<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="letter" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hPqXg4fKp8LQC3CTy8cXRHj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardite de Lyme: Uma Causa Infecciosa de Bloqueio Atrioventricular &#8211; Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5935-8790</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Itaya</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Hantschick Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Itaya</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kong</surname>
            <given-names>Nathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Connecticut School of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Farmington</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Connecticut</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Connecticut School of Medicine &#8211; Division of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center &#8211; Division of Cardiology, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center &#8211; Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Eduardo Dan Itaya &#8226;</bold> University of Connecticut &#8211; 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT <postal-code>06030</postal-code> E-mail: <email>eduardoitaya@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240301</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Borrelia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Lyme</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Lyme (DL) &#233; a doen&#231;a mais comum transmitida por carrapatos nos Estados Unidos, causada pela espiroqueta <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi</italic>. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum &#233; a erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea eritema migrans, observada em mais de 90% dos casos durante o est&#225;gio inicial localizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Semanas ou meses ap&#243;s a picada do carrapato, a doen&#231;a pode progredir para manifesta&#231;&#245;es extracut&#226;neas na fase disseminada inicial, levando a sintomas card&#237;acos, neurol&#243;gicos e articulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Cardite de Lyme (CL) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara da DL, ocorrendo em 0,3% a 4% dos adultos n&#227;o tratados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais proeminentes s&#227;o dist&#250;rbios do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o envolvendo o n&#243; atrioventricular (AV), frequentemente se apresentando como bloqueio AV (BAV) de alto grau.</p>
      <p>Em 2021, os EUA relataram 24.610 casos confirmados e prov&#225;veis de DL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, a incid&#234;ncia &#233; desconhecida &#8211; uma an&#225;lise de banco de dados de reivindica&#231;&#245;es de seguros comerciais estimou 476.000 casos anuais nos EUA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Surpreendentemente, apesar das tr&#234;s regi&#245;es com maiores &#237;ndices de DL estarem entre os destinos mais frequentes dos viajantes brasileiros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> nenhum caso de CL foi relatado no Brasil. Isso destaca o potencial subdiagn&#243;stico dessa condi&#231;&#227;o em viajantes que retornam.</p>
      <p>Portanto, conhecer essa etiologia infecciosa revers&#237;vel do BAV &#233; essencial para evitar tratamento tardio e interven&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias, como implante de marcapasso permanente. Este relato de caso detalha um caso de CL caracterizado pela progress&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cl&#225;ssica e elucida o manejo dessa rara condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Um homem de 43 anos apresentou um hist&#243;rico de duas semanas de tontura intermitente, dor de cabe&#231;a posterior e uma fadiga f&#225;cil recente ao esfor&#231;o. Inicialmente, ele desenvolveu uma dor de cabe&#231;a posterior e tontura, que depois melhoraram, mas depois progrediram para fadiga ao esfor&#231;o. O paciente relatou exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; natureza em Cape Cod, MA - Estados Unidos, nas &#250;ltimas 2 semanas, mas n&#227;o se lembra de picadas de carrapatos. Ao retornar, sua press&#227;o arterial estava normal, mas revelou uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de cerca de 50 bpm, significativamente menor do que sua linha de base usual de 70 a 80 bpm. Essa descoberta levou a uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o ao Pronto Socorro. Fora isso, ele negou dor no peito e falta de ar.</p>
      <p>Apesar da infec&#231;&#227;o recente de um membro da fam&#237;lia por COVID-19, o paciente testou negativo. O paciente supostamente tem um hist&#243;rico remoto de DL, que foi tratada com antibi&#243;ticos por v&#225;rias semanas. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico anterior &#233; significativo para pr&#233;-diabetes. Ele n&#227;o tem hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, alergias ou uso di&#225;rio de medicamentos. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou morte s&#250;bita.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou uma press&#227;o arterial de 147/82 mm Hg e uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 53 bpm. O paciente tamb&#233;m tinha duas les&#245;es planas na parte superior m&#233;dia direita das costas, consistentes com eritema cr&#244;nico migrat&#243;rio. Um eletrocardiograma (ECG) inicial revelou um bloqueio card&#237;aco completo com dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV. Um ECG repetido 30 minutos depois foi significativo para um BAV 2:1. A radiografia de t&#243;rax foi sem processo cardiopulmonar agudo, e os testes laboratoriais foram significativos apenas para transaminases elevadas (ALT: 251, AST: 92 e Fosfatase Alcalina: 185). Todos os outros testes, incluindo eletr&#243;litos s&#233;ricos e troponina, estavam dentro dos limites normais.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi internado para avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional. Apesar da bradicardia cont&#237;nua, ele manteve a perfus&#227;o sem nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. Dada a aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades e exposi&#231;&#227;o recente ao ar livre, ele come&#231;ou a tomar Ceftriaxona intravenosa 2 g diariamente como tratamento emp&#237;rico para o diagn&#243;stico presuntivo de CL. Seu ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou tamanhos normais de cavidade biventricular, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular regional e global normal e uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 65%, sem patologia valvar ou fluxo patol&#243;gico. A ultrassonografia do f&#237;gado revelou tr&#234;s hemangiomas sem evid&#234;ncia de hepatite ou esteatose. Uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do f&#237;gado mostrou les&#245;es consistentes com hemangiomas. A sorologia revelou anticorpos positivos para Lyme, Anasplasma negativo e um painel de hepatite negativo.</p>
      <p>No segundo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, seu ECG foi significativo para BAV de 2&#186; grau Mobitz tipo 1, com condu&#231;&#227;o AV 2:1, frequ&#234;ncia ventricular de 52 bpm e PR 196 ms. No dia seguinte, o ECG progrediu para BAV de 1&#186; grau, com intervalo PR de 320 ms. Durante esse tempo, ele permaneceu hemodinamicamente e clinicamente est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Uma semana depois, ele recebeu alta com um plano para completar um curso de 21 dias de Ceftriaxona. O ECG de alta mostrou um ritmo sinusal com um atraso AV de 1&#186; grau, com um intervalo PR de 222 ms e 63 bpm. Ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, durante uma visita de acompanhamento &#224; cl&#237;nica de eletrofisiologia, o paciente estava em ritmo sinusal, n&#227;o teve eventos de monitoramento card&#237;aco e estava assintom&#225;tico. Seu ECG mostrou um ritmo sinusal com um intervalo PR de 130 ms e 84 bpm.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A DL &#233; causada pela espiroqueta <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi</italic>. A DL se tornou a principal doen&#231;a transmitida por carrapatos na Am&#233;rica do Norte e na Europa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nossa complica&#231;&#227;o rara relatada, CL, ocorre em 0,3% a 4% dos adultos n&#227;o tratados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Frequentemente se apresentando como AVB de alto grau. Esta complica&#231;&#227;o pode aparecer v&#225;rios dias a meses ap&#243;s a picada do carrapato ou aparecimento de sintomas semelhantes aos da gripe e eritema migrans (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> observada em 90% dos casos de DL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos sugerem que apenas 40% dos pacientes com CL se lembram dessas les&#245;es cut&#226;neas caracter&#237;sticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eritema migrans, a erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea eritematosa patognom&#244;nica no padr&#227;o "erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea em alvo". Reproduzido de CDC / James Gathany, 2007.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240301-40301-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Acredita-se que o mecanismo desta doen&#231;a surja da invas&#227;o direta do mioc&#225;rdio pela bact&#233;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e uma resposta imune exagerada subsequente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Acredita-se que a resposta imune seja secund&#225;ria a uma rea&#231;&#227;o cruzada entre ant&#237;genos de <italic>B. burgdorferi</italic> e ep&#237;topos card&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Este processo inflamat&#243;rio &#233; composto principalmente por macr&#243;fagos e linf&#243;citos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> resultando em uma les&#227;o autoimune.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim como no nosso caso apresentado, o BAV &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum de CL, ocorrendo em at&#233; 90% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; tipicamente caracterizado por mudan&#231;as nos graus de BAV ao longo de dias, horas ou at&#233; minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Corroborando nosso caso, em que o ECG inicial revelou bloqueio card&#237;aco completo com dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV, e aproximadamente 30 minutos depois, progrediu para um BAV 2:1. A progress&#227;o para um BAV completo pode ocorrer rapidamente e ser fatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Portanto, os pacientes com CL devem ser submetidos a monitoramento cont&#237;nuo de telemetria e ECG.</p>
      <p>A antibioticoterapia deve ser iniciada assim que houver suspeita cl&#237;nica de CL para diminuir a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O progn&#243;stico &#233; favor&#225;vel, com resolu&#231;&#227;o do BAV de alto grau geralmente ap&#243;s 10 dias de tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em pacientes com CL grave &#8211; BAV de 1&#186; grau sintom&#225;tico com intervalo PR &#8805; 300 mseg, BAV de 2&#186; ou 3&#186; grau &#8211;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Ceftriaxona IV emp&#237;rica 2g, uma vez ao dia, deve ser administrada imediatamente. Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o, o tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos deve continuar de 14 a 21 dias com base na gravidade da apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume o tratamento da CL em adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos para CL em adultos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Antibi&#243;tico</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Dose</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Dura&#231;&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Forte</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ceftriaxona</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2 g IV uma vez ao dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 &#8211; 21 dias<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Leve</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doxiciclina</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">100 mg oral, <break/>duas vezes ao dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">14 &#8211; 21 dias</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Amoxicilina</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">500 mg por via oral, <break/>tr&#234;s vezes ao dia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cefuroxima</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">500 mg por via oral, <break/>duas vezes ao dia</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Grave: sintom&#225;tico, BAV de 1&#186; grau com PR &#8805; 300 ms, BAV de 2&#186; ou 3&#186; grau. Leve: BAV de 1&#186; grau com PR &lt; 300 ms.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e do BAV de alto grau, considere a transi&#231;&#227;o para antibi&#243;ticos orais para completar o tratamento. BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; IV: intravenoso; ms: milissegundos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Um achado interessante da CL &#233; que o dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o geralmente se resolve de forma gradual, do BAV de 3&#186; grau ao bloqueio de Wenckebach de 2&#186; grau, ao bloqueio de 1&#186; grau, &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR e ao ECG normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esse achado tamb&#233;m estava presente em nosso paciente, conforme representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Progress&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica da Cardite de Lyme. (A) BAV de terceiro grau com ritmo de escape juncional (dia 1). (B) BAV 2:1 (dia 1 - 30 minutos depois). (C) BAV de segundo grau (Mobitz I) com condu&#231;&#227;o AV 2:1 (dia 3). (D) Atraso de BAV de primeiro grau com intervalo PR de 320 ms (dia 4). (E) BAV de primeiro grau com intervalo PR de 222 ms (dia 8). (F) Ritmo sinusal (acompanhamento de 1 m&#234;s). BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; ms: milissegundos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240301-40301-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Embora a estimula&#231;&#227;o permanente continue sendo o tratamento padr&#227;o para BAV de alto grau, a natureza vari&#225;vel da CL e a resolu&#231;&#227;o completa das altera&#231;&#245;es de ECG com antibioticoterapia na maioria dos pacientes apoiam o uso de estimula&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria se houver evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o terminal ou instabilidade cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Dado que um ter&#231;o dos pacientes necessita de estimula&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> essa abordagem reduz interven&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias e ajuda a mitigar riscos potenciais associados &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso. Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de casos de CL, Besant et al. revelaram que um marcapasso permanente foi colocado em 12,5% dos pacientes, e mais da metade desses pacientes tiveram uma revers&#227;o do BAV com tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a CL afeta desproporcionalmente um grupo demogr&#225;fico jovem, normalmente com idades entre 20 e 40 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> o que aumentaria ainda mais a exposi&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es ao longo da vida, como a necessidade de m&#250;ltiplas trocas de gerador, e os riscos associados, incluindo infec&#231;&#245;es, deslocamento de cabos, custos de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e at&#233; mesmo sequelas psicol&#243;gicas e f&#237;sicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, um marcapasso permanente deve ser considerado se a condu&#231;&#227;o AV 1:1 n&#227;o for restaurada dentro de 14 dias ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico &#233; determinado por meio de um ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico para triagem de anticorpos IgM e IgG, seguido de confirma&#231;&#227;o usando um ensaio Western Blot para resultados positivos ou lim&#237;trofes. IgM aparece dentro de uma a duas semanas, seguido por IgG dentro de duas a seis semanas ap&#243;s a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A alta variabilidade do ant&#237;geno Borrelia afeta a sensibilidade e especificidade da sorologia. No entanto, a sensibilidade &#233; alta quando manifesta&#231;&#245;es extracut&#226;neas est&#227;o presentes, como durante a fase disseminada inicial quando ocorre CL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, a CL &#233; essencial como diagn&#243;stico diferencial de BVA, especialmente em pacientes jovens com hist&#243;rico de atividade ao ar livre em &#225;reas end&#234;micas, incluindo as regi&#245;es Nordeste, Centro-Atl&#226;ntico e Centro-Oeste dos EUA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este relato de caso ilustra um caso cl&#225;ssico de CL, destacando a import&#226;ncia cr&#237;tica de reconhecer essa etiologia infecciosa de dist&#250;rbios do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, afetando notavelmente o n&#243; AV. Embora n&#227;o tenha havido casos relatados no Brasil, a DL continua sendo um diagn&#243;stico diferencial crucial para BAV de alto grau em viajantes que retornam de &#225;reas end&#234;micas. Portanto, como demonstrado em nosso caso, a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e o conhecimento da CL s&#227;o essenciais para que os cl&#237;nicos garantam cuidados oportunos e apropriados e evitem interven&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krause</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bockenstedt</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lyme Disease and the Heart</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>451</fpage>
          <lpage>454</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.101485</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Krause PJ, Bockenstedt LK. Lyme Disease and the Heart. Circulation. 2013;127(7):451-4. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.101485</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shapiro</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wormser</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lyme Disease in 2018: What is New (and what is Not)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>635</fpage>
          <lpage>636</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2018.10974</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Shapiro ED, Wormser GP. Lyme Disease in 2018: What is New (and what is Not). JAMA. 2018;320(7):635-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.10974.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Radesich</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Mestre</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medo</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitrella</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manca</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiatto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lyme Carditis: from Pathophysiology to Clinical Management</article-title>
          <source>Pathogens</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>582</fpage>
          <lpage>582</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/pathogens11050582</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Radesich C, Del Mestre E, Medo K, Vitrella G, Manca P, Chiatto M, et al. Lyme Carditis: from Pathophysiology to Clinical Management. Pathogens. 2022;11(5):582. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050582.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Forrester</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meiman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullins</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ertel</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cartter</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Notes from the Field: Update on Lyme Carditis, Groups at High Risk, and Frequency of Associated Sudden Cardiac Death--United States</article-title>
          <source>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>43</issue>
          <fpage>982</fpage>
          <lpage>983</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Forrester JD, Meiman J, Mullins J, Nelson R, Ertel SH, Cartter M, et al. Notes from the Field: Update on Lyme Carditis, Groups at High Risk, and Frequency of Associated Sudden Cardiac Death--United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(43):982-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yeung</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baranchuk</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Carditis: JACC Review Topic of the Week</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>717</fpage>
          <lpage>726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Yeung C, Baranchuk A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Carditis: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(6):717-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.035.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Lyme Disease. [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Atlanta</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2024 Sep 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/index.html</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme Disease. [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/index.html</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kugeler</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delorey</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mead</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hinckley</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimating the Frequency of Lyme Disease Diagnoses, United States, 2010-2018</article-title>
          <source>Emerg Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>616</fpage>
          <lpage>619</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3201/eid2702.202731</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Kugeler KJ, Schwartz AM, Delorey MJ, Mead PS, Hinckley AF. Estimating the Frequency of Lyme Disease Diagnoses, United States, 2010-2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(2):616-9. doi: 10.3201/eid2702.202731.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>International Trade Administration U.S. Department of Commerce</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>National Travel and Tourism Office - Market Profile: Brazil [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Washington</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>The International Trade Administration</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2024 Sep 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.trade.gov/travel-tourism-industry">https://www.trade.gov/travel-tourism-industry</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 International Trade Administration U.S. Department of Commerce. National Travel and Tourism Office - Market Profile: Brazil [Internet]. Washington: The International Trade Administration; 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.trade.gov/travel-tourism-industry">https://www.trade.gov/travel-tourism-industry</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krajden</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Manifestations of Lyme Disease</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1449</fpage>
          <lpage>1455</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-8703(91)90589-a</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Cox J, Krajden M. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Lyme Disease. Am Heart J. 1991;122(5):1449-55. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(91)90589-a.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steere</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lyme Disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>321</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>586</fpage>
          <lpage>596</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM198908313210906</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Steere AC. Lyme Disease. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(9):586-96. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198908313210906.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lantos</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rumbaugh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bockenstedt</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falck-Ytter</surname>
              <given-names>YT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguero-Rosenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auwaerter</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease</article-title>
          <source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cid/ciaa1215</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Lantos PM, Rumbaugh J, Bockenstedt LK, Falck-Ytter YT, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Auwaerter PG, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(1):1-48. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1215.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raveche</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schutzer</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bateman</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCarthy</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nickell</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence of Borrelia Autoimmunity-induced Component of Lyme Carditis and Arthritis</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Microbiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>850</fpage>
          <lpage>856</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JCM.43.2.850-856.2005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Raveche ES, Schutzer SE, Fernandes H, Bateman H, McCarthy BA, Nickell SP, et al. Evidence of Borrelia Autoimmunity-induced Component of Lyme Carditis and Arthritis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(2):850-6. doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.2.850-856.2005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calkins</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melia</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lyme Carditis</article-title>
          <source>Infect Dis Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>255</fpage>
          <lpage>268</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Robinson ML, Kobayashi T, Higgins Y, Calkins H, Melia MT. Lyme Carditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015;29(2):255-68. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muehlenbachs</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bollweg</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schulz</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forrester</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carnes</surname>
              <given-names>MDL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molins</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Tropism of Borrelia Burgdorferi: An Autopsy Study of Sudden Cardiac Death Associated with Lyme Carditis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Pathol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>186</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1195</fpage>
          <lpage>1205</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.027</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Muehlenbachs A, Bollweg BC, Schulz TJ, Forrester JD, Carnes MDL, Molins C, et al. Cardiac Tropism of Borrelia Burgdorferi: An Autopsy Study of Sudden Cardiac Death Associated with Lyme Carditis. Am J Pathol. 2016;186(5):1195-205. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.027.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McAlister</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klementowicz</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrews</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feld</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lyme Carditis: an Important Cause of Reversible Heart Block</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>339</fpage>
          <lpage>345</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-110-5-339</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S. Lyme Carditis: an Important Cause of Reversible Heart Block. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110(5):339-45. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-5-339.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Clinical Care and Treatment of Lyme Carditis [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Atlanta</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2024 Sep 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/hcp/clinical-care/lyme-carditis.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/treatment/lymecarditis.html">https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/hcp/clinical-care/lyme-carditis.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/treatment/lymecarditis.html</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Care and Treatment of Lyme Carditis [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2024 [cited 2024 Sep 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/hcp/clinical-care/lyme-carditis.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/treatment/lymecarditis.html">https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/hcp/clinical-care/lyme-carditis.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/treatment/lymecarditis.html</ext-link></mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fuster</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gul</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baranchuk</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrocardiographic Progression of Acute Lyme Disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1040.e5</fpage>
          <lpage>1040.e6</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajem.2017.02.052</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Fuster LS, Gul EE, Baranchuk A. Electrocardiographic Progression of Acute Lyme Disease. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(7):1040.e5-1040.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.02.052.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Besant</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeung</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blakely</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Branscombe</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suarez-Fuster</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Suspicious Index in Lyme Carditis: Systematic Review and Proposed New Risk Score</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1611</fpage>
          <lpage>1616</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.23102</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Besant G, Wan D, Yeung C, Blakely C, Branscombe P, Suarez-Fuster L, et al. Suspicious Index in Lyme Carditis: Systematic Review and Proposed New Risk Score. Clin Cardiol. 2018;41(12):1611-6. doi: 10.1002/clc.23102.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hinckley</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mead</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hook</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kugeler</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surveillance for Lyme Disease - United States, 2008-2015</article-title>
          <source>MMWR Surveill Summ</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15585/mmwr.ss6622a1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Schwartz AM, Hinckley AF, Mead PS, Hook SA, Kugeler KJ. Surveillance for Lyme Disease - United States, 2008-2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66(22):1-12. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6622a1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steere</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McHugh</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damle</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sikand</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prospective Study of Serologic Tests for Lyme Disease</article-title>
          <source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>188</fpage>
          <lpage>195</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/589242</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Steere AC, McHugh G, Damle N, Sikand VK. Prospective Study of Serologic Tests for Lyme Disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(2):188-95. doi: 10.1086/589242.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240301i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lyme Carditis: An Infectious Cause of Atrioventricular Block &#8211; A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5935-8790</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Itaya</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Hantschick Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Itaya</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kong</surname>
            <given-names>Nathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Farmington</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Connecticut</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Connecticut School of Medicine &#8211; Division of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center &#8211; Division of Cardiology, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center &#8211; Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Eduardo Dan Itaya &#8226;</bold> University of Connecticut &#8211; 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT <postal-code>06030</postal-code> E-mail: <email>eduardoitaya@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Borrelia</kwd>
        <kwd>Lyme Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States, caused by the spirochete <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi</italic>. The most common presentation is the erythema migrans skin rash, observed in over 90% of cases during the early localized stage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Weeks to months post-tick bite, the disease may progress to extracutaneous manifestations in the early disseminated phase, leading to cardiac, neurologic, and joint symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Lyme carditis (LC) is a rare complication of LD, occurring in 0.3% to 4% of untreated adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The most prominent manifestations are conduction system disturbances involving the atrioventricular (AV) node, often presenting as high-degree AV block (AVB).</p>
        <p>In 2021, the US reported 24,610 confirmed and probable cases of LD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the incidence is unknown &#8211; a commercial insurance claims database analysis estimated 476,000 annual cases in the US.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Surprisingly, despite the three regions with the highest rates of LD being among the most frequent destinations of Brazilian travelers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> no cases of LC have been reported in Brazil. This highlights the potential underdiagnosis of this condition in returning travelers.</p>
        <p>Therefore, knowing this reversible infectious etiology of AVB is essential to prevent delayed treatment and unnecessary interventions, such as permanent pacemaker implantation. This case report details an LC case characterized by the classic electrocardiographic progression and elucidates the management of this rare condition.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 43-year-old male presented with a two-week history of intermittent lightheadedness, posterior headache, and a recent easy fatiguability on exertion. Initially, he developed a posterior headache and lightheadedness, which then improved but later progressed to experiencing fatigue on exertion. The patient reported exposure to nature in Cape Cod, MA &#8211; United States, in the previous 2 weeks but has no recollection of tick bites. Upon his return, his blood pressure was normal but revealed a heart rate of around 50 bpm, significantly lower than his usual baseline of 70 to 80 bpm. This finding prompted a presentation to ED. Otherwise, he denied chest pain and shortness of breath.</p>
        <p>Despite a family member's recent COVID-19 infection, the patient tested negative. The patient reportedly has a remote history of LD, which was treated with antibiotics over several weeks. His past medical history is significant for prediabetes. He has no cardiovascular disease history, allergies, or daily medication use. Additionally, there is no family history of cardiac disease or sudden death.</p>
        <p>Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 147/82 mm Hg and a heart rate of 53 bpm. The patient also had two flat lesions on the mid-right upper back, consistent with erythema chronicum migrans. An initial electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed a complete heart block with AV dissociation. A repeat ECG 30 minutes later was significant for a 2:1 AVB. The chest radiography was without acute cardiopulmonary process, and laboratory tests were only significant for elevated transaminases (ALT: 251, AST: 92, and Alkaline Phosphatase: 185). All other tests, including serum electrolytes and troponin, were within normal limits.</p>
        <p>The patient was admitted for further evaluation. Despite ongoing bradycardia, he maintained perfusion without any evidence of end-organ dysfunction. Given the absence of comorbidities and recent outdoor exposure, he was started on intravenous Ceftriaxone 2 g daily as empiric treatment for the presumptive diagnosis of LC. His transthoracic echocardiogram revealed normal biventricular cavity sizes, normal regional and global biventricular systolic function, and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 65%, without valvular pathology or pathologic flow. Liver Ultrasound revealed three hemangiomas without evidence of hepatitis or steatosis. A liver MRI showed lesions consistent with hemangiomas. Serology revealed positive Lyme antibodies, negative Anasplasma, and a negative hepatitis panel.</p>
        <p>On his second day of admission, his ECG was significant for 2nd-degree AVB Mobitz type 1, with 2:1 AV conduction, ventricular rate of 52 bpm, and PR 196 ms. The following day, the ECG progressed to a 1st-degree AVB, with a PR interval of 320 ms. During this time, he remained hemodynamically and clinically stable.</p>
        <p>One week later, he was discharged with a plan to complete a 21-day course of Ceftriaxone. The discharge ECG showed a sinus rhythm with a 1st-degree AV delay, with a PR interval of 222 ms and 63 bpm. After one month, during a follow-up visit to the electrophysiology clinic, the patient was in sinus rhythm, had no cardiac monitoring events, and was asymptomatic. His ECG showed a sinus rhythm with a PR interval of 130 ms and 84 bpm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>LD is caused by the spirochete <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi</italic>. LD has become the leading tick-borne illness in North America and Europe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Our reported rare complication, LC, occurs in 0.3% to 4% of untreated adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Often presenting as high-degree AVB. This complication can appear several days to months after the tick bite or appearance of flu-like symptoms and erythema migrans (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> observed in 90% of LD cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, epidemiologic studies suggest that only 40% of patients with LC recall these characteristic skin lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Erythema migrans, the pathognomonic erythematous rash in the "bulls-eye rash" pattern. Reproduced from CDC / James Gathany, 2007.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240301-40301-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The mechanism of this disease is thought to arise from direct myocardial invasion by the bacteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and a subsequent exaggerated immune response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The immune response is hypothesized to be secondary to a cross-reaction between <italic>B. burgdorferi</italic> antigens and cardiac epitopes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This inflammatory process is mainly composed of macrophages and lymphocytes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> resulting in an autoimmune injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As in our presented case, AVB is the most common presentation of LC, occurring in up to 90% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This phenomenon is typically characterized by changing degrees of AVB over days, hours, or even minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Corroborating our case, in which the initial ECG revealed a complete heart block with AV dissociation, and approximately 30 minutes later, it progressed to a 2:1 AVB. The progression to a complete AVB can occur rapidly and be fatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Thus, LC patients should undergo continuous telemetry and ECG monitoring.</p>
        <p>Antibiotic therapy must be started as soon as there is a clinical suspicion of LC to decrease the disease's duration and prevent complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The prognosis is favorable, with resolution of the high-degree AVB generally after 10 days of antibiotic treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In patients with severe LC &#8211; symptomatic, 1st-degree AVB with PR interval &#8805; 300 msec, 2nd or 3rd-degree AVB &#8211;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> empiric IV Ceftriaxone 2g, once a day, should be administered immediately. After confirmation, antibiotic treatment should continue from 14 to 21 days based on the severity of the presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> summarizes the treatment of LC in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Antibiotic Treatment for LC in Adults</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Antibiotic</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Dose</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Duration</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Severe</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ceftriaxone</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 g IV once daily</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 &#8211; 21 days<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Mild</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doxycycline</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">100 mg oral, <break/>twice per day</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">14 &#8211; 21 days</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Amoxicillin</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">500 mg oral, <break/>three times per day</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cefuroxime</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">500 mg oral, <break/>twice per day</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Severe: symptomatic, 1st degree AVB with PR &#8805; 300 ms, 2nd or 3rd degree AVB. Mild: 1st degree AVB with PR &lt; 300 ms.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>After the resolution of symptoms and high-degree AVB, consider transitioning to oral antibiotics to complete the treatment course. AVB: atrioventricular block; IV: intravenous; ms: milliseconds.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>An interesting finding of LC is that conduction disturbance usually resolves in a stepwise manner, from 3rd-degree AVB to Wenckebach 2nd-degree block, to 1st-degree block, to decreasing PR interval, to a normal ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This finding was also present in our patient, as represented in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiographic progression of Lyme Carditis. (A) Third-degree AVB with a junctional escape rhythm (day 1). (B) 2:1 AVB (day 1 - 30 minutes later). (C) Second-degree AVB (Mobitz I) with 2:1 AV conduction (day 3). (D) First-degree AVB delay with PR interval of 320 ms (day 4). (E) First-degree AVB with PR interval of 222 ms (day 8). (F) Sinus rhythm (follow-up 1 month). AVB: atrioventricular block; ms: milliseconds.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240301-40301-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>While permanent pacing remains the standard treatment for high-degree AVB, the variable nature of LC and the complete resolution of ECG alterations with antibiotic therapy in most patients support the use of temporary pacing if there is evidence of end-organ dysfunction or clinical instability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Given that one-third of patients require temporary pacing,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> this approach reduces unnecessary interventions and helps mitigate potential risks associated with pacemaker implantation. In a systematic review of LC cases, Besant et al. revealed that a permanent pacemaker was placed in 12.5% of patients, and more than half of those patients had a reversal of AVB with antibiotic treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Additionally, LC disproportionately affects a young demographic, normally aged 20&#8211;40 years,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> which would further increase the exposure to lifetime complications, such as the need for multiple generator changes, and the associated risks, including infections, lead dislodgement, healthcare costs, and even psychological and physical sequelae.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, a permanent pacemaker should be considered if 1:1 AV conduction is not restored within 14 days post-admission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diagnosis is determined through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen for IgM and IgG antibodies, followed by confirmation using a Western blot assay for positive or borderline results. IgM appears within one to two weeks, followed by IgG within two to six weeks after the cutaneous manifestation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The Borrelia antigen's high variability affects the serology's sensitivity and specificity. However, the sensitivity is high when extracutaneous manifestations are present, such as during the early disseminated phase when LC occurs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, LC is essential as a differential diagnosis of AVB, especially in young patients with a history of outdoor activity in endemic areas, including the US Northeast, mid-Atlantic, and upper Midwest regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This case report illustrates a classic case of LC, highlighting the critical importance of recognizing this infectious etiology of conduction system disturbances, notably affecting the AV node. Although there have been no reported cases in Brazil, LD remains a crucial differential diagnosis for high-degree AVB in travelers returning from endemic areas. Therefore, as demonstrated in our case, awareness and knowledge of LC are essential for clinicians to ensure timely and appropriate care and prevent unnecessary interventions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
