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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Cbq4RWF7bXrxpw3vnXVxMyL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001100304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230343</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo Observacional de Express&#245;es Ditas por Solicitantes de Atendimento Emergencial para uma Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e o Impacto no Reconhecimento pelo M&#233;dico Regulador</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5296-0458</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Voos</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Henrique Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Manami</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6561-5327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trommer</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Boeck</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Berlinck da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9521-5690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Franke da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laporte</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Andreazza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crespo</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Rog&#233;rio Proen&#231;a Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Regner</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viegas</surname>
            <given-names>Karin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Porto Alegre Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Porto Alegre Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de &#8211; Assessoria de Ensino e Pesquisa,Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Matheus Henrique Ramos Voos &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - R. Sarmento Leite, 245. CEP 90050-170, Centro Hist&#243;rico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil; E-mail: <email>matheushrvoos@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230343</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Estudo Observacional de Express&#245;es Ditas por Solicitantes de Atendimento Emergencial para uma Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e o Impacto no Reconhecimento pelo M&#233;dico Regulador</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Cbq4RWF7bXrxpw3vnXVxMyL/fbca7bfda2cd53942b3da15b40ac97fc0a264461.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Cbq4RWF7bXrxpw3vnXVxMyL/1f8057f317c49a91f38b296296b860e797a27491.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A sobreviv&#234;ncia de uma v&#237;tima de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) extra-hospitalar tem rela&#231;&#227;o com o fornecimento precoce de reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP), sendo que a agilidade no reconhecimento desse evento por um m&#233;dico regulador (MR) pode contribuir para a cadeia de reanima&#231;&#227;o. Atualmente, existe escassa literatura sobre o tema.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Analisar categorias e subcategorias de palavras/express&#245;es utilizadas espontaneamente por leigos nos chamados por PCR e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o reconhecimento desse evento pelos MR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal, com an&#225;lise de chamadas de socorro feitas por leigos, devido &#224; PCR, em um servi&#231;o de atendimento m&#243;vel de urg&#234;ncia do Brasil. As express&#245;es utilizadas foram classificadas em seis categorias e 31 subcategorias. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica empregou testes com modelos uni e multivariados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o das categorias e subcategorias das palavras/express&#245;es com a presun&#231;&#227;o de PCR. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 284 chamados no estudo e, ap&#243;s aplicados os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 101 foram analisados. As categorias de express&#245;es &#8220;estado cardiovascular/perfusional&#8221; (p=0,019) e &#8220;estado geral&#8221; (p=0,011) foram identificadas como fatores de confus&#227;o no reconhecimento de uma PCR. Ainda, as subcategorias: &#8220;dificuldade respirat&#243;ria&#8221; (p=0,023), &#8220;irresponsividade verbal&#8221; (p=0,034), &#8220;cor facial&#8221; (p=0,068) e &#8220;passando mal&#8221; (p=0,013) tamb&#233;m foram identificadas como fatores de confus&#227;o. Por outro lado, as subcategorias de express&#245;es: &#8220;aus&#234;ncia de respira&#231;&#227;o&#8221; (p=0,010); &#8220;posi&#231;&#227;o espacial&#8221; (p=0,016); e &#8220;emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares&#8221; (p=0,045) foram identificadas como fatores facilitadores para o reconhecimento de PCR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Categorias e subcategorias de express&#245;es empregadas pelos solicitantes durante o chamado por PCR podem influenciar no &#225;gil reconhecimento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;dico regulador.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca Extra-Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Pr&#233;-hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Operador de Emerg&#234;ncia M&#233;dica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O aumento da taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia de uma v&#237;tima de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) em um ambiente extra-hospitalar depende da precocidade e qualidade da reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Visto que a maioria das PCRs ocorre fora do ambiente hospitalar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> fica evidente que o reconhecimento r&#225;pido desse agravo &#233; o pilar da cadeia de sobreviv&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, a assist&#234;ncia pr&#233;-hospitalar p&#250;blica &#233; realizada pelo Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (SAMU) que, al&#233;m de enviar uma equipe para realizar o atendimento no local, instrui ao solicitante medidas que devem ser realizadas at&#233; a chegada do socorro. Esse componente do atendimento &#233; realizado pelo m&#233;dico regulador (MR) &#8211; profissional respons&#225;vel por reconhecer rapidamente a PCR e orientar ao solicitante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de RCP de forma assistida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O reconhecimento de uma PCR por um profissional de atendimento emergencial aumenta a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia da v&#237;tima e diminui o tempo at&#233; o fornecimento de RCP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da import&#226;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o precoce da RCP, mais da metade das liga&#231;&#245;es para servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia devido a PCR n&#227;o s&#227;o seguidas pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de RCP por parte dos indiv&#237;duos presentes na cena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Alguns fatores que contribuem para a demora ou a falta do reconhecimento da PCR incluem: descri&#231;&#227;o superficial da respira&#231;&#227;o; perguntas desnecess&#225;rias; e problemas t&#233;cnicos e humanos na comunica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Segundo o <italic>International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR),</italic> por&#233;m, existe uma lacuna na literatura cient&#237;fica sobre aspectos que influenciam a cadeia de tomada de decis&#245;es pelo MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Por exemplo, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as categorias de palavras/express&#245;es chaves relacionadas com uma PCR usadas pelos solicitantes durante o chamado e o efetivo reconhecimento pelo MR sobre a real ocorr&#234;ncia de PCR.</p>
      <p>Logo, o presente estudo tem por objetivo: (i) descrever as categorias e subcategorias de palavras/express&#245;es empregadas pelos solicitantes leigos no chamado por PCR e (ii) analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as categorias e subcategorias de palavras/express&#245;es e o reconhecimento pelo MR de PCR ocorrida no local do chamado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O atendimento do SAMU inicia pela recep&#231;&#227;o do chamado por um t&#233;cnico auxiliar de regula&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica (TARM), respons&#225;vel por identificar a queixa principal do solicitante e seus dados de identifica&#231;&#227;o. Se necess&#225;rio, o solicitante &#233; transferido para o atendimento com um MR, o qual deve presumir o tipo de afec&#231;&#227;o e a sua gravidade para tomada de decis&#227;o sobre as orienta&#231;&#245;es para o solicitante e o envio do socorro para o suporte mais adequado. Avaliados esses fatores, o MR decide pelo envio de uma unidade b&#225;sica (tripulada por um t&#233;cnico em enfermagem e um motorista) e/ou de uma avan&#231;ada (tripulada por um m&#233;dico, um enfermeiro e um motorista).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, documental, com an&#225;lise de chamados emergenciais remotos (registrados em prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico e &#225;udios) de v&#237;timas de PCR atendidas pelo SAMU em Porto Alegre/RS, Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>A amostra foi consecutiva e n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica, sendo composta por todos os chamados que tiveram como socorro comprovado PCR de origem n&#227;o-traum&#225;tica, pela equipe de atendimento do SAMU, durante o per&#237;odo de 01 de mar&#231;o ao dia 31 de outubro de 2019.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Chamadas de socorro para o SAMU por solicitantes leigos em que foi enviado socorro e a equipe do SAMU reconheceu, na cena, PCR de origem n&#227;o-traum&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: PCR de origem traum&#225;tica; a aus&#234;ncia de &#225;udios com o TARM ou com o MR; liga&#231;&#227;o realizada de uma institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de; solicitante n&#227;o estava na cena; o solicitante era ou houve o relato da presen&#231;a de um profissional da sa&#250;de na cena; e problemas t&#233;cnicos que impossibilitaram a compreens&#227;o do &#225;udio do MR pelos pesquisadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte dos dados</title>
        <p>O SAMU utiliza um sistema informatizado para registro do servi&#231;o de atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar SAMU 192. Durante o per&#237;odo estudado, foram utilizados para a an&#225;lise os registros digitais e &#225;udios das vers&#245;es <italic>SAPH Cliente 2.18.3.5 e SAPH Reports 2.18.2.1.</italic> A extra&#231;&#227;o dos chamados foi realizada pela empresa respons&#225;vel pelo <italic>software</italic>, que os selecionou e os categorizou como cl&#237;nicos/PCR. Ap&#243;s essa sele&#231;&#227;o preliminar, foi poss&#237;vel definir as fichas de atendimento e os &#225;udios a serem analisados.</p>
        <p>Os registros digitais e &#225;udios foram analisados pelos pesquisadores, os quais preencheram um instrumento de pesquisa. Foram extra&#237;dos dados sobre local de ocorr&#234;ncia, gravidade presumida pelo MR (pequena, m&#233;dia, alta, morte e indeterminada), gravidade comprovada pela equipe de atendimento no local, deslocamento de equipe de apoio e desfecho do atendimento (&#243;bito ou n&#227;o &#243;bito). Esses dados foram extra&#237;dos, codificados e digitados em uma planilha no programa <italic>Microsoft Excel 2020&#174;</italic>.</p>
        <p>Para diminuir poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, os pesquisadores realizaram um treinamento quanto &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de sele&#231;&#227;o nos chamados, assim como em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; categoriza&#231;&#227;o das palavras/express&#245;es utilizadas pelos solicitantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Categorias de palavras/express&#245;es</title>
        <p>As palavras/express&#245;es foram classificadas em categorias e subcategorias ainda n&#227;o validadas na literatura, devido &#224; car&#234;ncia de estudos relacionados a esse tema. Entretanto, os artigos de Berdowski et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e Tamminen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> serviram como base para a constru&#231;&#227;o das categorias. Algumas adapta&#231;&#245;es foram feitas para adequa&#231;&#227;o de linguagem, sendo estabelecidas, ent&#227;o, seis categorias e 31 subcategorias, apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Categorias e subcategorias das palavras/express&#245;es utilizadas por solicitantes leigos durante as chamadas por socorro para descrever pacientes com PCR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Categoria</th>
                  <th>Subcategoria</th>
                  <th>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos leigos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">Estado Ventilat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia de respira&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o respira, parou de respirar, acho que n&#227;o respira, faltou o ar*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dificuldade respirat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Falta de ar, dificuldade de respirar, t&#225; respirando mal, tentando respirar*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">Roncando, engasgando, respira&#231;&#227;o esquisita*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">Respira bem pouquinho, n&#227;o respira regularmente, t&#225; parando de respirar*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Profundidade anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o sinto mais a respira&#231;&#227;o, respira&#231;&#227;o fraca, respira&#231;&#227;o curta, respira&#231;&#227;o profunda*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Altera&#231;&#245;es visuais decorrentes de problemas ventilat&#243;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o mexe nada o peito, boca aberta tentando respirar*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">Respira, t&#225; respirando*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">Estado de Consci&#234;ncia e Responsividade</td>
                  <td align="center">Posi&#231;&#227;o espacial</td>
                  <td align="center">Deitado, no ch&#227;o, ca&#237;da, atirado, ca&#237;do no ch&#227;o*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Desmaio</td>
                  <td align="center">Desmaiada, desmaiou*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Irresponsividade geral</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o reage, desacordada, inconsciente, apagado*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Irresponsividade comunicativa</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o fala, n&#227;o responde, n&#227;o tem condi&#231;&#245;es de falar, n&#227;o consegue falar, parou de responder*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Irresponsividade motora</td>
                  <td align="center">Parado, n&#227;o consegue caminhar, n&#227;o consegue levantar*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Estado confusional</td>
                  <td align="center">Mole, tonta*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">Fechando os olhos, perdendo os sentidos, t&#225; acordado*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Estado Cardiovascular/ Perfusional</td>
                  <td align="center">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas</td>
                  <td align="center">Dor no peito, palpita&#231;&#227;o, press&#227;o t&#225; baixando*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Temperatura</td>
                  <td align="center">Gelada, fria*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cor facial</td>
                  <td align="center">Roxo, p&#225;lida, boca roxa, arroxeado*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sudorese</td>
                  <td align="center">Suando, suando gelado, suadouro*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pulso</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem pulso*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Estado Geral</td>
                  <td align="center">Passando mal</td>
                  <td align="center">Passando mal, n&#227;o t&#225; legal, n&#227;o t&#225; passando bem*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Presun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">Quase morta, acho que faleceu, entrando &#243;bito, desfalecida*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Emerg&#234;ncia Presumida</td>
                  <td align="center">Emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada, infartando, PCR, ataque card&#237;aco*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Convuls&#227;o/ataque epil&#233;ptico</td>
                  <td align="center">Ataque epil&#233;ptico, em crise, convuls&#227;o*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">Mal s&#250;bito*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es orofar&#237;ngeas</td>
                  <td align="center">Babando, boca aberta, saindo gosma pela boca, mordendo a l&#237;ngua*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es oculares</td>
                  <td align="center">Revirando os olhos, olhos abertos*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es em membros</td>
                  <td align="center">Pesando os bra&#231;os, afrouxou as pernas*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es gastrointestinais</td>
                  <td align="center">V&#244;mito, n&#225;usea*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es urol&#243;gicas</td>
                  <td align="center">Se mijando*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es nasais</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangrou pelo nariz*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">Sacudir, tremendo, barulhos*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>*Palavras e express&#245;es semanticamente similares foram consideradas adaptado de Berdowski et al.<sup>5</sup> e Tamminen et al.<sup>13</sup> PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados em frequ&#234;ncia e percentual, enquanto os dados cont&#237;nuos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o do socorro presumido como PCR com os atendimentos foi realizada utilizando-se os testes Qui-Quadrado e Exato de <italic>Fisher</italic>. Para as an&#225;lises de associa&#231;&#245;es do socorro presumido como PCR com as vari&#225;veis que envolviam a classifica&#231;&#227;o e subclassifica&#231;&#227;o das palavras/express&#245;es foram aplicados modelos uni e multivariados de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com as estimativas de <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) com Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos valores de OR deve ser feita da seguinte forma: os chamados em que a categoria ou subcategoria n&#227;o estavam presentes, foram definidos como OR = 1 para a presun&#231;&#227;o da PCR; um OR &gt; 1 indica que a presen&#231;a daquela categoria/subcategoria aumenta a chance de o MR classificar o chamado como n&#227;o-PCR (errando o diagn&#243;stico); e um OR &lt; 1 informa que a presen&#231;a da categoria/subcategoria diminui a chance de o MR classificar o chamado como n&#227;o-PCR (acertando o diagn&#243;stico). Passaram para etapa multivariada as vari&#225;veis cujo valor foi p &lt;0,20 na an&#225;lise univariada. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada utilizando-se o <italic>software SPSS</italic> vers&#227;o 25.0 e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (CAAE #4.287.099).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo 284 chamados; todavia, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o seguindo os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o, 101 chamados foram analisados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Os dados de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra, conforme o tipo de socorro presumido pelo MR est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. As v&#237;timas de PCR encontravam-se majoritariamente em ambientes residenciais (82%), seguidas de locais p&#250;blicos ou privados (9%), como lojas, supermercados e shoppings. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados sobre os atendimentos, o MR presumiu corretamente o socorro, como PCR, em 40 chamados (40%) do total da amostra analisada. No que concerne &#224; mortalidade, foi verificado que em 81% dos atendimentos o paciente foi a &#243;bito na cena, sendo que essa taxa foi significativamente maior quando o MR identificava a PCR.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma representando a sele&#231;&#227;o de chamados inclu&#237;dos na amostra analisada no estudo. PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; TARM: t&#233;cnico auxiliar de regula&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20230343-30343-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos atendimentos dos chamados com socorro comprovado como parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pelo SAMU em uma capital do sul do Brasil, 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Socorro Presumido PCR</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Amostra (n=101)</th>
                <th>Sim (n=40)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o (n=61)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n (%) </th>
                <th>n (%) </th>
                <th>n (%) </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Locais de ocorr&#234;ncia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">Resid&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">88 (87)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (83)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (82)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">0,049<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Locais p&#250;blicos ou privados*</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Casas geri&#225;tricas</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Via P&#250;blica<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Indeterminado</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Gravidade presumida, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">Pequena</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">&lt;0,001<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">30 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Severa</td>
                <td align="center">56 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (98)</td>
                <td align="center">17(28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Morte</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Gravidade confirmada, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">Pequena</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">0,176<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Severa</td>
                <td align="center">28 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Morte</td>
                <td align="center">71 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Deslocamento de equipe de apoio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">79 (78)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (85)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,035<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">22 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#211;bito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">82 (81)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (93)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (74)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,018<sup>&#8710;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">19 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Fonte: Autores. *lojas, supermercados, shopping; &#8224;locais externos (rua). &#165; Teste Qui-Quadrado; &#8710; Teste Exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es completas sobre as categorias e subcategorias, conforme o socorro presumido, est&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 3</xref> (categorias) e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> (subcategorias). As categorias de palavras/express&#245;es mais utilizadas foram: Estado de Consci&#234;ncia/Responsividade (ECR) (68%), seguida de Estado Ventilat&#243;rio (EV) (65%). Na an&#225;lise univariada, palavras/express&#245;es sobre Estado Geral (EG) e Estado Cardiovascular/Perfusional (ECP) foram identificadas como fatores de confus&#227;o para a decis&#227;o do MR sobre o socorro presumido. Quando realizada a an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o EG apresentou um valor significativo como fator de confus&#227;o para o MR. Na categoria emerg&#234;ncia presumida (EP), a subcategoria &#8220;emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares&#8221; foi a mais utilizada, tendo sido empregada em 18% de todas as PCR, representando um fator facilitador na decis&#227;o de socorro presumido como PCR pelo MR.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o das categorias de palavras/express&#245;es empregadas durante as chamadas por socorro com o reconhecimento de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pelo m&#233;dico regulador do SAMU, Brasil, 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Categoria</th>
                <th colspan="2">O tipo de socorro presumido pelo MR foi PCR?</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sim (n=40)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o (n=61)</th>
                <th colspan="3">Univariado</th>
                <th colspan="3">Multivariado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado Ventilat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">26 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,953</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 - 2,37</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado de Consci&#234;ncia/Responsividade</td>
                <td align="center">26 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,562</td>
                <td align="center">1,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 - 3,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado Cardiovascular/Perfus&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">9 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019*</td>
                <td align="center">2,92</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 - 7,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
                <td align="center">2,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 - 6,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado Geral</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011*</td>
                <td align="center">3,68</td>
                <td align="center">1,34 - 10,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,013<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 - 11,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Emerg&#234;ncia Presumida</td>
                <td align="center">13 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 - 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,548</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 - 2,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
                <td align="center">1,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 - 4,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
                <td align="center">1,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 - 4,64</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: autores; SAMU: Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia. O &#8220;n&#8221; utilizado representa os chamados em que as palavras/express&#245;es das respectivas categorias estiveram presentes. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MR: m&#233;dico regulador; OR: odds ratio; PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. * Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. # Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o das subcategorias de palavras/express&#245;es empregadas durante as chamadas por socorro com o reconhecimento de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pelo m&#233;dico regulador do SAMU. Brasil. 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" scope="col">Categoria/Subcategorias</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">O tipo de socorro presumido foi PCR?</th>
                <th colspan="8" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">Sim (n=40)</th>
                <th scope="col">N&#227;o (n=61)</th>
                <th colspan="4" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Univariado</th>
                <th colspan="4" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Multivariado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">n (%)</th>
                <th scope="col">n (%)</th>
                <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">IC95%</th>
                <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="11">Estado Ventilat&#243;rio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de Respira&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td>21 (52,5)</td>
                <td>12 (19,7)</td>
                <td>0,001*</td>
                <td>0,22</td>
                <td colspan="2">0,09 - 0,54</td>
                <td>0,010<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td>0,23</td>
                <td colspan="2">0,07 - 0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dificuldade Respirat&#243;ria</td>
                <td>3 (7,5)</td>
                <td>17 (27,9)</td>
                <td>0,019*</td>
                <td>4,77</td>
                <td colspan="2">1,29 - 17,54</td>
                <td>0,023<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td>6,99</td>
                <td colspan="2">1,31 - 37,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respira&#231;&#227;o Anormal</td>
                <td>1 (2,5)</td>
                <td>6 (9,8)</td>
                <td>0,188</td>
                <td>4,25</td>
                <td colspan="2">0,49 - 36,76</td>
                <td>0,354</td>
                <td>3,26</td>
                <td colspan="2">0,27 - 39,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia Anormal</td>
                <td>0 (0,0)</td>
                <td>7 (11,5)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td colspan="2">-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Profundidade Anormal</td>
                <td>4 (10,0)</td>
                <td>4 (6,6)</td>
                <td>0,534</td>
                <td>0,63</td>
                <td colspan="2">0,15 - 2,69</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es Visuais Decorrentes de Problemas Ventilat&#243;rios</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="11">
                  <bold>Estado de Consci&#234;ncia/Responsividade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Posi&#231;&#227;o Espacial</td>
                <td align="center">13 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,16 - 1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,016<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,05 - 0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desmaio</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,874</td>
                <td align="center">1,08</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,40 - 2,91</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Irresponsividade Geral</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,137</td>
                <td align="center">2,19</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,78 - 6,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,386</td>
                <td align="center">1,90</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,45 - 8,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Irresponsividade Verbal</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
                <td align="center">3,02</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,79 - 11,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,034<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7,25</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,16 - 45,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Irresponsividade Motora</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
                <td align="center">1,33</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,23 - 7,64</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado Confusional</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
                <td align="center">1,33</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,23 - 7,64</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,985</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,16 - 6,16</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="11">
                  <bold>Estado Cardiovascular/Perfus&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Temperatura</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,540</td>
                <td align="center">1,70</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,31 - 9,20</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cor</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
                <td align="center">2,47</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,94 - 6,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,128</td>
                <td align="center">2,85</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,74 - 11,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sudorese</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pulso</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,822</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,12 - 15,08</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="11">
                  <bold>Estado Geral</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passando Mal</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (36,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006*</td>
                <td align="center">5,08</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,60 &#8211; 16,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,013<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6,75</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,50 &#8211; 30,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presun&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,594</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,12 &#8211; 3,33</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="11">
                  <bold>Emerg&#234;ncia Presumida</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Emerg&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</td>
                <td align="center">11 (27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045*</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,12 - 0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,210</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,11 - 1,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Convuls&#227;o/Ataque Epil&#233;ptico</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
                <td align="center">1,33</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,23 - 7,64</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="11">
                  <bold>Outros</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Orofar&#237;ngeas</td>
                <td align="center">9 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,28 - 2,04</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Oculares</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Membros</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#225;useas/V&#244;mitos</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
                <td align="center">2,02</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,20 - 20,z11</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Urol&#243;gicas</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Nasais</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: autores SAMU: Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia. O &#8220;n&#8221; utilizado representa os chamados em que as palavras/express&#245;es das respectivas subcategorias estiveram presentes. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MR: m&#233;dico regulador; OR: odds ratio PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; * Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. <sup>#</sup> Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No que se refere &#224; categoria ECR, as subcategorias mais utilizadas foram: &#8220;posi&#231;&#227;o espacial&#8221; (23%) e &#8220;irresponsividade geral&#8221; (23%). A &#8220;posi&#231;&#227;o espacial&#8221; foi um fator facilitador significativo na avalia&#231;&#227;o correta do socorro presumido como PCR pelo MR. Por outro lado, a outra subcategoria da ECR &#8220;irresponsividade verbal&#8221; representou um fator de confus&#227;o significativo para a tomada de decis&#227;o do MR na defini&#231;&#227;o do socorro presumido.</p>
      <p>Dentre as subcategorias da categoria EV, a mais utilizada foi &#8220;aus&#234;ncia de respira&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, sendo usada em 32% de todos os chamados de PCR. Essa subcategoria de express&#227;o apresentou valor significativo como fator facilitador para a presun&#231;&#227;o correta da PCR, tanto na an&#225;lise univariada, quanto na multivariada. Por&#233;m, foi observado que a subcategoria &#8220;dificuldade respirat&#243;ria&#8221; foi um fator de confus&#227;o significativo para presun&#231;&#227;o de PCR pelo MR. Da mesma forma, na categoria EG, a subcategoria mais empregada foi &#8220;passando mal&#8221; (26%), a qual, tamb&#233;m, representou um fator de confus&#227;o para a defini&#231;&#227;o do socorro presumido como PCR. A subcategoria mais utilizada na categoria ECP foi &#8220;cor facial&#8221; (28%). No que concerne &#224; categoria &#8220;Outros&#8221; (OT), a subcategoria mais utilizada foi &#8220;manifesta&#231;&#245;es orofar&#237;ngeas&#8221; (20%). Nenhuma das subcategorias da ECP ou da OT teve associa&#231;&#227;o com a presun&#231;&#227;o de PCR pelo MR. Interessante que seis por cento da amostra de solicitantes mencionou algum sinal que poderia estar relacionado a uma convuls&#227;o t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nica da v&#237;tima durante o chamado por PCR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, a partir da an&#225;lise de 101 chamados, definimos categorias e subcategorias das express&#245;es mais utilizadas por solicitantes leigos, nos pedidos de socorro por PCR. Identificamos associa&#231;&#245;es entre algumas categorias e subcategorias das express&#245;es usadas no chamado com o reconhecimento da PCR pelo m&#233;dico regulador. Este &#233; um estudo precursor no pa&#237;s que contribui para o debate cient&#237;fico mundial sobre aspectos que influenciam a cadeia de tomada de decis&#245;es pelo MR. Em 2018, a ILCOR indicou que estudos que avaliassem as lacunas de conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao reconhecimento da PCR extra-hospitalar deveriam ser considerados de elevado impacto e prioridade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Verificamos que a presun&#231;&#227;o adequada de PCR pelo MR (40% dos chamados) foi abaixo da m&#233;dia descrita em estudos pr&#233;vios sobre o tema. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> realizada em 2015, incluindo 16 estudos que analisaram 6955 chamados, relatou sensibilidade global de reconhecimento de PCR, por m&#233;dicos reguladores, de 74%. Entretanto, nessa revis&#227;o, identificou-se grande heterogeneidade dos resultados, havendo acentuada varia&#231;&#227;o de sensibilidade (entre 14% e 97%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Corroborando os achados dessa revis&#227;o, outros estudos mostraram amplo espectro de sensibilidade (37-96%) dos MR no reconhecimento de PCR em chamados por leigos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Essa variabilidade pode ser explicada pelas diferen&#231;as significativas encontradas na forma como os MR aderem aos protocolos de cada local, al&#233;m dos diversos fatores sociais, culturais e financeiros relacionados a cada sistema de emerg&#234;ncia analisado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s categorias de palavras/express&#245;es mais utilizadas durante o chamado &#8211; ECR e EV &#8211; nosso estudo est&#225; alinhado a estudos realizados em outros pa&#237;ses. Em um estudo na Inglaterra, o termo &#8220;inconsciente&#8221; somado a um ou mais dos sintomas &#8220;n&#227;o respirando&#8221;, &#8220;respira&#231;&#227;o ineficaz&#8221; e &#8220;respira&#231;&#227;o barulhenta&#8221; foi utilizado em 80% de todos os chamados por PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 23 estudos, incluindo quatro que analisaram diretamente os &#225;udios dos chamados de PCR, uma combina&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;inconsci&#234;ncia&#8221; e &#8220;aus&#234;ncia de respira&#231;&#227;o&#8221; ou &#8220;presen&#231;a de respira&#231;&#227;o anormal&#8221; foram os termos mais comumente relatados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Segundo o <italic>European Resuscitation Council</italic>, o reconhecimento de uma PCR, em ambiente extra-hospitalar, deve ser baseado na combina&#231;&#227;o do paciente estar inconsciente e apneico ou respirando de forma anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> De fato, dentre as subcategorias da categoria EV, a mais utilizada (&#8220;aus&#234;ncia de respira&#231;&#227;o&#8221;), teve efeito facilitador para o reconhecimento da PCR pelo MR.</p>
      <p>A nossa an&#225;lise da subcategoria &#8220;dificuldade respirat&#243;ria&#8221; como fator de confus&#227;o para o reconhecimento da PCR tamb&#233;m corresponde &#224;s evid&#234;ncias atuais. Apesar dos estudos reconhecerem a import&#226;ncia de identifica&#231;&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o anormal, uma raz&#227;o comumente indicada para a n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o da PCR &#233; a m&#225; interpreta&#231;&#227;o ou falta de clareza em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado de respira&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Na Holanda, um estudo mostrou que se atingiria uma sensibilidade de 100% caso todos os chamados analisados contendo os termos &#8220;respira&#231;&#227;o anormal&#8221; ou &#8220;ausente&#8221; fossem classificados como PCR; por&#233;m, essa medida de regula&#231;&#227;o poderia causar alt&#237;ssima taxa de falso-positivos (80%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ainda, em um estudo realizado, na Noruega, concluiu-se que a respira&#231;&#227;o anormal continua a ser a principal barreira para o reconhecimento da parada card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Frente &#224;s evid&#234;ncias, destacamos a import&#226;ncia de se perguntar, ao solicitante, sobre a qualidade da respira&#231;&#227;o da v&#237;tima, caso a primeira resposta tenha sido inconclusiva. Interessante, ainda, destacar que, na categoria ECR, verificamos que a &#8220;posi&#231;&#227;o espacial&#8221; foi um fator facilitador para a assertividade da decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico como evento de PCR, enquanto a &#8220;irresponsividade verbal&#8221; foi um fator de confus&#227;o. Refor&#231;ando esse achado, palavras-chave como &#8220;desabou&#8221; ou &#8220;ca&#237;do&#8221; est&#227;o entre as mais usadas para se descrever PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros fatores de confus&#227;o, identificamos mais duas categorias de palavras/express&#245;es: EG e ECP. De fato, express&#245;es como &#8220;pulso anormal&#8221; e &#8220;frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca anormal&#8221; diminu&#237;ram a probabilidade de uma chamada de PCR ser corretamente identificada pelo MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Essas evid&#234;ncias corroboram que o foco de indaga&#231;&#227;o do MR, em suspeita de PCR, deve ser o estado de consci&#234;ncia e o EV, uma vez que a percep&#231;&#227;o do leigo a respeito da presen&#231;a/altera&#231;&#227;o de pulso poderia retardar o fornecimento de RCP e o envio de suporte m&#233;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O fato de que nenhuma das subcategorias da categoria ECP ter influenciado no reconhecimento da PCR aponta para o baixo valor discriminativo desses sinais e sintomas, principalmente em um pa&#237;s onde a popula&#231;&#227;o tem heterogeneidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o formal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Estudos identificaram que as palavras como &#8220;o paciente est&#225; azul&#8221; estavam presentes em 18% dos chamados confirmados de PCR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> enquanto express&#245;es relacionadas &#224; mudan&#231;a de cor corresponderam a aproximadamente 29% dos chamados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A descri&#231;&#227;o da v&#237;tima como &#8220;roxo, cinza e branco&#8221; foi significativa para o reconhecimento de uma PCR por um servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia remoto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A express&#227;o mais utilizada na categoria EG foi a subcategoria &#8220;passando mal&#8221; (26%), a qual representou um fator de confus&#227;o para a presun&#231;&#227;o de PCR pelo MR. Em contraste ao nosso achado, outro estudo identificou que a palavra-chave &#8220;passando mal&#8221; (<italic>unwell</italic>) foi utilizada em menor propor&#231;&#227;o (18%) dos chamados por PCR confirmadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na categoria EP, a subcategoria &#8220;emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares&#8221; foi a mais utilizada (18%), sendo um fator facilitador na decis&#227;o do tipo de socorro presumido pelo MR. Nesse sentido, estudo pr&#233;vio demonstrou que a express&#227;o &#8220;ataque card&#237;aco&#8221; esteve presente em 11% dos chamados por PCR e &#8220;parada card&#237;aca&#8221; em 4%, sendo ambas express&#245;es facilitadoras do reconhecimento de PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora nenhuma subcategoria da OT tenha tido influ&#234;ncia significativa no reconhecimento da PCR pelo MR, destaca-se que diversos termos dessas subcategorias podem ser confundidos com outros quadros cl&#237;nicos prevalentes (ex. quadros convulsivos - &#8220;revirando os olhos&#8221;, &#8220;se babando&#8221;, &#8220;sacudindo&#8221;). Por&#233;m, &#233; fato que em um curto per&#237;odo de movimentos similares, as convuls&#245;es podem ocorrer durante a isquemia encef&#225;lica global no in&#237;cio de uma PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#192; luz do conjunto de evid&#234;ncias, percebemos que s&#227;o diversos os fatores, durante o chamado por socorro, que podem interferir na assertividade de reconhecimento da PCR pelo MR. Entre estes, destacam-se: o n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o do solicitante, quest&#245;es de comunica&#231;&#227;o e falta de programas, em grande escala, para forma&#231;&#227;o de primeiros respondentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, demonstram a necessidade de defini&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de reconhecimento de PCR e programas de treinamento para as equipes de m&#233;dicos reguladores. Verificamos que as equipes de apoio, no SAMU, foram deslocadas para atendimento no local em 78% dos 101 chamados. Interessante observar que houve aumento significativo de envio de ambul&#226;ncias quando o MR n&#227;o identificava a PCR durante o chamado. Quando a equipe de atendimento b&#225;sico chegava &#224; cena e identificava que era uma PCR, era necess&#225;rio o envio de uma segunda equipe de suporte avan&#231;ado para realizar o atendimento adequado. Parece contradit&#243;rio o aumento significativo da mortalidade das v&#237;timas quando o MR identificava a PCR durante o chamado de socorro, uma vez que a expectativa seria o oposto dado o atendimento feito mais precocemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Todavia, possivelmente, a identifica&#231;&#227;o da PCR pelo MR durante o chamado por socorro, tenha correspondido &#224; maior probabilidade de morte da v&#237;tima do que quando o paciente apresentava manifesta&#231;&#245;es inconclusivas ou precoces da PCR. Outra quest&#227;o a ser considerada seria a janela de tempo entre o evento da PCR e o chamado do solicitante, par&#226;metro que n&#227;o p&#244;de ser aferido por falta dessa informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e perspectivas futuras</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo, no Brasil, que analisa &#225;udios de chamadas por socorro por PCR, avaliando categorias e subcategorias de palavras/express&#245;es que influenciam no reconhecimento desse agravo pelo MR do SAMU. Esse estudo fomenta a realiza&#231;&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras no tema para qualificar o processo de regula&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica dos chamados por emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, particularmente da PCR. Combina&#231;&#245;es de palavras/express&#245;es chave poder&#227;o ser utilizadas para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos visando a qualifica&#231;&#227;o da identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da PCR pelo MR. Os resultados tamb&#233;m sugerem a necessidade de melhorar o processo de comunica&#231;&#227;o entre leigos e m&#233;dicos reguladores, para aumentar a assertividade do reconhecimento e, portanto, precocidade da RCP na PCR. J&#225; existem sistemas de reconhecimento autom&#225;tico de fala que demonstraram melhor assertividade do que de m&#233;dicos reguladores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Logo, uma associa&#231;&#227;o de termos empregados pelos solicitantes, por meio de reconhecimento autom&#225;tico de fala associado a <italic>machine learning,</italic> poder&#225; trazer uma perspectiva de resposta em grande escala para chamados por emerg&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi piloto de um modelo de an&#225;lise que ainda tem muitos fatores a serem ajustados e melhorados. Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, devemos considerar a falta ou inconsist&#234;ncia de registros e as condi&#231;&#245;es ruins de grava&#231;&#227;o e armazenamento de alguns chamados, ocasionando perda de casos da amostra inicial. Ademais, n&#227;o avaliamos a variabilidade do conhecimento e experi&#234;ncia entre os m&#233;dicos reguladores, nem seu grau de treinamento e de ades&#227;o aos protocolos de regula&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o avaliamos as compet&#234;ncias de comunica&#231;&#227;o, com p&#250;blico leigo, entre os m&#233;dicos reguladores. Outrossim, precisamos considerar a grande varia&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o e de conhecimento dos primeiros respondentes e dos solicitantes. Por fim, n&#227;o existem registros do intervalo de tempo entre o colapso da v&#237;tima e a liga&#231;&#227;o por socorro do solicitante.</p>
        <p>Como limitantes contextuais ao presente estudo devemos considerar o pr&#243;prio funcionamento da assist&#234;ncia pr&#233;-hospitalar p&#250;blica no Brasil - que, ao n&#227;o se utilizar de protocolos de envio de socorro mais efetivos, nem utilizar reconhecimento automatizado das liga&#231;&#245;es recebidas, contribui para informa&#231;&#245;es altamente dependentes da interpreta&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise pessoal de cada m&#233;dico regulador. Nesse sentido, outro fator limitante relacionado &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o interpessoal podem ser as diversidades lingu&#237;sticas regionais, podendo a tradu&#231;&#227;o de palavras/express&#245;es n&#227;o refletir as singularidades culturais e educacionais locorregionais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>As palavras/express&#245;es consideradas nas categorias ECP e EG e nas subcategorias &#8221;dificuldade respirat&#243;ria&#8221;, &#8220;irresponsividade verbal&#8221;, &#8220;cor facial&#8221; e &#8220;passando mal&#8221; foram identificadas como fatores de confus&#227;o para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da PCR pelo MR. Por outro lado, as subcategorias &#8220;aus&#234;ncia de respira&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, &#8220;posi&#231;&#227;o espacial&#8221; e &#8220;emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares&#8221; foram identificadas como fatores facilitadores da presun&#231;&#227;o de PCR pelo MR. O conhecimento sobre os fatores de confus&#227;o para o reconhecimento da PCR pode auxiliar na produ&#231;&#227;o de protocolos assistenciais e de estrat&#233;gias de treinamento mais efetivos para o MR, qualificando a comunica&#231;&#227;o com o solicitante leigo. Em contraste, as express&#245;es facilitadoras poder&#227;o ser rotineiramente incorporadas aos protocolos de regula&#231;&#227;o de casos suspeitos de PCR. Todavia, mais estudos nessa &#225;rea s&#227;o necess&#225;rios devido &#224; ampla variedade de fatores que influenciam o efetivo processo de comunica&#231;&#227;o entre usu&#225;rio e m&#233;dico regulador nos cen&#225;rios extra-hospitalares de atendimento &#224; PCR.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>24. Potts J, Lynch B. The American Heart Association CPR Anytime Program: The Potential Impact of Highly Accessible Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006;26(6):346-54. doi: 10.1097/00008483-200611000-00002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Potts</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lynch</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The American Heart Association CPR Anytime Program: The Potential Impact of Highly Accessible Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiopulm Rehabil</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>346</fpage>
          <lpage>354</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00008483-200611000-00002</pub-id>
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        <mixed-citation>25. Blomberg SN, Folke F, Ersb&#248;ll AK, Christensen HC, Torp-Pedersen C, Sayre MR, et al. Machine Learning as a Supportive Tool to Recognize Cardiac Arrest in Emergency Calls. Resuscitation. 2019;138:322-9. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.01.015.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folke</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christensen</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sayre</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Machine Learning as a Supportive Tool to Recognize Cardiac Arrest in Emergency Calls</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.01.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4.287.099. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230343i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Observational Study of Words Used by Emergency Callers and Their Impact on the Recognition of an Out-Of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest by the Medical Dispatcher</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5296-0458</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Voos</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Henrique Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Manami</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6561-5327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trommer</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Boeck</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Berlinck da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9521-5690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Franke da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laporte</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Andreazza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crespo</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Rog&#233;rio Proen&#231;a Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Regner</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viegas</surname>
            <given-names>Karin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Porto Alegre Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Porto Alegre Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de &#8211; Assessoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Matheus Henrique Ramos Voos &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - R. Sarmento Leite, 245. Postal Code 90050-170, Centro Hist&#243;rico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil; E-mail: matheushrvoos@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Observational Study of Words Used by Emergency Callers and Their Impact on the Recognition of an Out-Of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest by the Medical Dispatcher</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20230343-30343-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Survival of victims of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (CA) is related to the time and quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).<sup>1</sup> Considering that most CAs occur outside the hospital setting, it is evident that the early recognition of this condition is the cornerstone of the chain of survival. Current literature on the theme is still scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To analyze categories and subcategories of words and expressions spontaneously used by laypeople during emergency calls for CA and their relationship with the recognition of this event by the medical dispatcher.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This was a cross-sectional study, with analysis of calls made by laypeople due to suspected CA to emergency medical services in Brazil. The expressions used were classified into six categories and 31 subcategories. Univariate and multivariate models were used to assess the strength of the association of categories and subcategories of words and expressions with the presumption of CA. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: A total of 284 calls were included, and after applying the inclusion criteria, 101 calls were analyzed. The categories &#8220;cardiovascular/perfusion status&#8221; (p=0.019) and &#8220;general status&#8221; (p=0.011) were identified as confounding factors for the recognition of CA, and the subcategories &#8220;breathing difficulty&#8221; (p=0.023), &#8220;verbal unresponsiveness&#8221; (p=0.034), &#8220;facial coloration&#8221; (p=0.068) and &#8220;feeling unwell&#8221; (p=0.013) were also considered as confounders. On the other hand, the subcategories &#8220;not breathing&#8221; (p=0.010); &#8220;spatial position&#8221; (p=0.016), and &#8220;cardiovascular emergencies&#8221; (p=0.045) were identified as facilitating factors for the recognition of CA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Categories and subcategories of expressions used by emergency callers for CA can influence the timely recognition of this condition by the medical dispatcher.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Prehospital Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Dispatcher</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The increase in survival rates of patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (CA) depends on the timing and quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Considering that most CAs occurs outside the hospital setting,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> it is undeniable that the early recognition of this condition is the cornerstone of the chain of survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazilian public health system, pre-hospital care is provided by emergency medical services (SAMU, <italic>Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia</italic> in Portuguese), which, in addition to send a specialized personnel staff to provide local support, gives proper instructions to the bystander until help arrives at the scene. This component of care is made by a medical dispatcher (MD), who is responsible for promptly identifying a CA and assisting the caller to perform CPR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>The identification of a CA by an emergency provider increases survival rates and reduces the time to CPR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Despite the importance of an early CPR, more than half of the emergency calls due to CA are not followed by CPR performed on the scene.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Factors that contribute to the delay or lack of CPR identification include a superficial description of breathing, irrelevant questioning, and both technical and human communication issues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, according to the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), a gap in the scientific literature exists regarding aspects that influence the decision-making framework by the MD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> For example, the association of key words/expressions related to a CA used by the caller during the emergency call and the effective recognition of CA by the MD.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study aims (i) to describe the categories and subcategories of words/expressions used by the layperson during a CA call; and (ii) to analyze the association of categories and subcategories of words/expressions with the recognition of a CA by the MD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The emergency service (SAMU) starts with the call response by a call handler, who is responsible for identifying the reason for the call and the caller&#8217;s identification. If it is deemed necessary, the caller is transferred to a MD, who should recognize the condition and its severity to make decisions on the instructions to be given to the caller and activates the appropriate support services. Subsequently, the MD decides which ambulance services are appropriate for the case, either basic support services (an ambulance with a nurse technician and a driver) or advanced support services (an ambulance with a MD, a nurse and a driver).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional, documental study of analysis of emergency calls (recorded in electronic medical records or audio recordings) of CA victims treated by SAMU in Porto Alegre, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>We studied a consecutive, non-probabilistic sample composed of emergency calls, which resulted in the support for proven nontraumatic CA by the SAMU from March 01 to October31, 2019.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Emergency calls made by laypeople that resulted in the dispatch of support services and the recognition, by the SAMU, of a CA of nontraumatic origin on the scene.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The exclusion criteria were traumatic CA; absence of recordings of conversations with the call handler or the MD; telephone calls made by a healthcare center; the caller was not present on the scene; the caller was a healthcare professional or there was a health professional on the scene; and technical problems that affected the understanding of the audio recordings of the MD by the researchers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source</title>
          <p>SAMU uses a computerized system for the registration of the pre-hospital service ordered through SAMU192. During the study period, analysis was made of the digital records and audio recordings in the versions <italic>SAPH Cliente 2.18.3.5</italic> and <italic>SAPH Reports 2.18.2.1.</italic> The software company extracted and selected the calls and categorized them as &#8220;clinical/CA&#8221;. Following this preliminary selection, the evaluation forms and the audio recordings for analysis were selected.</p>
          <p>The digital registries and audios were examined by the researchers, who filled out a specific form. Data on the CA scene location, event severity (low, medium, high, death, unknown), severity confirmed by SAMU on the scene, dispatch of the support team and result of the care provided (death or not). These data were extracted, encoded and typed into a Microsoft Excel 2020 spreadsheet.</p>
          <p>To minimize potential cofounders, the researchers conducted a training to identity selection factors in the calls and to categorize the words/expressions used by the callers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Categories of words/expressions</title>
          <p>The words/expressions were classified into categories and subcategories, which have not been validated in the literature yet due to the scarcity of studies on the theme. However, the studies by Berdowski et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and Tamminen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> served as a basis for the construction of the categories. Adaptations were made for language adequacy. Six categories and 31 subcategories were generated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Categories and subcategories of words / expressions used to describe cardiopulmonary arrest victims by laypeople in emergency calls</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Categories</th>
                    <th>Subcategories</th>
                    <th>Description by laypeople</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="7">Ventilation status</td>
                    <td align="center">Absent breathing</td>
                    <td align="center">Not breathing, stopped breathing, I think he/she is not breathing, out of breath*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Breathing difficulty</td>
                    <td align="center">Shortness of breath, breathing difficulty, he/she is not breathing well, he/she is trying to breath</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Abnormal breathing</td>
                    <td align="center">Snoring, gasping, weird breathing*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Abnormal rate</td>
                    <td align="center">Breathing too slowly, not breathing regularly, stopping breathing*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Abnormal depth</td>
                    <td align="center">Can&#8217;t feel his/her breathing, weak breathing, short breathing, deep breathing*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Vision problems due to ventilation problems</td>
                    <td align="center">The chest is not moving, mouth open trying to breath*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Others</td>
                    <td align="center">Breathing, he/she is breathing*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="7">Consciousness and responsiveness</td>
                    <td align="center">Spatial position</td>
                    <td align="center">Lying on the floor, fallen down, collapsed, fallen on the floor*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Syncope</td>
                    <td align="center">Fainted, passed out*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">General unresponsiveness</td>
                    <td align="center">Does not react, unconscious, knocked out*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Communication unresponsiveness</td>
                    <td align="center">Does not speak, does not respond, cannot speak, stopped responding*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Motor unresponsiveness</td>
                    <td align="center">Cannot move, walk or stand up*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Confusional state</td>
                    <td align="center">Weak, dizzy*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Others</td>
                    <td align="center">Eyes are closing, passing out, he/she is awake*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="5">Cardiovascular/ Perfusion status</td>
                    <td align="center">Clinical manifestations</td>
                    <td align="center">Chest pain, palpitations, pressure is falling*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Temperature</td>
                    <td align="center">Very cold, cold*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Facial coloration</td>
                    <td align="center">Purple, pale, purple lips, purplish*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Sweating</td>
                    <td align="center">Sweating, cold sweating, sweating profusely*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Pulse</td>
                    <td align="center">Without a pulse*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">General status</td>
                    <td align="center">Feeling unwell</td>
                    <td align="center">Feeling unwell, not &#8220;ok&#8221;, not feeling well*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Presumption of death</td>
                    <td align="center">Almost dead, I think he/she passed away, dying, passed out*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Presumption of emergency</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiovascular emergency</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest, infarcted, CA, heart attack*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Seizure/ epileptic attack</td>
                    <td align="center">Epileptic attack, in a crisis, seizure*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Others</td>
                    <td align="center">Collapse*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="7">Others</td>
                    <td align="center">Oropharyngeal manifestations</td>
                    <td align="center">Drooling, open mouth, froth coming out of his/her mouth, biting his/her tongue*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ocular manifestations</td>
                    <td align="center">Rolling his/her eyes, eyes are open*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Limb manifestations</td>
                    <td align="center">Arms are heavy, relaxed his/her legs*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Gastrointestinal manifestations</td>
                    <td align="center">Vomit, nausea*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Urological manifestations</td>
                    <td align="center">He/she is pissing*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Nasal manifestations</td>
                    <td align="center">His/her nose is bleeding*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Others</td>
                    <td align="center">Shake, shivering, noises*</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>*Semantically similar words and expressions were also considered; adapted from Berdowski et al.<sup>5</sup> e Tamminen et al.<sup>13</sup>. CA: cardiopulmonary arrest.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical data were expressed as frequency and percentage, and continuous data as mean and standard deviation. Comparisons of the emergency service dispatched assuming a CA with the care actually provided were made by chi-squared test and Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Analysis of the associations between the service dispatched assuming a CA and the variables involving the classification and subclassification of words/expressions was made by univariate and multivariate logistic regression models, with odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). OR should be interpreted as follows: OR=1 when the category or the subcategory of the calls was not present for CA presumption; OR&gt;1 when the presence of that category or subcategory increases the chance of the MD classifying the call as a non-CA (misdiagnosing); and an OR &lt;1 indicates that the presence of the category or subcategory reduces the chance of the MD classifying the call as a non-CA (making a correct diagnosis). Variables with a p&lt;0.20 in the univariate analysis were introduced into the multivariate analysis. The analyses were made using the SPSS software version 25.0 and the level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical issues</title>
          <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Secretary of Health of Porto Alegre (CAAE # 4.287.099).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 284 were included in the study, and after applying the inclusion criteria, 101 calls were analyzed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of selection of the calls included in the sample analyzed in the study. CA: cardiopulmonary arrest.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-11-e20230343-30343-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Characteristics of the sample, by type of the support presumed by the MD are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Most of CAs occurred at home (82%), followed by public or private locations (9%), like stores, supermarkets and malls. Regarding the type of service dispatched in response to the call, the MD made a correct judgement, including the recognition of a CA, in 40 (40%) of the calls analyzed. With respect to mortality, 81% of the patients that received emergency care died at the scene, and this rate was significantly higher when the MD recognized a CA.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of SAMU emergency response to calls for confirmed cardiopulmonary arrest in a capital in the south of Brazil, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Presumption of CA</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Sample (n=101)</th>
                  <th>Yes (n=40)</th>
                  <th>No (n=61)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Scene location, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Home</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (87)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (83)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.049<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Public or private places*</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Homes for the Aged</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Public access places<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Indetermined</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Presumption of severity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">&lt;0.001<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Medium</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (48)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (98)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Indetermined</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Confirmation of severity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.176<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Medium</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (34)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (64)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Indetermined</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Dispatch of a support team, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (68)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (85)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.035<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (81)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (93)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (74)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.018<sup>&#8710;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (26)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>SAMU: emergency medical services (Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia in Portuguese). *stores, supermarkets, mall; &#8224;outdoor locations (street); CA: cardiopulmonary arrest. &#165; chi-squared test; &#8710; Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>All data on the categories and subcategories by type of service dispatched (presuming or not a CA) are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> (categories) and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> (subcategories). The most used categories of words/expressions were level of consciousness/responsiveness (LCR) (68%), followed by ventilation status (VS) (65%). In the univariate analysis, the words/expressions about general status (GS) and cardiovascular/perfusion status (CPS) were identified as cofounders for the decision making by the MD about the type of service to be dispatched to the scene. In the multivariate analysis, only GS showed a significant value as a confounder for the decision making by the MD. In &#8220;presumed emergency&#8221; (PE), the subcategory &#8220;cardiovascular emergencies&#8221; was the most used, in 18% of all CAs, representing a facilitating factor in the dispatcher&#8217;s decision for a CA.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association of categories of words/expressions used during emergency calls with recognition of cardiopulmonary arrest by the SAMU medical dispatcher, Brazil, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Categories</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Presumption of CA?</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Yes (n=40)</th>
                  <th>No (n=61)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Univariate</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariate</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventilation status</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.953</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44 - 2.37</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Level of consciousness/responsiveness</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.562</td>
                  <td align="center">1.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55 - 3.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular/Perfusion status</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019*</td>
                  <td align="center">2.92</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19 - 7.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                  <td align="center">2.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 - 6.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>General status</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011*</td>
                  <td align="center">3.68</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34 - 10.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3.87</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 - 11.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presumption of emergency</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.147</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 - 1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.548</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26 - 2.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.139</td>
                  <td align="center">1.95</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81 - 4.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62 - 4.64</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>&#8220;n&#8221; represents the number of calls in which the words and expressions of respective categories/expressions were present. CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; CA: cardiopulmonary arrest. * Univariate logistic regression. <sup>#</sup> Multivariate logistic regression</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association of subcategories of words/expressions used during emergency calls with recognition of cardiopulmonary arrest by the SAMU medical dispatcher, Brazil, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col">Categories/Subcategories</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">Presumption of CA?</th>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">Yes (n=40)</th>
                  <th scope="col">No (n=61)</th>
                  <th colspan="4" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Univariate</th>
                  <th colspan="4" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Multivariate</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">n (%)</th>
                  <th scope="col">n (%)</th>
                  <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">95%CI</th>
                  <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">95%CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="11">Ventilation Status</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Not breathing</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (52.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (19.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.09 - 0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.07 - 0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Breathing difficulty</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019*</td>
                  <td align="center">4.77</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.29 - 17.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6.99</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.31 - 37.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abnormal breathing</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.188</td>
                  <td align="center">4.25</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.49 - 36.76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.354</td>
                  <td align="center">3.26</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.27 - 39.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abnormal rate</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abnormal depth</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.534</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.15 - 2.69</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Visual changes due to ventilation problems</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Consciousness/Resposiveness</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spatial position</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (32.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (16.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.16 - 1.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.05 - 0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Faint</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.874</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.40 - 2.91</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>General unresponsiveness</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.137</td>
                  <td align="center">2.19</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.78 - 6.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.386</td>
                  <td align="center">1.90</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.45 - 8.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Verbal unresponsiveness</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (19.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                  <td align="center">3.02</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.79 - 11.48</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7.25</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.16 - 45.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Motor unresponsiveness</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.747</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.23 - 7.64</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Confusional state</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.747</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.23 - 7.64</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.985</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.16 - 6.16</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Cardiovascular/Perfusion Status</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac manifestations</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Temperature</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.540</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.31 - 9.20</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Color</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (34.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  <td align="center">2.47</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.94 - 6.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.128</td>
                  <td align="center">2.85</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.74 - 11.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sweating</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.822</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.12 - 15.08</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>General Status</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feeling unwell</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (36.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006*</td>
                  <td align="center">5.08</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.60 &#8211; 16.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6.75</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.50 &#8211; 30.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presumption of death</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.594</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.12 &#8211; 3.33</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Presumption of Emergency</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular emergencies</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (27.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.12 - 0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.210</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.11 - 1.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Seizure/Epileptic attack</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.747</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.23 - 7.64</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Others</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oropharyngeal manifestations</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.582</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.28 - 2.04</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ocular manifestations</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limb manifestations</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nausea/vomiting</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.550</td>
                  <td align="center">2.02</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.20 - 20.11</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urological manifestations</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nasal manifestations</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>&#8220;n&#8221; represents the number of calls in which the words and expressions of respective subcategories were present. CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; CA: cardiopulmonary arrest; *Univariate logistic regression. <sup>#</sup> Multivariate logistic regression.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>For the LCR category, the most used subcategories were &#8220;spatial position&#8221; (23%) and &#8220;general unresponsiveness&#8221; (23%). &#8220;Spatial position&#8221; was a significant facilitating factor for the correct judgement of a CA by the MD. On the other hand, the other subcategory of the LCR category &#8211; &#8220;verbal unresponsiveness&#8221; represented a significant confounder for the decision-making by the MD in the definition of the type of care to be dispatched.</p>
        <p>Regarding the VS category, the most used subcategories were &#8220;absent breathing&#8221;, used by 32% of the calls for CA. This subcategory showed a significant value as a facilitating factor for the correct assumption of a CA, both in the univariate and the multivariate analysis. However, &#8220;breathing difficulty&#8221; was a significant confounder for the recognition of CA by the MD. Likely, in the GS category, the most used subcategory was &#8220;feeling unwell&#8221; (26%), which also represented a confounder factor for the definition of care (CA or not). In the CPS category, the most used subcategory was &#8220;facial coloration&#8221; (28%). In the &#8220;others&#8221; (OT) category, the most used subcategory &#8220;oropharyngeal manifestations&#8221; (20%). None of the subcategories of the CPS or the OT categories was associated with the presumption of a CA by the MD. Interestingly, in our sample, 6% of the callers mentioned a sign that could be related with tonic-clonic seizures of the victim during the call for CA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, from the analysis of 101 calls, we defined categories and subcategories of the most used expressions by laypeople during calls for CAs. We found associations between some categories and subcategories of the expressions used during the calls in which a CA was recognized by the MD (medical dispatcher).</p>
        <p>This is a pioneer study in Brazil that contributes to the international scientific debate about aspects that influence the decision-making framework by the MD. In 2018, the ILCOR reported that studies evaluating knowledge gaps on the recognition of out-of-hospital CA are of high impact and priority.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The correct CA recognition by the MD (40% of the calls) was lower than that reported in previous studies. A systematic review<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> conducted in 2015 included 16 studies that analyzed 6,955 calls and reported a global recognition of CA by medical dispatchers of 74%. However, this study reported a high heterogeneity of results, with high sensitivity variation (14%-97%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Indeed, other studies also reported high variation of sensitivity (37-96%) in the recognition of CA by medical dispatchers in emergency calls made by laypeople.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This variability may be explained by differences in adherence to local protocols by the dispatchers, in addition to social, cultural and financial factors related to each emergency center.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the most used words/expressions during the calls &#8211; LCR and VS &#8211; our study is in agreement with results of previous studies conducted in other countries. In a study conducted in England, the term &#8220;unconscious&#8221; plus one or more of the symptoms &#8220;not breathing&#8221;, &#8220;ineffective breathing&#8221;, and &#8220;noisy breathing&#8221; was used in 80% of all calls for CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Besides, in a systematic review of 23 studies, including four studies that analyzed the audios of the emergency calls, a combination of &#8220;unconscious&#8221; and &#8220;not breathing&#8221; or &#8220;abnormal breathing&#8221; were the most commonly used terms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> According to the European Resuscitation Council, for the recognition of an out-of-hospital CA, the patient should be unconscious and apneic or without normal breathing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In fact, in the VS category, the most commonly used subcategory &#8211; &#8220;absent breathing&#8221; &#8211; had a facilitating effect on the CA recognition by the MD.</p>
        <p>Our analysis of the subcategory &#8220;breathing difficulty&#8221; as a confounder for the recognition of CA is also in line with current evidence. Although studies have recognized the importance of identifying abnormal breathing, one commonly mentioned reason for non-recognition of a CA is misinterpretation or lack of clarity regarding breathing status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A Dutch study showed that a 100% sensitivity would be achieved if all calls containing the terms &#8220;abnormal breathing&#8221; or &#8220;absent breathing&#8221; were classified as CA. However, this measure would result in a high false-positive rate (80%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In addition, the authors of a study conducted in Norway concluded that &#8220;abnormal breathing&#8221; is the main barrier to the recognition of a cardiac arrest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This body of evidence highlights the importance of asking the caller about the breathing status of the victim, in case the first response is inconclusive. Also, it is interesting to mention that, in the LCR category, &#8220;spatial position&#8221; was a facilitator to the MD to make a correct recognition of CA, whereas &#8220;verbal unresponsiveness&#8221; was a confounding factor. Words like &#8220;collapsed&#8221; or &#8220;fallen down&#8221; are among the most frequently words to describe CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With respect to other confounding factors, two other categories of words/expressions were identified in the present study &#8211; GS and CPS. In fact, expressions like &#8220;abnormal pulse&#8221; and &#8220;abnormal heart rate&#8221; reduced the likelihood of a correct recognition of a CA call by the MD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This evidence corroborates the fact that the focus of the questions asked by the MD should be consciousness and VS, since the recognition of abnormalities in the pulse or heart rate by a layperson could delay CPR and dispatch of medical support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The fact that none of the subcategories of the PCS category have influenced the recognition of a CA indicates a low discriminative power of these signs and symptoms, especially in a country with a heterogeneous population regarding formal education.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Studies have found that words like &#8220;the patient is blue&#8221; were present in 18% of the calls in which a CA was confirmed,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> whereas expressions related to change of facial coloration corresponded to nearly 29% of the calls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The description of the victim as &#8220;purple, grey o white&#8221; color was important for the recognition of a CA by a remote emergency service.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>The most used words in the GS category was the &#8220;feeling unwell&#8221; subcategory (26%), which represented a confounder for the recognition of a CA by the MD. In contrast, another study reported that the word &#8220;unwell&#8221; was used in a smaller proportion (18%) of the calls for confirmed CA, and was a facilitator in the decision making on the type of emergency service to be dispatched (basic or advanced). In this respect, a previous study demonstrated that the words &#8220;heart attack&#8221; were present in 11% of the CA calls and &#8220;cardiac arrest&#8221; in 4%, and both expressions were facilitators of CA recognition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although none of the OT subcategories had a significant influence on the recognition of the CA by the MD, it is of note that other subcategories may be confounded by other prevalent clinical conditions (e.g. seizures &#8211; &#8220;rolling eyes&#8221;, &#8220;drooling&#8221;, &#8220;shaking&#8221;). However, in a short period of similar movements, seizures may occur during global cerebral ischemia in the onset of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In light of this evidence, we conclude that several factors related to an emergency call may interfere with the correct recognition of CA by the MD. These include the caller&#8217;s education level, communication issues, and lack of a highly accessible training in CPR for call handlers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Besides, these factors demonstrate the need to establish protocols for CA recognition and training programs for MDs. Medical emergency teams were dispatched to the call scene in 78% of the total of 101 calls. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in the dispatch of ambulances when the MD did not recognize the CA during the call. When the staff of basic life support arrived at the scene and identified a CA, the staff of advanced life support was dispatched to the scene to provide appropriate care. It seems contradictory the significant increase in mortality of the victims when the medical dispatcher recognized the CA, considering the provision of earlier care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, it is possible that the recognition of the CA by the MD during the emergency call corresponded to higher likelihood of death than in case of individuals with early or inconclusive manifestations of CA. Another aspect to be considered is the time span between the CA and the call made by the victim or bystander; this information was not available and could not be analyzed.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical relevance and future perspectives</title>
          <p>This is the first study in Brazil to analyze audio recordings of out-of-hospital CA calls for categories and subcategories of words/expressions that can influence the recognition of this condition by the SAMU MD. This study encourages future investigations on the theme to analyze the quality of medical regulation of emergency calls, particularly for CA. Combinations of key words/expressions could be used to implement protocols to enhance the early recognition of CA by the MD. Also, our results suggest the need to improve communication processes between laypersons and MDs to increase the likelihood of an accurate recognition and consequently early performance of CPR in CA. There are already automatic speech recognition systems that showed better performance in identifying CA than MDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Therefore, the combination of words used by the caller, automatically recognized by dedicated systems and machine learning frameworks, could raise the possibility of a large-scale response to emergency calls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study was a pilot of an analysis model that still has several aspects to be adjusted and improved. Among the study limitations, missing or inconsistent registries and the poor quality of recordings and storage of some calls may have caused the loss of cases in the initial sample. In addition, we did not evaluate knowledge or experience level of MDs, or their compliance with regulatory protocols. Likely, we must consider differences in education and knowledge of call handlers and callers. Finally, there is no record of the interval between the occurrence of the event and the call to the emergency services.</p>
          <p>In addition, contextual limitations should be considered including the pre-hospital care provided in the Brazilian public system; since it does not make use of effective emergency dispatch protocols or of automatic recognition of the calls received, information may strongly rely on the analysis made by each MD. In this regard, another limitation related to communication may be the regional linguistic variation, and the translation of words/expressions may not reflect cultural and educational diversity of each region.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The words and expressions considered in the CPS and GS categories and in the &#8220;breathing difficulty&#8221;, &#8220;verbal unresponsiveness&#8221;, &#8220;facial coloration&#8221; and &#8220;felling unwell&#8221; were identified as confounding factors for the recognition of CA by the MD. On the other hand, the subcategories &#8220;not breathing&#8221;, &#8220;special position&#8221;, and &#8220;cardiovascular emergencies&#8221; were identified as facilitating factors for CA recognition. Understanding these confounders for the recognition of a CA may help in the development of care protocols and more effective training strategies for CA, thereby enhancing communication with laypeople. In contrast, facilitating expressions could be easily incorporated to the protocols for the management of suspected CA. However, further studies in this area are needed due to the multitude of factors that influence the communication process between laypeople and the MD in CA in the out-of-hospital setting.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 4.287.099.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
