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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KGzRB8Ds8c8MwZNQZXdRMYH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240698</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>RNA N&#227;o Codificante e Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Cyrino</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Enfermagem</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermagem, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, S/N. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavo.mota@unesp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240698</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sistema Renina-Angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Biologia de Sistemas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Apesar de avan&#231;os na medicina cardiovascular, as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas constituem grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica devido a sua grande preval&#234;ncia, custos elevados e alta morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, h&#225; necessidade de melhorar a compreens&#227;o sobre mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na fisiopatologia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s um est&#237;mulo agressor, o cora&#231;&#227;o passa pelo processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o, inicialmente caracterizado por mudan&#231;as na express&#227;o do genoma. As altera&#231;&#245;es levam a modifica&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e intersticiais que se manifestam clinicamente por varia&#231;&#245;es no tamanho, forma e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o. A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; habitualmente acompanhada por ativa&#231;&#227;o de sistemas neuro-hormonais. Em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, o sistema renina-angiotensina desempenha papel fundamental na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e equil&#237;brio hidro-eletrol&#237;tico. Entretanto, quando excessivamente ativado, induz efeitos delet&#233;rios ao cora&#231;&#227;o, entre os quais se destacam a hipertrofia e morte miocit&#225;ria e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica intersticial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os &#225;cidos ribonucleicos (RNAs), respons&#225;veis pela s&#237;ntese proteica, s&#227;o classificados em codificantes (mRNA) e n&#227;o codificantes (ncRNAs). Os ncRNAs modulam os RNAs codificantes e podem ser subdivididos em longos (lncRNA) e curtos (miRNAs). Os lncRNAs t&#234;m sido arbitrariamente definidos como aqueles que apresentam mais que 200 nucleot&#237;deos. Somente uma minoria dos lncRNAs tiveram seus mecanismos de atua&#231;&#227;o descritos na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O lncRNA CCAT2 foi primeiramente identificado como um oncogene no c&#226;ncer colorretal; posteriormente, seu papel em outros tipos de c&#226;ncer como o de pulm&#227;o foi relatado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Poucos autores avaliaram sua fun&#231;&#227;o em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina &#233; necess&#225;ria para o desenvolvimento e sobrevida embrion&#225;ria; sua excessiva ativa&#231;&#227;o tem sido associada a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Recentemente, foi sugerida a exist&#234;ncia de uma via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular envolvendo CCAT2/Wnt/&#946;-catenina com papel na fisiopatologia da inj&#250;ria miocit&#225;ria p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o atual dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> analisaram o envolvimento do lncRNA CCAT2 em dois modelos experimentais: c&#233;lulas H9c2, que simulam modelo de cardiomi&#243;citos isolados, tratadas com angiotensina II (AngII), e camundongos submetidos a estenose a&#243;rtica transversa. Neste estudo interessante, os autores verificaram que supress&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o do CCAT2 atenuou altera&#231;&#245;es in vitro induzidas por Ang II e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por sobrecarga press&#243;rica. A redu&#231;&#227;o do CCAT2 diminuiu a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina, e a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de LiCl, agonista da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina, restaurou o efeito pr&#243;-hipertr&#243;fico. Adicionalmente, o inibidor do CCAT2 atenuou fibrose intersticial e a express&#227;o de BNP, ANP e cadeia pesada de &#946;-miosina, e melhorou o desempenho ventricular.</p>
    <p>Hipertrofia card&#237;aca e deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial s&#227;o altera&#231;&#245;es que, frequentemente, precedem a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o CCAT2/Wnt/&#946;-catenina tem papel importante no desenvolvimento de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica e que silenciamento de CCAT2 tem efeito protetor na inj&#250;ria induzida por ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina ou sobrecarga press&#243;rica. Terap&#234;uticas experimentais com ncRNA podem ter como alvo outros ncRNAs ou RNAs mensageiro convencionais, apresentar seletividade superior &#224; de medicamentos convencionais, e abordar vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular ainda inexploradas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, estudos futuros podem auxiliar no esclarecimento do papel de lncRNAs no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>O Knockdown de LncRNA CCAT2 Alivia a Sobrecarga de Press&#227;o ou a Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca Induzida por Ang II por Meio da Interrup&#231;&#227;o da Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240698i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Long Non-Coding RNA CCAT2 and Pathological Cardiac Remodeling</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Cyrino</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermagem, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>gustavo.mota@unesp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Renin-Angiotensin System</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Systems Biology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Despite advances in cardiovascular medicine, heart disease is a serious public health problem due to its high prevalence, elevated cost, and high morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, it is necessary to improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Following cardiac injury, the heart undergoes a remodeling process, initially characterized by alterations in the genome expression. The changes lead to molecular, cellular, and interstitial modifications that manifest clinically as variations in the size, shape, and function of the heart. Cardiac remodeling is usually accompanied by activation of neurohormonal systems. Under physiological conditions, the renin-angiotensin system plays a fundamental role in regulating blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte balance. However, when excessively activated, it induces deleterious effects on the heart, such as myocyte hypertrophy and death and interstitial myocardial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ribonucleic acids (RNAs), responsible for protein synthesis, are classified as coding (mRNA) and non-coding (ncRNAs). ncRNAs modulate coding RNAs; they are subdivided into long (lncRNA) and short (miRNAs). The lncRNAs have been arbitrarily defined as those with more than 200 nucleotides. Only a minority of lncRNAs has had their action mechanisms described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The lncRNA CCAT2 was first identified as an oncogene in colorectal cancer; later, its role in other cancers, such as lung cancer, was reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Few authors have evaluated the role of the lncRNA CCAT2 in cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling is required for embryonic development and survival; its excessive activation has been associated with myocardial fibrosis. Recently, a cellular signaling pathway involving CCAT2/Wnt/&#946;-catenin has been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of post-ischemic myocyte injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the current edition of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> analyzed the involvement of the lncRNA CCAT2 in two experimental models: H9c2 cells, which simulate isolated cardiomyocytes, treated with angiotensin II (AngII), and mice subjected to transverse aortic stenosis. In this interesting study, the authors observed that suppression of CCAT2 action attenuated in vitro changes induced by Ang II and myocardial hypertrophy caused by pressure overload. CCAT2 suppression decreased Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling, and LiCl supplementation, an agonist of Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling, restored the pro-hypertrophic effect. Additionally, the CCAT2 inhibitor attenuated interstitial fibrosis and the expression of BNP, ANP, and &#946;-myosin heavy chain and improved ventricular performance.</p>
      <p>Cardiac hypertrophy and interstitial collagen deposition often precede ventricular dysfunction. The results of the study suggest that the CCAT2/Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of pathological cardiac remodeling and that CCAT2 silencing has a protective effect on injury induced by activation of the renin-angiotensin system or pressure overload. Experimental ncRNA therapeutics may target other ncRNAs or conventional messenger RNAs, exhibit superior selectivity to conventional drugs, and address unexplored cellular signaling pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, future studies are needed to clarify the role of lncRNAs in pathological cardiac remodeling.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>LncRNA CCAT2 Knockdown Alleviates Pressure Overload or Ang II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Via Disruption of the Wnt/&#946;-Catenin Signaling</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
