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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jmFHqgMSgdGzbddk3Bjmb6n</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240469</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco de Desfechos Adversos &#224; Sa&#250;de em Pacientes com Baixa Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento Medicamentoso Cardiovascular: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0904-8564</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Emanuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Zytysnky</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6652-1533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9487-6139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9901-6421</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FELUMA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado (FELUMA), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino-IDOR</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino-IDOR, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Curitiba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Zarns</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Zarns, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota, Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var Malachias &#8226; Avenida do Contorno, 3915. CEP 30110-021, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil; E-mail: <email>mbolivar@uol.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240469</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Risco de Desfechos Adversos &#224; Sa&#250;de em Pacientes com Baixa Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento Medicamentoso Cardiovascular: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento Medicamentoso Cardiovascular.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jmFHqgMSgdGzbddk3Bjmb6n/147ac8a98d7ede89d738ddba230e1277987ea0f7.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jmFHqgMSgdGzbddk3Bjmb6n/56059db7f8a47a0acc4f12f4b9c7a29c1e84cfec.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jmFHqgMSgdGzbddk3Bjmb6n/a98453c2b2d5b52d0966fdcfe8310de424c6e591.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de mortes no mundo. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso &#233; um fator importante no manejo de DCV cr&#244;nicas, influenciando diretamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos e custos da sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, apoiada pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto da baixa ades&#227;o aos medicamentos para DCV sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos cr&#237;ticos como morte e eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi realizada uma busca abrangente em quatro bases de dados: Medline, Embase, Lilacs e Cochrane. Foram inclu&#237;das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises que avaliaram estimativas de risco para ades&#227;o aos medicamentos cardiovasculares. Quatro revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, cada uma incorporando estudos observacionais, foram selecionadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O aumento na ades&#227;o aos medicamentos reduz significativamente o risco de eventos cardiovasculares, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e morte por todas as causas. Uma melhoria de 20% na ades&#227;o a medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, hipolipemiantes e outros medicamentos cardiovasculares foi correlacionada com redu&#231;&#245;es nos eventos cardiovasculares em 7%, 10% e 9%, respectivamente; AVC em 17%, 13% e 18%; e morte em 12%, 9% e 10%. A certeza das evid&#234;ncias foi moderada, sugerindo que esses efeitos provavelmente est&#227;o presentes. Esses achados enfatizam a necessidade de aumentar a ades&#227;o aos tratamentos para melhorar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos no manejo das DCV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Evid&#234;ncias demonstraram redu&#231;&#245;es em morte e desfechos cr&#237;ticos, tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria quanto na secund&#225;ria, por meio do controle de condi&#231;&#245;es como hipertens&#227;o e colesterol LDL elevado, assim como benef&#237;cios da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor elucidar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o aos medicamentos cardiovasculares e a melhora de desfechos cl&#237;nicos cr&#237;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Coopera&#231;&#227;o do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) continuam sendo um desafio importante para a sa&#250;de global; s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo respons&#225;veis por estimadas 17,9 milh&#245;es de mortes anualmente, ou 31% dos &#243;bitos totais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Fatores de risco como hipertfens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia, diabetes, tabagismo, obesidade e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, contribuem significativamente para a preval&#234;ncia das DCV e para a ocorr&#234;ncia de mortes prematuras. A necessidade de implementar estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica focadas em modifica&#231;&#245;es de estilo de vida e cuidados preventivos &#233; crucial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista econ&#244;mico, as DCV imp&#245;em uma carga significativa, n&#227;o apenas pelos custos diretos com a sa&#250;de, mas tamb&#233;m pelos custos indiretos associados &#224; perda de produtividade e incapacidades de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica &#233;, por meio da busca pelas melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis, avaliar o impacto da ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso cardiovascular nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Este documento servir&#225; de base para um Posicionamento Cl&#237;nico da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o tema.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A pergunta de pesquisa, formulada no formato PICO (paciente/popula&#231;&#227;o, interven&#231;&#227;o, compara&#231;&#227;o e desfechos), foi: na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, com 18 anos ou mais, quais s&#227;o as diferen&#231;as nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos (morte, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio) entre pacientes que aderem adequadamente ou n&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso cardiovascular? O protocolo para este documento foi aprovado pelo patrocinador e est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para consulta mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o aos autores.</p>
      <p>A metodologia utilizada neste documento a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica r&#225;pida, pertencente &#224; fam&#237;lia das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas. Trata-se de uma ferramenta desenvolvida na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada com o objetivo de manter o rigor metodol&#243;gico ao buscar as melhores evid&#234;ncias poss&#237;veis, mas com modifica&#231;&#245;es que agilizam o tempo de execu&#231;&#227;o. Tipicamente, essas revis&#245;es informam sociedades m&#233;dicas ou institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de sobre as melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, baseadas em uma pergunta formatada em PICO de forma sens&#237;vel, transparente e sistem&#225;tica. Institui&#231;&#245;es l&#237;deres no campo da metodologia estabeleceram os m&#233;todos desse tipo de documento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Foi realizada uma busca abrangente em quatro bases de dados: Medline, Embase, Lilacs e Biblioteca Cochrane, incluindo todos os registros desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; 1&#186; de mar&#231;o de 2024.</p>
      <p>Dois pesquisadores conduziram independentemente a sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas por uma fase inicial em que ambos trabalharam juntos at&#233; alcan&#231;ar uma taxa de concord&#226;ncia de 90%, ap&#243;s a qual cada documento poderia ser avaliado por um &#250;nico autor. Para extra&#231;&#227;o de dados, um pesquisador extraiu todas as vari&#225;veis predefinidas em uma planilha, enquanto o segundo pesquisador extraiu independentemente apenas os dados de efeito. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas foi realizada usando duas ferramentas espec&#237;ficas &#8211; AMSTAR 2 - <italic>A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews</italic> e a Lista de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica do Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a estrutura GRADE foi empregada para avaliar a qualidade das evid&#234;ncias e determinar a for&#231;a das recomenda&#231;&#245;es, quando poss&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os artigos selecionados para leitura completa foram considerados para inclus&#227;o no estudo se atendessem aos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) fossem revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas que inclu&#237;ssem metan&#225;lises; (2) relatassem estimativas de risco para avaliar o impacto da ades&#227;o sobre eventos cardiovasculares importantes (morte por qualquer causa, AVC e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio); (3) inclu&#237;ssem pacientes com 18 anos ou mais; (4) avaliassem pelo menos um grupo de medicamentos cardiovasculares, como anti-hipertensivos, hipolipemiantes, antitromb&#243;ticos ou antiplaquet&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram aplicados: (1) revis&#245;es que utilizaram menos de duas bases de dados em sua busca; (2) revis&#245;es sem metan&#225;lises detalhadas; (3) revis&#245;es que n&#227;o analisaram a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos prim&#225;rios; (4) estudos com baixa qualidade de evid&#234;ncia, conforme avaliado por ambas as ferramentas (AMSTAR-2 e JBI). N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#245;es de idioma na sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</p>
      <p>Os detalhes das estrat&#233;gias de busca e da metodologia empregada nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica r&#225;pida est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no material suplementar (Tabela 1S).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 643 registros identificados, 15 foram selecionados para leitura completa por preencherem os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Ao final, quatro revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas com metan&#225;lises foram inclu&#237;das (Figura 1S, material suplementar). Uma lista de estudos exclu&#237;dos e os motivos para suas exclus&#245;es est&#227;o apresentados no material suplementar (Tabela 2S).</p>
      <p>As quatro revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas inclu&#237;ram apenas estudos observacionais, conforme o esperado. Uma das revis&#245;es avaliou a ades&#227;o a v&#225;rios tipos de medicamentos cardiovasculares e uma gama mais ampla de desfechos, al&#233;m de medir a curva dose-resposta entre a ades&#227;o e as complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esta revis&#227;o &#233; considerada a melhor evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel e serviu de base para as conclus&#245;es deste artigo. As outras tr&#234;s revis&#245;es focaram exclusivamente em um grupo de medicamentos: anti-hipertensivos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> estatinas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ou &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as principais caracter&#237;sticas avaliadas nos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o r&#225;pida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Autor/ Ano</th>
                <th>N&#186; de estudos inclu&#237;dos</th>
                <th>Tipo de estudos</th>
                <th>Medicamento</th>
                <th>Desfechos</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Medida de ades&#227;o</th>
                <th>Participantes (n)</th>
                <th>Idade mediana</th>
                <th>Mulheres (%)</th>
                <th>Financiamento</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Liu et al. 2021<sup>9</sup></td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">Observacional</td>
                <td align="center">Estatinas, anti-hipertensivos, antidiab&#233;ticos e antitromb&#243;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">Eventos cardiovasculares, AVC e mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o / Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">TPM, PMC, ACM, PDC</td>
                <td align="center">4 051 338</td>
                <td align="center">60,1</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lee et al. 2022<sup>10</sup></td>
                <td align="center">161</td>
                <td align="center">Obser-vacional</td>
                <td align="center">Anti-hipertensivos</td>
                <td align="center">Morte e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, &gt;18 anos; exclu&#237;dos: hipertens&#227;o resistente em gestantes</td>
                <td align="center">MMAS de 4 ou 8 itens, contagem de comprimidos, recarga de receitas, caixas de comprimidos eletr&#244;nicas, ensaios bioqu&#237;micos ou monitoramento eletr&#244;nico de medicamentos</td>
                <td align="center">27 785 595</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">57,1</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xu et al. 2016<sup>11</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">Obser-vacional</td>
                <td align="center">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">Mortalidade por todas as causas, recorr&#234;ncia de DCV e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">DCV</td>
                <td align="center">PDC</td>
                <td align="center">38 301</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biondi-Zoccai et al. 2006<sup>12</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">Obser-vacional</td>
                <td align="center">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">Eventos cardiovasculares</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes em risco ou com DAC</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">50 279</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ACM: ades&#227;o cumulativa ao medicamento; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; MMAS: Escala de Ades&#227;o Medicamentosa de Morisky; NR: n&#227;o relatado; PDC: Propor&#231;&#227;o de Dias Cobertos; PMC: propor&#231;&#227;o de meses cobertos por prescri&#231;&#227;o; TPM: taxa de posse de medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o a medicamentos cardiol&#243;gicos e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares, AVC e mortalidade por todas as causas. Os estudos inclu&#237;ram pacientes tanto em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria quanto secund&#225;ria, envolvendo indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, e indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, e DCV preexistentes. Os medicamentos avaliados foram hipolipemiante, anti-hipertensivos, antidiab&#233;ticos e agentes antitromb&#243;ticos. Os desfechos avaliados foram morte por todas as causas, AVC e eventos cardiovasculares (definidos como qualquer doen&#231;a coronariana fatal ou n&#227;o fatal, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca). As estimativas de risco relativo (RR) espec&#237;ficas de cada estudo foram calculadas para cada incremento de 20% na ades&#227;o ao medicamento e, em seguida, agrupadas. Mais de quatro milh&#245;es de pacientes, distribu&#237;dos em 46 estudos observacionais, foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise, com uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade usando a Escala Newcastle&#8211;Ottawa, obtendo uma pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 7,9 (m&#225;ximo de 9), e um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 4,6 anos. A an&#225;lise mostrou que o aumento de 20% na ades&#227;o a medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, hipolipemiantes e outros medicamentos cardiovasculares reduziu o risco de eventos cardiovasculares em 7% [RR 0,93 (IC 95%, 0,84-1,03), n&#227;o significativo], com outros achados demonstrando signific&#226;ncia: 10% [RR 0,90 (0,88-0,92)] e 9% [RR 0,91 (0,84-0,98)], respectivamente. Esse aumento na ades&#227;o tamb&#233;m reduziu o risco de AVC em 17% [RR 0,83 (0,78-0,89)], 13% [RR 0,90 (0,88-0,92)] e 18% [RR 0,91 (0,84-0,98)], al&#233;m de reduzir a mortalidade por todas as causas em 12% [RR 0,88 (0,82-0,94)], 9% [RR 0,91 (0,89-0,94)] e 10% [RR 0,89 (0,84-0,94)], respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade e subgrupos realizada para os v&#225;rios desfechos n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa nas estimativas agrupadas associadas &#224; boa ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> conduziram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise para estimar a preval&#234;ncia global e as consequ&#234;ncias da n&#227;o ades&#227;o a medicamentos anti-hipertensivos em pacientes adultos hipertensos. A an&#225;lise incluiu v&#225;rios m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento e envolveu 161 estudos observacionais. Essa metan&#225;lise de preval&#234;ncia teve como objetivo principal avaliar o controle da press&#227;o arterial, al&#233;m de estimar desfechos secund&#225;rios, como complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por todas as causas e mortalidade por todas as causas. Os resultados indicaram que a n&#227;o ades&#227;o aos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos estava associada a um aumento no odds ratio (OR) de morte de 1,38 [IC 95%, 1,35-1,41]. No entanto, esses resultados foram baseados em apenas dois estudos com 1.653.763 pacientes e um seguimento mediano de 4,5 anos. A an&#225;lise da certeza do corpo de evid&#234;ncias, utilizando a an&#225;lise GRADE, foi considerada baixa para todos os desfechos. Esses resultados devem-se principalmente &#224; natureza observacional dos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Xu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> avaliaram, por meio de uma metan&#225;lise, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o ao uso de estatinas e as consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de longo prazo em pacientes com DCV (preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria). O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a mortalidade por todas as causas, medida pelo RR. O m&#233;todo de propor&#231;&#227;o de dias cobertos (PDC) foi utilizado para quantificar a ades&#227;o &#224;s estatinas (PDC &#8805;80% - boa ades&#227;o e PDC &lt;80% - baixa ades&#227;o). Um total de seis estudos foi inclu&#237;do nessa metan&#225;lise, e o RR combinado favor&#225;vel &#224; boa ades&#227;o &#224;s estatinas foi de 0,64 (indicando uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 36% no risco de morte por qualquer causa) [IC 95%, 0,52-0,80]. Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, embora o intervalo de confian&#231;a amplo indicasse uma imprecis&#227;o not&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>A &#250;ltima metan&#225;lise inclu&#237;da foi a de Biondi-Zoccai et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> em que os perigos inerentes &#224; retirada ou n&#227;o ades&#227;o ao &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico em indiv&#237;duos com risco de ou com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram avaliados. Seis estudos foram selecionados, e o resultado da estimativa agrupada revelou que a n&#227;o ades&#227;o ou retirada do antiplaquet&#225;rio estava associada a um risco tr&#234;s vezes maior de eventos card&#237;acos adversos graves.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> fornece o RR dos desfechos avaliados e o n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos em cada estimativa resumida.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados das metan&#225;lises dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Autor principal / Ano</th>
                <th>Grupo de medicamentos</th>
                <th>Mortalidade por todas as causas Medida (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>N&#186; de estudos</th>
                <th>AVC Medida (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>N&#186; de estudos</th>
                <th>Eventos cardiovasculares Medida (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>N&#186; de estudos</th>
                <th>Efeito dose-resposta</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Liu et al. 2021<sup>9</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Qualquer medicamento cardiovascular*</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,90 (0,87-0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,84 (0,81-0,87)</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,91 (0,88-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Agentes redutores de lip&#237;dios*</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,91 (0,89-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,87 (0,84-0,91)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,90 (0,88-0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Anti-hipertensivos*</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,88 (0,82-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,83 (0,78-0,89)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,93 (0,84-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Outros*&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,89 (0,84-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,82 (0,74-0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,91 (0,84-0,98)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lee et al. 2022<sup>10</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Anti-hipertensivos</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,75 (0,73-0,76) &#8225;</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xu et al. 2016<sup>11</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,64 (0,52-0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biondi-Zoccai et al. 2006<sup>12</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">RR 0,37 (0,24-0,60) &#167;</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>(*) RR calculado para cada aumento de 20% na ades&#227;o ao medicamento. (&#8224;) Outros: agentes antitromb&#243;ticos e m&#250;ltiplos medicamentos. (&#8225;) RR invertido aproximado, calculado a partir do resultado de Odds Ratio original (1.38 [CI 1.35-1.41]) e uma probabilidade ponderada de 8.01% de eventos ao longo do seguimento. (&#167;) RR invertido aproximado, calculado a partir do resultado de Odds Ratio original (3.14 [1.75-5.61]) e uma probabilidade ponderada de 7,5% de eventos ao longo do seguimento. NR: n&#227;o relatado; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; RR: risco relativo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado em todos os estudos foi de 5%.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise AMSTAR-2 e da lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica do JBI est&#227;o apresentados nas Tabelas 3S e 4S (material suplementar). Apesar das diferen&#231;as nos resultados dessas duas ferramentas, os autores consideraram a qualidade geral das quatro revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas inclu&#237;das como satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Os autores realizaram uma avalia&#231;&#227;o separada do GRADE para o estudo de Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> com base no risco de vi&#233;s e nas caracter&#237;sticas extra&#237;das do estudo. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o abordou todos os grupos de medicamentos e os v&#225;rios desfechos. Em quase todas as situa&#231;&#245;es, as evid&#234;ncias alcan&#231;aram um n&#237;vel moderado de certeza, em grande parte devido &#224; presen&#231;a de um gradiente dose-resposta. No entanto, a certeza das evid&#234;ncias para os desfechos de eventos cardiovasculares associados a medicamentos anti-hipertensivos foi considerada muito baixa. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi baseada na imprecis&#227;o das estimativas de RR, que cruzaram a linha de efeito nulo. Consequentemente, foi recomendado n&#227;o aumentar a pontua&#231;&#227;o de certeza para esses desfechos espec&#237;ficos.</p>
      <p>A tabela de resumo das evid&#234;ncias est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no material suplementar (Tabela 5S).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso &#233; uma quest&#227;o de sa&#250;de importante nos dias de hoje e a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia adotou uma conduta pioneira ao abordar este tema, buscando as melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas para embasar seu posicionamento.</p>
      <p>Responder as perguntas levantadas para esta revis&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa simples. Era esperado que n&#227;o houvesse ensaios cl&#237;nicos sobre o tema, uma vez que n&#227;o &#233; vi&#225;vel randomizar pacientes para aderirem ou n&#227;o aos medicamentos cardiovasculares com benef&#237;cios comprovados. Portanto, foi necess&#225;rio utilizar revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas de estudos observacionais que, embora comecem com um baixo grau de certeza das evid&#234;ncias, tentam agregar os resultados de v&#225;rios estudos para melhorar a confian&#231;a na estimativa do efeito.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, era previsto que esses estudos sobre ades&#227;o apresentassem uma heterogeneidade significativa por diversos motivos: a grande variedade de m&#233;todos para medir a ades&#227;o, os diferentes grupos de medicamentos cardiovasculares, as popula&#231;&#245;es diversas (preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria vs. secund&#225;ria, adultos vs. idosos, etc.), a pluralidade de desfechos cl&#237;nicos e a qualidade vari&#225;vel dos estudos, entre outras possibilidades.</p>
      <p>A ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso &#233; frequentemente quantificada utilizando v&#225;rios pontos de corte e categorizada em n&#237;veis distintos, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais sobre o comportamento do paciente e a efic&#225;cia do tratamento. Geralmente, a ades&#227;o &#233; classificada com base em limites percentuais que refletem a propor&#231;&#227;o de doses prescritas que um paciente toma durante um per&#237;odo espec&#237;fico. Comumente, &#8220;alta ades&#227;o&#8221; &#233; definida como o consumo de 80% ou mais das doses prescritas, &#8220;ades&#227;o m&#233;dia&#8221; como o consumo de 50-79% e &#8220;baixa ades&#227;o&#8221; como o consumo de menos de 50%. Esses limites s&#227;o amplamente utilizados na pesquisa cl&#237;nica para avaliar a efic&#225;cia de interven&#231;&#245;es e s&#227;o cruciais para entender seu impacto nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O estudo de refer&#234;ncia de Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> avaliou o impacto de um aumento de 20% na ades&#227;o medicamentosa (por exemplo, de 80% - o ponto de corte mais utilizado na literatura para distinguir boa ades&#227;o - para 100%). O estudo demonstrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nos principais desfechos cardiovasculares quando os medicamentos cardiovasculares foram utilizados conforme prescrito.</p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise que examinou a terapia com estatinas revelou que as taxas de ades&#227;o ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento diferiram significativamente entre os tipos de estudo: 49,0% em estudos observacionais em compara&#231;&#227;o com 90,3% em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (RCTs). Essa discrep&#226;ncia sugere que a ades&#227;o em RCTs, em que h&#225; maior controle, pode ser superestimada em compara&#231;&#227;o com a realidade pr&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses pontos de corte de ades&#227;o s&#227;o utilizados em diversos tipos de medicamentos, incluindo terapias cr&#244;nicas e agudas, para padronizar as metodologias de pesquisa e permitir compara&#231;&#245;es significativas. Por exemplo, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de indica que n&#237;veis de ades&#227;o acima de 80% s&#227;o geralmente necess&#225;rios para alcan&#231;ar resultados terap&#234;uticos ideais na maioria das condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, certas condi&#231;&#245;es exigem taxas de ades&#227;o mais espec&#237;ficas; por exemplo, a terapia antirretroviral para o HIV pode exigir n&#237;veis de ades&#227;o de at&#233; 95% para suprimir efetivamente a carga viral. Embora esses limites sejam essenciais para a uniformidade da pesquisa, sua aplicabilidade pode variar com base na janela terap&#234;utica do medicamento, na condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de espec&#237;fica e nos fatores individuais do paciente. Essa variabilidade ressalta a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias de ades&#227;o adaptadas para maximizar os resultados dos pacientes, sugerindo uma aplica&#231;&#227;o mais individualizada desses crit&#233;rios, dependendo dos requisitos terap&#234;uticos e das circunst&#226;ncias do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estabelecer as barreiras multifacetadas &#224; ades&#227;o &#233; essencial para otimizar os desfechos cardiovasculares. Fatores relacionados aos pacientes (esquecimento, cren&#231;as sobre a medica&#231;&#227;o, efeitos colaterais percebidos), desafios socioecon&#244;micos (custo dos medicamentos, educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente) e obst&#225;culos do pr&#243;prio sistema de sa&#250;de (regimes de medica&#231;&#227;o complexos, falta de acompanhamento) devem ser abordados sistematicamente para melhorar as taxas de ades&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,17</sup> Diferentes modelos e teorias tentam abordar as complexidades envolvidas nesses comportamentos. Por exemplo, o Modelo de Cren&#231;as em Sa&#250;de sugere que as percep&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes sobre a gravidade de sua condi&#231;&#227;o, os potenciais benef&#237;cios do tratamento e as barreiras ao cuidado podem influenciar a ades&#227;o e a persist&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de identifica alguns fatores que impactam a ades&#227;o, categorizando-os em fatores relacionados ao paciente, &#224; doen&#231;a, &#224; terapia, ao contexto socioecon&#244;mico e ao sistema de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, regimes de medicamentos simplificados e uma comunica&#231;&#227;o aprimorada entre prestadores de sa&#250;de e pacientes s&#227;o essenciais para melhorar a ades&#227;o e, consequentemente, os desfechos cl&#237;nicos no manejo das DCV.<sup>17</sup></p>
      <p>Um aspecto que tamb&#233;m merece considera&#231;&#227;o nos estudos sobre ades&#227;o medicamentosa &#233; a intensidade da dosagem. Por exemplo, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o avaliou a ades&#227;o entre diferentes n&#237;veis de intensidade de estatinas &#8212; baixa, moderada e alta. Os resultados indicaram que as taxas de ades&#227;o em 12 meses foram de 57,2% para estatinas de baixa intensidade, 46,5% para estatinas de intensidade moderada e 37,9% para estatinas de alta intensidade, com a ades&#227;o definida como a obten&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 80% de conformidade com a medica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Outro estudo identificou uma disparidade estatisticamente significativa na ades&#227;o entre estatinas de baixa e alta dosagem, sugerindo que regimes envolvendo estatinas de alta intensidade est&#227;o associados a menor ades&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com os regimes de intensidade mais baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Essa observa&#231;&#227;o parece contradizer um artigo mais recente, que afirma que, ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o das novas diretrizes da American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes com DCV ateroscler&#243;tica n&#227;o apenas recebe prescri&#231;&#245;es de estatinas de alta intensidade, mas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o mais propensos a aderir ao regime de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra quest&#227;o importante nesse contexto &#233; o uso da terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o em dose fixa (FDC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>fixed-dose combination</italic>), que surgiu como uma estrat&#233;gia promissora para melhorar a ades&#227;o medicamentosa em pacientes com DCV. A terapia FDC simplifica o regime de tratamento ao combinar m&#250;ltiplos medicamentos em um &#250;nico comprimido, o que pode reduzir a carga de comprimidos e melhorar a ades&#227;o dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que a terapia FDC est&#225; associada a maiores taxas de ades&#227;o e melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos em compara&#231;&#227;o com regimes de m&#250;ltiplos comprimidos. Por exemplo, um estudo constatou que pacientes em terapia FDC apresentaram uma taxa de ades&#227;o 24% maior e controle significativamente melhor da press&#227;o arterial. Da mesma forma, uma metan&#225;lise relatou que a terapia FDC levou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 26% no risco de n&#227;o ades&#227;o e a um melhor manejo dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Esses achados indicam os potenciais benef&#237;cios da terapia FDC na otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cardiovascular e na melhora da ades&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; isenta de limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, foram selecionadas apenas revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas que inclu&#237;ram estudos observacionais. Estudos observacionais, por sua natureza, t&#234;m uma maior margem de imprecis&#227;o, principalmente devido a fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o medidos ou desconhecidos. Isso justifica a necessidade de estudos prim&#225;rios para identificar e ajustar os fatores de confus&#227;o considerados importantes, e de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos prim&#225;rios, idealmente incluindo apenas pesquisas de alta qualidade. Alguns dos documentos selecionados n&#227;o atenderam a esses crit&#233;rios, e foram exclu&#237;dos da nossa revis&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em segundo lugar, dado o interesse da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia em v&#225;rias classes de medicamentos cardiovasculares e em desfechos cl&#237;nicos cr&#237;ticos, bem como a significativa variabilidade nos m&#233;todos de mensura&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o, era esperada uma heterogeneidade substancial entre os estudos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao documento de Liu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> decidiu-se n&#227;o penalizar o estudo pela heterogeneidade, apesar das estat&#237;sticas Cochran Q e I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> haverem indicado variabilidade significativa entre os estudos. O estudo apresentou estimativas de efeito semelhantes com uma dire&#231;&#227;o consistente ao analisar os diferentes grupos de medicamentos por desfecho. Al&#233;m disso, os intervalos de confian&#231;a demonstraram sobreposi&#231;&#227;o, e v&#225;rias an&#225;lises de subgrupos n&#227;o alteraram os resultados gerais, tampouco a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade. Embora a heterogeneidade tenha sido apenas parcialmente explicada, os potenciais benef&#237;cios da boa ades&#227;o aos medicamentos cardiovasculares eficazes s&#227;o substanciais e n&#227;o devem ser subestimados. A decis&#227;o de n&#227;o penalizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do GRADE em rela&#231;&#227;o a essa caracter&#237;stica pode n&#227;o ser un&#226;nime.</p>
      <p>Por fim, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da certeza das evid&#234;ncias utilizando a ferramenta GRADE, idealmente, essa avalia&#231;&#227;o deveria ser conduzida pelos autores em cada revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise. No entanto, dos quatro estudos inclu&#237;dos, apenas um apresentou tal an&#225;lise. No estudo de refer&#234;ncia, essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com base apenas nas informa&#231;&#245;es extra&#237;das, sem acesso &#224;s fontes prim&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Embora haja evid&#234;ncias robustas que apoiem a redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos duros tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria quanto na secund&#225;ria por meio do controle de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas como press&#227;o arterial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>e concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de LDL-colesterol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> bem como os benef&#237;cios da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> ainda h&#225; poucos estudos que demonstram correla&#231;&#245;es entre a ades&#227;o ao uso de medicamentos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e a atenua&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos cr&#237;ticos.</p>
      <p>Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos observacionais, as evid&#234;ncias dos riscos associados &#224; baixa ades&#227;o medicamentosa refor&#231;am a necessidade global de implementar estrat&#233;gias que melhorem a ades&#227;o aos tratamentos cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica demonstra o impacto significativo da boa ades&#227;o ao tratamento com medicamentos cardiovasculares nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a metodologia GRADE, h&#225; uma certeza moderada das evid&#234;ncias de que pacientes que aderem adequadamente aos seus medicamentos cardiovasculares prescritos experimentam uma redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de morte, AVC e desfechos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos com menor ades&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12110/2024-0469_suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240469i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk of Adverse Health Outcomes in Patients with Poor Adherence to Cardiovascular Medication Treatment: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0904-8564</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Emanuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Zytysnky</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6652-1533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9487-6139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9901-6421</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado (FELUMA), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino-IDOR, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Zarns, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota, Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var Malachias &#8226; Avenida do Contorno, 3915. Postal Code 30110-021, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil; E-mail: mbolivar@uol.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Risk of Adverse Health Outcomes in Patients with Poor Adherence to Cardiovascular Medication Treatment: A Systematic Review</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Adherence to Cardiovascular Medication Treatment</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240469-40469-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Medication adherence is an important issue in managing chronic CVD, directly influencing outcomes and healthcare costs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This systematic review, supported by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, evaluates the impact of poor adherence to cardiovascular medications on critical clinical outcomes such as death and cardiovascular events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A comprehensive search was conducted across four databases, including Medline, Embase, Lilacs, and the Cochrane Library. The review included systematic reviews with meta-analyses that reported risk estimates for adherence to cardiovascular medications. Four systematic reviews, each incorporating observational studies, were selected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> An increase in adherence to medications significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular events, stroke, and all-cause death. Specifically, a 20% improvement in adherence to antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, and other cardiovascular medications correlated with reductions in cardiovascular events by 7%, 10%, and 9%, respectively; stroke by 17%, 13%, and 18%; and death by 12%, 9%, and 10%. The certainty of the evidence was moderate, suggesting that these effects are likely present. These findings emphasize the importance of enhancing medication adherence to improve clinical outcomes in CVD management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Evidence has demonstrated reductions in hard endpoints in both primary and secondary prevention through the control of conditions such as hypertension and elevated LDL cholesterol concentrations, as well as the benefits of antiplatelet therapy in atherosclerotic disease. However, additional studies are needed to better elucidate the relationship between adherence to cardiovascular medications and the improvement of critical clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a significant global health challenge and are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for an estimated 17.9 million deaths annually, or 31% of global deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Key risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity and sedentary lifestyle greatly contribute to the prevalence of CVD and the occurrence of premature deaths. The need to implement public health strategies focused on lifestyle modifications and preventive care is crucial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Economically, CVD impose a significant burden, not only due to direct healthcare expenses but also because of the indirect costs associated with lost productivity and long-term disability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of this systematic review is, through the search for the best available scientific evidence, to evaluate the impact of adherence to cardiovascular medication treatments on clinical outcomes. This document will serve as a basis to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Clinical Statement on the topic.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The research question, framed in the PICO (patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes) format, was: in the adult population, aged 18 or over, what are the differences in clinical outcomes (death, stroke and myocardial infarction) between patients who adequately adhere or not to cardiovascular drug therapy? The protocol for this document was approved by the sponsor and is available for consultation upon request from the authors.</p>
        <p>The rapid systematic review, which is the methodology employed in this document, belongs to the family of systematic reviews. It is a tool developed over the last decade aimed at maintaining methodological rigor while seeking the best possible evidence, but with modifications that expedite the execution time. Typically, these reviews inform medical societies or health-related institutions about the best available evidence based on a PICO-formatted question in a sensitive, transparent, and systematic manner. Leading institutions in the field of methodology have described the methods of this type of document.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A comprehensive search was conducted across four databases: Medline, Embase, Lilacs, and the Cochrane Library, including all records from their inception until March 1, 2024.</p>
        <p>Two researchers independently conducted the selection of studies and the quality assessment of the systematic reviews through an initial phase where both worked together until achieving a 90% agreement rate, after which each document could be evaluated by a single author. For data extraction, one researcher extracted all predefined variables onto a spreadsheet, while the second researcher independently extracted only the effect data. The quality assessment of the systematic reviews was conducted using two specific tools &#8211; AMSTAR 2 &#8211; A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews and The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Systematic Review Checklist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition, the GRADE framework was employed to evaluate the evidence quality and determine the strength of the recommendations where feasible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Articles selected for full reading were considered for inclusion in the study if they met the following criteria: (1) they were systematic reviews that included meta-analysis; (2) they reported risk estimates to assess the impact of adherence on major cardiovascular events (death from any cause, stroke, and myocardial infarction); (3) included patients aged 18 years or older; (4) evaluated at least one cardiovascular medication group such as antihypertensives, lipid-lowering, antithrombotic, or antiplatelet agents.</p>
        <p>The following exclusion criteria were applied: (1) reviews that utilized fewer than two databases in their search; (2) reviews lacking detailed meta-analysis; (3) reviews that did not analyze the methodological quality of primary studies; (4) studies with low evidence quality as assessed by both tools (AMSTAR-2 and JBI). There were no language restrictions in the selection of studies.</p>
        <p>Details of the search strategies and methodology employed in this rapid systematic review are provided in the supplementary material (Table 1S).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 643 identified records identified, 15 were selected for full reading as they met the eligibility criteria. At the end, four systematic reviews with meta-analyses were included (Figure 1S, supplementary material). A list of excluded studies and reasons for exclusions are presented in the supplementary material (Table 2S).</p>
        <p>All four systematic reviews included only observational studies, as expected. One review evaluated adherence to various types of cardiovascular medications and a broader range of outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in addition to measuring the dose-response curve between adherence and complications. This review is considered the best available evidence and serves as the basis for the conclusions of this article. The other three reviews focused exclusively on one drug group, namely, antihypertensives,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> statins,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> or aspirin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the main characteristics evaluated in the included studies.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of studies included in the rapid review</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Author/ Year</th>
                  <th>N&#186; of studies included</th>
                  <th>Type of studies</th>
                  <th>Medication</th>
                  <th>Outcomes</th>
                  <th>Population</th>
                  <th>Adherence measure</th>
                  <th>Participants (n)</th>
                  <th>Median age</th>
                  <th>Female (%)</th>
                  <th>Funding</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Liu/ 2021<sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">Observational</td>
                  <td align="center">Statins, anti-hypertensive, antidiabetics, and antithrombotic agents</td>
                  <td align="center">Cardiovascular events, stroke, and all-cause mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">Hypertension / Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">MPR, PMC, CMA, PDC</td>
                  <td align="center">4,051,338</td>
                  <td align="center">60.1</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lee/ 2022<sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                  <td align="center">Observational</td>
                  <td align="center">Anti-hypertensive agents</td>
                  <td align="center">Death and hospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center">Patients with hypertension, &gt;18 years; excluded: pregnant resistant hypertention</td>
                  <td align="center">4-item or 8-item MMAS, pill counting, prescription refills, electronic pill boxes, biochemical assays, or electronic medication monitoring</td>
                  <td align="center">27,785,595</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">57.1</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xu/ 2016<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Observational</td>
                  <td align="center">Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">All-cause mortality recurrence of CVD and revascularizetion</td>
                  <td align="center">CVD</td>
                  <td align="center">PDC</td>
                  <td align="center">38,301</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Biondi-Zoccai/ 2006<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Observational</td>
                  <td align="center">Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">Cardiovascular events</td>
                  <td align="center">Patients at risk for or with CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">50,279</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; CMA: cumulative medication adherence; CVD: cardiovascular disease; MMAS: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale; MPR: medication possession ratio; NR: not reported; PDC: Proportion of Days Covered; PMC: proportion of months covered by prescribed.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> evaluated the association between vascular medication adherence and the risk of cardiovascular events, stroke, and all-cause mortality. The studies included patients in both primary and secondary prevention, involving healthy individuals, and individuals with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and pre-existing CVD. The evaluated medications evaluated were lipid-lowering, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, and antithrombotic agents. The evaluated outcomes evaluated were death from all causes, stroke, and cardiovascular events (defined as any fatal or non-fatal coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or stroke or sudden cardiac death). Study-specific risk relative (RR) estimates were calculated per 20% increment of medication adherence and then pooled. Over four million patients distributed across 46 observational studies were included in the analysis, with quality assessment using the mean The Newcastle&#8211;Ottawa Scale score of 7.9 (maximum of 9), and an average follow-up period of 4.6 years. The analysis showed that increasing adherence to antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, and other cardiovascular medications by 20% reduced the risk of cardiovascular events by 7% [RR 0.93 (95% CI, 0.84-1.03), not significant], with the other findings demonstrating significance, 10% [RR 0.90 (0.88-0.92)], and 9% [RR 0.91 (0.84-0.98)], respectively. This increase in adherence also lowered the risk of stroke by 17% [RR 0.83 (0.78-0.89)], 13% [RR 0.90 (0.88-0.92)], and 18% [RR 0.91 (0.84-0.98)], and reduced all-cause mortality by 12% [RR 0.88 (0.82-0.94)], 9% [RR 0.91 (0.89-0.94)], and 10% [RR 0.89 (0.84-0.94)], respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). A sensitivity and subgroup analysis performed for the various outcomes did not show any significant difference in the pooled estimates associated with good adherence to cardiovascular medication.</p>
        <p>Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence and consequences of nonadherence to antihypertensive medications among adult hypertensive patients. The analysis included several methods of measuring treatment adherence and involved 161 observational studies. This prevalence meta-analysis primarily aimed to assess blood pressure control, while also estimating secondary outcomes such as hypertension-related complications, all-cause hospitalization, and all-cause mortality. The results indicated that nonadherence to antihypertensive medications was associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) of death of 1.38 [95% CI, 1.35-1.41]. However, these results were based on only two studies with 1,653,763 patients and a median follow-up of 4.5 years. The analysis of certainty in the body of evidence, using the GRADE analysis, was deemed low for all outcomes. These results stem particularly from the observational nature of the studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Xu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> evaluated, through a meta-analysis, the relationship between adherence to the use of statins and long-term clinical consequences in patients with CVD (secondary prevention). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, measured by RR. The method of proportion of days covered (PDC) was used to quantify statin adherence (PDC &#8805;80% - good adherence and PDC &lt;80% - poor adherence). A total of six studies were included in this meta-analysis, and the pooled RR favoring good statin adherence was 0.64 (indicating a 36% reduction in the risk of death from any cause) [95% CI, 0.52-0.80]. There was statistical significance, although the wide confidence interval indicated notable imprecision.</p>
        <p>The last meta-analysis included was that of Biondi-Zoccai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> in which the dangers inherent to aspirin withdrawal or non-compliance in subjects at risk for or with coronary artery disease were evaluated. Six studies were selected, and the result of the pooled estimate revealed that aspirin nonadherence/withdrawal was associated with a three-fold higher risk of major adverse cardiac events.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> provides the RR of the assessed outcomes, and the number of studies included in each summarized estimate.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Results of the meta-analysis of the included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Main author / Year</th>
                  <th>Medication group</th>
                  <th>All-cause mortality Measure (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>N&#186; of studies </th>
                  <th>Stroke Measure (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>N&#186; of studies </th>
                  <th>Cardiovascular events Measure (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>N&#186; of studies </th>
                  <th>Dose-response effect </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">Liu/ 2021<sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Any cardiovascular medications*</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.90 (0.87-0.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.84 (0.81-0.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.91 (0.88-0.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Lipid-lowering agents*</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.91 (0.89-0.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.87 (0.84-0.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.90 (0.88-0.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Antihypertensives*</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.88 (0.82-0.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.83 (0.78-0.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.93 (0.84-1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Others*<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.89 (0.84-0.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.82 (0.74-0.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.91 (0.84-0.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Lee/ 2022<sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Antihypertensives</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.75 (0.73-0.76) <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Xu/ 2016<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Statins</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.64 (0.52-0.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Biondi-Zoccai/ 2006<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0.37 (0.24-0.60) <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>(*) RR calculated for each 20% increase in medication adherence. (&#8224;) Others: antithrombotic and multiple medications. (&#8225;) inverse relative risk, calculated from the original Odds Ratio result (1.38 [CI 1.35-1.41]) and a weighted probability of 8.01% of events over the follow-up period. (&#167;) inverse relative risk, calculated from the original Odds Ratio result (3.14 [1.75-5.61]) and a weighted probability of 7.5% of events over the follow-up period. NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RR: relative risk; Rr: risk ratio. The statistical significance level adopted across all studies was 5%.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Results of the AMSTAR-2 analysis and the JBI critical appraisal checklist are presented in Tables 3S and 4S (supplementary material). Despite the differing results between these two tools, the authors deemed the overall quality of the four included systematic reviews to be satisfactory.</p>
        <p>The authors performed a separate GRADE assessment for the study by Liu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> based on the risk of bias and the characteristics extracted from the study. This evaluation addressed all the drug groups and the various outcomes. In nearly all instances, the evidence achieved a moderate level of certainty, largely due to the presence of a dose-response gradient. However, the certainty of the evidence for cardiovascular event outcomes associated with hypertensive medications was deemed very low. This assessment was based on the imprecision of the RR estimates, which intersected the null effect line. Consequently, it was recommended not to increase the certainty score for these specific outcomes.</p>
        <p>The evidence summary table is presented in the supplementary material (Table 5S).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Medication adherence is a significant health issue today, and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology has taken a pioneering approach by addressing this topic, seeking the best scientific evidence to support their position statement.</p>
        <p>Answering the questions posed for this review is not a simple task. It was anticipated that there would be no clinical trials on this topic, as it is not feasible to randomize patients to adhere or not adhere to cardiovascular medications with proven benefits. Therefore, it was necessary to use systematic reviews of observational studies, which start with a low degree of certainty of evidence but attempt to aggregate the results of multiple studies in order to improve confidence in the effect estimate.</p>
        <p>Additionally, it was expected that these studies on adherence would exhibit significant heterogeneity for multiple reasons: the wide variety of methods for measuring adherence, the different groups of cardiovascular medications, the diverse populations (primary vs. secondary prevention, adults vs. elderly, etc.), the plurality of clinical outcomes, and the varying quality of the studies, among other possibilities.</p>
        <p>Medication adherence is often quantified using various cutoff points and categorized into distinct levels, providing essential insights into patient behavior and treatment efficacy. Adherence is typically categorized based on percentage thresholds reflecting the proportion of prescribed doses a patient takes over a specific period. Commonly, &#8220;high adherence&#8221; is defined as taking 80% or more of the prescribed doses, &#8220;medium adherence&#8221; as taking 50-79%, and &#8220;low adherence&#8221; as taking less than 50%. These thresholds are extensively utilized in clinical research to assess intervention effectiveness and are crucial for understanding their impact on clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The reference study by Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> evaluated the impact of a 20% increase in medication adherence (for instance, from 80% &#8211; the most used cutoff in the literature to distinguish good adherence &#8211; to 100%). The study demonstrated a significant decrease in major cardiovascular outcomes when the cardiovascular drugs were used as prescribed.</p>
        <p>A meta-analysis examining statin therapy revealed that adherence rates at one year of follow-up differed significantly between study designs: 49.0% in observational studies compared to 90.3% in randomized controlled trials. This discrepancy suggests that adherence in randomized clinical trials, where there is greater control, may be overestimated compared to reality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These adherence cutoffs are employed across various medication types, including both chronic and acute therapies, to standardize research methodologies and enable meaningful comparisons. For example, the World Health Organization indicates that adherence levels above 80% are generally required to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes in most chronic conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, certain conditions demand more specific adherence rates; for instance, antiretroviral therapy for HIV may require adherence levels as high as 95% to effectively suppress viral loads.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> While these thresholds are pivotal for research uniformity, their applicability can vary based on the therapeutic window of the medication, the specific health condition, and individual patient factors. This variability underscores the need for adherence strategies that are tailored to maximize patient outcomes, suggesting a more nuanced application of these metrics depending on the therapeutic requirements and patient circumstances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Establishing the multifaceted barriers to adherence is essential for optimizing cardiovascular outcomes. Factors such as patient-related issues (e.g., forgetfulness, beliefs about medication, perceived side effects), socioeconomic challenges (e.g., medication cost, patient education), and healthcare system obstacles (e.g., complex medication regimens, lack of follow-up) must be systematically addressed to enhance adherence rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Different models and theories attempt to address the complexities underlying these behaviors. For example, the Health Belief Model suggests that patient perceptions of the severity of their condition, the potential benefits of treatment, and barriers to care can influence adherence and persistence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, the World Health Organization identifies some factors that impact adherence, categorizing them into patient-related, condition-related, therapy-related, socioeconomic, and healthcare system factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Patient education, simplified drug regimens, and improved healthcare provider-patient communication are essential for enhancing adherence and ultimately improving clinical outcomes in CVD management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One aspect warranting also consideration in medication adherence studies is dosage intensity. For example, one investigation evaluated adherence across different statin intensity levels &#8212; low, moderate, and high. The findings indicated that adherence rates at 12 months were 57.2% for low-intensity statins, 46.5% for moderate-intensity statins, and 37.9% for high-intensity statins, with adherence defined as achieving at least 80% medication compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A further study identified a statistically significant disparity in adherence between low and high-dosage statins, suggesting that regimes involving high-intensity statins are linked to reduced adherence compared to those involving lower-intensity statins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This observation appears to contradict a more recent article, which posits that following the introduction of new American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines, a higher proportion of patients with atherosclerotic CVD are not only prescribed high-intensity statins but are also more likely to adhere to their treatment regimen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another aspect on this subject is the use of fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy, which has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance medication adherence in patients with CVD. FDC therapy simplifies the treatment regimen by combining multiple medications into a single pill, which can reduce pill burden and improve patient compliance. Studies have demonstrated that FDC therapy is associated with higher adherence rates and better clinical surrogate outcomes compared to multiple-pill regimens. For instance, a study found that patients on FDC therapy had a 24% higher adherence rate and significantly improved blood pressure control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similarly, a meta-analysis reported that FDC therapy led to a 26% reduction in the risk of nonadherence and better management of cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> These findings indicate the potential benefits of FDC therapy in optimizing cardiovascular treatment and enhancing patient adherence.</p>
        <p>This review is not free of limitations. Firstly, only systematic reviews that included observational studies were selected. Observational studies, by their nature, have a greater margin of imprecision, primarily due to unmeasured or even unknown confounding factors. This justifies the requirement for primary studies to identify and adjust for confounding factors deemed important, and for systematic reviews to assess the quality of the primary studies, ideally including only high-quality research. Because some of the selected documents did not meet these criteria, they were excluded from our review.</p>
        <p>Secondly, given the Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#8217;s interest in various classes of cardiovascular medications and critical clinical outcomes, as well as the significant variability in adherence measurement methods, substantial heterogeneity among the studies was anticipated. In reference to the document by Liu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> it was decided not to penalize the study for heterogeneity, despite the Cochran Q and I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> statistics indicating significant variability across studies. It presented similar effect estimates with consistent direction when analyzing the different medication groups by outcome. Furthermore, the confidence intervals demonstrated overlap, and several subgroup analyses did not alter the overall results, nor did the sensitivity analysis. Despite the heterogeneity being only partially explained, the potential benefits of good adherence to effective cardiovascular medications are substantial and should not be underestimated. The decision not to penalize the GRADE assessment in relation to this characteristic may not be unanimous.</p>
        <p>Finally, regarding the assessment of the certainty of evidence using the GRADE tool, ideally, it should be conducted by the authors in each systematic review with meta-analysis. However, of the four studies included, only one presented such an analysis. In the reference study, this assessment was conducted based solely on the extracted information, without access to the primary sources.</p>
        <p>While robust evidence supports reductions in hard endpoints in both primary and secondary prevention through the control of clinical variables such as blood pressure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and LDL-cholesterol concentrations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> as well as the benefits of antiplatelet therapy in atherosclerotic disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> there remains a scarcity of studies demonstrating correlations between adherence to cardiovascular medications and attenuation of critical clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>Despite the limitations inherent to observational studies, the evidence of the risks of poor medication coverage reinforces the global need to implement strategies that improve adherence to cardiovascular treatments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This systematic review demonstrates the significant impact of good adherence to cardiovascular medication treatment on clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>According to the GRADE methodology, there is moderate certainty of evidence that patients who adhere to their prescribed cardiovascular medications experience a reduction in death, stroke, and cardiovascular events compared to individuals with lower adherence.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12110/2024-0469_suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
