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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Q5P6Dy7KHQFkFVQfyPgh9hq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240251</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Rigidez Arterial e Maior Densidade de Arritmia Atrial em Idosos Hipertensos sem Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0900-3681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Gabriel B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3843-8046</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Verardino</surname>
            <given-names>Renata G. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pessente</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David C. S. Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo B. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7815-3515</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>S&#225;via C. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3057-514X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivarola</surname>
            <given-names>Esteban W. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gruppi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana B. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco C.C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Ecocardiografia &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jo&#227;o Gabriel Batista Lage</bold> &#8226; Unidade de Arritmia &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HC-FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>joaogblage@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240251</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <caption>
              <title>A rigidez arterial est&#225; associada com maior densidade de extrass&#237;stoles atriais e piora na fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda (conduto e reservat&#243;rio) mesmo antes da dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade; VOPcf: Velocidade de Onda de Pulso car&#243;tido-femoral.</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Q5P6Dy7KHQFkFVQfyPgh9hq/50149e41e306b90a5142f9630bae703b21b3bbe7.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Q5P6Dy7KHQFkFVQfyPgh9hq/735fc98b055f4fb5c25957771c325c722497f851.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Q5P6Dy7KHQFkFVQfyPgh9hq/479f0aa5680f30743c7cde91a111a3d83f4b8e39.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A rigidez arterial aumentada &#233; considerada atualmente um fator de risco independente para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. No entanto, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos dessa arritmia ainda constituem uma lacuna no conhecimento a ser explorada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e densidade de extrass&#237;stoles atriais em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com pacientes hipertensos sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial diagnosticada, que foram estudados com ecocardiografia speckle-tracking para avaliar o strain do &#225;trio esquerdo e velocidade de onda de pulso car&#243;tido-femoral (VOPcf) para avaliar a rigidez arterial. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao Holter de 24 horas e exames laboratoriais. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Setenta pacientes de um &#250;nico centro sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular evidente foram inclu&#237;dos. A VOPcf correlacionou-se com uma maior densidade de extrass&#237;stoles atriais no Holter de 24 horas, independentemente da massa ventricular esquerda [1,48 (1,08- 2,03), p = 0,005]. Uma VOPcf aumentada correlacionou-se com valores reduzidos de strain atrial esquerdo, com coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman de &#8722;0,27 (p= 0,027) e &#8722;0,29 (p = 0,018) para <italic>strains</italic> bidimensionais de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo com pacientes hipertensos, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e maior densidade de arritmias atriais. Al&#233;m disso, a rigidez arterial associou-se com valores mais baixos de strain atrial esquerdo das fun&#231;&#245;es de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o do &#193;trio Esquerdo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>19/16297-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; FAPESP, Brasil, 19/16297-9</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A rigidez arterial &#233; reconhecida como um marcador do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ela pode ser avaliada por t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas, reprodut&#237;veis e de baixo custo tais como a velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP), press&#227;o de pulso, e <italic>Augmentation Index</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos mostraram que esses exames n&#227;o invasivos para avaliar a rigidez arterial foram capazes de predizer eventos cardiovascular e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A literatura atual mostra uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) tamb&#233;m &#233; um fator de risco forte e independente para o desenvolvimento de FA e &#233; parcialmente revers&#237;vel devido &#224; fibrose intersticial e altera&#231;&#245;es nos mi&#243;citos atriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os exames de ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> e o ecocardiograma tridimensional permitem a quantifica&#231;&#227;o e a detec&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as sutis na fun&#231;&#227;o do AE, em particular as propriedades de reservat&#243;rio, conduto e contra&#231;&#227;o do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A disfun&#231;&#227;o do AE, especialmente de reservat&#243;rio e conduto, precede a dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE e aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento e recorr&#234;ncia da FA, independentemente de dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de in&#250;meras publica&#231;&#245;es descrevendo a associa&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o do AE com a presen&#231;a de FA, em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas medidas e est&#225;gios mais iniciais da cardiomiopatia atrial antes do desenvolvimento do fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico propriamente dito da FA.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial e a fun&#231;&#227;o do AE analisada por ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> com a densidade de extrass&#237;stoles atriais em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos sem FA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi recrutada no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP). Os pacientes com um diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e idade superior a 50 anos foram eleg&#237;veis a participar do estudo. Os pacientes foram selecionados consecutivamente no ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o e Arritmia. Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram submetidos a um Holter de 24 horas, um ecocardiograma, e medidas de VOP.</p>
        <p>Para evitar poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos se apresentassem qualquer das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: FA, hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria, diabetes mellitus com hemoglobina glicada (HbA1C) &#8805; 9%; doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) &lt;45 mL/min (segundo f&#243;rmula do estudo MDRD - <italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation</italic>); doen&#231;as da tireoide n&#227;o controladas; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 160 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805;100 mmHg; classe funcional II, III ou IV segundo a <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda por menos de um ano; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; doen&#231;as valvares anatomicamente importantes; consumo de &#225;lcool ou drogas; uso de marcapasso, cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel ou terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; presen&#231;a de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita; acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio; s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono; hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (VE) grave segundo a <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> ou presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos de pot&#225;ssio, c&#225;lcio e magn&#233;sio.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa do pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica (CAPPesq) do HCFMUSP (SDC 4839/19/058) sob o parecer n&#250;mero 3.689.322. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento, e concordaram em participar dos exames listados no projeto.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Holter 24 horas</title>
        <p>O exame foi realizado usando um aparelho com sistema de monitoramento com tr&#234;s canais de gravador CardioLight (Cardios&#174;), e a an&#225;lise realizada no CardioSmart (Cardios&#174;).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de risco</title>
        <p>Os fatores de risco foram avaliados diretamente a partir dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes e por uma entrevista conduzida por um pesquisador treinado no dia dos testes. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como PAS igual ou superior a 140 mmHg ou PAD igual ou superior a 90 mmHg, ou pelo uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Diabetes mellitus foi definido por glicemia de jejum igual ou superior a 126 mg/dL ou uso atual de insulina ou agentes hipoglicemiantes. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado dividindo-se o peso (Kg) pela altura ao quadrado (m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>). Tabagista atual foi definido como uma pessoa que fumou mais de 100 cigarros ao longo da vida e ter fumado um ou mais cigarros diariamente no momento da entrevista. Um ex-tabagista foi definido como uma pessoa que fumou mais de 100 cigarros por dia ao longo da vida, mas relatou que parou de fumar. A TFG foi estimada usando a f&#243;rmula do MDRD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medida da velocidade de onda de pulso</title>
        <p>A VOP foi avaliada no segmento arterial car&#243;tido-femoral (cf) (VOP car&#243;tido-femoral, VOPcf) usando o aparelho Complior&#174; (ALAM Medical, Vincennes, Fran&#231;a). A medida foi feita pelo posicionamento simult&#226;neo de dois sensores mecanogr&#225;ficos nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tida e femoral localizadas a uma dist&#226;ncia conhecida. Esses sensores cont&#234;m membranas que s&#227;o deformadas sucessivamente pelo choque da onda de pulso e tal deforma&#231;&#227;o &#233; inicialmente transformada em sinal el&#233;trico, e posteriormente transmitida para um programa de computador para o c&#225;lculo.</p>
        <p>A medida da VOPcf foi realizada com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, ap&#243;s 10 minutos de descanso, em um ambiente silencioso, com temperatura controlada. A dist&#226;ncia entre a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e a art&#233;ria femoral foi medida por uma fita m&#233;trica, nos pontos em que os transdutores foram colocados. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o foi inserida diretamente no software.</p>
        <p>Cada onda de pulso aparece em tempo real na tela do computador e o aparelho determina a fase ascendente inicial da onda e o in&#237;cio da onda em dois pontos diferentes, deduzindo a velocidade como uma fun&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia conhecida. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de 10 curvas, a velocidade m&#233;dia foi registrada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
        <p>Exames de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foram agendados para todos os pacientes. Um aparelho GE&#174; (Vivid E95, EUA) foi usado, com transdutores de m&#250;ltipla frequ&#234;ncia. Medidas card&#237;acas volum&#233;tricas foram adquiridas por exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais, ecocardiograma com doppler tecidual, bidimensional, tridimensional e em modo M. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise das imagens foram realizadas seguindo-se as diretrizes da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE). Para cada vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica, foram analisados pelo menos tr&#234;s ciclos. Os exames foram avaliados por um investigador experiente.</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o do AE foi avaliada por medidas de <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional obtidas por ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle-tracking</italic>, usando o programa AFI LA embutido na <italic>workstation</italic> EchoPAC PC vers&#227;o 204 (GE Healthcare, Horten, Noruega) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda por ecocardiograma bidimensional com <italic>speckle-tracking</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240251-40251-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do AE, utilizou-se a ecocardiografia tridimensional, com a aquisi&#231;&#227;o completa de seis batimentos na janela apical. Utilizando-se o software 4D LAQ embutido na workstation EchoPAC PC workstation vers&#227;o 204 (GE Healthcare, Horten, Noruega), foi poss&#237;vel calcular volumes do AE e fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda por ecocardiograma tridimensional com <italic>speckle-tracking</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240251-40251-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para o c&#225;lculo amostral, considerou-se um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 30 pacientes, com base em um poder de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es nas medidas de VOPcf em nosso servi&#231;o, de acordo com a reprodutibilidade e a sensibilidade do teste. O m&#233;todo apresentou coeficientes de reprodutibilidade de intraobservador e entre observadores de 0,935 e 0,890, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados cont&#237;nuos, o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os resultados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e para aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os resultados s&#227;o apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram usadas frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
        <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usado para comparar a VOPcf com o &#237;ndice de massa e o n&#250;mero de extrass&#237;stoles atriais em 24 horas, bem como comparar o &#237;ndice de massa com o n&#250;mero de extrass&#237;stoles atriais. O coeficiente tamb&#233;m foi usado para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre VOPcf com as vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o do AE.</p>
        <p>Um modelo linear generalizado com distribui&#231;&#227;o gama foi usado para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre VOPcf e outras vari&#225;veis de interesse.</p>
        <p>Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados usando o programa R4.0.5 (R Core Team, 2021).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 3137 pacientes consecutivos foram selecionados inicialmente. Ap&#243;s excluir os pacientes que n&#227;o preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo, 303 pacientes foram considerados eleg&#237;veis e, desses, 70 foram inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s assinarem um termo de consentimento. Com base nos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, e pelo fato de nosso hospital universit&#225;rio ser um centro de aten&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria, em que a maioria dos pacientes atendidos t&#234;m m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades, muitos pacientes n&#227;o foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para evitar poss&#237;veis vieses de confus&#227;o. Parte do estudo foi desenvolvido durante a pandemia da COVID-19, em que os pacientes evitavam ir ao hospital para realizar exames.</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes eram idosos, do sexo feminino, e apresentaram s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Os pacientes apresentaram uma mediana de 72 extrass&#237;stoles atriais por hora e fun&#231;&#227;o VE preservada, 41,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o era diab&#233;tica, com HbA1C m&#233;dia de 6,19%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes do estudo (n=70)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="49%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Total (70)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48/70 (68,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22/70 (31,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                <bold>Etnia</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Afro-Brasileira</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27/70 (38,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Caucasiana</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43/70 (61,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,70 &#177; 7,83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Peso (Kg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77,57 &#177; 16,61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Altura (Cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">162,21 &#177; 9,68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">103,09 &#177; 13,82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC (Kg/m&#178;)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,39 &#177; 5,44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Tabagista</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7/70 (10,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Ex-tabagista</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10/70 (14,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>IECA/BRA</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63/70 (90,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Betabloqueador</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39/70 (55,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>BCC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33/70 (47,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Diur&#233;ticos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45/70 (64,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Estatinas</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50/70 (71,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Press&#227;o de pulso (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,87 &#177; 16,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>N&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,50 [2,00; 3,00]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>&#205;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (g/m&#178;)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82,63 &#177; 18,99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Extrass&#237;stoles atriais por hora no Holter 24h</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72,00 [16,25; 510,25]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>TFG, MDRD (ml/min/1,73m&#178;)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76,18 &#177; 15,77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">128,01 &#177; 62,65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>HDL (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55,14 &#177; 15,03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>LDL (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">109,96 &#177; 36,60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>HbA1C (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,19 &#177; 0,92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29/70 (41,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">143,37 &#177; 18,83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83,64 &#177; 10,28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,26 &#177; 15,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67,00 [64,00; 69,00]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Volume atrial esquerdo indexado (mL/m&#178;)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,96 &#177; 9,56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &gt; Grau I</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10/70 (14,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral &gt;100 pg/mL</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9/69 (1,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Troponina &gt;p99</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2/69 (2,9%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; BCC: bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio; TFG: Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular; MDRD: equa&#231;&#227;o do estudo <italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease</italic>; HbA1C: hemoglobina glicada ou hemoglobina A1C; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre extrass&#237;stoles atriais em 24 horas e &#237;ndice de massa VE (0,27; p=0,025). Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise ajustada pela massa VE, utilizando um modelo linear generalizado com distribui&#231;&#227;o gama, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva da VOPcf com extrass&#237;stoles atriais em 24 horas, independentemente da massa VE. Tamb&#233;m se observou que, para cada aumento de uma unidade na VOPcf, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o com um aumento m&#233;dio de 1,48 extrass&#237;stoles atriais no Holter de 24 horas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Velocidade de onda de pulso car&#243;tido-femoral com extrass&#237;stoles atriais em 24 horas obtidas de um modelo linear generalizado com distribui&#231;&#227;o gama</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente (IC de 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercepto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72,57 (0,68; 4982,16)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">VOPcf (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,48 (1,08; 2,03)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de massa VE (g/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,99 (0,94; 1,03)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,435</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>VOPcf: velocidade de onda de pulso car&#243;tido-femoral; VE: ventricular esquerda.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta as correla&#231;&#245;es de Spearman da VOPcf com as diferentes vari&#225;veis da fun&#231;&#227;o do AE. &#201; poss&#237;vel observar uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa com as medidas de <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional do AE nas fun&#231;&#245;es de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto. Ainda, uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa foi observada para a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento atrial passiva.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (valor p) da Velocidade de Onda de Pulso car&#243;tido-femoral com as respectivas medidas de <italic>strain</italic> do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="49%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Correla&#231;&#227;o (valor p)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Ecocardiograma bidimensional</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,11 (0,375)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Volume atrial esquerdo indexado (mL/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,07 (0,589)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold><italic>Strain</italic> bidimensional (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Reservat&#243;rio biplanar</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,27 (0,027)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Conduta biplanar</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,29 (0,018)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Contra&#231;&#227;o biplanar</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,12 (0,325)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Volumes 3D (mL)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#225;ximo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02 (0,879)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#237;nimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10 (0,422)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pre-A</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12 (0,346)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento atrial 3D (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,22 (0,078)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Ativo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00 (0,974)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Passivo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,39 (0,002)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                <bold>&#205;ndice de distensibilidade atrial</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,22 (0,078)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Rigidez arterial e densidade de arritmia atrial</title>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> relatou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e incid&#234;ncia de FA em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, mesmo ap&#243;s procedimentos de cardiovers&#227;o e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em geral, a origem das extrass&#237;stoles atriais n&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil de ser demonstrada pelo Holter. Na presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stole atrial, como j&#225; se sabe, quanto mais novo o paciente (e aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades), maior a chance de origem da extrass&#237;stole atrial ser no &#225;trio direito, sendo a maioria origin&#225;ria na crista terminalis. J&#225; nos pacientes mais velhos e hipertensos, essa probabilidade &#233; mais remota e o AE torna-se a fonte das extrass&#237;stoles atriais, principalmente com rigidez atrial ou sobrecarga atrial causada por hipertens&#227;o. Tivemos o cuidado de excluir taquicardias atriais e extrass&#237;stoles atriais de foco &#250;nico pela an&#225;lise dos tra&#231;ados de Holter.</p>
        <p>Encontrou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a VOPcf e extrass&#237;stoles atriais em 24 horas. Tamb&#233;m se observou uma correla&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa VE com extrass&#237;stoles atriais em 24 horas e VOPcf; uma vez que um &#237;ndice de massa VE mais alto pode representar um fator de confus&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> decidimos realizar um modelo linear generalizado com distribui&#231;&#227;o gama, ajustando para essa vari&#225;vel. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre VOPcf e extrass&#237;stoles atriais continuou significativa, indicando uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente.</p>
        <p>Esses resultados podem representar evid&#234;ncia inicial na literatura de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e arritmias atriais, anda na fase pr&#233;-fibrilat&#243;ria, em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, independentemente do &#237;ndice de massa VE. Embora essa correla&#231;&#227;o tenha sido considerada fraca, o fato de existir plausibilidade biol&#243;gica e que encontramos essa correla&#231;&#227;o com FA sugere fortemente que foi um achado ocasional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, pudemos demonstrar que quanto maior a VOP, menores foram os valores de <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto, bem como a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passivo do AE. Tais observa&#231;&#245;es sugerem que a rigidez arterial pode primeiro afetar as fun&#231;&#245;es de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto, e que a dilata&#231;&#227;o ocorre posteriormente, &#224; medida que a rigidez arterial aumenta, representando um marcador mais tardio do remodelamento atrial, como demonstrado por Yoshida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> em um estudo similar com indiv&#237;duos com FA. &#201; importante destacar que todos os pacientes estudados apresentaram &#237;ndice de massa VE dentro dos valores de normalidade.</p>
        <p>Nossos achados destacam a import&#226;ncia de se avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do AE em indiv&#237;duos com rigidez arterial aumentada, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de uma doen&#231;a cardiovascular clara. <italic>Strain</italic> atrial esquerdo, particularmente <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto, foi descrito como um marcador diagn&#243;stico mais sens&#237;vel de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica VE que par&#226;metros convencionais de Doppler espectral e Doppler tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Brecht et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstraram que uma disfun&#231;&#227;o no <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto foi associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e que a altera&#231;&#227;o desses dois par&#226;metros precedeu dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE e/ou eleva&#231;&#227;o do E/e&#8217;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Nossos dados s&#227;o importantes para compreender a fisiopatologia da cardiomiopatia atrial, especialmente no que chamamos hoje de fase pr&#233;-fibrilat&#243;ria. Embora a correla&#231;&#227;o entre VOP e densidade de ectopia atrial tenha sido fraca, o fato de que j&#225; h&#225; estudos demonstrando essa associa&#231;&#227;o com FA refor&#231;a a plausibilidade biol&#243;gica de nossos achados e sua concord&#226;ncia com a literatura atual. Ainda, refor&#231;a-se a import&#226;ncia da detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do remodelamento atrial nesses pacientes, mesmo antes da dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE, abrindo caminho para estrat&#233;gias preventivas, para interromper a cascata de fibrose atrial, com o desenvolvimento, com consequente desenvolvimento de FA.</p>
        <p>De fato, o benef&#237;cio de se intervir nesta fase antes da dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial j&#225; foi demonstrado. Kokubu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> relataram uma melhora significativa no <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio em pacientes hipertensos sem dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE duas semanas ap&#243;s terapia com inibidor de enzima conversora de angiotensina, enquanto n&#227;o se observou melhora em pacientes com aumento de AE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O ecocardiograma e a medida de VOP devem ser realizados, idealmente, de maneira simult&#226;nea. No entanto, uma vez que a t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica n&#227;o permite medida simult&#226;nea da VOP, os testes n&#227;o puderam ser realizados ao mesmo tempo.</p>
        <p>O pequeno tamanho amostral pode ser explicado pelo fato de nosso hospital ser um centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio, com uma propor&#231;&#227;o menor de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sem outras comorbidades, uma vez que esses pacientes s&#227;o geralmente atendidos em servi&#231;os de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em nosso pa&#237;s. Outra poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a possibilidade de que todos esses pacientes tenham apresentado epis&#243;dios de FA exclu&#237;dos por instrumentos mais precisos, como um monitor card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel. Apesar disso, essa sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes realmente reflete a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do "mundo real".</p>
        <p>Finalmente, &#233; importante enfatizar que este &#233; um estudo observacional transversal. Assim, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito, e outros estudos prospectivos do tipo coorte s&#227;o necess&#225;rios nesta &#225;rea.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com base em nossas observa&#231;&#245;es, conclu&#237;mos que a rigidez arterial associou-se com uma maior carga de extrass&#237;stoles atriais, com piora da fun&#231;&#227;o do AE (conduto e reservat&#243;rio), mesmo antes da dilata&#231;&#227;o dessa cavidade nos pacientes idosos hipertensos avaliados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>Mais estudos com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para corroborar nossos achados, uma vez que uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e uma maior densidade de extrass&#237;stoles atriais foi observada antes do in&#237;cio da FA.</p>
      <p>Ensaios cl&#237;nico futuros sobre hipertens&#227;o arterial devem analisar o impacto dos medicamentos, n&#227;o s&#243; sobre a rigidez arterial como sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do AE, e verificar os benef&#237;cios na redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa do VE e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial, principalmente naqueles com extrass&#237;stoles atriais frequentes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; FAPESP, Brasil, 19/16297-9.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Jo&#227;o Gabriel Batista Lage pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3.689.322. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>R&#252;cke</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagel&#246;hner</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
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          <article-title>Left Atrial Function in Preclinical Diastolic Dysfunction: Two-dimensional Speckle-tracking Echocardiography-derived Results from the BEFRI Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>750</fpage>
          <lpage>758</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2016.03.013</pub-id>
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        <mixed-citation>21 Brecht A, Oertelt-Prigione S, Seeland U, R&#252;cke M, H&#228;ttasch R, Wagel&#246;hner T, et al. Left Atrial Function in Preclinical Diastolic Dysfunction: Two-dimensional Speckle-tracking Echocardiography-derived Results from the BEFRI Trial. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(8):750-8. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.03.013.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>*Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12110/2024-0251_AO_LA_function_by_2D_speckle-tracking_echo.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240251i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Arterial Stiffness and Higher Burden of Atrial Arrhythmia in Elderly Hypertensive Patients without Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0900-3681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Gabriel B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3843-8046</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Verardino</surname>
            <given-names>Renata G. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pessente</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David C. S. Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo B. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7815-3515</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>S&#225;via C. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3057-514X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivarola</surname>
            <given-names>Esteban W. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gruppi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana B. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco C.C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Ecocardiografia &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jo&#227;o Gabriel Batista Lage</bold> &#8226; Unidade de Arritmia &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HC-FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>joaogblage@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <caption>
              <title>Arterial stiffness is associated with higher burden of atrial arrhythmias and worsening left atrial function (conduit and reservoir), even before dilation of this cavity. PACs: premature atrial contractions; cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240251-40251-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Increased arterial stiffness is currently an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation, but the pathophysiological mechanisms of this arrhythmia remain an area of knowledge gap to be explored.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To investigate the existence of an association between arterial stiffness and the density of premature atrial contractions (PACs) in hypertensive individuals without atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with hypertensive patients without diagnosed atrial fibrillation, who were studied with speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess left atrial (LA) strain and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) to assess arterial stiffness. All patients underwent 24h-ECG Holter and laboratory tests. Significance level was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Seventy participants from a single centre without overt cardiovascular disease were included. The cfPWV was correlated with higher density of PACs in 24h-Holter monitoring, independently of LV mass index (1.48 [1.08-2.03], p-value 0.005). Increased cfPWV was correlated with decreased LA strain values, with Spearman correlation coefficients of &#8722;0.27 (p-value 0.027) and &#8722;0.29 (p-value 0.018) for reservoir and conduit 2D Strain, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this study with hypertensive patients, it was possible to demonstrate an association between arterial stiffness and higher density of atrial arrhythmias. Furthermore, arterial stiffness was associated with lower left atrial strain values for reservoir and conduit functions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Atrial Function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>19/16297-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; FAPESP, Brasil, 19/16297-9</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Arterial stiffness is recognized as a marker for the development of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It can be assessed with non-invasive, reproducible, and inexpensive techniques such as pulse wave velocity (PWV), central pulse pressure, and augmentation index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Several studies have shown that these non-invasive arterial stiffness tests were able to predict cardiovascular events and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The current literature shows a strong association between arterial stiffness and the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Left atrial (LA) enlargement is also a strong and independent risk factor for AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and is partially reversible due to interstitial fibrosis and changes in atrial myocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) and three-dimensional echocardiography allow the quantification and detection of subtle changes in left atrial function, particularly reservoir, conduit, and contraction LA properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> LA dysfunction, especially reservoir and conduit dysfunction, precedes LA dilation and increases the risk of development and recurrence of AF, independent of LA dilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite extensive publications describing the association of arterial stiffness and LA function with the presence of AF, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on the association between these measurements and earlier stages of atrial cardiomyopathy before the development of AF clinical phenotype.</p>
        <p>The aim of this study is to investigate the existence of an association between arterial stiffness and LA function analysis by STE with the density of premature atrial contractions (PACs) in hypertensive individuals without AF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The study population was recruited at InCor &#8211; Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School. Patients with a diagnosis of hypertension and aged over 50 years old were eligible to participate in the study. Patients were consecutively selected from the Hypertension and Arrhythmia Outpatient Clinic. After selection, such patients underwent a 24h-Holter monitoring, were studied with echocardiography, and underwent pulse wave velocity measurements.</p>
          <p>In order to avoid possible confounding factors, patients were excluded for any of the following reasons: AF; secondary arterial hypertension; diabetes mellitus with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) &#8805; 9%; chronic kidney disease with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) &lt;45 mL/min (MDRD &#8211; Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation); uncontrolled thyroid disorders; systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805;160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805;100 mmHg; Canadian Cardiovascular Society functional classes II, III or IV; acute coronary syndrome for less than one year; heart failure; anatomically important valve diseases; alcoholism or drug use; presence of a pacemaker, implantable cardioverter defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy; presence of residual congenital heart disease; previous stroke; obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; severe left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, according with the American Society of Echocardiography or the presence of electrolyte imbalances of potassium, calcium and magnesium.</p>
          <p>The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Analysis of Research Projects (CAPPesq) of HCFMUSP (SDC 4839/19/058) under approval number 3.689.322. All participating individuals signed an informed consent form, agreeing to undergo the exams listed in the project.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>24-hour ECG recording (Holter monitoring)</title>
          <p>The exam was performed using a 3-channel Digital Recorder &#8211; CardioLight (Cardios&#174;), with analysis performed in CardioSmart (Cardios&#174;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk factor assessment</title>
          <p>Risk factors were checked directly from the patient's medical record and through an interview conducted by a trained researcher on the day of the tests. Hypertension was defined as SBP of at least 140 mmHg or DBP of at least 90 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive medications. Diabetes mellitus was defined by a fasting blood glucose level of at least 126 mg/dL or current use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Body mass index was calculated as weight (Kg) divided by height squared (m&#178;). A current smoker was defined as having smoked more than 100 cigarettes in one's lifetime and having smoked at least one cigarette daily at the time of the interview. A former smoker was someone who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime but reported that they had quit smoking. The GFR was estimated MDRD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV)</title>
          <p>PWV was assessed in the carotid-femoral (cf) arterial segment using the Complior&#174; device (ALAM Medical, Vincennes, France). The measurement was made by means of simultaneous positioning of two mechanographic sensors in the carotid and femoral arteries located at a known distance. These sensors contain membranes that are successively deformed by the shock of the pulse wave and this deformation is initially transformed into an electrical signal and later transmitted to a calculation computer program.</p>
          <p>The cfPWV test was performed with the patient in the supine position, after 10 minutes of rest, in a quiet, temperature-controlled environment. The distance between the carotid artery and the femoral artery was measured using a tape measure, at the points where the transducers were placed. This information has been entered directly into the software.</p>
          <p>Each pulse wave appears in real time on the computer screen and the device determines the initial ascending phase of the wave and the beginning of the wave at two different points, inferring the speed as a function of the known and previously entered distance. After 10 curves followed by analysis, the mean value was recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic examination</title>
          <p>Transthoracic echocardiograms were scheduled for all patients. A GE&#174; (Vivid E95, USA) echocardiography machine was used, with matrixial multifrequency and volumetric transducers and resources to obtain the modalities of M-mode, two and three-dimensional, tissue Doppler, and conventional Doppler echocardiography.. American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) guidelines were followed for image acquisition and analysis. For each echocardiographic variable, at least three cardiac cycles were analyzed. The exams were evaluated by the same experienced investigator.</p>
          <p>LA function was evaluated by means of two-dimensional strain measurements obtained by STE, using the software AFI LA embedded into the EchoPAC PC workstation version 204 (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Analysis of left atrial function by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240251-40251-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>For the evaluation of LA function using three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography, with six-beat full-volume acquisitions in the apical windows. Using the 4D LAQ software embedded in the EchoPAC PC workstation version 204 (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway), it was possible to calculate LA volumes and emptying fractions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Analysis of left atrial function by 3D speckle-tracking echocardiography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240251-40251-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For sample calculation, a minimum number of 30 patients was considered, based on the power to detect alterations in cfPWV measurements observed in our center, according to the reproducibility and sensitivity of the test. The method had intra-observer and inter-observer reproducibility coefficients of 0.935 and 0.890, respectively.</p>
          <p>To assess the assumption of normality of continuous data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. For continuous variables with normal distribution, results are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, and for those without a normal distribution, results are presented as median and interquartile range. For categorical variables, absolute and relative frequencies were used.</p>
          <p>Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to compare the cfPWV with the mass index and the number of PACs in 24h, as well as to compare the latter two. Besides, it was also used to evaluate the correlation between cfPWV with LA function variables.</p>
          <p>A generalized linear model with gamma distribution was used to determine the independent association between cfPWV and other variables of interest.</p>
          <p>A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Calculations were performed using the R 4.0.5 software (R Core Team, 2021).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 3,137 consecutive patients were initially selected. After excluding patients who did not meet the study inclusion criteria, 303 patients were eligible and, of these, 70 were included after signing the consent form. Based on the exclusion criteria, and because our university hospital is a tertiary centre, where most patients have multiple comorbidities, many patients were not eligible to avoid possible confounding bias; part of the study was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic, where patients were avoiding coming to the hospital for exams.</p>
        <p>General characteristics of the patients are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. Most patients were older, female individuals, with metabolic syndrome. They had a median of 72 PACs per hour and preserved LV function; 41.4% of the population was diabetic, with an average HbA1C of 6.19%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the study patients (n=70)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total (70)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48/70 (68.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22/70 (31.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Afro-Brazilian</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27/70 (38.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Caucasian</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43/70 (61.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Age (Years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.70 &#177; 7.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Weight (Kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.57 &#177; 16.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Height (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">162.21 &#177; 9.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Abdominal circumference (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103.09 &#177; 13.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI (Kg/m&#178;)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.39 &#177; 5.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Smoker</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7/70 (10.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Former smoker</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10/70 (14.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>ACEi/ARB</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63/70 (90.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Beta-blocker</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39/70 (55.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>CCB</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33/70 (47.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Diuretic</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45/70 (64.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Statins</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50/70 (71.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Central pulse pressure (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.87 &#177; 16.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Number of antihypertensives</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.50 [2.00; 3.00]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LV mass index (g/m&#178;)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82.63 &#177; 18.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Premature atrial contractions per hour in 24h-Holter</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72.00 [16.25; 510.25]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>GFR MDRD (ml/min/1,73m&#178;)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76.18 &#177; 15.77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">128.01 &#177; 62.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>HDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.14 &#177; 15.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109.96 &#177; 36.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>HbA1C (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.19 &#177; 0.92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29/70 (41.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">143.37 &#177; 18.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83.64 &#177; 10.28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Heart rate (bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.26 &#177; 15.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.00 [64.00; 69.00]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Indexed LA volume (ml/m&#178;)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.96 &#177; 9.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Diastolic dysfunction &gt; Grade I</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10/70 (14.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BNP &gt;100 pg/mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9/69 (1.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Troponin &gt;p99</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2/69 (2.9%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI: body mass index; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CCB: calcium channel blockers; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; GFR MDRD: glomerular filtration rate by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation; HbA1C: glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin A1C; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LA: left atrial; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A significant correlation was observed between PACs in 24h and LV mass index (0.27, p= 0.025). After analysis adjusted by LV mass, using a generalized linear model with gamma distribution, a positive association of cfPWV with PACs in 24 hours was still observed, independently of LV mass. It was also found that for each increase of one unit in cfPWV there was an association with an average increase of 1.48 PACs in the 24h-Holter monitoring analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of the association of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and left ventricular mass index with premature atrial contractions in 24h obtained from a generalized linear model with gamma distribution</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Coefficient (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercept</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72.57 (0.68; 4982.16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">cfPWV (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.48 (1.08; 2.03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV mass index (g/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99 (0.94; 1.03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.435</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; LV: left ventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> presents the Spearman correlations of cfPWV with the different LA function variables. It is possible to observe a significant negative correlation with the measurements of 2D conduit and reservoir strain values. Likewise, a negative correlation was observed for the passive atrial emptying fraction.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spearman correlations (p-value) of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity with respective left atrial strain measurements</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Correlation (p-value)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Two-dimensional echocardiogram</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.11 (0.375)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Indexed LA volume (ml/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.07 (0.589)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Strain 2D (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Biplanar Reservoir</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.27 (0.027)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Biplanar Conduit</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.29 (0.018)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Biplanar Contraction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.12 (0.325)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">3D Volumes (mL)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maximum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02 (0.879)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Minimum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10 (0.422)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pre-A</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.12 (0.346)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>3D atrial emptying fraction (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.22 (0.078)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Active</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00 (0.974)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Passive</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.39 (0.002)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Atrial distensibility index</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.22 (0.078)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>LA: left atrial; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Arterial stiffness and atrial arrhythmia density</title>
          <p>A recent review<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported an association between arterial stiffness and the incidence of AF in different populations, even after cardioversion procedures and catheter ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In general, the origin of PAC is not too easy to be demonstrated by Holter monitoring. In the presence of PAC, as already known, the younger the patient (and absence of comorbidities), the greater the chance of the PAC origin in the right atrium, with the majority originating from the crista terminalis, while in older and hypertensive patients, this probability becomes more remote and the left atrium becomes the source of these PACs, especially with atrial stiffness or atrial overload caused by hypertension. We were careful to exclude single-focus atrial tachycardias and single-focus PACs by analyzing all Holter tracings.</p>
          <p>A significant correlation was found between cfPWV and PACs in 24h. Also, we found a correlation of LV mass index with PACs in 24h and cfPWV; as a higher LV mass index can represent a confounding factor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> it was decided to perform a generalized linear model with gamma distribution, adjusting for this variable. The correlation between cfPWV and PACs in 24h remained significant, indicating an independent association.</p>
          <p>These findings may represent initial evidence in the literature of an association between arterial stiffness and the presence of atrial arrhythmias, still in the pre-fibrillatory phase, in hypertensive individuals, independently of the LV mass index. Although the correlation was considered weak, the fact that there is biological plausibility and that we found this correlation with AF strongly suggests that it was not an occasional finding.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Left atrial function</title>
          <p>In this study, we could demonstrate that the higher the PWV, the lower the conduit and reservoir strain values (2D), and the lower the atrial passive emptying fraction. These observations suggest that arterial stiffness may first affect left atrial reservoir and conduit functions and that dilation occurs later, as arterial stiffness increases, representing a late marker of atrial remodeling, as demonstrated by Yoshida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in a similar work with individuals with AF. It is important to point out that all the patients studied had LV mass index within normal values.</p>
          <p>Our findings highlight the importance of assessing LA function in individuals with increased arterial stiffness, even in the absence of overt cardiovascular disease. LA strain, particularly reservoir and conduit strain, has been described as a more sensitive diagnostic marker of LV diastolic dysfunction than conventional tissue and spectral Doppler parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Brecht et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrated that impairment of reservoir and conduit strain was associated with diastolic dysfunction and that alteration of these two parameters preceded LA dilation and E/e&#8217; elevation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical importance</title>
          <p>Our data are important for understanding the pathophysiology of atrial cardiomyopathy, especially in the currently titled "pre-fibrillatory". Although the correlation between PWV and atrial ectopy density was weak, the fact that there are already studies demonstrating this association with AF reinforces the biological plausibility of our findings and agrees with the current literature. In addition, the importance of early detection of atrial remodeling in these patients is reinforced, even before LA dilation, paving the way for possible preventive strategies, in order to interrupt the cascade of atrial fibrosis, with the consequent development of AF.</p>
          <p>In fact, the benefit of intervening in this phase before atrial dilation has already been demonstrated. Kokubu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> reported a significant improvement in reservoir strain in hypertensive patients without LA dilation after two weeks of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy, whereas no improvement was observed in patients with LA enlargement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has some limitations. Ideally, the echocardiogram and PWV measurement should be performed simultaneously. However, as the echocardiographic technique does not allow simultaneous measurement of PWV, the tests could not be performed at the same time.</p>
          <p>The low sample size can be explained because our hospital is a tertiary center, with a smaller proportion of patients with arterial hypertension without other comorbidities, since these patients are usually seen in the primary care setting in our country. Another possible limitation is the fact that it is not possible to exclude that all these patients had AF episodes excluded by other more precise tools, like implantable loop recorder. However this patient selection indeed reflects the "real world" clinical practice.</p>
          <p>Finally, it is important to emphasize that this is a cross-sectional observational study. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a cause-and-effect relationship, and further prospective cohort studies are necessary in this field.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Based on our observations, it was possible to conclude that arterial stiffness was associated with a higher burden of PACs, with worsening of LA function (conduit and reservoir), even before dilation of this cavity in these hypertensive elderly individuals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>New studies with a larger number of patients are needed to corroborate our findings, since an association between arterial stiffness and a higher density of PACs was observed before the onset of AF.</p>
        <p>Future clinical trials on arterial hypertension should analyze the impact of medications, not only on arterial stiffness but also on LA function and verify the benefit on decreasing LV mass index and improving atrial function, especially in those with frequent PACs.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; FAPESP, Brasil, 19/16297-9.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Jo&#227;o Gabriel Batista Lage, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 3.689.322. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12110/2024-0251_AO_LA_function_by_2D_speckle-tracking_echo.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
