no grupo ibuprofeno. Esse mesmo grupo de pesquisadores demonstraram que pela an&#225;lise do protocolo (62 [95,4%] vs. 63 [94%]; RR 1,01 IC 95% [0,94-1,1]), bem como pelo tempo direcionado ao fechamento do PCAHS n&#227;o se verificou diferen&#231;a entre o paracetamol ou ibuprofeno (mediana, 66 horas [IC 95% 61-71 horas] vs. 49 horas [IC 95% 44-54 horas], ambos administrados por via oral. Esses achados corroboram Kumar et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> que relatam o fechamento do canal arterial de forma semelhante quando administrado paracetamol ou ibuprofeno via oral.</p>
      <p>Ao analisar os estudos desenvolvido por Dang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> verificou-se que o ducto arterial fechou em 81,2% dos lactentes tratados com paracetamol em compara&#231;&#227;o com 78,8% daqueles tratados com ibuprofeno, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois tratamentos (p = 0,693), com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% para diferen&#231;a entre os grupos igual a [-0,080 a 0,128]. Por&#233;m, os mesmos autores relatam a possibilidade da reabertura do canal, fato que foi verificado em 05 (cinco) lactentes que fizeram uso de paracetamol e em 06 (seis) lactentes, que fizeram uso de ibuprofeno, mas, com a continuidade do tratamento, o ducto fechou novamente em 4 (quatro) lactentes de cada grupo.</p>
      <p>El-Farrash et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> verificaram que a taxa de fechamento ductal com o uso de paracetamol oral foi compar&#225;vel ao ibuprofeno administrado pela mesma via ap&#243;s o primeiro ciclo de tratamento (66,7 vs. 40%, p = 0,272) e ap&#243;s o 2&#186; ciclo de tratamento (80,0% vs. 66,7%, p= 0,929). Ademais, segundo Dang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mesmo ap&#243;s o primeiro ciclo de tratamento, a diferen&#231;a do percentual de fechamento ductal n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,268). Assim sendo, a efic&#225;cia comparativa n&#227;o evidenciou inferioridade do paracetamol em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno. Entretanto, Kumar et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reportam que o paracetamol oral pode exigir uma dose mais elevada e/ou um tempo maior para efetuar o fechamento do PCA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno oral. Apesar de que Oncel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> demonstraram que a taxa de reabertura matematicamente foi maior no grupo do ibuprofeno, entretanto n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (24,1% [7 de 29] vs. 16,1% [5 de 31]; p = 0,43).</p>
      <p>Quanto aos fatores relacionados a seguran&#231;a de uso El-Farrash et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> relatam que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos (hemorragia intraventricular, enterocolite necrosante neonatal, displasia broncopulmonar, plaquetopenia, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal) e &#224; mortalidade, de forma tal que a incid&#234;ncia desses eventos n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa quando comparado os dois grupos de tratamento. Achados que corroboram Yang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> os quais relataram n&#227;o ter verificado nenhuma rea&#231;&#227;o adversa relacionada &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de qualquer um dos f&#225;rmacos. De forma que os RNs tratados com paracetamol ou ibuprofeno apresentaram resultados semelhantes (p &gt;0,05) para a taxa de fechamento de PCA, sangue oculto nas fezes, incid&#234;ncia de IVH, NEC e DBP.</p>
      <p>Nessa mesma perspectiva El-Farrash et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> em avalia&#231;&#227;o de ensaio cl&#237;nico, verificaram que nenhum dos pacientes desenvolveu ECN, HPIV, sangramento/perfura&#231;&#227;o gastrointestinal, insufici&#234;ncia renal/hep&#225;tica. Ademais Yang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na satura&#231;&#227;o transcut&#226;nea de O<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, frequ&#234;ncia de pulso, press&#227;o arterial, glicemia perif&#233;rica, bilirrubina transcut&#226;nea, temperatura alimenta&#231;&#227;o ou tend&#234;ncia &#224; sangramento, plaquetas, creatinina s&#233;rica e transaminase glut&#226;mico-pir&#250;vica e n&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de enterocolite necrosante neonatal (ECN). Al-Lawama et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> por sua vez, relataram que nenhum dos lactentes apresentou sinais de toxicidade hep&#225;tica, efeitos colaterais gastrointestinais e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas complica&#231;&#245;es neonatais.</p>
      <p>Contudo, Balachander et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> verificaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de LRA (em todos os est&#225;gios) de forma significativamente maior no grupo ibuprofeno (p = 0,024) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao paracetamol. Mas, na maioria dos casos, a LRA foi transit&#243;ria e os n&#237;veis de creatinina retornaram aos valores basais em 48 horas. Vale ressaltar que Dang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> verificaram que a taxa de incid&#234;ncia de sangramento gastrointestinal e hiperbilirrubinemia foi significativamente menor no grupo de RNs com PCA tratado com paracetamol em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo que recebeu ibuprofeno (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>Paradoxalmente, os estudos realizados por Balachander et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e por Oncel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> verificaram resultados contradit&#243;rios referente ao impacto da terapia medicamentosa no risco de provocar icter&#237;cia. Balachander et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> revelaram que os neonatos que receberam paracetamol tiveram maior incid&#234;ncia de icter&#237;cia, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Por sua vez, Oncel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> verificaram que os n&#237;veis de bilirrubina e a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a hep&#225;tica antes e depois do primeiro e segundo ciclo de paracetamol e ibuprofeno n&#227;o diferiram significativamente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, tanto o ibuprofeno quanto o paracetamol, administrados por via intravenosa ou oral, se mostraram como alternativas igualmente seguras e eficazes no tratamento de PCA em RNs prematuros. Os efeitos adversos verificados tiveram m&#237;nimas repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, ao passo que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia e &#224; seguran&#231;a quando comparado ambas as terapias medicamentosas. No entanto, alguns estudos evidenciaram menor incid&#234;ncia de LRA, risco de sangramento gastrointestinal e hiperbilirrubinemia com uso o de paracetamol em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ibuprofeno. Diante disso, o paracetamol se apresenta como uma alternativa interessante para o tratamento medicamentoso de PCA em RNs. N&#227;o obstante, novos ensaios cl&#237;nicos multic&#234;ntricos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para recrutar um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes, a fim de validar tais resultados em uma amostra populacional maior, mediante aplica&#231;&#227;o de protocolos mais uniformes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240058i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Paracetamol versus Ibuprofen in Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Newborns: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5681-5669</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>da Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Halecy Davidson Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception</role>
          <role>design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Eryvelton de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception</role>
          <role>design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Caroline de Almeida Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Bernadete de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception</role>
          <role>design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Translacional, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Halecy Davidson Sousa da Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235. Postal Code <postal-code>50670-901</postal-code>, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE - Brazil E-mail: <email>halecy.davidson@ufpe.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <p>Closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA) using cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors is considered the first-line treatment for hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Physiologically, prostaglandins have a recognized role in PDA. Admittedly, the comparative efficacy and safety between ibuprofen and acetaminophen need to be determined for rational choice of drug therapy for closure of the DA in clinical protocols.</p>
        <p>This study aims to present the aspects of the efficacy and therapeutic safety of paracetamol versus ibuprofen in the treatment of PDA in premature newborns.</p>
        <p>A systematic review of the literature was carried out, following the recommendations of the PRISMA protocol, using the Medline, Pubmed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Studies from the last 10 years (2013-2023) that analyzed the efficacy and/or safety of acetaminophen compared to ibuprofen in newborns diagnosed with PDA were included.</p>
        <p>Eight randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were selected for analysis, resulting in a sample size of 781 newborns with PDA treated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. The efficacy of acetaminophen for DA closure is comparable to ibuprofen. There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of related adverse effects between the two drugs in most studies.</p>
        <p>There is equivalence in the efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen to promote closure of the DA in premature newborns with hsPDA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Patent Ductus Arteriosus</kwd>
        <kwd>Ibuprofen</kwd>
        <kwd>Acetaminophen</kwd>
        <kwd>Efficacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Safety</kwd>
        <kwd>Newborn Infant</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f3">
        <p>Comparison of the efficacy and safety of paracetamol in relation to ibuprofen in the treatment of PDA in premature newborns. DA: ductus arteriosus; AO: aorta artery; PA: pulmonary artery NBs: newborns; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; COX: cyclooxygenase; POX: peroxidase; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; RCTs: randomized clinical trials.</p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240058-40058-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The ductus arteriosus (DA) connects the pulmonary artery and the proximal descending aorta during the fetal phase. Although ductus patency is essential, postnatal closure is crucial for complete independence of systemic and pulmonary circulations.</p>
        <p>Physiologically, closure of the DA occurs spontaneously within 72 hours after birth. However, occlusion may be delayed or ineffective in premature newborns (NBs), especially those with extremely low birth weight (&lt; 1000 g)or gestational age (GA) &lt; 28 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is defined and associated with clinical or echocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension and systemic hypoperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This is an important risk factor for mortality and morbidity in newborns. Therefore, closure of the DA can be achieved by using drugs that inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis in the wall of the DA structure.</p>
        <p>Treatment of PDA ranges from observation to drug or surgical intervention. Therapeutic regimens used in the treatment of PDA consist of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, including indomethacin or ibuprofen, and paracetamol, an inhibitor of the COX peroxidase site. Standard therapy for PDA closure, using indomethacin or ibuprofen, can cause adverse effects such as hyperbilirubinemia, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and gastrointestinal perforations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Choosing the appropriate therapy can be challenging due to the need to balance the risk of adverse effects and the desired benefit of the treatment. Although ibuprofen is the first-choice therapy, its use may pose some risk of acute kidney injury, proteinuria, gastrointestinal bleeding, cerebral perfusion disturbance, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and peri-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) in premature newborns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is assumed that paracetamol has a superior safety profile with the potential to be a replacement therapy for the two drugs currently used (ibuprofen and indomethacin).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, there are still few studies that have systematically evaluated the safety profile and clinical efficacy of paracetamol in relation to ibuprofen for PDA closure. The objective of this systematic review is to present a compilation of the literature aimed at demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of paracetamol in relation to ibuprofen in the closure of the patent DA in premature newborns.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This study was based on the "PICO" criteria, which is the acronym for Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcomes. The search was systematically carried out in the PUBMED, SCIELO, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases, using the following descriptors consulted by the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Health Science Descriptors (DeCS) websites: "Efficacy", "Ibuprofen", "Paracetamol", "Ductus Arteriosus, Patent". The Boolean operator "AND" was used to aggregate the descriptors. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of paracetamol in relation to ibuprofen in the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature newborns (NB). Studies were included based on the following criteria: articles published in the last 10 years (2013 to 2023), with full text available in English and Portuguese, which evaluated the efficacy and/or safety of paracetamol compared to ibuprofen in newborns diagnosed with PDA. Duplicate studies, clinical protocols, case reports, cohort studies, narrative reviews, systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses, clinical trials that used combined treatment, single-arm trials, those that evaluated only the efficacy of paracetamol or ibuprofen alone, or that used other NSAIDs were excluded.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Article selection</title>
          <p>The screening process consisted of three stages. The first stage consisted of selecting all studies with the descriptors searched in DeCS/MeSH present in the title, abstract, or keyword. In the second stage, the abstracts of the studies were examined, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. In the third stage, the same criteria established were also used during the full reading of the studies selected in the screening stage to assess eligibility and, in turn, the inclusion of the works in this review.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection and characteristics of the studies</title>
          <p>The article selection flowchart is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>. Electronic searches in the main databases resulted in a total of 97 results (44 in Pubmed, 0 in LILACs, 51 in MEDLINE, and 0 in SCIELO), with 02 studies being manually included. Thirty-five duplicate articles were eliminated, resulting in 63 studies. Based on the initial reading of the abstracts, 40 studies were excluded because they were review articles (n = 27), editorials (n = 02), cohort studies (n = 09), and case reports (n = 01). After evaluating the 24 eligible articles through full-text review, 14 studies were excluded for the following reasons: 1) Clinical trials that did not compare the efficacy and/or safety of paracetamol with ibuprofen for the treatment of PDA (n = 08); 1) clinical trial protocol (n = 02); 3) Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of combined treatment with paracetamol and ibuprofen (n = 02). Thus, 08 studies were included in qualitative synthesis, resulting in a total of 781 neonates with PDA treated with paracetamol or ibuprofen. A summary of the eight selected studies is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Article selection flowchart.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20240058-40058-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Main characteristics of the included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">First author, year(ref. n&#186;.)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Study design</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Inclusion criteria</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Paracetamol tratment protocol</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Ibuprofen tratment protocol</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Sample Size</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Key Findings on Efficacy and Safety</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AL-LAWAMA, 2018<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">GA <italic>&#8804;</italic> 32 weeks or birth weight <italic>&#8804;</italic> 1.500g</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10mg/Kg/dose followed by 1 to 2 mL of 0.9% saline solution Every 6 hours for days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg followed by 1 to 2mL of 0,9% saline solution once daily for 3 days</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22<break/>(13/9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral ibuprofen and paracetamol are safe and effective in treating PDA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Balachander, 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NB premature with clinical suspicion of PDA after ultrasound confirmation.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15mg/Kg/dose every 6 hours for 02 days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10mg/kg/dose on the 1st day, followed by 5 mg/kg 24 hours after the first dose, for 2 days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">110<break/>(55/55)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Paracetamol is as effective as ibuprofen in closing PDA, but the incidence of AKI &#233; higher with ibuprofen.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">YANG, 2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NB with GA &lt; 37 weeks with up to 24 hours of hospitalization.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg orally every 6 hours for 3 days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg followed by 5 mg/kg during the first 24 and 48 hours later.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">87<break/>(43/44)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">The efficacy of ibuprofen and paracetamol in the treatment of PDA is similar and equally safe in the short term.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">DANG, 2013<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NB with GA &#8804; 34 weeks with PDA ultrasound confirmation.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg orally every 6 hours for 3 days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg followed by 5 mg/kg orally after 24 and 48 hours.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">160<break/>(80/80)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Paracetamol has good efficacy and a lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding or hyperbilirubinemia compared to ibuprofen.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">DANI, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">GA 25 to 31 weeks and 6 days with PDA ultrasound confirmation.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg/6 hours, intravenously, for 3 days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg, followed by 5 mg/kg after 24 and 48 hours, intravenously.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">101<break/>(52/49)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Paracetamol is less effective than ibuprofen. <break/>Acetaminophen is as safe as ibuprofen.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">EL-FARRASH, 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">GA &#8804; 34, postnatal age 2 a 7 days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg/6 hours, orally, for 3 days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10mg/kg/day followed by 5 mg/kg/day orally for another 3 days</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60<break/>(30/30)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Ibuprofen and paracetamol are equally effective and safe for treating PDA.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">KUMAR, 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">GA &lt; 32 weeks with hsPDA.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg/6 hours, orally, for 3 days.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg/dose orally, followed by 5 mg/kg/dose 24 and 48 hours after the 1st dose.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">161<break/>(81/80)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral paracetamol is not inferior to oral ibuprofen in the treatment of PDA.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ONCEL, 2014<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">GA &lt; 32, birth weight &lt; 1250g postnatal age 48-96 hours, and at least one echocardiographic sign of PDA.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 mg/kg/6 hours for 3 days, orally.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/kg followed by 5 mg/kg in 24 and 48 hours.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">80<break/>(40/40)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral paracetamol and ibuprofen equally effective and safe for PDA clorure.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>RCT: randomized clinical trials; GA: gestational age; NB: newborn; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The clinical trials analyzed in this review showed that paracetamol and ibuprofen are equally effective in promoting closure of the DA so there was no statistically significant difference for both pharmacotherapies (Central Illustration). Although most studies demonstrated the therapeutic safety of paracetamol and ibuprofen for closure of the DA, some trials reported adverse effects related to the use of ibuprofen, but without any serious clinical repercussions.</p>
        <p>Most studies considered as inclusion criteria premature newborns (NBs) with hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA), based on ultrasound criteria, such as transductal diameter, reversal of flow in the descending aorta, left atrial dilation, or presence of clinical signs, such as hyperdynamic precordium, limited peripheral pulses, and wide pulse pressure, compensated or hypotensive shock, signs of systemic underperfusion or pulmonary overperfusion (for example, prolonged capillary filling time, decreased urine output, metabolic acidosis, hypotension, increased liver volume, pulmonary crackles, hemorrhagic pulmonary edema).</p>
        <p>Dani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> in a recent clinical trial, showed that, although paracetamol was less effective in closing the hsPDA than ibuprofen (52 vs. 78% p = 0.026), the success rate in constriction was similar (81 vs. 90% p = 0.202). The same authors also reported that the first course (15 mg/kg/day for 3 days) of treatment with paracetamol was less effective than with ibuprofen, but both had a similar constriction effect since these drugs did not differ in the need for a second course of treatment, the reopening rate (0 vs. 2%, p = 0.078) and the need for surgical closure (0 vs. 2% p = 0.338). The same trial reinforces that a second administration of ibuprofen was effective in closing a hemodynamically significant PDA that was refractory to the first course of treatment, thus being an effective and safe alternative to surgical closure.</p>
        <p>In turn, Al-Lawama et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in their studies, demonstrated that the primary closure rate was 69% in the paracetamol group and 78% in the ibuprofen group. This same group of researchers showed that through the analysis of the protocol (62 [95.4%] vs. 63 [94%]; RR 1.01 95% CI [0.94-1.1]),as well as the time directed to the closure of the hsPDA, no difference was observed between paracetamol or ibuprofen (median, 66 hours [95% CI 61-71 hours] vs. 49 hours [95% CI 44-54 hours], both administered orally. These findings corroborate Kumar et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> who reported similar closure of the DA when paracetamol or ibuprofen was administered orally.</p>
        <p>When analyzing the studies developed by Dang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> it was found that the DA closed in 81.2% of infants treated with paracetamol compared to 78.8% of those treated with ibuprofen, but there was no statistical difference between the two treatments (p = 0.693), with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference between the groups equal to [-0.080 to 0.128]. However, the same authors report the possibility of reopening the ductus, a fact that was verified in 05 (five) infants who used paracetamol and in 06 (six) infants who used ibuprofen, but with the continuation of the treatment, the ductus closed again in 4 (four) infants in each group.</p>
        <p>El-Farrash et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> found that the ductal closure rate with the use of oral paracetamol was comparable to ibuprofen administered by the same route after the first treatment cycle (66.7 vs. 40%, p = 0.272) and after the 2nd treatment cycle (80.0% vs. 66.7%, p = 0.929). Furthermore, according to Dang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> even after the first treatment cycle, the difference in the percentage of ductal closure was not statistically significant(p = 0.268). Therefore, the comparative efficacy did not show the inferiority of paracetamol in relation to ibuprofen. However, Kumar et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported that oral paracetamol may require a higher dose and/or a longer time to effect PDA closure in relation to oral ibuprofen. Although Oncel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> demonstrated that the reopening rate was mathematically higher in the ibuprofen group, however, it did not reveal a statistical difference (24.1% [7 of 29] vs. 16.1% [5 of 31]; p = 0.43).</p>
        <p>Regarding factors related to the safety of use, El-Farrash et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> reported that there was no difference regarding the incidence of adverse effects (intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, thrombocytopenia, liver and kidney dysfunction) and mortality so that the incidence of these events was not statistically significant when comparing the two treatment groups. These findings corroborate those of Yang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> who reported not having observed any adverse reactions related to the administration of any of the drugs. Thus, newborns treated with paracetamol or ibuprofen presented similar results (p&gt;0.05) for the rate of PDA closure, fecal occult blood, and the incidence of IVH, NEC, and BPD.</p>
        <p>In the same perspective, El-Farrash et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> in a clinical trial evaluation, found that none of the patients developed NEC, PIVH, gastrointestinal bleeding/perforation, or renal/hepatic failure. Furthermore, Yang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> also did not observe significant changes in transcutaneous O2 saturation, pulse rate, blood pressure, peripheral blood glucose, transcutaneous bilirubin, feeding temperature or bleeding tendency, platelets, serum creatinine, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and there was no occurrence of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Al-Lawama et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in turn, reported that none of the infants showed signs of liver toxicity or gastrointestinal side effects, and there were no differences in neonatal complications.</p>
        <p>However, Balachander et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> found that AKI (at all stages) was significantly higher in the ibuprofen group (p = 0.024) compared to paracetamol. However, in most cases, AKI was transient, and creatinine levels returned to baseline values within 48 hours. It is worth mentioning that Dang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> found that the incidence rate of gastrointestinal bleeding and hyperbilirubinemia was significantly lower in the group of newborns with PDA treated with paracetamol compared to the group that received ibuprofen (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>Paradoxically, the studies carried out by Balachander et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and Oncel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> found contradictory results regarding the impact of drug therapy on the risk of causing jaundice. Balachander et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> revealed that newborns who received paracetamol had a higher incidence of jaundice, although without statistical significance. In turn, Oncel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> found that bilirubin levels and renal and hepatic function before and after the first and second cycles of paracetamol and ibuprofen did not differ significantly.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In most studies included in this systematic review, both ibuprofen and paracetamol, administered intravenously or orally, were shown to be equally safe and effective alternatives for the treatment of PDA in premature newborns. The adverse effects observed had minimal clinical repercussions, while there were no significant differences in efficacy and safety when comparing both drug therapies. However, some studies showed a lower incidence of AKI, risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, and hyperbilirubinemia with the use of paracetamol compared to ibuprofen. Therefore, paracetamol appears to be an interesting alternative for the drug treatment of PDA in newborns. Nevertheless, new multicenter clinical trials are needed to recruit a larger number of patients in order to validate these results in a larger population sample by applying more uniform protocols.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
