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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YMRPxFWSSCSSDzDyXhYRtCt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Esta &#233; uma Rela&#231;&#227;o Causal? Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana como um M&#233;todo Estat&#237;stico para Desvendar Conex&#245;es</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8649-976X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Vieira Lacerda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Lucas Vieira Lacerda Pires</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 55. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>lucas.vlpires@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240606</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana (RM) &#233; uma ferramenta estat&#237;stica poderosa para inferir uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a presen&#231;a de variantes gen&#233;ticas e diferentes caracter&#237;sticas e fen&#243;tipos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#201; particularmente &#250;til ao tentar elucidar rela&#231;&#245;es causais entre exposi&#231;&#245;es e desfechos com base em dados observacionais. Este m&#233;todo se baseia no princ&#237;pio da aleatoriedade de como as variantes gen&#233;ticas podem se segregar durante o processo de meiose, o princ&#237;pio mendeliano de sortimento independente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desde as &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, &#224; medida que nosso conhecimento sobre a arquitetura gen&#233;tica dos seres humanos foi aprimorado, o desafio &#233; entender como variantes gen&#233;ticas podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de fen&#243;tipos e caracter&#237;sticas. Aprendemos com essa compreens&#227;o crescente que, &#224; medida que a complexidade gen&#233;tica de uma caracter&#237;stica espec&#237;fica aumenta, ela pode ser menos heredit&#225;ria, e nosso poder preditivo se reduz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resposta a esse efeito, v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas foram desenvolvidas, como a RM. Esta t&#233;cnica permite mitigar a interfer&#234;ncia de fatores de confus&#227;o e vieses comumente apresentados por estudos observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De fato, a avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada de todas as suposi&#231;&#245;es de RM pode garantir a validade de infer&#234;ncias causais causadas por esse tipo de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, estudos sobre RM foram publicados em diversas &#225;reas de estudos m&#233;dicos al&#233;m do campo da gen&#233;tica m&#233;dica e gen&#244;mica (como cardiologia, nefrologia e hepatologia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s pilares principais comp&#245;em as suposi&#231;&#245;es da RM em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma variante gen&#233;tica conhecida que pode ser aplicada a esse tipo de estudo: a variante gen&#233;tica conhecida est&#225; associada &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o de interesse; a variante gen&#233;tica n&#227;o est&#225; associada a nenhum fator de confus&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o exposi&#231;&#227;o-desfecho; e a variante gen&#233;tica afeta o desfecho exclusivamente por meio da exposi&#231;&#227;o, excluindo qualquer possibilidade de pleiotropia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1a</xref> resume as principais premissas de um estudo de RM.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Arquitetura do fluxo de trabalho de um estudo de RM. (a) Refere-se &#224;s suposi&#231;&#245;es que devem ser respeitadas para garantir sua validade para inferir uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal. (b) Indica os resultados de uma RM bem projetada e os insights potenciais que podem advir da associa&#231;&#227;o exposi&#231;&#227;o-desfecho.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240606-40606-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, um estudo de RM tamb&#233;m pode inferir e possivelmente identificar potenciais biomarcadores para doen&#231;as ao alavancar variantes gen&#233;ticas como vari&#225;veis instrumentais. Ao identificar variantes gen&#233;ticas que influenciam eventos de exposi&#231;&#227;o e subsequentemente avaliar seu impacto nos desfechos, a RM pode destacar adequadamente biomarcadores que podem ser usados posteriormente para desenvolver ferramentas de diagn&#243;stico e poss&#237;veis alvos terap&#234;uticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1b</xref> resume os ganhos potenciais que podem advir de um estudo de RM.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o da televis&#227;o, uma medida espec&#237;fica do comportamento sedent&#225;rio que j&#225; est&#225; associado ao aumento do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, ao risco cardiometab&#243;lico e ao aumento da mortalidade em geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> a RM surge como uma abordagem interessante n&#227;o apenas para refor&#231;ar essa conex&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m para elucidar mecanismos potenciais e vias biol&#243;gicas que podem estar envolvidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo, os autores usaram a RM para identificar n&#227;o apenas uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo elevado de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas &#8212; consistente com a literatura existente &#8212; mas tamb&#233;m para descobrir marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e metab&#243;licos importantes potencialmente envolvidos nessa rela&#231;&#227;o. Esses marcadores incluem n&#237;veis aumentados de interleucinas, prote&#237;na C-reativa, leptina, tecido adiposo visceral e subcut&#226;neo, bem como &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos elevados. Essas descobertas sugerem mecanismos potenciais que podem ser explorados em pesquisas futuras para melhorar o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento ou para propor novas estrat&#233;gias para o gerenciamento de pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>De fato, a RM pode ser um m&#233;todo poderoso; no entanto, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser destacadas: o principal fator que pode reduzir o poder preditivo da RM &#233; um vi&#233;s populacional. Como a maior parte da associa&#231;&#227;o entre variantes gen&#233;ticas e caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas &#233; baseada em estudos de ancestralidade europeia, &#224;s vezes a associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser explorada para popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o europeias, especialmente naquelas com altas taxas de endogamia ou com origens gen&#233;ticas misturadas, como os brasileiros. Mais estudos gen&#233;ticos populacionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estratificar e entender melhor o papel gen&#233;tico no desenvolvimento de caracter&#237;sticas. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante notar que a RM &#233; uma ferramenta poderosa para inferir associa&#231;&#245;es e permite apenas a gera&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses sobre potenciais biomarcadores e mecanismos; novos estudos devem surgir para certificar essas hip&#243;teses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o Causal entre Tempo de Exibi&#231;&#227;o de Televis&#227;o, Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e Mecanismos Potenciais</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240606i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is This a Causal Relationship? Mendelian Randomization as a Statistical Method for Unraveling Connections</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8649-976X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Vieira Lacerda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Lucas Vieira Lacerda Pires</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 55. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>lucas.vlpires@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentary Behavior</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Mendelian Randomization (MR) is a powerful statistical tool to infer a causal relationship between the presence of genetic variants and different traits and phenotypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is particularly useful when trying to elucidate causal relationships between exposures and outcomes based on observational data. This method bases itself on the principle of randomness of how genetic variants might segregate during the process of meiosis, the Mendelian principle of independent assortment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Since past decades, as our knowledge about the genetic architecture of human beings has been enhanced, the challenge is to understand how genetic variants may contribute to the development of phenotypes and traits. We have learned from this growing comprehension that as the genetic complexity of a specific trait rises, it may be less inheritable, and our predictive power reduces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In response to that effect, several techniques have been developed, such as MR. This technique allows to mitigate the interference of confounder factors and biases commonly presented by observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Indeed, the proper evaluation of all MR assumptions may ensure the validity of causal inferences caused by this kind of evaluation. In the past years, studies regarding MR have been published in several areas of medical studies besides the field of medical genetics and genomics (such as cardiology, nephrology, and hepatology).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Three main pillars compound the assumptions of MR regarding a known genetic variant that can be applied to that kind of study: the known genetic variant is associated with the exposure of interest; the genetic variant is not associated with any confounder factor of the relationship exposure-outcome; and the genetic variant affects the outcome exclusively through the exposure, excluding any possibility of pleiotropy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1a</xref> resumes the main assumptions of an MR study.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Workflow architecture of an MR study. (a) Refers to the assumptions that must be respected to guarantee its validity to infer a causal relationship. (b) Indicates the results of a well-designed MR and potential insights that can come from the exposure-outcome association.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240606-40606-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Moreover, an MR study can also infer and possibly identify potential biomarkers for diseases by leveraging genetic variants as instrumental variables. By identifying genetic variants that influence exposure events and subsequently assessing their impact on outcomes, MR can properly highlight biomarkers that can later be used to develop diagnostic tools and possible therapeutic targets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1b</xref> summarizes potential gains that can come from an MR study.</p>
      <p>In that context, television viewing time, a particular measure of sedentary behavior which is already associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, cardiometabolic risk, and increased mortality at all,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> MR emerges as an interesting approach not just to reinforce this connection but also to elucidate potential mechanisms and biological pathways that may be involved in.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this study, the authors used MR to identify not only an association between elevated television viewing time and several cardiometabolic diseases&#8212;consistent with existing literature&#8212;but also to uncover key inflammatory and metabolic markers potentially involved in this relationship. These markers include increased levels of interleukins, C-reactive protein, leptin, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as elevated body mass index, waist circumference, and triglyceride levels. These findings suggest potential mechanisms that could be explored in future research to improve diagnosis and treatment or to propose novel strategies for managing patients with cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>Indeed, MR may be a powerful method; however, some limitations must be highlighted: the main factor that may reduce MR predictive power is a population bias. As most of the association between genetic variants and genetic traits is based on studies of European ancestry, sometimes the association cannot be exploited to non-European populations, especially in those with high inbreeding rates or with admixed genetic backgrounds such as Brazilians. Further populational genetic studies are needed to stratify and better understand the genetic role in developing traits. Also, it is important to notice that MR is a powerful tool to infer associations and only allows the generation of hypotheses about potential biomarkers and mechanisms; new studies must come over to certify these hypotheses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Causal Relationship between Television Viewing Time, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Potential Mechanisms</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
