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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7ZGh6jWMmDcPDgwGKYNwkxB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240223</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00801</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bi&#243;psia Endomioc&#225;rdica por Meio de T&#233;cnica de Bi&#243;tomo R&#237;gido e Risco de Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Tric&#250;spide ap&#243;s Transplante Card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bridi</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Hennig</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matte</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valle</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Homem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva &#8226;</label> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-003</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lbneto@hcpa.edu.br</email>, <email>luisbeckdasilva@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240223</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica (BE) &#233; o procedimento de prefer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco. A t&#233;cnica de bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido tem sido usada devido &#224; sua maior simplicidade e tem sido criticada pelo risco potencial de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (RT). Nosso objetivo foi revisar todas as BEs realizadas por meio dessa t&#233;cnica em um centro terci&#225;rio e estimar a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es e/ou agravamento por RT.</p>
        <p>Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, anter&#243;grado. Os dados foram coletados de 729 BEs realizadas em 55 pacientes p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco, com um bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido Scholten Novatome&#8482; entre setembro de 2012 e mar&#231;o de 2022. Todas as BEs foram realizadas pela veia jugular direita sob anestesia local e por meio de micropun&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o por ultrassom. Um total de 729 procedimentos tiveram ecocardiografia realizada antes e depois dos procedimentos. A estimativa da RT foi categorizada como ausente, m&#237;nima, leve, moderada e grave. O teste qui-quadrado de McNemar foi usado para analisar o grau de RT pr&#233; e p&#243;s-BE.</p>
        <p>Houve piora suficiente para se tornar RT moderada ou grave p&#243;s-bi&#243;psia em 2 (0,27%) procedimentos, e houve uma ligeira altera&#231;&#227;o na RT de m&#237;nima para leve em 25 (3,42%) procedimentos. Em 729 BEs percut&#226;neas realizadas com um bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido, n&#227;o houve perfura&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, tamponamento card&#237;aco ou pneumot&#243;rax. Uma morte ocorreu dentro de 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, por motivo desconhecido.</p>
        <p>A BE com bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido &#233; segura e n&#227;o foi associada &#224; piora da RT no acompanhamento de 729 BEs realizadas ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A taxa geral de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo RT moderada a grave, foi de 0,81%. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 0,14%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Bi&#243;psia Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Bi&#243;tomo</kwd>
        <kwd>R&#237;gido</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica (BE) &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o para detectar rejei&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco desde a d&#233;cada de 1970.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A t&#233;cnica de bi&#243;psia evoluiu ao longo dos anos seguindo o desenvolvimento e a evolu&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco. A t&#233;cnica r&#237;gida foi desenvolvida pela primeira vez em meados da d&#233;cada de 1970 como um m&#233;todo de BE desenvolvido por Caves e associados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> na Universidade de Stanford, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o de aloenxerto card&#237;aco. O novo bi&#243;tomo Scholten Novatome&#8482; combina a experi&#234;ncia duradoura reunida desde seu desenvolvimento na d&#233;cada de 70 e a exclusividade de um dispositivo descart&#225;vel fabricado com material biocompat&#237;vel. O bi&#243;tomo tipo Scholten &#233; simples, r&#225;pido e seguro de usar. No entanto, ele requer que a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide seja cruzada com a pin&#231;a do bi&#243;tomo para cada coleta de amostra. Para superar essa potencial limita&#231;&#227;o, uma t&#233;cnica flex&#237;vel foi desenvolvida, usando um bi&#243;tomo flex&#237;vel que passa por uma longa bainha introdutora, permitindo que a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide seja cruzada apenas uma vez, de modo que todas as amostras sejam coletadas atrav&#233;s dessa bainha. No entanto, a literatura carece de uma compara&#231;&#227;o de ambas as t&#233;cnicas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (RT).</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo revisar todas as BEs realizadas pela t&#233;cnica do bi&#243;tomo tipo Scholten em um centro terci&#225;rio e estimar a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es e/ou agravamento de RT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, retrospectivo, anter&#243;grado.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados por meio de consulta ao sistema eletr&#244;nico do hospital (AGHUse). O per&#237;odo de busca das bi&#243;psias foi de setembro de 2012 a mar&#231;o de 2022. O filtro utilizado foi o procedimento realizado: BE. A partir da lista contendo todas as bi&#243;psias realizadas, o prontu&#225;rio do paciente foi aberto para verificar o motivo da realiza&#231;&#227;o das bi&#243;psias mioc&#225;rdicas. Apenas pacientes p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco foram inclu&#237;dos. Os dados foram coletados de 861 BEs. Destes 861 procedimentos, 795 BEs foram realizadas com bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido Scholten Novatome&#8482;, em 55 pacientes p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco. Nossos pacientes p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco seguem um protocolo para realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psias semanais no primeiro m&#234;s, bi&#243;psias quinzenais at&#233; o terceiro m&#234;s, bi&#243;psias mensais at&#233; seis meses e a cada dois meses durante o primeiro ano p&#243;s-transplante. Procedimentos extras s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos em caso de rejei&#231;&#227;o, conforme necess&#225;rio. Os dados estudados consistem em 729 BEs realizadas com um bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido Scholten Novatome&#8482;, com ecocardiografia realizada antes e depois das BEs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A estimativa de RT foi avaliada por ecocardiografia e categorizada como ausente e m&#237;nima, leve, moderada e grave. Todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados por cardiologistas experientes.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma de bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco realizadas de setembro de 2012 a mar&#231;o de 2022 inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise e o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide pr&#233;-bi&#243;psia. RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240223-40223-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Todas as 729 BEs foram realizadas pela veia jugular direita sob anestesia local, por meio da t&#233;cnica de micropun&#231;&#227;o e sob orienta&#231;&#227;o de ultrassom vascular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Sob controle fluorosc&#243;pico, o bi&#243;tomo ventricular direito, um cateter de 50 cm de comprimento com di&#226;metro externo de 2,3 mm, foi avan&#231;ado para o ter&#231;o inferior do &#225;trio direito, com suas mand&#237;bulas cortantes voltadas para a direita. A parte port&#225;til do bi&#243;tomo &#233; um hemost&#225;tico modificado que abre e fecha as mand&#237;bulas por meio de um fio de acionamento r&#237;gido, que tamb&#233;m d&#225; ao bi&#243;tomo sua direcionalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O cateter &#233; girado por sua al&#231;a de modo que a ponta fique voltada para o orif&#237;cio da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e, ent&#227;o, &#233; lentamente avan&#231;ado pelo ventr&#237;culo direito; uma vez que a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide tenha sido gentilmente cruzada, o bi&#243;tomo &#233; girado mais medialmente. Quando o septo ventricular direito foi contatado, a resist&#234;ncia e a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o sentidas pelo operador. As mand&#237;bulas s&#227;o ent&#227;o fechadas e o bi&#243;tomo &#233; retirado firmemente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Uma ou poucas contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras s&#227;o comuns quando o dispositivo toca o tecido endomioc&#225;rdico e no momento da coleta da amostra. A estimativa da RT foi avaliada por ecocardiografia e categorizada como ausente e m&#237;nima, leve, moderada e grave.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="49%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Todos</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade (anos) (n=55)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (40; 59)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sexo feminino (n = 55)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (35%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de procedimentos por paciente (n=55)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (8; 15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de fragmentos por procedimento (n=729)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3; 4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">RT pr&#233;-procedimento (n=729)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ausente ou m&#237;nima</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">551 (76%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Leve</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">154 (21%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Moderada/grave</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (3%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Posicionamento do bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido para bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240223-40223-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (percentil 25; percentil 75) ou n (%).</p>
      <p>Um teste qui-quadrado de McNemar foi usado para comparar a RT pr&#233; e p&#243;s-bi&#243;psia. Este teste considera a compara&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimentos. Por se tratar de um teste bicaudal, o valor real deste p reflete quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es, independentemente de ser em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; melhora ou piora da RT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de 729 bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">RT p&#243;s-bi&#243;psia</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Falta</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#237;nimo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Leve</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Moderado</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grave</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RT pr&#233;-bi&#243;psia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Falta</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M&#237;nimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">486</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">515</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Leve</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">154</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Grave</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">608</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">729</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 50 anos (Intervalo interquartil 41, 60).</p>
      <p>Houve piora suficiente para se tornar RT moderada ou grave p&#243;s-bi&#243;psia em apenas 2 (0,27%) procedimentos, e houve uma ligeira altera&#231;&#227;o de RT m&#237;nima para leve p&#243;s-BE em 25 (3,42%) procedimentos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). N&#227;o houve piora da RT em 96,3% dos procedimentos de BE.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultados da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide avaliada por eco ap&#243;s 729 bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas em pacientes com transplante card&#237;aco por meio de abordagem jugular. BE: bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240223-40223-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Houve 1 caso de taquicardia supraventricular sustentada revertida, com administra&#231;&#227;o de adenosina IV 6 mg e 2 casos de trombose venosa cr&#244;nica da veia jugular direita, o que n&#227;o impediu a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. Em 729 BEs percut&#226;neas realizadas com um bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido, n&#227;o houve perfura&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, tamponamento card&#237;aco ou pneumot&#243;rax. Uma morte ocorreu dentro de 24 horas ap&#243;s um procedimento de BE. No entanto, a causa n&#227;o foi identificada.</p>
      <p>A taxa geral de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo RT moderada a grave, foi de 0,81%. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 0,14%.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise dos dados deste registro, em dezembro de 2021, a ecocardiografia p&#243;s-procedimento n&#227;o foi mais realizada rotineiramente, pois n&#227;o h&#225; eventos adversos frequentes ou clinicamente significativos e a seguran&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RT foi documentada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A BE ainda &#233; o procedimento padr&#227;o-ouro para detectar rejei&#231;&#227;o celular ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco. Como cada paciente p&#243;s-transplante deve passar por uma s&#233;rie de BEs durante o primeiro ano p&#243;s-transplante, a seguran&#231;a do procedimento tem sido uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o constante. Desde 1970, os bi&#243;tomos melhoraram substancialmente, e dispositivos flex&#237;veis de uso &#250;nico com mand&#237;bulas menores foram desenvolvidos, os quais est&#227;o associados a uma baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Um grande registro recente, com aproximadamente 1360 BEs realizadas ao longo de 10 anos em um centro belga, relatou uma taxa geral de complica&#231;&#245;es de 4,1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ao considerar apenas bi&#243;psias do ventr&#237;culo direito, a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es foi de 3,8%. A maioria das BEs neste registro foi realizada em pacientes p&#243;s-transplante (n=937 BEs), usando bi&#243;tomos flex&#237;veis por acesso femoral. Esse registro tamb&#233;m relatou um aumento de 2,5 vezes no risco de complica&#231;&#245;es por acesso jugular do que com outras abordagens. Bermpeis et al. relataram uma taxa de 0,1% de les&#227;o tric&#250;spide, embora os autores n&#227;o tenham esclarecido a defini&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o tric&#250;spide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro registro retrospectivo de 546 procedimentos consecutivos de bi&#243;psia card&#237;aca direita, em pacientes com cardiomiopatia inexplicada de in&#237;cio recente, relatou que a taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o da inser&#231;&#227;o da bainha e do procedimento de bi&#243;psia foi de 2,7% e 3,3%, respectivamente, com uma taxa geral de complica&#231;&#227;o de 4,3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou uma taxa geral significativamente menor de complica&#231;&#245;es (0,54%) em um tamanho populacional semelhante (n=729 BEs) no mesmo per&#237;odo de dez anos, com a totalidade desses procedimentos sendo realizados sob a t&#233;cnica de bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido e 100% dos nossos casos por acesso jugular.</p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que todos os nossos procedimentos foram realizados com t&#233;cnica de micropun&#231;&#227;o. Assim, ao considerarmos que cada paciente passou por uma m&#233;dia de 14 procedimentos durante o acompanhamento p&#243;s-transplante, todos pela mesma abordagem jugular direita, acreditamos que a t&#233;cnica de micropun&#231;&#227;o &#233; recomend&#225;vel e pode ser uma raz&#227;o importante para a aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares.</p>
      <p>Outro poss&#237;vel motivo para a baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es &#233; um grupo reduzido de cardiologistas dedicados (tr&#234;s), respons&#225;veis por todas as bi&#243;psias card&#237;acas no centro. Portanto, cada operador realiza um n&#250;mero maior de procedimentos do que se as bi&#243;psias fossem distribu&#237;das entre todos os cardiologistas intervencionistas.</p>
      <p>Nossa coorte de 55 pacientes p&#243;s-transplante, que passaram por 729 BEs &#233; possivelmente a maior s&#233;rie de t&#233;cnica de bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido por acesso jugular dispon&#237;vel na literatura. Nossa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es est&#225; abaixo do que foi relatado por outros centros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho foi realizado retrospectivamente e est&#225; sujeito a limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a este desenho, como vieses de medi&#231;&#227;o e mem&#243;ria. Al&#233;m disso, vale ressaltar que se trata de um estudo de centro &#250;nico, e a validade externa dos resultados pode ser limitada &#224;s diferentes rotinas de cada centro de transplante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A BE com bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido provou ser uma t&#233;cnica segura. Assim, entendemos que este relat&#243;rio cumpre seu objetivo de demonstrar, em uma grande amostra, que bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas, realizadas com a t&#233;cnica de bi&#243;tomo r&#237;gido, n&#227;o implicam em risco clinicamente relevante de RT ap&#243;s 729 procedimentos em pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos por abordagem jugular.</p>
      <p>A taxa geral de complica&#231;&#245;es foi de 0,54%.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240223i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endomyocardial Biopsy Using Rigid Bioptome Technique and the Risk of Tricuspid Regurgitation after Heart Transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bridi</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Hennig</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matte</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valle</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Homem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address: Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva &#8226;</label> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-003</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail:<email>lbneto@hcpa.edu.br</email>, <email>luisbeckdasilva@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Endomyocardial biopsy (EB) is the preferred procedure for post-heart transplant rejection diagnosis. The rigid bioptome technique has been used due to its greater simplicity and has been criticized for the potential risk of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). We aimed to review all the EBs performed by this technique in a tertiary center and estimate the rate of complications and/or aggravation of TR.</p>
        <p>Cross-sectional, retrospective, anterograde study. Data were collected from 729 EBs performed in 55 post-heart transplant patients with a rigid Scholten Novatome&#8482; bioptome between September 2012 to March 2022. All EBs were performed via the right jugular vein under local anesthesia and through micro-puncture and ultrasound guidance. A total of 729 procedures had an echocardiography performed before and after the procedures. The estimate of TR was categorized as absent, minimal, mild, moderate, and severe. McNemar's chi-square test was used to analyze the degree of pre- and post-EB TR.</p>
        <p>There was a worsening enough to become moderate or severe post-biopsy TR in two (0.27%) procedures, and there was a slight change in TR from minimal to mild TR in 25 (3.42%) procedures. In 729 percutaneous EBs performed with a rigid bioptome, there was no myocardial perforation, cardiac tamponade or pneumothorax. One death occurred within 24 hours after the procedure for an unknown reason.</p>
        <p>EB using a rigid bioptome is safe and has not been associated with worsening TR in a follow-up of 729 EBs performed after cardiac transplantation.</p>
        <p>The overall complication rate, including moderate to severe TR, was 0.81%. The mortality rate was 0.14%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Biopsy</kwd>
        <kwd>Bioptome</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigid</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Endomyocardial biopsy (EB) has been the standard method for detecting rejection in patients undergoing heart transplantation since the 1970s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The biopsy technique has evolved over the years following the development and evolution of heart transplantation. The rigid technique was first developed in the mid-1970s as a method of EB developed by Caves and associates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> at Stanford University for assessment of cardiac allograft rejection. The new Scholten Novatome&#8482; bioptome combines the long-lasting experience since its development in the 70s and the uniqueness of a disposable, single-use device manufactured with biocompatible material. The Scholten-type bioptome has the advantage of being simple, quick, and safe. However, it requires that the tricuspid valve be crossed with the bioptome forceps for each sample collection. To overcome this potential limitation, a flexible technique was developed using a flexible bioptome that passes through a long introducer sheath. This allows the tricuspid valve to be crossed only once so that all samples are collected through the sheath. However, a comparison of both techniques regarding the risk of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is lacking.</p>
        <p>The present study aims to review all the EBs performed by the Scholten-type bioptome technique in a tertiary center and estimate the rate of complications and/or aggravation of TR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, anterograde study.</p>
        <p>Patients were selected through a query to the hospital's electronic system (AGHUse). The period for searching for biopsies was from September 2012 to March 2022. The filter used was the procedure performed: EB. From the list containing all biopsies performed, the patient's medical record was opened to verify the reason for performing the myocardial biopsies. Only post-heart transplant patients were included. Data were collected from 861 EBs. Out of these 861 procedures, 795 EBs were performed with a rigid Scholten Novatome&#8482; bioptome in 55 post-heart transplant patients. Our post-heart transplant patients follow a protocol to undergo weekly biopsies in the first month, bi-weekly biopsies up to the third month, monthly biopsies for up to six months and every two months for the first year post-transplant. Extra procedures are included in case of rejection on an as-needed basis. The studied data consists of 729 EBs, which were performed with a rigid Scholten Novatome&#8482; bioptome and had echocardiography performed before and after the EBs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). The estimate of TR was evaluated by echocardiography and categorized from absent and minimal, mild, moderate, and severe. Experienced cardiologists performed all echocardiographic exams.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of post-heart transplant endomyocardial biopsies performed from September 2012 to March 2022 included in the analysis and the degree of pre-biopsy tricuspid regurgitation. TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240223-40223-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>All 729 EBs were performed via the right jugular vein under local anesthesia, through micro-puncture technique and under vascular ultrasound guidance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). Under fluoroscopic control, the right ventricular bioptome, a 50-cm-long catheter with an external diameter of 2.3 mm, was advanced into the bottom third of the right atrium, with its cutting jaws facing to the right. The hand-held part of the bioptome is a modified hemostat that opens and closes the jaws by means of a stiff drive wire, which also gives the bioptome its directability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The catheter is rotated by its handle so that the tip faces the tricuspid valve orifice, then is slowly advanced through the right ventricle; once the tricuspid valve has been gently crossed, the bioptome is rotated further medially. When the right ventricular septum has been contacted, resistance and the sensation of ventricular contraction are felt by the operator. The jaws are closed, and the bioptome is withdrawn steadily (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). One or few premature ventricular contractions are usual as the device touches the endomyocardial tissue and at the moment of sample collection. The estimate of TR was evaluated by echocardiography and categorized from absent and minimal, mild, moderate, and severe.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">All</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age (years) (n=55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (40; 59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Female sex (n = 55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (35%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Number of procedures per patient (n=55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (8; 15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Number of fragments per procedure (n=729)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3; 4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">TR pre-procedure (n=729)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Absent or minimal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">551 (76%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mild</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">154 (21%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Moderate/severe</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (3%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Positioning of the rigid bioptome for endomyocardial biopsy.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240223-40223-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Data are presented as the mean &#177;standard deviation, median (percentile 25; percentile 75) or n (%).</p>
        <p>A McNemar's Chi-Square test was used to compare the pre- and post-biopsy TR. This test considers that we are comparing the pre and post-changes of the same procedures. Since it is a bi-caudal, the actual value of this p reflects any changes regardless of whether it is toward improvement or worsening of TR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of 729 endomyocardial biopsies regarding pre- and post-procedure tricuspid regurgitation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Post-biopsy TR</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Absent</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Minimal</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mild</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Moderate</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Severe</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pre-biopsy TR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Absent</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Minimal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">486</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">515</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mild</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Severe</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">608</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">729</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The median age of patients was 50 years old (Interquartile range 41, 60).</p>
        <p>There was a worsening enough to become moderate or severe post-biopsy TR in only two (0.27%) procedures, and there was a slight change in TR from minimal to mild TR after EB in 25 (3.42%) procedures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>). There was no worsening of TR in 96.3% of the EB procedures.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcomes of echo-assessed tricuspid regurgitation following 729 endomyocardial biopsies in heart transplant patients through the jugular approach. EB: endomyocardial biopsy; TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240223-40223-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>There was 1 case of sustained supraventricular tachycardia reverted with administration of IV adenosine 6 mg and 2 cases of chronic vein thrombosis right jugular vein, which did not prevent the procedure from being performed. In 729 percutaneous EBs performed with a rigid bioptome, there was no myocardial perforation, cardiac tamponade or pneumothorax. One death occurred within 24 hours after an EB procedure. However, the cause was not identified.</p>
        <p>The overall complication rate, including moderate to severe TR, was 0.81%. The mortality rate was 0.14%.</p>
        <p>After analysis of data from this registry, in December 2021, post-procedure echocardiography was no longer routinely performed as there are no frequent or clinically significant adverse events, and the safety in relation to TR has been documented.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The EB is still the gold-standard procedure to detect cellular rejection after heart transplantation. As each post-transplant patient must undergo a number of EBs during the first year post-transplant, safety has been a constant concern. Since 1970, the bioptomes have improved substantially, and single-use flexible devices with smaller jaws have been developed that are associated with a low complication rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A recent large registry, with approximately 1360 EBs performed over 10 years in a Belgian center, has reported an overall complication rate of 4.1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> When considering only right ventricle biopsies, the complication rate was 3.8%. The majority of EBs in this registry were performed in post-transplant patients (n=937 EBs) and using flexible bioptomes through femoral access. The Belgian registry also has reported a 2.5-fold increase in the risk of complications by jugular access than with other approaches. Bermpeis et al. reported a 0.1% rate of tricuspid injury, although the authors did not clarify the definition of tricuspid injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another retrospective registry from 546 consecutive right heart biopsy procedures in patients with new onset unexplained cardiomyopathy has reported that the complication rate of sheath insertion and biopsy procedures was 2.7% and 3.3%, respectively. With an overall complication rate of 4.3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study has demonstrated a significantly lower overall complication rate (0.54%) in a similar population size (n=729 EBs) over the same time frame of ten years, with a totality of these procedures being performed under a rigid bioptome technique and 100% of our cases through jugular access.</p>
        <p>It is noteworthy that all our procedures were performed with the micro-puncture technique. Considering that each of our patients has undergone a mean of 14 procedures during post-transplant follow-up, all through the same right jugular approach, we believe that the micro-puncture technique is advisable and is possibly an important reason for not having vascular complications.</p>
        <p>Another potential reason for the low complication rate is a dedicated small group of cardiologists (three) who perform all the heart biopsies at the center. Therefore, each operator has a higher volume of procedures than if the biopsies were scattered through all invasive cardiologists.</p>
        <p>Our cohort of 55 post-transplant patients who underwent 729 EBs is possibly the largest series of rigid bioptome techniques through jugular access available in the literature. Our complication rate is below what has been reported by other centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This work was carried out retrospectively and is subject to limitations related to this design, such as measurement and memory biases. It is also worth noting that this is a single-center study, and the external validity of the results may be limited to the different routines of each transplant center.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>EB using a rigid bioptome proved to be safe. We understand that this report accomplishes its goal of demonstrating that a large sample of endomyocardial biopsies performed with a rigid bioptome technique does not imply a clinically relevant risk of TR following 729 procedures in heart transplant patients through a jugular approach.</p>
        <p>The overall complication rate was 0.54%.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
