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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cYcKfRFDZjJWRy57h4DmT3m</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240181</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O <italic>Knockdown</italic> de LncRNA CCAT2 Alivia a Sobrecarga de Press&#227;o ou a Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca Induzida por Ang II por Meio da Interrup&#231;&#227;o da Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaojun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Ning</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados;</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yu</surname>
            <given-names>Bo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Mengli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Xian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Ganzhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0938-9584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dong</surname>
            <given-names>Meizhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito;</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Qilu Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cheeloo College of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shangdong University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Qingdao</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Shangdong</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shangdong University, Qingdao, Shangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">The Central Hospital of Wuhan</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Tongji Medical College</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Hubei</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Meizhen Dong &#8226; Department of emergency, Qilu Hospital(Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035 - China E-mail: <email>dongmeizhendr@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240181</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: O <italic>Knockdown</italic> de LncRNA CCAT2 Alivia a Sobrecarga de Press&#227;o ou a Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca Induzida por Ang II por Meio da Interrup&#231;&#227;o da Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/cYcKfRFDZjJWRy57h4DmT3m/b584ff537a24223dc5bdecee22f4997cd7e38fb5.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/cYcKfRFDZjJWRy57h4DmT3m/d6da0c80eb249c48df33f6b6164ab5778e2948cf.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertrofia card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica (HC) sustentada &#233; um fator de risco independente para aumento da incid&#234;ncia e mortalidade de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Esta pesquisa foi projetada para desvendar o papel do RNA n&#227;o codificante longo (LncRNA) CCAT2 na progress&#227;o da HC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Procedimentos de constri&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica transversal (TAC) foram conduzidos para construir um modelo de HC <italic>in vivo</italic> induzido por sobrecarga de press&#227;o. O tratamento com angiotensina II (Ang II) foi utilizado para induzir c&#233;lulas hipertr&#243;ficas de cardiomi&#243;citos de rato H9c2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os resultados <italic>in vivo</italic> mostraram que o silenciamento de CCAT2 reduziu a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie dos cardiomi&#243;citos, aliviou a fibrose card&#237;aca e diminuiu os n&#237;veis de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em modelos de camundongos HC. Os resultados <italic>in vitro</italic> revelaram que o <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 reduziu a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular e atenuou os n&#237;veis de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em c&#233;lulas hipertr&#243;ficas H9c2. Al&#233;m disso, o silenciamento de CCAT2 diminuiu os n&#237;veis de &#946;-catenina ativa, GSK-3&#946; fosforilada e genes alvo Wnt (c-Myc, ciclinaD1 e c-Jun) em camundongos HC e c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas. &#201; importante ressaltar que o tratamento com o ativador da via Wnt / &#946;-catenina LiCl reverteu a supress&#227;o do <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 na &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular H9c2 e nos n&#237;veis de MHC, ANP e BNP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Coletivamente, o silenciamento do CCAT2 desempenha um papel protetor contra a HC atrav&#233;s da inativa&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina, o que sugere que o CCAT2 pode se tornar um alvo terap&#234;utico promissor para o HC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateninas</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensina II</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Science</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022CFC002</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Science and Technology Department, General Project (2022CFC002).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertrofia card&#237;aca (HC), como rea&#231;&#227;o adaptativa ao estresse hemodin&#226;mico, &#233; respons&#225;vel pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica card&#237;aca normal na fase inicial dos est&#237;mulos de estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Fatores fisiol&#243;gicos como exerc&#237;cio e gravidez podem aumentar a carga mioc&#225;rdica e causar HC, que &#233; considerada um fen&#244;meno normal, sendo leve e revers&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, sob a influ&#234;ncia de fatores patol&#243;gicos, como hipertens&#227;o e estenose a&#243;rtica, se desenvolver&#225; HC patol&#243;gica, caracterizada por crescimento excessivo do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, aumento no tamanho e &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie das c&#233;lulas dos cardiomi&#243;citos, desorganiza&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos e fibrose intersticial do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A HC cont&#237;nua leva a um aumento no consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio, o que causa incompatibilidade entre oferta e demanda do mioc&#225;rdio e desencadeia ainda v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares, incluindo arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os sintomas comuns de HC incluem dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, falta de ar, fadiga, aperto no peito, dor no peito, palpita&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;ncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O sistema renina-angiotensina, respons&#225;vel pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, do equil&#237;brio h&#237;drico e eletrol&#237;tico e da homeostase cardiovascular, consiste em dois eixos principais: o eixo &#8220;cl&#225;ssico&#8221; que compreende a enzima conversora de angiotensina, a angiotensina II e o receptor tipo 1 da angiotensina (ACE/AngII/AT1) e o eixo &#8220;contrarregulador&#8221; composto pela enzima conversora de angiotensina 2, angiotensina (1-7) e receptor Mas (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O eixo cl&#225;ssico exerce efeitos pr&#243;-vasoconstritores, pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios, pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticos e pr&#243;-fibr&#243;ticos, enquanto o eixo contra-regulat&#243;rio desempenha o papel oposto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Terapias destinadas a inibir a ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo ECA/AngII/AT1 e/ou promover a fun&#231;&#227;o do eixo ECA2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas foram desenvolvidas para o tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo HC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia do HC envolve m&#250;ltiplos sistemas celulares e moleculares, sendo complexa e multifatorial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os RNAs n&#227;o codificantes (ncRNAs) t&#234;m atra&#237;do aten&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, com evid&#234;ncias crescentes ligando-os &#224; patog&#234;nese do HC e das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; urgente explorar a etiologia molecular espec&#237;fica da HC para encontrar alvos mais eficazes para o seu tratamento e melhorar a efic&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica.</p>
      <p>RNAs n&#227;o codificantes longos (LncRNAs) s&#227;o transcritos com um comprimento de sequ&#234;ncia de mais de 200 nucleot&#237;deos sem potencial de codifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Um grande conjunto de estudos elucidou que os LncRNAs est&#227;o inextricavelmente ligados ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as humanas atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica em n&#237;veis transcricionais e p&#243;s-transcricionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> At&#233; agora, v&#225;rios LncRNAs foram confirmados como tendo um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento do CH e os mecanismos reguladores subjacentes foram esclarecidos. Por exemplo, o LncRNA ZEB2-AS1 &#233; regulado positivamente em modelos murinos induzidos por constri&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica transversa (TAC) de HC e cardiomi&#243;citos prim&#225;rios de camundongos estimulados por fenilefrina, e o silenciamento de ZEB2-AS1 desempenha um papel protetor contra HC atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o negativa de PTEN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O LncRNA NBR2 regulado negativamente em pacientes com HC est&#225; negativamente correlacionado com a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e o grau da doen&#231;a, e a superexpress&#227;o de NBR2 ativa a via LKB1/AMPK/Sirt1 e enfraquece o estresse do ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico, aliviando assim a hipertrofia induzida por angiotensina II (Ang II) de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas humanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A express&#227;o de LncRNA MIAT &#233; elevada em c&#233;lulas H9c2 derivadas de cora&#231;&#227;o de rato e camundongos submetidos &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de HC pelo tratamento com Ang II, e o <italic>knockdown</italic> de MIAT mitiga a HC atrav&#233;s do aumento do n&#237;vel de miR-150.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> LncRNA CCAT2, localizado no cromossomo 8q24.21, foi originalmente identificado como um oncogene no c&#226;ncer colorretal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O locus gen&#244;mico CCAT2 abriga o SNP rs6983267, que est&#225; intimamente relacionado ao aumento do risco de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as malignas. O papel oncog&#234;nico do CCAT2 tem sido bem documentado em v&#225;rios tipos de c&#226;ncer humano, incluindo c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o, mama, g&#225;strico, cervical e de pr&#243;stata.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No entanto, faltam pesquisas sobre o papel do CCAT2 no HC.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, modelos <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> de HC foram constru&#237;dos realizando tratamento com Ang II em c&#233;lulas H9c2 de cardiomi&#243;citos de rato e TAC em camundongos, respectivamente. O objetivo da nossa pesquisa &#233; examinar a fun&#231;&#227;o do LncRNA CCAT2 na progress&#227;o da HC e o mecanismo subjacente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Setenta camundongos C57BL/6 J machos (8 a 10 semanas de idade, 22 a 24 g) foram adquiridos no Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine, EUA). Todos os camundongos foram alojados em condi&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas livres de pat&#243;genos, a uma temperatura padr&#227;o de 23&#176;C e 55-60% de umidade em um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas, com comida e &#225;gua dispon&#237;veis livremente. Os cuidados com os animais e os procedimentos experimentais foram permitidos pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de Cuidados e Uso de Animais do Wuhan Myhalic Biotechnology Co., Ltd sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo HLK-202303112.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimentos animais</title>
        <p>A HC induzido por sobrecarga de press&#227;o foi constru&#237;da por cirurgia TAC conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Resumindo, os ratos foram anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico a 0,3% (40 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA) via inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal ap&#243;s adapta&#231;&#227;o de uma semana. Em seguida os camundongos receberam toracotomia seguida de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e constri&#231;&#227;o transversal da aorta com agulha de calibre 26 e sutura com fio de seda 7-0. Os ratos do grupo Sham receberam a mesma opera&#231;&#227;o sem ligadura transversa da aorta. Ap&#243;s 24 h de opera&#231;&#227;o do TAC, vetores do v&#237;rus adeno-associado-9 (AAV9) transportando um shRNA espec&#237;fico para CCAT2 (AAV9-shCCAT2) foram injetados em camundongos modelo HC induzidos por TAC atrav&#233;s da veia da cauda para <italic>knockdown</italic> CCAT2, com AAV9-shNC como o controle negativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>). Os ratos foram alocados aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: o grupo Sham (n=10), o grupo TAC (n=20), o grupo TAC + AAV9-shCCAT2 (n=20), e o grupo TAC + AAV9-shNC (n=20). Os camundongos nos grupos TAC + AAV9-shCCAT2 e TAC + AAV9-shNC foram injetados diariamente com 100 &#956;L (1,2&#215;1012 vg/mL) AAV9-shCCAT2 ou AAV9-shNC por 3 semanas, enquanto os ratos nos grupos Sham e TAC foram injetados diariamente com 100 &#956;L de solu&#231;&#227;o salina por 3 semanas. Posteriormente, os ratos foram sacrificados por deslocamento cervical e seus cora&#231;&#245;es foram colhidos para an&#225;lise posterior. O desenho experimental para os ensaios <italic>in vivo</italic> &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; CCAT2 &#233; regulado positivamente nos tecidos card&#237;acos de modelos de camundongos HC e c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas tratadas com Ang II. (A) Imagens representativas de colora&#231;&#227;o H&amp;E de se&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea transversal de cardiomi&#243;citos em camundongos HC simulados e induzidos por TAC. Barra de escala, 20 &#956;m. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. (B-E) Exame de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LVEDd), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LVESd), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e encurtamento fracion&#225;rio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LVFS) de camundongos Sham e induzidos por HC com sistema de ultrassom. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. (F-H) A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (HW) e o peso corporal (BW), o peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LVW) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BW e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o LVW e o comprimento tibial (TL) de camundongos HC simulados e induzidos por TAC. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. (I-K) Medi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos por Western blotting. n = 6 camundongos por grupo.(L) Detec&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de mRNA de CCAT2 em tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos por RT-qPCR. n= 6 camundongos por grupo. (M) Observa&#231;&#227;o do tamanho das c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas de ratos H9c2 ap&#243;s tratamento com Ang II atrav&#233;s da colora&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia &#945;-SMA. Barra de escala, 20 &#956;m. n = 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. (N) An&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de mRNA de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em c&#233;lulas H9c2 controle e estimuladas por Ang II por meio de RT-qPCR. n=3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. (O) Avalia&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de mRNA de LncRNA CCAT2 em c&#233;lulas H9c2 ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com Ang II. n=3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP. *p &lt; 0,05, **p &lt; 0,01, ***p &lt; 0,001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desenho do experimento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>O Vevo 2100 Imaging System (Visual Sonics, Toronto, ON, Canada) foi utilizado para realizar ecocardiografia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em camundongos 3 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o do TAC. Resumidamente, os ratos foram anestesiados por inala&#231;&#227;o de 1,5% de isoflurano (Sigma-Aldrich), colocado com o peito para cima em uma t&#225;bua de exame e limpado para remover todos os pelos do peito. As medidas do modo M das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), incluindo o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE (LVESd) e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (LVEDd), foram realizadas usando o cabe&#231;ote de varredura e calculadas a m&#233;dia de dez ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (FS) do VE foram calculadas com base nos dados de LVESd e LVEDd.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>Os tecidos card&#237;acos dos camundongos foram fixados em formalina a 10% por 24 h, desidratados em etanol e xileno, embebidos em blocos de parafina e cortados em cortes transversais de 5 &#956;m de espessura. Os cortes foram ent&#227;o corados com hematoxilina e eosina (H&amp;E; LMAI Bio, Xangai, China) e tricr&#244;mico de Masson (Solarbio, Pequim, China) para avaliar os tamanhos transversais dos cardiomi&#243;citos e a deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno card&#237;aco, respectivamente. As l&#226;minas foram examinadas microscopicamente, seguido do c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea transversal e da &#225;rea fibr&#243;tica dos cardiomi&#243;citos utilizando o software Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento celular e transfec&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>C&#233;lulas H9c2 de cardiomi&#243;citos de rato adquiridas da American Type Culture Collection (Manassas VA, EUA) foram cultivados em DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) contendo 10% de soro fetal bovino (HyClone, South Logan, UT, EUA) e solu&#231;&#245;es de penicilina-estreptomicina a 1% (HyClone) e foram mantidas a 37&#176;C em uma incubadora umidificada com 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>. Para estabelecer o modelo <italic>in vitro</italic> de HC, as c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram tratadas com Ang II (150 nM; Sigma-Aldrich) por 24 h.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> C&#233;lulas H9c2 tratadas com Ang II foram ent&#227;o transfectadas com shCCAT2 ou shNC (RibiBio, Guangzhou, China) usando Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do silenciamento de CCAT2 na hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por Ang II. Al&#233;m disso, para confirmar o papel da via Wnt/&#946;-catenina na hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos mediada por CCAT2, as c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram pr&#233;-tratadas com cloreto de l&#237;tio (LiCl; 2,5 mM; Sigma-Aldrich) por 12 h antes do tratamento com Ang II e transfec&#231;&#227;o com shCCAT2 ou shNC. O delineamento experimental para os ensaios <italic>in vitro</italic> &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RT-qPCR</title>
        <p>O mini kit RNeasy (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, EUA) foi utilizado para extra&#231;&#227;o de RNA total de c&#233;lulas H9c2 e tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos. Posteriormente, 1 &#181;g de RNA foi purificado usando DNase I (Medchem Express, Monmouth Junction, EUA) e transcrito reversamente em DNA complementar (cDNA) utilizando Superscript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen). A amplifica&#231;&#227;o e detec&#231;&#227;o por PCR foram realizadas com o GoTaq qPCR Master Mix (Promega, Madison, WI, EUA) no ABI7500 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA). As sequ&#234;ncias iniciadoras est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o relativa foram calculados com o m&#233;todo 2 <sup>CT</sup> ap&#243;s normaliza&#231;&#227;o para mRNA de GAPDH.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sequ&#234;ncias de primers usadas em RT-qPCR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Gene</th>
                  <th>Esp&#233;cie</th>
                  <th>Sequ&#234;ncias iniciais</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#946;-MHC</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Camundongo</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-AACCTGTCCAAGTTCCGCAAGGTG-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-GAGCTGGGTAGCACAAGAGCTACT-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#946;-MHC</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rato</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-AAGTGAAGAGCCTCCAGAGTTT-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-TGATGAGGCTGGTGTTCTGGG-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">ANP</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Camundongo</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-CTCCGATAGATCTGCCCTCTTGAA-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-GGTACCGGAAGCTGTTGCAGCCTA-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">ANP</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rato</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-CCTGGACTGGGGAAGTCAAC-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-ATCTATCGGAGGGGTCCCAG-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">BNP</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Camundongo</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-GCTCTTGAAGGACCAAGGCCTCAC-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-GATCCGATCCGGTCTATCTTGTGC-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">BNP</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rato</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-TGACGGGCTGAGGTTGTTTT-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-ACACTGTGGCAAGTTTGTGC-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">c-Myc</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Camundongo</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-TCCATCCTATGTTGCGGTCG-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-AACCGCTCCACATACAGTCC-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">c-Myc</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rato</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-AGCGACACAAGAAGCTTCTG-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-CTGAAGCAGCTCCGCCAAAC-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">ciclinaD1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Camundongo</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-TCAAGTGTGACCCGGACTG-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-ATGTCCACATCTCGCACGTC-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">ciclinaD1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rato</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-TCAAGTGTGACCCGGACTG -3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-CACTACTTGGTGACTCCCGC-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">c-Jun</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Camundongo</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-GCACATCACCACTACACCGA-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-GGGAAGCGTGTTCTGGCTAT-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">c-Jun</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rato</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-GCCACCGAGACCGTAAAGAA-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-TAGCACTCGCCCAACTTCAG-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">GAPDH</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Camundongo</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-TTGTCAAGCTCATTTCCTGGTATG-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-GCCATGTAGGCCATGAGGTC-3'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">GAPDH</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rato</td>
                  <td align="center">Avan&#231;o: 5&#8217;-GACATGCCGCCTGGAGAAAC-3&#8217;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Reversa: 5'-AGCCCAGGATGCCCTTTAGT-3'</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blotting</title>
        <p>C&#233;lulas H9c2 e tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongo foram lisados usando <italic>buffer</italic> RIPA contendo coquetel de proteinase (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Alemanha). Em seguida, prote&#237;nas iguais foram carregadas em g&#233;is de SDS-PAGE a 10% para eletroforese, seguido de transfer&#234;ncia para membranas de PVDF (Millipore, Billerica, MA, EUA). As membranas foram incubadas com os anticorpos prim&#225;rios contra &#946;-MHC (SAB2106550, 1/2000, Sigma-Aldrich), ANP (sc-515701, 1/1000, Santa Cruz Biotecnology, Santa Cruz, CA, EUA), BNP (sc-271185, 1/1000, Santa Cruz Biotecnology), &#946;-catenina ativa (ab246504, 1/1000, Abcam,Cambridge, Reino Unido), &#946;-catenina (ab68183, 1/1000, Abcam), GSK-3&#946; fosforilada (ab131097, 1/1000, Abcam), GSK-3&#946; (ab227208, 1/1000, Abcam) e &#946;-actina (ab8227, 1/1000, Abcam) a 4&#176;C durante a noite ap&#243;s ser bloqueadas por 1 h com 5% de leite desnatado. No segundo dia, as membranas foram incubadas com o anticorpo secund&#225;rio conjugado com HRP (ab205718, 1/2000, Abcam) por 1 h em temperatura ambiente (RT) ap&#243;s serem lavadas com solu&#231;&#227;o TBST (Beyotime, Xangai, China). Os complexos imunes foram visualizados usando o m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia aprimorada (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, EUA). O software Image J (NIH, Bethesda, MD, EUA) foi empregado para determinar a densidade &#243;ptica de cada prote&#237;na. A &#946;-actina foi usada como controle de carga.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Colora&#231;&#227;o imunofluorescente</title>
        <p>As c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram lavadas duas vezes com solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato (Zeye, Xangai, China), fixadas com paraformalde&#237;do a 4% (Zeye) por 15 min e permeabilizadas com Triton X-100 a 0,2%(Sigma-Aldrich) por 15 minutos. Em seguida, 5% de albumina de soro bovino (Sigma-Aldrich) foi usado para bloquear as c&#233;lulas por 30 min em temperatura ambiente, ap&#243;s o que o anticorpo &#945;-SMA (14395-1-AP, 1/1000, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, EUA) foi adicionado, seguido de incuba&#231;&#227;o durante a noite no escuro a 4 &#176;C.</p>
        <p>No dia seguinte, as c&#233;lulas passaram por outra incuba&#231;&#227;o de 1 h a 37&#176;C com o anticorpo secund&#225;rio conjugado com FITC (SA00003-8, 1/100, Proteintech). A colora&#231;&#227;o nuclear foi obtida com DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich). As l&#226;minas foram observadas em um microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia axiovert 200 invertido (Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Alemanha), e a &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie celular foi calculada usando o software Image-Pro Plus 6.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio flash TOP/FOP</title>
        <p>Os rep&#243;rteres de luciferase Topflash ou FOPflash (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, EUA) foram usados para detectar a atividade da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt. Em resumo, ap&#243;s o tratamento indicado ou transfec&#231;&#227;o, as c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram plaqueadas (5000 c&#233;lulas/po&#231;o) em placas de 24 po&#231;os e privadas de soro durante a noite.</p>
        <p>Posteriormente, as c&#233;lulas foram transfectadas com 0,2 &#181;g de plasm&#237;deos de express&#227;o TOPflash ou FOPflash utilizando Lipofectamine 2000. As atividades de luciferase TOP/FOP foram medidas utilizando o Luciferase Assay System (Promega,Madison, WI, EUA) 48 h ap&#243;s a transfec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados de pelo menos tr&#234;s experimentos individuais repetidos foram analisados usando o software GraphPad Prism vers&#227;o 5.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, EUA) e s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Compara&#231;&#245;es duplas e m&#250;ltiplas foram realizadas com teste-t de Student n&#227;o pareado e ANOVA unidirecional seguido pelo teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Tukey. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Taxa de mortalidade de camundongos</title>
        <p>Todos os animais toleraram a cirurgia e nenhum camundongo morreu durante a opera&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s semanas da cirurgia TAC e inje&#231;&#227;o de AAV, 1 camundongo, 12 camundongos, 11 camundongos e 6 camundongos morreram no grupo Sham, no grupo TAC, no grupo TAC+AAV9-shCCAT2 e no grupo TAC+AAV9-shNC, com taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 90%, 40%, 45% e 70% respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CCAT2 &#233; regulado positivamente nos tecidos card&#237;acos de modelos de camundongos HC e c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas induzidas por Ang II</title>
        <p>Os cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos foram colhidos para exame histol&#243;gico 4 semanas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o TAC. Como mostrado pelas imagens da colora&#231;&#227;o H&amp;E, a cirurgia TAC aumentou acentuadamente a &#225;rea transversal dos cardiomi&#243;citos em camundongos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>). A medi&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica refletiu que LVEDd e LVESd de cora&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-TAC em 3 semanas foram significativamente maiores, enquanto FEVE e LVFS foram menores do que aqueles de cora&#231;&#245;es Sham (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B-E</xref>), indicando a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca prejudicada de camundongos operados de TAC. A TAC desencadeou um aumento &#243;bvio na rela&#231;&#227;o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (PC) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso corporal (PC), peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PVE) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PC e rela&#231;&#227;o entre PVE e comprimento tibial (TL), mostrando uma propor&#231;&#227;o notavelmente maior de tecido card&#237;aco em camundongos HC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2F-H</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a express&#227;o consideravelmente regulada de marcadores HC (&#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP) foi observada nos tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de TAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura2I-K</xref>). Posteriormente, a express&#227;o de LncRNA CCAT2 em tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos ap&#243;s opera&#231;&#227;o TAC foi detectada por RT-qPCR, que revelou que CCAT2 estava superexpresso em tecidos card&#237;acos hipertr&#243;ficos vs. tecidos card&#237;acos normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2L</xref>), implicando que o LncRNA CCAT2 pode participar no desenvolvimento do HC. Para confirmar ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o do CCAT2 na HC, um modelo celular foi constru&#237;do tratando c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas de rato H9c2 com Ang II. O tamanho das c&#233;lulas H9c2 foi avaliado por meio da colora&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia &#945;-SMA, que demonstrou que o tratamento com Ang II demonstrou &#225;rea celular de cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2M</xref>).</p>
        <p>Enquanto isso, os cardiomi&#243;citos hipertr&#243;ficos induzidos por Ang II exibiram express&#227;o significativamente maior de ANP, BNP e &#946;-MHC de mRNA do que os cardiomi&#243;citos de controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2N</xref>). &#201; importante ressaltar que se descobriu que a express&#227;o de LncRNA CCAT2 em c&#233;lulas H9c2 aumentava notavelmente ap&#243;s o tratamento com Ang II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2O</xref>), o que implica ainda o papel potencial do CCAT2 no desenvolvimento do HC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Silenciamento de CCAT2 alivia HC e fibrose card&#237;aca in vivo</title>
        <p>Depois, para determinar o papel detalhado do CCAT2 na regula&#231;&#227;o do HC <italic>in vivo</italic>, o AAV9-shCCAT2 foi injetado em camundongos modelo HC induzidos por TAC atrav&#233;s da veia da cauda para <italic>knockdown</italic> o CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>). Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s semanas, detectamos e descobrimos que o aumento induzido por TAC na express&#227;o de CCAT2 em tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos foi revertido ap&#243;s a deple&#231;&#227;o de CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>). A colora&#231;&#227;o H&amp;E ilustrou que a inje&#231;&#227;o com AAV9-shCCAT2 reduziu a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie de cardiomi&#243;citos em camundongos HC induzidos por TAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3C</xref>). Como caracter&#237;stica importante do HC patol&#243;gico, a fibrose card&#237;aca foi detectada atrav&#233;s da colora&#231;&#227;o tricr&#244;mica de Masson. Comparados aos camundongos Sham, os camundongos submetidos &#224; cirurgia TAC apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es fibr&#243;ticas intersticiais e perivasculares nos tecidos card&#237;acos, acompanhadas de not&#225;vel ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno. No entanto, as altera&#231;&#245;es fibr&#243;ticas card&#237;acas induzidas por TAC acima foram melhoradas ap&#243;s o <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3D</xref>). A an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou que a eleva&#231;&#227;o induzida por TAC em LVEDd e LVESd e a redu&#231;&#227;o em FEVE e LVFS de cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos foram marcadamente revertidas ap&#243;s a regula&#231;&#227;o negativa de CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> E-H). Al&#233;m disso, a eleva&#231;&#227;o nas rela&#231;&#245;es HW/BW, LVW/BW e LVW/TL em camundongos causada pela opera&#231;&#227;o TAC foi anulada pelo silenciamento de CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3I</xref>). O Western blotting demonstrou que o incremento induzido por TAC nos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos foi antagonizado por inje&#231;&#227;o com AAV9-shCCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> J-L). No geral, o silenciamento CCAT2 mitiga efetivamente a HC em ratos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Silenciamento de CCAT2 alivia HC em ratos modelo. (A) Protocolo para inje&#231;&#227;o de AAV9-shCCAT2 ou AAV9-shNC em camundongos modelo HC induzidos por TAC. (B) Detec&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de CCAT2 em tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos silenciadores de CCAT2 3 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia TAC por RT-qPCR. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. (C) Imagens representativas de colora&#231;&#227;o H&amp;E de se&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea transversal de cardiomi&#243;citos em camundongos simulados e camundongos HC induzidos por TAC com ou sem knockdown de CCAT2. Barra de escala, 20 &#956;m. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. (D) Imagens representativas de colora&#231;&#227;o tricr&#244;mica de Masson de se&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Barra de escala, 50 &#956;m. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. (E-H) LVEDd, LVES, LVEF e LVFS do cora&#231;&#227;o do rato. n = 6 camundongos por grupo.(I) Propor&#231;&#227;o HW/BW, LVW/BW e LVW/TL de camundongos. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. (J.-L) Determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos por meio de western blotting. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP. *P &lt; 0,05, **p &lt; 0,01, ***p &lt; 0,001 vs. Sham; #p &lt; 0,05, ###p &lt; 0,001 vs. TAC.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Silenciamento de CCAT2 melhora a hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos in vitro</title>
        <p>Da mesma forma, os impactos do <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 na hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos <italic>in vitro</italic> foram avaliados posteriormente ap&#243;s c&#233;lulas H9c2 tratadas com Ang II terem sido transfectadas com shCCAT2. Descobrimos a partir de RT-qPCR que a transfec&#231;&#227;o shCCAT2 debilitou a promo&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com Ang II no n&#237;vel CCAT2 em c&#233;lulas H9c2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> A). Conforme revelado pela colora&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia de &#945;-SMA, o <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 obviamente reduziu a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie em c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4B-C</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a defici&#234;ncia de CCAT2 neutralizou o aumento nos n&#237;veis de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP causados pelo tratamento com Ang II em c&#233;lulas H9c2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4D-G</xref>). Esses dados sugerem que o silenciamento de CCAT2 melhora a hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O silenciamento de CCAT2 melhora a hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos in vitro. C&#233;lulas H9c2 estimuladas com Ang II foram transfectadas com shCCAT2 ou shNC. (A) An&#225;lise da express&#227;o de CCAT2 em c&#233;lulas H9c2 por RT-qPCR. n=3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. (B-C) Avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho das c&#233;lulas H9c2 por colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-fluorescente com &#945;-SMA. Barra de escala, 20 &#956;m. n=3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. (D-G) Exame dos n&#237;veis de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em c&#233;lulas H9c2 por western blotting e RT-qPCR. n=3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP. ***P &lt; 0,001 vs Controle; #P &lt; 0,05, ##P &lt; 0,01, ###P &lt; 0,001 vs Ang II.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O silenciamento do CCAT2 inibe a ativa&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina no CH</title>
        <p>Para descobrir o mecanismo molecular atrav&#233;s do qual o <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 desempenha um papel protetor contra HC, a influ&#234;ncia da deple&#231;&#227;o de CCAT2 no Wnt/&#946;-cateninaa sinaliza&#231;&#227;o foi estimada em modelos de camundongos HC e cardiomi&#243;citos hipertr&#243;ficos. Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5A-B</xref>, a cirurgia TAC resultou na ativa&#231;&#227;o da via Wnt/&#946;-catenina em camundongos CH, que, no entanto, foi suprimida pela deple&#231;&#227;o de CCAT2, conforme evidenciado pela redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de &#946;-catenina ativa e prote&#237;na GSK-3&#946; fosforilada em camundongos CH silenciados por CCAT2.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O silenciamento do CCAT2 inibe a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via Wnt/&#946;-catenina na HC. (A-B) Medi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de &#946;-catenina ativa e prote&#237;na GSK-3&#946; fosforilada em camundongos Sham e camundongos HC induzidos por TAC com ou sem inje&#231;&#227;o de AAV9-shCCAT2 ou AAV9-shNC por western blotting. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. (C) Detec&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de mRNA de c-Myc, ciclinaD1 e c-Jun em camundongos HC induzidos por TAC ap&#243;s silenciamento de CCAT2 por RT-qPCR. n = 6 camundongos por grupo. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP. **P &lt; 0,01, ***p &lt; 0,001 vs. Sham; #p &lt; 0,05, ###p &lt; 0,001 vs. TAC. (D-E) Exame dos n&#237;veis de &#946;-catenina ativa e prote&#237;na GSK-3&#946; fosforilada em c&#233;lulas H9c2 de controle e c&#233;lulas H9c2 estimuladas por Ang II com ou sem transfec&#231;&#227;o shCCAT2 ou shNC via western blotting. n= 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es.(F) Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de mRNA de c-Myc, ciclinaD1 e c-Jun em c&#233;lulas H9c2 tratadas com Ang II ap&#243;s knockdown de CCAT2 por RT-qPCR. n = 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. (G) Avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade da via Wnt/&#946;-catenina em c&#233;lulas H9c2 ap&#243;s tratamento com Ang II e transfec&#231;&#227;o shCCAT2 ou shNC por ensaio flash TOP/FOP. n = 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP. ***P &lt; 0,001 vs. Controle; #p &lt; 0,05, ###p &lt; 0,001 vs. Ang II.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A express&#227;o dos genes alvo Wnt foi detectada atrav&#233;s de RT-qPCR, que mostrou que a express&#227;o de c-Myc, ciclinaD1 e c-Jun em tecidos card&#237;acos de camundongos foi marcadamente aumentada ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o TAC, mas foi atenuada ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de AAV9-shCCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> C). Al&#233;m disso, a inativa&#231;&#227;o do <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 na via Wnt/&#946;-catenina no HC foi validada <italic>in vitro</italic>. O incremento induzido por Ang II nos n&#237;veis de &#946;-catenina ativa e GSK-3&#946; fosforilada em c&#233;lulas H9c2 foi compensado pela regula&#231;&#227;o negativa de CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> D-E). RT-qPCR ilustrou que a regula&#231;&#227;o positiva induzida por Ang II na express&#227;o de c-Myc, ciclinaD1 e c-Jun em c&#233;lulas H9c2 foi revertida por <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> F). Mais importante ainda, observamos um decl&#237;nio significativo na rela&#231;&#227;o TOP/FOP em c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas, enquanto o silenciamento de CCAT2 anulou pronunciadamente esse efeito causado por Ang II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> G). Em conjunto, o <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 desempenha um papel inibit&#243;rio na via Wnt/&#946;-catenina no HC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O silenciamento do CCAT2 alivia a hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos in vitro, restringindo a via Wnt/&#946;-catenina</title>
        <p>Para validar se a hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos mediada por CCAT2 &#233; dependente da via Wnt/&#946;-catenina, as c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram pr&#233;-tratadas com LiCl, um agonista da via Wnt/&#946;-catenina, antes do tratamento com Ang II. De acordo com a colora&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia &#945;-SMA, descobrimos que a inibi&#231;&#227;o do silenciamento de CCAT2 na &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie das c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas foi anulada pelo pr&#233;-tratamento com LiCl (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6A-B</xref>). Conforme ilustrado por western blotting, o pr&#233;-tratamento com LiCl reverteu a redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP causada pela deple&#231;&#227;o de CCAT2 em c&#233;lulas hipertr&#243;ficas H9c2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref> C-E). Os resultados do RT-qPCR estavam alinhados com os do western blotting, que demonstraram que o LiCl aboliu o decl&#237;nio induzido por shCCAT2 nos n&#237;veis de mRNA de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref> F). No geral, o LiCl atenua os efeitos preventivos do silenciamento do CCAT2 na hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por Ang II.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O silenciamento do CCAT2 alivia a hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos in vitro ao restringir a via Wnt/&#946;-catenina. C&#233;lulas H9c2 foram pr&#233;-tratadas com LiCl antes da estimula&#231;&#227;o com Ang II e da transfe&#231;&#227;o com shCCAT2 ou shNC. (A-B) Determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho das c&#233;lulas H9c2 por colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-fluorescente com &#945;-SMA. n=3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. Barra de escala, 20 &#956;m. (C-F) Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em c&#233;lulas H9c2 por western blotting e RT-qPCR. n=3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. (G) Diagrama esquem&#225;tico ilustrando o mecanismo molecular subjacente do LncRNA CCAT2 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca (CH). Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP. ***P &lt; 0,001 vs Controle; #P &lt; 0,05, ###P &lt; 0,001 vs Ang II; &amp;&amp;P &lt; 0,01, &amp;&amp;&amp;P &lt; 0,001 vs Ang II + shCCAT2.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo fornece evid&#234;ncias que apoiam os efeitos de al&#237;vio da regula&#231;&#227;o negativa do LncRNA CCAT2 na HC. Foi demonstrado que o silenciamento de CCAT2 atenua a hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por Ang II <italic>in vitro</italic> e melhora a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por sobrecarga de press&#227;o em modelos de camundongos. Mecanicamente, o <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 inativou a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina, e a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de LiCl, um agonista da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina, diminuiu o efeito anti-hipertr&#243;fico do silenciamento de CCAT2. As evid&#234;ncias acima indicam que o silenciamento do CCAT2 exerce um efeito anti-hipertr&#243;fico no CH, que depende da interrup&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina.</p>
      <p>O ac&#250;mulo de evid&#234;ncias provou que os LncRNAs exercem efeitos promotores ou inibit&#243;rios na progress&#227;o do HC atrav&#233;s de uma diversidade de mecanismos. Por exemplo, Wen et al. sugeriram que o PEG10 foi regulado positivamente na HC patol&#243;gica, e o PEG10 agravou a HC atrav&#233;s do aumento da express&#227;o de HOXA9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Zhou et al. descobriram que o UCA1 era altamente expresso nos cardiomi&#243;citos hipertr&#243;ficos constru&#237;dos e nos modelos murinos da HC, e o UCA1 facilitou a progress&#227;o do HC aumentando a express&#227;o de HOXA9 atrav&#233;s da liga&#231;&#227;o competitiva com o miR-184.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, outros estudos indicaram os efeitos protetores de alguns LncRNAs no desenvolvimento da HC. Song et al. divulgaram que a express&#227;o de ADAMTS9-AS1 foi reduzida em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva e c&#233;lulas de cardiomi&#243;citos humanos tratados com isoproterenol, e a superexpress&#227;o de ADAMTS9-AS1 reprimiu a hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos regulando positivamente o KAT7 atrav&#233;s da esponja miR-185-5p.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Wang et al. relataram que tanto os modelos celulares quanto os animais de HC apresentaram express&#227;o diminu&#237;da de H19, e a superexpress&#227;o de H19 prejudicou o desenvolvimento de HC atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o do eixo miR-145-3p/SMAD4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Anteriormente, o papel detalhado e o mecanismo molecular do LncRNA CCAT2 em doen&#231;as humanas, especialmente o c&#226;ncer, foram elucidados. Por exemplo, a defici&#234;ncia de CCAT2 restringe o crescimento celular e a met&#225;stase, mas induz a parada G0/G1 e a apoptose no c&#226;ncer de mama atrav&#233;s da inativa&#231;&#227;o da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o TGF-&#946;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> CCAT2 atenua a radiossensibilidade e a apoptose de c&#233;lulas cancer&#237;genas do es&#244;fago regulando negativamente o eixo miR-145/p70S6K1 e a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o p53.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> CCAT2 promove o crescimento e a met&#225;stase de c&#233;lulas cancer&#237;genas g&#225;stricas por meio da modula&#231;&#227;o do splicing alternativo do CD44 por meio da liga&#231;&#227;o ao ESRP1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o foi explorado se o CCAT2 exerce efeitos regulat&#243;rios na HC. Aqui, descobrimos que o n&#237;vel de LncRNA CCAT2 era consideravelmente maior em modelos de camundongos HC induzidos por TAC e c&#233;lulas H9c2 tratadas com Ang II. Al&#233;m disso, o silenciamento de CCAT2 aliviou substancialmente a HC em camundongos e c&#233;lulas hipertr&#243;ficas H9c2, o que foi validado pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o dos principais marcadores HC (&#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP). Isto sugere o efeito potenciador do LncRNA CCAT2 na progress&#227;o da HC.</p>
      <p>A via can&#244;nica de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina &#233; bem conhecida por seu papel regulador no desenvolvimento embrion&#225;rio, na homeostase de c&#233;lulas-tronco e na regenera&#231;&#227;o de tecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, evid&#234;ncias acumuladas demonstraram que a ativa&#231;&#227;o anormal desta via no cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; subjacente &#224; fisiopatologia da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Foi confirmado que a &#946;-catenina participa do metabolismo dos cardiomi&#243;citos, afetando assim a fun&#231;&#227;o e o desenvolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Estudos provaram que a superexpress&#227;o de &#946;-catenina pode resultar em HC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A superexpress&#227;o de &#946;-catenina em mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos aumenta o volume celular, induz a forma&#231;&#227;o de actina, ativa marcadores de hipertrofia patol&#243;gica e eleva os n&#237;veis de ANP e BNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A HC pode ser melhorada por meio de <italic>knockdown</italic> ou inibi&#231;&#227;o da &#946;-catenina mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Zhao et al. relataram que m&#250;ltiplos ligantes Wnt foram induzidos e a &#946;-catenina foi ativada em ratos com infus&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Ang II e cardiomi&#243;citos prim&#225;rios de ratos, e o bloqueio da via Wnt / &#946;-catenina pelo ICG-001 atenuou a HC e a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, bem como inibiu a express&#227;o g&#234;nica do marcador hipertr&#243;fico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Portanto, a supress&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina pode ser considerada um alvo terap&#234;utico promissor para o HC. Recentemente, muitos estudos revelaram que o CCAT2 participa na media&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento do c&#226;ncer atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;catenina. Por exemplo, o <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 restringe o crescimento celular e a met&#225;stase e facilita a parada do ciclo celular e a apoptose no c&#226;ncer de tireoide, atenuando a atividade da cascata Wnt/&#946;-catenina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Os efeitos inibit&#243;rios sobre o crescimento celular do c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata, ciclo celular, transi&#231;&#227;o epitelial-mesenquimal e met&#225;stase induzidos pelo silenciamento de CCAT2 foram antagonizados pelo tratamento com o ativador da via Wnt/&#946;-catenina LiCl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A regula&#231;&#227;o negativa do CCAT2 impede comportamentos biol&#243;gicos malignos das c&#233;lulas do carcinoma espinocelular oral atrav&#233;s da inativa&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt / &#946;-catenina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Com base na literatura acima, especulamos que o CCAT2 tamb&#233;m poderia mediar o desenvolvimento da HC modulando a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina. Aqui, observamos que a regula&#231;&#227;o positiva nos n&#237;veis de &#946;-catenina ativa e genes-alvo GSK-3&#946; fosforilados e Wnt c-Myc, ciclinaD1 e c-Jun induzidos por TAC em camundongos HC e por Ang II em cardiomi&#243;citos hipertr&#243;ficos foi anulada silenciando o CCAT2. &#201; importante ressaltar que o tratamento com LiCl anulou a supress&#227;o do <italic>knockdown</italic> de CCAT2 na &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular e nos n&#237;veis de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas, sugerindo que o silenciamento de CCAT2 dificulta a progress&#227;o de HC ao inativar a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt / &#946;-catenina.</p>
      <p>Para ser honesto, existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. Primeiro, ao medir o tamanho dos cardiomi&#243;citos de camundongos, o cora&#231;&#227;o deve estar em di&#225;stole, portanto a &#225;rea dos cardiomi&#243;citos que obtivemos pode ser menor que o tamanho real. Em segundo lugar, para elucidar ainda mais o papel do CCAT2 na patog&#234;nese da HC, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios diferentes silenciamentos condicionais espec&#237;ficos do tipo de c&#233;lula de camundongos CCAT2 para investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais. Terceiro, a express&#227;o de CCAT2 em tecidos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca humana permanece incerta. Amostras de tecidos de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal devem ser coletadas e analisadas em estudos futuros. Finalmente, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para explorar o mecanismo subjacente detalhado atrav&#233;s do qual o CCAT2 inativa a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina durante a HC.</p>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, este &#233; o primeiro relat&#243;rio a demonstrar que o silenciamento de CCAT2 tem um efeito inibit&#243;rio na hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por Ang II in vitro e HC induzida por TAC in vivo, reprimindo a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt/&#946;-catenina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6G</xref>). CCAT2 tem o potencial de fornecer um alvo para o desenvolvimento de terap&#234;uticas cl&#237;nicas mais eficazes para HC.</p>
      <p>C&#233;lulas H9c2 estimuladas com Ang II foram transfectadas com shCCAT2 ou shNC. (A) An&#225;lise da express&#227;o de CCAT2 em c&#233;lulas H9c2 atrav&#233;s de RT-qPCR. n = 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. (B-C) Avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho das c&#233;lulas H9c2 por imunofluoresc&#234;ncia de &#945;-SMA. Barra de escala, 20 &#956;m. n = 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. (D-G) Exame dos n&#237;veis de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em c&#233;lulas H9c2 por western blotting e RT-qPCR. n= 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP. ***P &lt; 0,001 vs. Controle; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05, <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0,01, <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. Ang II.</p>
      <p>As c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram pr&#233;-tratadas com LiCl antes da estimula&#231;&#227;o com Ang II e transfec&#231;&#227;o shCCAT2 ou shNC. (A-B) Determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da c&#233;lula H9c2 por meio da colora&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia &#945;-SMA. n = 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es. Barra de escala, 20 &#956;m. (C-F) Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de &#946;-MHC, ANP e BNP em c&#233;lulas H9c2 atrav&#233;s de western blotting e RT-qPCR. n = 3 repeti&#231;&#245;es.(G) Diagrama esquem&#225;tico que ilustra o mecanismo molecular subjacente do LncRNA CCAT2 em HC. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP.***p &lt; 0,001 vs. Controle; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05, <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. Ang II; <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0,01, <sup>&amp;&amp;&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. Ang II + shCCAT2.</p>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
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        </subj-group>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>LncRNA CCAT2 Knockdown Alleviates Pressure Overload or Ang II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Via Disruption of the Wnt/&#946;-Catenin Signaling</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaojun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Ning</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yu</surname>
            <given-names>Bo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Mengli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Xian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Ganzhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0938-9584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dong</surname>
            <given-names>Meizhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shangdong University, Qingdao, Shangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Meizhen Dong &#8226; Department of emergency, Qilu Hospital(Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035 - China; E-mail: dongmeizhendr@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: LncRNA CCAT2 Knockdown Alleviates Pressure Overload or Ang II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Via Disruption of the Wnt/&#946;-Catenin Signaling</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Sustained pathological cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is an independent risk factor for increased incidence and mortality of cardiovascular events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This research was designed to unravel the role of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) CCAT2 in CH progression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) procedures were conducted to construct a pressure overload-induced in vivo CH model. Angiotensin II (Ang II) treatment was utilized to induce hypertrophic rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> In vivo results showed that silencing of CCAT2 reduced cardiomyocyte surface area, alleviated cardiac fibrosis, and decreased &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP levels in CH mouse models. In vitro results revealed that CCAT2 knockdown reduced cell surface area and attenuated &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP levels in hypertrophic H9c2 cells. Besides, CCAT2 silencing decreased the levels of active &#946;-catenin, phosphorylated-GSK-3&#946;, and Wnt target genes (c-Myc, cyclinD1, and c-Jun) in CH mice and hypertrophic H9c2 cells. Importantly, treatment with the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway activator LiCl reversed the suppression of CCAT2 knockdown on H9c2 cell surface area and MHC, ANP, and BNP levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Collectively, CCAT2 silencing plays a protective role against CH through inactivating the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling, which suggests that CCAT2 might become a promising therapeutic target for CH.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Catenins</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensin II</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac hypertrophy (CH), as an adaptive reaction to hemodynamic stress, is responsible for maintaining normal cardiac systolic function at the early stage of stress stimuli.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Physiological factors such as exercise and pregnancy may increase the myocardial load and cause CH, which is considered a normal phenomenon, being mild and reversible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, under the influence of pathological factors such as hypertension and aortic stenosis, pathological CH will develop, which is characterized by cardiac muscle overgrowth, an increase in cardiomyocyte cell size and surface area, cardiomyocyte disorganization, and myocardial interstitial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Continuous CH leads to an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption, which causes myocardial supply-demand mismatch and further triggers multiple cardiovascular disorders, including arrhythmias, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Common symptoms of CH include exertional dyspnea, shortness of breath, fatigue, chest tightness, chest pain, palpitations, and syncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The renin-angiotensin system, which is responsible for the maintenance of blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance, and cardiovascular homeostasis, consists of two major axes: the &#8220;classical&#8221; axis comprising angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin II, and angiotensin type 1 receptor (ACE/AngII/AT1) and the &#8220;counter-regulatory&#8221; axis comprising angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin (1-7), and Mas receptor (ACE2/Ang- (1-7)/Mas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The classical axis exerts pro-vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic, and pro-fibrotic effects, while the counter-regulatory axis plays the opposite role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therapies aimed at inhibiting the activation of the ACE/AngII/AT1 axis and/or promoting the function of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis have been developed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including CH and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The pathophysiology of CH involves multiple cellular and molecular systems, being complex and multifactorial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted considerable attention in recent decades, with increasing evidence linking them to the pathogenesis of CH and cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Therefore, it is under great urgency to explore the specific molecular etiology of CH to find more effective targets for its treatment and improve diagnostic and therapeutic efficacies.</p>
        <p>Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are transcripts with a sequence length of more than 200 nucleotides without protein-coding potential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A large body of studies have elucidated that LncRNAs are inextricably linked to human disease development through gene expression regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Till now, multiple LncRNAs have been confirmed to play a pivotal role in CH development and the underlying regulatory mechanisms have been clarified. For example, LncRNA ZEB2-AS1 is upregulated in both transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced murine models of CH and phenylephrine-stimulated primary mouse cardiomyocytes, and silencing of ZEB2-AS1 plays a protective role against CH through downregulating PTEN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Downregulated LncRNA NBR2 in patients with CH is negatively correlated with cardiac function and disease degree, and overexpressing NBR2 activates the LKB1/AMPK/Sirt1 pathway and weakens endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby alleviating angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy of human myocardial cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> LncRNA MIAT expression is elevated in rat heart-derived H9c2 cells and mice subjected to induction of CH by Ang II treatment, and MIAT knockdown mitigates CH through increasing miR-150 level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> LncRNA CCAT2, which is located on chromosome 8q24.21, was originally identified as an oncogene in colorectal cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The CCAT2 genomic locus harbors the SNP rs6983267, which is closely related to increased risks for various malignancies. The oncogenic role of CCAT2 has been well-documented in various human cancers, including lung, breast, gastric, cervical, and prostate cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nevertheless, there lack of research on the role of CCAT2 in CH.</p>
        <p>In the present study, <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> models of CH were constructed by performing Ang II treatment in rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells and TAC in mice, respectively. The purpose of our research is to scrutinize the function of LncRNA CCAT2 in CH progression and the underlying mechanism.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>Seventy male C57BL/6 J mice (8&#8211;10 weeks old, 22&#8211;24 g) were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine, USA). All mice were housed under specific pathogen-free conditions at a standard temperature of 23&#176;C and 55&#8211;60% humidity on a 12-h light/dark cycle with food and water freely available. The animal care and experimental procedures were permitted by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Wuhan Myhalic Biotechnology Co., Ltd under the protocol number HLK-202303112..</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animal experiments</title>
          <p>The pressure overload-induced CH was constructed by TAC surgery as described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In short, mice were anesthetized with 0.3% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) via intraperitoneal injection after one-week adaptation. Then, mice received thoracotomy, followed by aortic dissection and transverse aorta constriction using a 26-gauge needle and a 7-0 silk thread suture. Mice in the Sham group received the same operation without transverse aortic ligation. After 24 h of TAC operation, adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV9) vectors carrying a CCAT2-specific shRNA (AAV9-shCCAT2) were injected into TAC-induced CH model mice through the tail vein to knockdown CCAT2, with AAV9-shNC as the negative control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>). Mice were randomly allocated into 4 groups: the Sham group (n=10), the TAC group (n=20), the TAC + AAV9-shCCAT2 group (n=20), and the TAC + AAV9-shNC group (n=20). Mice in the TAC + AAV9-shCCAT2 and the TAC + AAV9-shNC groups were daily injected with 100 &#956;L (1.2&#215;10<sup>12</sup> vg/mL) AAV9-shCCAT2 or AAV9-shNC for 3 weeks, while mice in the Sham and TAC groups were daily injected with 100 &#956;L saline for 3 weeks. Afterward, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and their hearts were harvested for further analysis. The experimental design for the <italic>in vivo</italic> assays is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; CCAT2 is upregulated in the cardiac tissues of CH mouse models and Ang II-treated hypertrophic H9c2 cells. (A) Representative H&amp;E staining images of heart sections and quantification of cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area in sham and TAC-induced CH mice. Scale bar, 20 &#956;m. n=6 mice per group. (B-E) Examination of echocardiographic parameters including left ventricle end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), left ventricle end-systolic diameter (LVESd), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricle fractional shortening (LVFS) of sham and TAC-induced CH mice with an ultrasound system. n=6 mice per group. (F-H) The heart weight (HW) to body weight (BW) ratio, left ventricle weight (LVW) to BW ratio, and LVW to tibial length (TL) ratio of sham and TAC-induced CH mice. n=6 mice per group. (I-K) Measurement of &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP protein levels in mouse cardiac tissues by western blotting. n=6 mice per group. (L) Detection of CCAT2 mRNA expression in mouse cardiac tissues by RT-qPCR. n=6 mice per group. (M) Observation of the size of rat myocardial cells H9c2 after Ang II treatment through &#945;-SMA immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar, 20 &#956;m. n = 3 repetitions. (N) Analysis of &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP mRNA levels in control and Ang II-stimulated H9c2 cells through RT-qPCR. n=3 repetitions. (O) Assessment of LncRNA CCAT2 mRNA expression in H9c2 cells upon Ang II stimulation. n=3 repetitions. Data are expressed as the means &#177; SD. *P &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01, ***p &lt; 0.001.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The experimental design.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic analysis</title>
          <p>The Vevo 2100 Imaging System (Visual Sonics, Toronto, ON, Canada) was used to perform echocardiography of the left ventricle in mice 3 weeks after TAC induction. Briefly, mice were anesthetized by inhalation of 1.5% isoflurane (Sigma-Aldrich), placed chest up on an examination board, and wiped clean to remove all the chest hair. The M-mode measurements of left ventricular (LV) dimensions including LV end-systolic diameter (LVESd) and LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd) were conducted using the scan head and averaged from ten consecutive cardiac cycles. The LV ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were calculated based on LVESd and LVEDd data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histological assessment</title>
          <p>The heart tissues of mice were fixed in 10% formalin for 24 h, dehydrated in ethanol and xylene series, embedded into paraffin blocks, and sliced into 5-&#956;m-thick cross-sectional sections. The sections were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E; LMAI Bio, Shanghai, China) and Masson&#8217;s trichrome (Solarbio, Beijing, China) to evaluate the cross-sectional sizes of cardiomyocytes and the cardiac collagen deposition, respectively. The slides were examined microscopically, followed by the calculation of the cross-sectional area and the fibrotic area of cardiomyocytes using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell treatment and transfection</title>
          <p>Rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells acquired from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas VA, USA) were cultivated in DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone, South Logan, UT, USA) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solutions (HyClone) and were maintained at 37&#176;C in a humidified 5% CO<sub>2</sub> incubator. To establish the <italic>in vitro</italic> model of CH, H9c2 cells were treated with Ang II (150 nM; Sigma-Aldrich) for 24 h.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ang II-treated H9c2 cells were then transfected with shCCAT2 or shNC (RibiBio, Guangzhou, China) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) to assess the influence of CCAT2 silencing on Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Besides, to confirm the role of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway in CCAT2-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, H9c2 cells were pretreated with lithium chloride (LiCl; 2.5 mM; Sigma-Aldrich) for 12 h before Ang II treatment and shCCAT2 or shNC transfection. The experimental design for the <italic>in vitro</italic> assays is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RT-qPCR</title>
          <p>The RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) was used for total RNA extraction from H9c2 cells and mouse heart tissues. Subsequently, 1 &#181;g RNA was purified using DNase I (Medchem Express, Monmouth Junction, USA) and reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) utilizing Superscript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen). PCR Amplification and detection were conducted with the GoTaq qPCR Master Mix (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) on the ABI7500 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Primer sequences are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The relative expression levels were calculated with the 2<sup>CT</sup> method after normalization to GAPDH mRNA.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Primer sequences used in RT-qPCR</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Gene</th>
                    <th>Species</th>
                    <th>Primer sequences</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#946;-MHC</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Mouse</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-AACCTGTCCAAGTTCCGCAAGGTG-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-GAGCTGGGTAGCACAAGAGCTACT-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#946;-MHC</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rat</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-AAGTGAAGAGCCTCCAGAGTTT-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-TGATGAGGCTGGTGTTCTGGG-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">ANP</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Mouse</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-CTCCGATAGATCTGCCCTCTTGAA-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-GGTACCGGAAGCTGTTGCAGCCTA-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">ANP</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rat</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-CCTGGACTGGGGAAGTCAAC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-ATCTATCGGAGGGGTCCCAG-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">BNP</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Mouse</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-GCTCTTGAAGGACCAAGGCCTCAC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-GATCCGATCCGGTCTATCTTGTGC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">BNP</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rat</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-TGACGGGCTGAGGTTGTTTT-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-ACACTGTGGCAAGTTTGTGC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">c-Myc</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Mouse</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-TCCATCCTATGTTGCGGTCG-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-AACCGCTCCACATACAGTCC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">c-Myc</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rat</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-AGCGACACAAGAAGCTTCTG-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-CTGAAGCAGCTCCGCCAAAC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">cyclinD1</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Mouse</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-TCAAGTGTGACCCGGACTG-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-ATGTCCACATCTCGCACGTC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">cyclinD1</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rat</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-TCAAGTGTGACCCGGACTG -3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-CACTACTTGGTGACTCCCGC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">c-Jun</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Mouse</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-GCACATCACCACTACACCGA-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-GGGAAGCGTGTTCTGGCTAT-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">c-Jun</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rat</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-GCCACCGAGACCGTAAAGAA-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-TAGCACTCGCCCAACTTCAG-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">GAPDH</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Mouse</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-TTGTCAAGCTCATTTCCTGGTATG-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-GCCATGTAGGCCATGAGGTC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">GAPDH</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Rat</td>
                    <td align="center">Forward: 5&#8217;-GACATGCCGCCTGGAGAAAC-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reverse: 5&#8217;-AGCCCAGGATGCCCTTTAGT-3&#8217;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blotting</title>
          <p>H9c2 cells and mouse heart tissues were lysed using RIPA buffer containing proteinase cocktail (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Then, equal proteins were loaded onto 10% SDS-PAGE gels for electrophoresis, followed by transferring them to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies against &#946;-MHC (SAB2106550, 1/2000, Sigma-Aldrich), ANP (sc-515701, 1/1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), BNP (sc-271185, 1/1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), active &#946;-catenin (ab246504, 1/1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), &#946;-catenin (ab68183, 1/1000, Abcam), phosphorylated-GSK-3&#946; (ab131097, 1/1000, Abcam), GSK-3&#946; (ab227208, 1/1000, Abcam), and &#946;-actin (ab8227, 1/1000, Abcam) at 4&#176;C overnight following being blocked for 1 h with 5% non-fat milk. On the second day, the membranes were incubated with the HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (ab205718, 1/2000, Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature (RT) after being washed with TBST solution (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). The immune complexes were visualized by using the enhanced chemiluminescence method (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, USA). Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) was employed to determine the optical density of each protein. &#946;-actin was used as the loading control.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Immunofluorescent staining</title>
          <p>H9c2 cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (Zeye, Shanghai, China), fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Zeye) for 15 min, and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 min. Then, 5% bovine serum album (Sigma-Aldrich) was used to block cells for 30 min at RT, after which &#945;-SMA antibody (14395-1-AP, 1/1000, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA) was added, followed by overnight incubation in the dark at 4&#176;C. The next day, cells underwent another 1 h incubation at 37&#176;C with the FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (SA00003-8, 1/100, Proteintech). Nuclear staining was achieved with DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich). The slides were observed under an inverted axiovert 200 fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany), and cell surface area was calculated using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TOP/FOP flash assay</title>
          <p>Topflash or FOPflash luciferase reporters (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) were used to detect the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway. In brief, after indicated treatment or transfection, H9c2 cells were plated (5000 cells/well) into 24-well plates and serum-starved overnight. Thereafter, cells were transfected with 0.2 &#181;g TOPflash or FOPflash expression plasmids using Lipofectamine 2000. TOP/FOP luciferase activities were measured using the Luciferase Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) 48 h after transfection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All data from at least three repeated individual experiments were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 5.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) and are presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Two and multiple comparisons were performed with unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t-</italic>test and one-way ANOVA followed by the <italic>post hoc</italic> Tukey test. A value of p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>The mortality rate of mice</title>
          <p>All animals tolerated the surgery, and no mice died during the operation. After three weeks of the TAC surgery and AAV injection, 1 mouse, 12 mice, 11 mice, and 6 mice died in the Sham group, the TAC group, the TAC + AAV9-shCCAT2 group, and the TAC + AAV9-shNC group, with the survival rate being 90%, 40%, 45%, and 70% respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CCAT2 is upregulated in the cardiac tissues of CH mouse models and Ang II-induced hypertrophic H9c2 cells</title>
          <p>The hearts of mice were harvested for histological examination at 4 weeks post-TAC operation. As shown by the images of H&amp;E staining, TAC surgery markedly enlarged the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes in mice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>). The echocardiographic measurement reflected that LVEDd and LVESd of post-TAC hearts at 3 weeks were significantly higher while LVEF and LVFS were lower than those of sham hearts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B-E</xref>), indicating the impaired cardiac function of TAC-operated mice. TAC triggered an obvious increase in heart weight (HW) to body weight (BW) ratio, left ventricle weight (LVW) to BW ratio, and LVW to tibial length (TL) ratio, showing a notably larger proportion of cardiac tissue in CH mice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2F-H</xref>). Besides, considerably upregulated expression of CH markers (&#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP) was observed in the cardiac tissues of mice after TAC induction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2I-K</xref>). Afterwards, the expression of LncRNA CCAT2 in mouse cardiac tissues after TAC operation was detected by RT-qPCR, which revealed that CCAT2 was overexpressed in hypertrophic heart tissues versus normal heart tissues (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2L</xref>), implying that LncRNA CCAT2 might participate in CH development. To further confirm the function of CCAT2 in CH, a cellular model was constructed by treating rat myocardial cells H9c2 with Ang II. The size of H9c2 cells was evaluated through &#945;-SMA immunofluorescence staining, which manifested that Ang II treatment demonstrably cell area of rat cardiomyocytes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2M</xref>). Meanwhile, Ang II-induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes exhibited significantly higher ANP, BNP, and &#946;-MHC mRNA expression than control cardiomyocytes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2N</xref>). Importantly, LncRNA CCAT2 expression in H9c2 cells was discovered to be remarkably increased upon Ang II treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2O</xref>), which further implies the potential role of CCAT2 in CH development.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Silencing of CCAT2 alleviates CH and cardiac fibrosis in vivo</title>
          <p>Next, to determine the detailed role of CCAT2 in regulating CH <italic>in vivo</italic>, AAV9-shCCAT2 was injected into TAC-induced CH model mice through the tail vein to knock down CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>). After three weeks, we detected and found that the TAC-induced increase in CCAT2 expression in mouse heart tissues was reversed after CCAT2 depletion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>). H&amp;E staining illustrated that injection with AAV9-shCCAT2 reduced cardiomyocyte surface area in TAC-induced CH mice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3C</xref>). As an important feature of pathological CH, cardiac fibrosis was detected through Masson&#8217;s trichrome staining. Compared with sham mice, mice subjected to TAC surgery presented interstitial and perivascular fibrotic changes in cardiac tissues, accompanied by notable collagen accumulation. However, the above TAC-induced cardiac fibrotic changes were ameliorated after CCAT2 knockdown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3D</xref>). The echocardiographic analysis showed that TAC-induced elevation in LVEDd and LVESd and reduction in LVEF and LVFS of mouse hearts were markedly reversed after downregulating CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3E-H</xref>). Moreover, the elevation in HW/BW, LVW/BW, and LVW/TL ratios in mice caused by TAC operation was overturned by silencing of CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3I</xref>). Western blotting demonstrated that the TAC-induced increment in &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP protein levels in mouse cardiac tissues was antagonized by injection with AAV9-shCCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3J-L</xref>). Overall, CCAT2 silencing effectively mitigates CH in mice.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Silencing of CCAT2 alleviates CH in model mice. (A) Protocol for AAV9-shCCAT2 or AAV9-shNC injection into TAC-induced CH model mice. (B) Detection of CCAT2 expression in cardiac tissues of CCAT2-silencing mice 3 weeks after TAC surgery by RT-qPCR. n=6 mice per group. (C) Representative H&amp;E staining images of heart sections and quantification of cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area in sham mice and TAC-induced CH mice with or without CCAT2 knockdown. Scale bar, 20 &#956;m. n=6 mice per group. (D) Representative Masson&#8217;s trichrome staining images of heart sections and quantification of myocardial fibrosis. Scale bar, 50 &#956;m. n=6 mice per group. (E-H) The LVEDd, LVES, LVEF, and LVFS of mouse hearts. n=6 mice per group. (I) The HW/BW, LVW/BW, and LVW/TL ratio of mice. n=6 mice per group. (J-L) Determination of &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP protein levels in mouse cardiac tissues through western blotting. n=6 mice per group. Data are expressed as the means &#177; SD. *P &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01, ***p &lt; 0.001 vs Sham; #p &lt; 0.05, ###p &lt; 0.001 vs TAC.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Silencing of CCAT2 ameliorates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro</title>
          <p>Similarly, the impacts of CCAT2 knockdown on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy <italic>in vitro</italic> were further evaluated after Ang II-treated H9c2 cells were transfected with shCCAT2. We discovered from RT-qPCR that shCCAT2 transfection debilitated the promotion of Ang II treatment on CCAT2 level in H9c2 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4A</xref>). As revealed by &#945;-SMA immunofluorescence staining, the knockdown of CCAT2 obviously reduced the surface area in hypertrophic H9c2 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4B-C</xref>). Additionally, CCAT2 deficiency counteracted the enhancement in &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP levels caused by Ang II treatment in H9c2 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4D-G</xref>). These data suggest that CCAT2 silencing improves cardiomyocyte hypertrophy <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Silencing of CCAT2 ameliorates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Ang II-stimulated H9c2 cells were transfected with shCCAT2 or shNC. (A) Analysis of CCAT2 expression in H9c2 cells through RT-qPCR. n=3 repetitions. (B-C) Assessment of the size of H9c2 cells by &#945;-SMA immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar, 20 &#956;m. n=3 repetitions. (D-G) Examination of &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP levels in H9c2 cells by western blotting and RT-qPCR. n=3 repetitions. Data are expressed as the means &#177; SD. ***P &lt; 0.001 vs Control; #p &lt; 0.05, ##p &lt; 0.01, ###p &lt; 0.001 vs Ang II.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Silencing of CCAT2 inhibits the activation of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling in CH</title>
          <p>To Figure out the molecular mechanism through which CCAT2 knockdown plays a protective role against CH, the influence of CCAT2 depletion on the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling was estimated in both CH mouse models and hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5A-B</xref>, TAC surgery resulted in the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway activation in CH mice, which however, was suppressed by depletion of CCAT2, as evidenced by the reduction in active &#946;-catenin and phosphorylated-GSK-3&#946; protein levels in CCAT2-silenced CH mice. The expression of Wnt target genes was detected through RT-qPCR, which depicted that c-Myc, cyclinD1, and c-Jun expression in mouse cardiac tissues was markedly enhanced after TAC operation, but was attenuated after AAV9-shCCAT2 injection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5C</xref>). Furthermore, the inactivation of CCAT2 knockdown on the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway in CH was validated <italic>in vitro</italic>. Ang II-induced increment in active &#946;-catenin and phosphorylated-GSK-3&#946; levels in H9c2 cells was offset by the downregulation of CCAT2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5D-E</xref>). RT-qPCR illustrated that Ang II-induced upregulation in c-Myc, cyclinD1, and c-Jun expression in H9c2 cells was reversed by CCAT2 knockdown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5F</xref>). More importantly, we observed a significant decline in TOP/FOP ratio in hypertrophic H9c2 cells, while CCAT2 silencing pronouncedly abrogated this effect caused by Ang II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5G</xref>). Jointly, CCAT2 knockdown plays an inhibitory role on the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway in CH.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Silencing of CCAT2 inhibits the activation of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway in CH. (A-B) Measurement of active &#946;-catenin and phosphorylated-GSK-3&#946; protein levels in sham mice and TAC-induced CH mice with or without AAV9-shCCAT2 or AAV9-shNC injection by western blotting. n=6 mice per group. (C) Detection of c-Myc, cyclinD1, and c-Jun mRNA levels in TAC-induced CH mice after silencing of CCAT2 by RT-qPCR. n=6 mice per group. Data are expressed as the means &#177; SD. **P &lt; 0.01, ***p &lt; 0.001 vs Sham; #p &lt; 0.05, ###p &lt; 0.001 vs TAC. (D-E) Examination of active &#946;-catenin and phosphorylated-GSK-3&#946; protein levels in control H9c2 cells and Ang II-stimulated H9c2 cells with or without shCCAT2 or shNC transfection via western blotting. n=3 repetitions. (F) Assessment of c-Myc, cyclinD1, and c-Jun mRNA levels in Ang II-treated H9c2 cells after knockdown of CCAT2 by RT-qPCR. n=3 repetitions. (G) Evaluation of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway activity in H9c2 cells following Ang II treatment and shCCAT2 or shNC transfection by TOP/FOP flash assay. n=3 repetitions. Data are expressed as the means &#177; SD. ***P &lt; 0.001 vs Control; #p &lt; 0.05, ###p &lt; 0.001 vs Ang II.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Silencing of CCAT2 relieves cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro by restraining the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway</title>
          <p>To validate whether CCAT2-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is dependent on the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway, H9c2 cells were pretreated with LiCl, an agonist of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway, before Ang II treatment. According to &#945;-SMA immunofluorescence staining, we found that the inhibition of CCAT2 silencing on the surface area of hypertrophic H9c2 cells was overturned by LiCl pretreatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6A-B</xref>). As illustrated by western blotting, pretreatment with LiCl reversed the reduction in &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP protein levels caused by CCAT2 depletion in hypertrophic H9c2 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6C-E</xref>). The results of RT-qPCR were in line with those of western blotting, which demonstrated that LiCl abolished the shCCAT2-induced decline in &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP mRNA levels in hypertrophic H9c2 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6F</xref>). Overall, LiCl blunts the preventive effects of CCAT2 silencing on Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Silencing of CCAT2 relieves cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro by restraining the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway. H9c2 cells were pretreated with LiCl before Ang II stimulation and shCCAT2 or shNC transfection. (A-B) Determination of H9c2 cell size through &#945;-SMA immunofluorescence staining. n=3 repetitions. Scale bar, 20 &#956;m. (C-F) Assessment of &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP levels in H9c2 cells through western blotting and RT-qPCR. n=3 repetitions. (G) Schematic diagram illustrating the underlying molecular mechanism of LncRNA CCAT2 in CH. Data are expressed as the means &#177; SD. ***P &lt; 0.001 vs Control; #p &lt; 0.05, ###p &lt; 0.001 vs Ang II; &amp;&amp;p &lt; 0.01, &amp;&amp;&amp;p &lt; 0.001 vs Ang II + shCCAT2.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240181-40181-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study provides evidence supporting the alleviative effects of LncRNA CCAT2 downregulation on CH. Silencing of CCAT2 has been demonstrated to blunt Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy <italic>in vitro</italic> and ameliorate pressure overload-induced myocardial hypertrophy in mouse models. Mechanically, CCAT2 knockdown inactivated the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling, and supplementation of LiCl, an agonist of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling, abated the anti-hypertrophic effect of CCAT2 silencing. The above evidence indicates that silencing of CCAT2 exerts an anti-hypertrophic effect in CH, which relies on its interruption of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling.</p>
        <p>Accumulating evidence has proved that LncRNAs exert either promotive or inhibitory effects on the progression of CH through a diversity of mechanisms. For example, Wen et al. suggested that PEG10 was upregulated in pathological CH, and PEG10 aggravated CH through increasing HOXA9 expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Zhou et al. discovered that UCA1 was highly expressed in the constructed hypertrophic cardiomyocytes and CH murine models, and UCA1 facilitated CH progression by enhancing HOXA9 expression through competitively binding with miR-184.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In contrast, other studies have indicated the protective effects of some LncRNAs in the development of CH. Song et al. disclosed that ADAMTS9-AS1 expression was reduced in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients and isoproterenol-treated human cardiomyocyte cells, and overexpression ADAMTS9-AS1 repressed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by upregulating KAT7 through sponging miR-185-5p.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Wang et al. reported that both cellular and animal models of CH presented decreased expression of H19, and H19 overexpression hindered CH development via modulating the miR-145-3p/SMAD4 axis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Previously, the detailed role and molecular mechanism of LncRNA CCAT2 in human diseases, especially cancers, have been elucidated. For example, deficiency of CCAT2 restrains cell growth and metastasis but induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer through inactivating the TGF-&#946; signaling pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> CCAT2 attenuates radiosensitivity and apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells by negatively regulating the miR-145/p70S6K1 axis and the p53 signaling pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> CCAT2 promotes gastric cancer cell growth and metastasis through modulating CD44 alternative splicing via binding to ESRP1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nonetheless, whether CCAT2 exerts regulatory effects in CH has not been explored before. Herein, we discovered that LncRNA CCAT2 level was considerably higher in TAC-induced CH mouse models and Ang II-treated H9c2 cells. Furthermore, silencing of CCAT2 substantially alleviated CH in mice and hypertrophic H9c2 cells, which was validated by its inhibition of the expression of key CH markers (&#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP). This suggests the enhancing effect of LncRNA CCAT2 on the progression of CH.</p>
        <p>The canonical Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling pathway is well known for its regulatory role in embryonic development, stem cell homeostasis, and tissue regeneration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the abnormal activation of this pathway in the heart underlies the pathophysiology of myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> It has been confirmed that &#946;-catenin participates in the metabolism of cardiomyocytes, thereby affecting the function and development of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Studies have proved that &#946;-catenin overexpression can result in CH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Overexpressing &#946;-catenin in cardiac myocytes increases cell volume, induces actin formation, activates pathological hypertrophy markers, and elevates ANP and BNP levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> CH can be ameliorated through knockout or inhibition of myocardial &#946;-catenin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Zhao et al. reported that multiple Wnt ligands were induced and &#946;-catenin was activated in rats with chronic infusion of Ang II and rat primary cardiomyocytes, and blockade of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway by ICG-001 attenuated CH and myocardial fibrosis as well as inhibited hypertrophic marker gene expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Therefore, suppression of the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling might be considered a promising therapeutic target for CH. Previously, many studies have unraveled that CCAT2 participates in mediating cancer development via modulating the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling. For instance, CCAT2 knockdown restrains cell growth and metastasis and facilitates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in thyroid cancer by attenuating Wnt/&#946;-catenin cascade activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> The inhibitory effects on prostate cancer cell growth, cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis induced by silencing of CCAT2 were antagonized by treatment with the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway activator LiCl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Downregulation of CCAT2 impedes oral squamous cell carcinoma cell malignant biological behaviors via inactivating the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Based on the above literature, we speculated that CCAT2 might also mediate CH development by modulating the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling. Herein, we observed that the upregulation in the levels of active &#946;-catenin and phosphorylated-GSK-3&#946; and Wnt target genes c-Myc, cyclinD1, and c-Jun induced by TAC in CH mice and by Ang II in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes was overturned by silencing of CCAT2. Importantly, LiCl treatment abrogated the suppression of CCAT2 knockdown on cell surface area and &#946;-MHC, ANP, and BNP levels in hypertrophic H9c2 cells, suggesting that CCAT2 silencing hampers CH progression by inactivating the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling.</p>
        <p>To be honest, there exist some limitations in our study. First, when measuring the size of mouse cardiomyocytes, the heart should be in diastole, so the area of cardiomyocytes we obtained may be smaller than the actual size. Second, to further elucidate the role of CCAT2 in the pathogenesis of CH, different cell type-specific conditional silencing of CCAT2 mice are required for further investigations. Third, the expression of CCAT2 in human heart failure tissues remains uncertain. Tissue specimens from patients with end-stage heart failure should be collected and analyzed in future studies. Finally, further studies are warranted to explore the detailed underlying mechanism through which CCAT2 inactivates the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling pathway during CH.</p>
        <p>To date, this is the first report to demonstrate that silencing CCAT2 has an inhibitory effect on Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy <italic>in vitro</italic> and TAC-induced CH <italic>in vivo</italic> by repressing the Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6G</xref>). CCAT2 has the potential to provide a target for the development of more effective clinical therapeutics for CH.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label> Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Wuhan Myhalic Biotechnology Co., Ltd under the protocol number HLK-202303112. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Science and Technology Department, General Project (2022CFC002).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
