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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HPZvcK4NH7X98Qnt7MSsvJr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240132</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Confiabilidade e Concord&#226;ncia Intra-Avaliador das Avalia&#231;&#245;es da Press&#227;o Arterial, Rigidez Arterial e Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Parkinson</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3596-235X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica de F&#225;tima Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3865-2349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fecchio</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Yokoyama</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8298-268X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Piemonte</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elisa Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8983-3433</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0406-6504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kanegusuku</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: H&#233;lcio Kanegusuku &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Av. Albert Einstein, 627/701. CEP 05651-901, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil; E-mail: <email>helciokng@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240132</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Avaliar a confiabilidade e a concord&#226;ncia intra-avaliador das avalia&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial (PA), rigidez arterial e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Parkinson (DP). Vinte pacientes com DP realizaram tr&#234;s visitas ao laborat&#243;rio, durante as quais foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es da PA braquial e central (tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o e auscultat&#243;rio, respectivamente), rigidez arterial (velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral e &#237;ndice de aumento) e VFC em repouso. A PA sist&#243;lica braquial e central apresentou valores maiores na visita 1 quando comparada &#224;s visitas 2 e 3 (122&#177;13 vs. 116&#177;16 vs. 120&#177;15, p=0,029). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas (p&gt;0,05) entre as visitas experimentais para outros par&#226;metros. A PA braquial e central apresentou um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) acima de 0,842 e um erro padr&#227;o de medida (EPM) menor que 5,0%. Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland&#8211;Altman indicaram baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 1 e 2 e boa concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 2 e 3. Os &#237;ndices de rigidez arterial exibiram valores de CCI entre 0,781 e 0,886, e o EPM variou de 7,3% a 25,2%. Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland&#8211;Altman indicaram concord&#226;ncia moderada a boa entre as visitas para os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial. Os &#237;ndices de VFC apresentaram valores de CCI variando de 0,558 a 0,854 e valores de EPM que variam de 5,1% a 76,0%. Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland&#8211;Altman indicaram concord&#226;ncia moderada entre as visitas para os par&#226;metros de VFC. Em pacientes com DP, a PA braquial e central apresenta baixa confiabilidade intra-avaliador e concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 1 e 2 e boa confiabilidade intra-avaliador e concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 2 e 3. Em geral, as avalia&#231;&#245;es de rigidez arterial e VFC apresentam confiabilidade intra-avaliador e concord&#226;ncia aceit&#225;veis entre as visitas, exceto para o equil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico-vagal card&#237;aco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Parkinson</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2018/11564-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; FAPESP (2018/11564-6).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Parkinson (DP) &#233; um dist&#250;rbio neurodegenerativo progressivo, caracterizado pela disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema dopamin&#233;rgico nigroestriatal, que resulta em sintomas motores como bradicinesia, tremor de repouso, rigidez e instabilidade postural,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> reduzindo a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A DP tamb&#233;m envolve a degenera&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo perif&#233;rico, incluindo redu&#231;&#245;es das fibras noradren&#233;rgicas e da disponibilidade de norepinefrina no mioc&#225;rdio, o que contribui para a desregula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias emergentes mostram que altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o e regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular podem estar associadas aos sintomas debilitantes da DP.</p>
      <p>Em pacientes com DP, a press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada em repouso aumenta o risco de comprometimento cognitivo leve em quatro vezes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O aumento da rigidez arterial est&#225; associado &#224; hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e hipertens&#227;o supina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> enquanto a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca reduzida est&#225; ligada ao congelamento da marcha<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e ao comprometimento cognitivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Consequentemente, existe um interesse crescente em avaliar os resultados cardiovasculares em pacientes com DP. Apesar disso, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se as avalia&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares apresentam boa confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia intra-avaliador, que s&#227;o fatores essenciais para avaliar as reais mudan&#231;as em resposta &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es. Sendo assim, no estudo atual, avaliamos a confiabilidade e a concord&#226;ncia intra-avaliador da PA braquial e central (tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o e auscultat&#243;rio, respectivamente), rigidez arterial, velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral e &#237;ndice de aumento e avalia&#231;&#245;es da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em pacientes com DP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>O presente estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria de dados obtidos a partir de um estudo publicado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Para esse estudo, o poder obtido foi de 0,99%, com um tamanho de efeito de 0,70 para a resposta da PA sist&#243;lica braquial para as tr&#234;s sess&#245;es experimentais realizadas por 20 pacientes, considerando um erro alfa de 0,05 (G*Power v. 3.1.9.4, Universit&#228;t Kiel, Alemanha). Assim, o tamanho da amostra do presente estudo foi o mesmo do anterior. Uma amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica foi usada para recrutar pacientes da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Parkinson em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade inclu&#237;ram o diagn&#243;stico confirmado de DP, idade m&#237;nima de 50 anos, n&#227;o estar nos est&#225;gios 4-5 da DP (de acordo com a escala modificada de Hoehn e Yahr), n&#227;o ter qualquer outro dist&#250;rbio neurol&#243;gico al&#233;m da DP, n&#227;o ter qualquer doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em repouso e durante testes de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo e n&#227;o usar medicamentos que impactam diretamente a regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca (por exemplo, betabloqueadores), exceto aqueles prescritos para o tratamento da DP. Este estudo segue a lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes para o Relato de Estudos de Confiabilidade e Concord&#226;ncia (GRRAS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (CAAE: 95350718.6.0000.5511), e todos os pacientes concederam consentimento informado por escrito para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes visitaram o laborat&#243;rio em tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es distintas, no mesmo hor&#225;rio do dia, com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de 72 horas entre as visitas, conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os mesmos procedimentos experimentais foram empregados em todas as ocasi&#245;es. Antes de cada visita, os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o realizarem exerc&#237;cios por 48 horas antes das sess&#245;es experimentais, a consumirem uma refei&#231;&#227;o leve duas horas antes, a tomarem sua medica&#231;&#227;o para DP 30 minutos antes e a n&#227;o consumir bebidas com cafe&#237;na nos dias das sess&#245;es experimentais.</p>
        <p>Em cada visita, ao chegar ao laborat&#243;rio, os pacientes eram colocados em repouso, em dec&#250;bito dorsal. Ap&#243;s 10 minutos, as avalia&#231;&#245;es eram realizadas na seguinte ordem: PA braquial, PA central, rigidez arterial e VFC. Os dados foram coletados e analisados pelo mesmo pesquisador n&#227;o cego.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A PA braquial foi medida pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, usando um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio. Tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es consecutivas eram realizadas, at&#233; que diferen&#231;as menores que 4 mmHg fossem alcan&#231;adas entre as medi&#231;&#245;es, com intervalos de 1 minuto entre elas, no bra&#231;o menos afetado pela DP, e com o tamanho do manguito apropriado para a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o do paciente. A m&#233;dia dos tr&#234;s valores foi calculada para an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
          <p>A PA central foi avaliada pela t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise da onda de pulso, registrada na art&#233;ria radial do bra&#231;o menos afetado pela DP, usando tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o (SphygmoCor Atcor Medical, Sydney, Austr&#225;lia),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e a press&#227;o de pulso central foi avaliada pela diferen&#231;a entre a PA sist&#243;lica central e a PA diast&#243;lica central.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rigidez arterial</title>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial foram obtidos usando o dispositivo SphygmoCor (Atcor Medical, Sidney, Austr&#225;lia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Para a rigidez arterial, as formas de onda de press&#227;o nos locais da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e femoral, obtidas por meio de tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o, simultaneamente com o registro do eletrocardiograma, foram usadas para calcular a velocidade da onda de pulso. A an&#225;lise da onda de pulso obtida na art&#233;ria radial incluiu o &#237;ndice de aumento e o &#237;ndice de aumento 75 (unidades normalizadas correspondentes a uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca foi avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise da VFC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os intervalos R-R foram registrados usando um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (V800; Polar Electro, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia) e a an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada com software espec&#237;fico (Kubios HRV, Kubios Oy, Kuopil, Finl&#226;ndia). Os seguintes &#237;ndices foram obtidos: i) desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos R-R (SDNN; marcador da VFC total); ii) raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as quadradas entre intervalos R-R normais adjacentes (RMSSD; marcador de modula&#231;&#227;o vagal predominante); iii) componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia da variabilidade do intervalo R-R (LF<sub>R-R</sub>; marcador de modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica predominante); iv) componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da variabilidade do intervalo R-R (HF<sub>R-R</sub>; marcador de modula&#231;&#227;o vagal); e v) equil&#237;brio simpatovagal card&#237;aco (LF/HF). LF<sub>R-R</sub> e HF<sub>R-R</sub> foram expressos em unidades absolutas e normalizadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
      <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. A normalidade de todos os dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, com dados n&#227;o normais sendo transformados via logaritmo natural (ln) antes de an&#225;lises posteriores. A presen&#231;a de vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico foi avaliada, comparando os valores entre as tr&#234;s sess&#245;es experimentais usando ANOVAs unidirecionais. Um teste post-hoc de Newman-Keuls foi empregado quando um efeito principal foi identificado. A confiabilidade foi examinada por meio do modelo misto bidirecional de correla&#231;&#227;o de coeficiente intraclasse (CCI),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> com resultados variando de 0,0 a 1,0 e valores mais altos indicando melhor confiabilidade. A concord&#226;ncia foi avaliada por gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman, com limites de concord&#226;ncia (LC) de 95% e erro padr&#227;o de medi&#231;&#227;o (EPM), expressos nas unidades reais de medi&#231;&#227;o. Para melhorar a comparabilidade entre as diferentes vari&#225;veis estudadas, o EPM tamb&#233;m foi expresso como uma propor&#231;&#227;o dos valores medidos (EPM%), calculados pela seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: EPM% = {EPM/[(valor m&#233;dio da sess&#227;o 1 + valor m&#233;dio da sess&#227;o 2 + valor m&#233;dio da sess&#227;o 3)/3]}. Valores menores de EPM% indicam melhor concord&#226;ncia. A altera&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima detect&#225;vel foi calculada usando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: 1,64&#215;&#8730;2&#215;EPM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Todos os pacientes eram homens e a maioria (n = 15; 75% dos pacientes) estava nos est&#225;gios 2 e 2,5 modificados de Hoehn &amp; Yahr. Todos os pacientes estavam tomando levodopa e 40% estavam usando um agonista da dopamina.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da amostra (n=20)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Valores</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">65&#177;7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,0&#177;4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da DP</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5&#177;3,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Hoehn &amp; Yahr modificado</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gios 1-1,5 &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 2-2,5 &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 3 &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Levodopa/Carbidopa &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Agonista da Dopamina &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amantadina &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Selegilina &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de outros medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;mero (porcentagem). DP: doen&#231;a de Parkinson; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>Foi observado um efeito principal significativo da sess&#227;o (p&lt;0,05) sobre a PA sist&#243;lica braquial e central. Para a PA sist&#243;lica braquial e central, a an&#225;lise post-hoc revelou valores maiores na visita 1 quando comparada &#224;s visitas 2 e 3. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas para a PA diast&#243;lica braquial e central (p&gt;0,05) ou press&#227;o de pulso central (p&gt;0,05) entre as visitas experimentais. Os CCIs variaram de 0,725 (press&#227;o de pulso central) a 0,921 (PA sist&#243;lica braquial) e EPM% de 2,5% (PA sist&#243;lica braquial) a 18,0% (press&#227;o de pulso central) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland&#8211;Altman indicaram baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 1 e 2 e boa concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 2 e 3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Reprodutibilidade das avalia&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial, rigidez arterial e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Parkinson</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Sess&#227;o 1</th>
                  <th>Sess&#227;o 2</th>
                  <th>Sess&#227;o 3</th>
                  <th>ANOVA unidirecional Valor-p </th>
                  <th>CCI (IC de 95%)</th>
                  <th>EPM (EPM%)</th>
                  <th>DMD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Press&#227;o arterial</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica braquial (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">122&#177;13*</td>
                  <td align="center">116&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">120&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921 (0,834 a 0,966)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA diast&#243;lica braquial (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">75&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132</td>
                  <td align="center">0,892 (0,772 a 0,954)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica central (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">113&#177;15*</td>
                  <td align="center">106&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">109&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                  <td align="center">0,842 (0,666 a 0,932)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 (5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA diast&#243;lica central (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">76&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,068</td>
                  <td align="center">0,887 (0,761 a 0,952)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o de pulso central (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">37&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">33&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">33&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,218</td>
                  <td align="center">0,725 (0,422 a 0,883)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Rigidez arterial</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">21&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">22&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,686</td>
                  <td align="center">0,781 (0,538 a 0,906)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 (25,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IA75 (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">20&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">18&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,433</td>
                  <td align="center">0,787 (0,551 a 0,909)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 (22,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VOP (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1&#177;2,23</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5&#177;2,07</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7&#177;2,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,210</td>
                  <td align="center">0,886 (0,754 a 0,952)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo R-R (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">916&#177;129</td>
                  <td align="center">888&#177;106</td>
                  <td align="center">939&#177;111</td>
                  <td align="center">0,150</td>
                  <td align="center">0,820 (0,584 a 0,932)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,7 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ln SDNN (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,04&#177;0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">3,20&#177;0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">3,04&#177;0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,597</td>
                  <td align="center">0,795 (0,527 a 0,922)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 (10,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ln RMSSD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,28&#177;0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">3,42&#177;0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">3,24&#177;0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,683</td>
                  <td align="center">0,677 (0,255 a 0,878)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 (15,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ln LF<sub>R-R</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,82&#177;1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">4,93&#177;1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">5,13&#177;1,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,648</td>
                  <td align="center">0,765 (0,459 a 0,911)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ln HF<sub>R-R</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,75&#177;1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">4,25&#177;1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">4,52&#177;1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,191</td>
                  <td align="center">0,854 (0,664 a 0,945)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF<sub>R-R</sub> (&#8220;nu&#8221;, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">61&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">63&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">64&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,768</td>
                  <td align="center">0,786 (0,506 a 0,919)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7 (10,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF<sub>R-R</sub> (&#8220;nu&#8221;, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">39&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">37&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">36&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755</td>
                  <td align="center">0,568 (0,003 a 0,837)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6 (25,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>ln LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub></italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0,50&#177;0,58</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0,54&#177;0,51</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0,61&#177;0,55</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0,779</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0,583 (0,038 a 0,842)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0,42 (76,0)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0,97</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; DP. IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; IA: &#237;ndice de aumento; IA75: &#237;ndice de aumento normalizado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm; PA: press&#227;o arterial; HF<sub>R-R</sub>: banda de alta frequ&#234;ncia da variabilidade do intervalo R-R; CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub>: raz&#227;o entre as bandas de baixa e alta frequ&#234;ncia; LF<sub>R-R</sub>: banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia da variabilidade do intervalo R-R; ln: logaritmo natural; DMD: diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima detect&#225;vel; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; RMSSD: raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as quadradas entre intervalos R-R normais adjacentes; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos R-R; EPM: erro padr&#227;o de medi&#231;&#227;o; EPM%: erro padr&#227;o de medi&#231;&#227;o normalizado pelos valores m&#233;dios das medi&#231;&#245;es. *: significativamente diferente das Sess&#245;es 2 e 3 (p&lt;0,05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de Bland e Altman (vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico &#177; limites de concord&#226;ncia) para valores individuais de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica braquial, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica braquial, raiz quadrada m&#233;dia de diferen&#231;as sucessivas entre batimentos card&#237;acos normais (RMSSD), balan&#231;o simpatovagal card&#237;aco (LF/HF), &#237;ndice de aumento (IA) e velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP). ln: logaritmo natural.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240132-40132-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rigidez arterial</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre as visitas experimentais nos valores m&#233;dios de qualquer vari&#225;vel de rigidez arterial (p&gt;0,05). Os CCIs variaram de 0,781 (&#237;ndice de aumento) a 0,886 (velocidade da onda de pulso) e EPM% de 7,3% (velocidade da onda de pulso) a 25,2% (&#237;ndice de aumento) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman indicaram concord&#226;ncia moderada a boa entre as visitas para os par&#226;metros de &#237;ndice de aumento e velocidade da onda de pulso, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre as visitas experimentais nos valores m&#233;dios de qualquer vari&#225;vel (p&gt;0,05). Os CCIs variaram de 0,568 (HF<sub>R-R</sub> normalizado) a 0,854 (ln HF<sub>R-R</sub> em unidades absolutas) e EPM% de 5,1% (intervalo R-R) a 76,0% (LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland&#8211;Altman indicaram concord&#226;ncia moderada entre as visitas para a maioria dos par&#226;metros de VFC, exceto para LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais resultados do estudo atual foram que, em pacientes com DP, a PA apresentou baixa confiabilidade intra-avaliador e concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 1 e 2 e boa confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 2 e 3. Em geral, a confiabilidade intra-avaliador e a concord&#226;ncia dos &#237;ndices de rigidez arterial e VFC foram aceit&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>As medidas de PA braquial e central apresentaram baixa confiabilidade intra-avaliador e concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 1 e 2. A PA sist&#243;lica central e braquial estavam elevadas na primeira visita experimental, indicando a presen&#231;a de vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico. As diretrizes cl&#237;nicas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> recomendam a medi&#231;&#227;o da PA em duas ou mais visitas para determina&#231;&#227;o da PA em repouso, a fim de minimizar fatores intervenientes, como o ambiente do consult&#243;rio, procedimentos de medi&#231;&#227;o e outros. Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o est&#225; alinhada com nossos dados realizados em pacientes com DP, que demonstraram redu&#231;&#245;es na PA da primeira para a segunda visita e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o nessa vari&#225;vel entre a segunda e a terceira visita. Esse resultado indica que os estudos com pacientes com DP devem empregar uma sess&#227;o de familiariza&#231;&#227;o antes das sess&#245;es experimentais para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados est&#225;veis de PA sist&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>Anteriormente, foram relatadas boa confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia para PA braquial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e central em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Assim, os resultados atuais sugerem que, embora a DP esteja associada a uma reatividade comprometida da PA (por exemplo, hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e hipertens&#227;o supina),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> isso n&#227;o se traduz em baixa confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia nas avalia&#231;&#245;es de PA em repouso ap&#243;s a segunda visita.</p>
      <p>Foram observadas confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia de moderadas a boa para avalia&#231;&#245;es de rigidez arterial, com a velocidade da onda de pulso sendo a medida mais confi&#225;vel. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com dados anteriores, obtidos em um estudo com idosos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esse resultado &#233; relevante, pois a VOP tem sido considerada um marcador de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Portanto, os dados atuais indicam que a DP n&#227;o prejudica a confiabilidade e a concord&#226;ncia intra-avaliador para rigidez arterial. A capacidade da DP em afetar diretamente os resultados de rigidez arterial continua sendo um t&#243;pico controverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os &#237;ndices de VFC apresentaram confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia intra-avaliador aceit&#225;veis, exceto para ln LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub>. De fato, a magnitude do EPM foi semelhante entre as vari&#225;veis transformadas em log; no entanto, quando o EPM foi considerado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos valores m&#233;dios, ln LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub> exibiu um EPM% muito grande. Al&#233;m disso, recomenda-se cautela ao empregar o HF<sub>R-R</sub> normalizado para rastrear altera&#231;&#245;es de VFC em pacientes com DP. No entanto, os resultados atuais s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;queles obtidos por estudos anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> em indiv&#237;duos sem DP, o que sugere que a DP n&#227;o afeta a confiabilidade e a concord&#226;ncia da VFC. Assim, embora os pacientes com DP apresentem valores anormais em alguns &#237;ndices de VFC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> os resultados atuais sugerem que a variabilidade &#8220;entre dias&#8221; desses par&#226;metros n&#227;o parece ser aumentada em rela&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos sem DP.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante discutir nossos resultados de DMD &#224; luz dos tamanhos de efeito observados em estudos cl&#237;nicos anteriores com pacientes com DP. Resultados mistos foram relatados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; responsividade da PA a interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, com resultados positivos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> ou nenhum efeito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Di Francisco-Donoghue et al. (2019)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> observaram um aumento na PA sist&#243;lica de 38 mmHg, 60 minutos ap&#243;s uma interven&#231;&#227;o com goma de nicotina, em pacientes com DP que sofrem com hipotens&#227;o arterial. Outro estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> avaliou os efeitos cardiovasculares agudos da administra&#231;&#227;o oral de levodopa em pacientes com DP moderada e relatou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica de 19 mmHg. Este efeito &#233; maior do que a DMD determinada no estudo atual para PA sist&#243;lica (6,8 mmHg), indicando que mudan&#231;as individuais verdadeiras podem ser detectadas em pacientes com DP. Poucos estudos cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m empregaram &#237;ndices de VFC como desfechos, com relatos de resultados positivos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> ou nenhum efeito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> O &#250;nico estudo que encontrou resultados positivos estatisticamente significativos avaliou os efeitos do treinamento de resist&#234;ncia progressivo e observou mudan&#231;as de 14 &#8220;nu&#8221; na LF <sub>R-R</sub> (&#8220;nu&#8221;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Este efeito &#233; ligeiramente menor do que a DMD (16 &#8220;nu&#8221;) observada no estudo atual, sugerindo que verdadeiras mudan&#231;as na LF <sub>R-R</sub> (&#8220;nu&#8221;) podem ser detectadas em um n&#250;mero razo&#225;vel de indiv&#237;duos, j&#225; que muitos pacientes no estudo de Kanegusuku et al. (2017)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> mostraram altera&#231;&#245;es &#8805; 16 &#8220;nu&#8221;. Em contraste, existe uma escassez de estudos investigando a resposta da rigidez arterial &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Com base nos resultados atuais da DMD, estudos futuros com pacientes com DP devem analisar as respostas individuais, examinando quais pacientes apresentaram mudan&#231;as reais ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es (mudan&#231;as observadas &#8805; DMD), principalmente nos par&#226;metros de PA e VFC. Estudos ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios sobre a resposta da rigidez arterial &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>Os resultados atuais t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es significativas para pesquisas e cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos. Os dados de EPM podem ser utilizados para calcular os tamanhos de amostra necess&#225;rios para estudos cl&#237;nicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> enquanto a DMD representa a menor quantidade de mudan&#231;a necess&#225;ria entre testes repetidos para indicar uma mudan&#231;a real ao avaliar respostas individuais a interven&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Sendo assim, os valores de EPM e DMD determinados no estudo atual devem ser considerados ao conduzir pesquisas ou avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em pacientes com DP. Al&#233;m disso, recomenda-se que pacientes com DP realizem uma sess&#227;o de familiariza&#231;&#227;o da medi&#231;&#227;o da PA para garantir a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados est&#225;veis de PA sist&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>Por fim, &#233; importante mencionar as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo atual. Alguma cautela &#233; necess&#225;ria antes de extrapolar os resultados atuais para pacientes com DP com outras caracter&#237;sticas, como mulheres, pacientes em est&#225;gios mais graves de DP e aqueles com comorbidades cardiovasculares. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo atual inclui a falta de um grupo de controle comparativo, composto por uma amostra pareada de indiv&#237;duos sem DP. Por outro lado, &#233; importante destacar que o estudo atual empregou uma an&#225;lise abrangente de reprodutibilidade, envolvendo avalia&#231;&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas de vi&#233;s, confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia, bem como tr&#234;s sess&#245;es experimentais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes com DP, as avalia&#231;&#245;es da PA central e braquial mostraram baixa confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia intra-avaliador entre as visitas 1 e 2 e boa confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia entre as visitas 2 e 3. As avalia&#231;&#245;es de rigidez arterial apresentaram confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia intra-avaliador aceit&#225;veis, com a velocidade da onda de pulso sendo o &#237;ndice mais confi&#225;vel. Os &#237;ndices de VFC apresentaram confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia intra-avaliador aceit&#225;veis, exceto pela rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub>.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos aos volunt&#225;rios e &#224; Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasil Parkinson.</p>
    </ack>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; FAPESP (2018/11564-6).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240132i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intrarater Reliability and Agreement of Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Heart Rate Variability Assessments in Patients With Parkinson&#8217;s Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3596-235X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica de F&#225;tima Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3865-2349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fecchio</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Yokoyama</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8298-268X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Piemonte</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elisa Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8983-3433</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0406-6504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kanegusuku</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> H&#233;lcio Kanegusuku &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Av. Albert Einstein, 627/701. Postal Code 05651-901, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil; E-mail: helciokng@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>To assess the intrarater reliability and agreement of blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness, and heart rate variability (HRV) assessments in patients with Parkinson`s disease (PD). Twenty patients with PD visited the laboratory three times, during which brachial and central BP (auscultatory and applanation tonometry, respectively), arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and augmentation index), and HRV assessments were performed at rest. Brachial and central systolic BP presented greater values on visit 1 when compared to visits 2 and 3 (122&#177;13 vs. 116&#177;16 vs. 120&#177;15, p=0.029). There were no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) among the experimental visits for other parameters. Brachial and central BP showed an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) above 0.842 and a standard error of measurement (SEM) lower than 5.0%. Bland&#8211;Altman plots indicated low agreement between visits 1 and 2 and good agreement between visits 2 and 3. Arterial stiffness indices exhibited ICC values between 0.781 and 0.886, and SEM ranged from 7.3% to 25.2%. Bland&#8211;Altman plots indicated moderate to good agreement among visits for arterial stiffness parameters. HRV indices presented ICC values ranging from 0.558 to 0.854 and SEM values ranging from 5.1% to 76.0%. Bland&#8211;Altman plots indicated moderate agreement among visits for HRV parameters. In PD patients, brachial and central BP present low intrarater reliability and agreement between visits 1 and 2 and good intrarater reliability and agreement between visits 2 and 3. In general, arterial stiffness and HRV assessments present acceptable intrarater reliability and agreement among visits, except for cardiac sympathovagal balance.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Parkinson Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Parkinson&#8217;s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by dysfunction of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, resulting in motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> which reduce the quality of life of these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PD also involves degeneration of the peripheral autonomic nervous system, including decreases in noradrenergic fibers and norepinephrine availability in the myocardium, which contributes to cardiovascular dysregulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Emerging evidence has shown that alterations in cardiovascular function and regulation might be associated with the debilitating symptoms of PD.</p>
        <p>In PD patients, elevated resting blood pressure (BP) increases the risk of mild cognitive impairment fourfold.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Increased arterial stiffness is associated with orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> while reduced cardiac autonomic modulation is linked to freezing of gait<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and cognitive impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Consequently, there is growing interest in evaluating cardiovascular outcomes in PD patients. Despite this, it is unclear whether assessments of cardiovascular variables present good intrarater reliability and agreement, which are essential factors for assessing true changes in response to interventions. Therefore, in the current study, we evaluated the intrarater reliability and agreement of brachial and central BP (auscultatory and applanation tonometry, respectively), arterial stiffness carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and augmentation index, and heart rate variability (HRV) assessments in patients with PD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>The present study is a secondary analysis of data obtained from a previously published study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> For that study, the power obtained was 0.99%, with an effect size of 0.70 for brachial systolic BP response for the three experimental sessions performed by 20 patients, considering an alpha error of 0.05 (G*Power v. 3.1.9.4, Universit&#228;t Kiel, Germany). Therefore, the sample size of the present study was the same as the previous one. Non-probability sampling was used to recruit patients from the Brazil Parkinson Association in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. The eligibility criteria included having a confirmed diagnosis of PD, being at least 50 years old, not being in PD stages 4-5 (according to the modified Hoehn and Yahr scale), not having any other neurological disorder apart from PD, not having any cardiac disease or electrocardiographic abnormalities at rest and during maximal exercise tests, and not using medications that directly impact cardiac autonomic regulation (e.g., beta-blockers), except for those prescribed for PD treatment. This study follows the Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) checklist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The study was approved by the local ethics committee (CAAE: 95350718.6.0000.5511), and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedures</title>
          <p>Patients visited the laboratory on three separate occasions, at the same time of day, with an interval of at least 72 hours between visits, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The same experimental procedures were employed on all occasions. Prior to each visit, patients were instructed not to perform exercise for 48 hours before experimental sessions, to consume a light meal two hours before, to take their PD medication 30 minutes before, and to refrain from consuming caffeinated drinks on experimental session days.</p>
          <p>At each visit, when arriving at the laboratory, patients were placed at rest in the supine position. After 10 minutes, the assessments were performed in the following order: brachial BP, central BP, arterial stiffness, and HRV. Data were collected and analyzed by the same experienced researcher, who was not blinded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Blood Pressure</title>
            <p>Brachial BP was measured by the auscultatory method using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Three consecutive measurements were performed until differences of less than 4 mmHg were reached among the measurements, with 1-minute intervals between them on the arm less affected by PD and with the appropriate cuff size for the arm circumference. The average of the three values was calculated for data analysis.</p>
            <p>Central blood pressure was assessed by the pulse wave analysis technique, recorded in the radial artery of the arm less affected by PD, using applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor Atcor Medical, Sydney, Australia),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and the difference between central systolic BP and central diastolic BP assessed the central pulse pressure.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Arterial Stiffness</title>
            <p>Arterial stiffness parameters were obtained using the SphygmoCor device (Atcor Medical, Sidney, Australia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> For arterial stiffness the pressure waveforms at the carotid and femoral artery sites obtained using applanation tonometry simultaneously with electrocardiogram recording were used to calculate pulse wave velocity. The pulse wave analysis obtained in the radial artery included the augmentation index and augmentation index 75 (normalized units corresponding to a heart rate of 75 bpm).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Heart rate variability</title>
            <p>Cardiac autonomic modulation was evaluated through the analysis of HRV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> R-R intervals were registered using a heart rate monitor (V800; Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland), and data analysis was performed with specific software (Kubios HRV, Kubios Oy, Kuopil, Finland). The following indices were obtained: i) standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN; marker of total HRV); ii) root mean square of the squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (RMSSD; marker of predominant vagal modulation); iii) low-frequency component of R-R interval variability (LF<sub>R-R</sub>; marker of predominant sympathetic modulation); iv) high-frequency component of R-R interval variability (HF<sub>R-R</sub>; marker of vagal modulation); and v) cardiac sympathovagal balance (LF/HF). LF<sub>R-R</sub> and HF<sub>R-R</sub> were expressed in both absolute and normalized units.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. The normality of all data was checked by the Shapiro-Wilk test, with non-normal data being transformed via natural logarithm (ln) prior to further analysis. The presence of systematic bias was evaluated, comparing the values between the three experimental sessions using one-way ANOVAs. A Newman-Keuls post-hoc test was employed when a main effect was identified. Reliability was examined via the intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) two-way mixed model,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> with results ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 and higher values indicating better reliability. The agreement was evaluated by Bland-Altman plots, with 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and the standard error of measurement (SEM) expressed in the actual units of measurement. To improve comparability between the different variables studied, SEM was also expressed as a proportion of the measured values (SEM%), calculated using the following equation: SEM% = {SEM / [(session 1 mean value + session 2 mean value + session 3 mean value) / 3]}. Lower SEM% values indicate better agreement. The minimal detectable change was calculated using the following equation: 1.64&#215;&#8730;2&#215;SEM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The sample characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. All patients were men, and the majority (n=15; 75% of patients) were in Hoehn &amp; Yahr modified stages 2 and 2.5. All patients were taking levodopa, and 40% were using a dopamine agonist.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample characteristics description (n=20)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Values</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years old)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">65&#177;7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.0&#177;4.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>PD characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disease duration (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5&#177;3.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Hoehn &amp; Yahr modified</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stages 1-1.5 &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stage 2-2.5 &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stage 3 &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PD pharmacological treatment</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Levodopa/Carbidopa &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dopamine Agonist &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amantadine &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Selegiline &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of other medications</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Values are mean &#177; SD or number (percentage). PD: Parkinson`s disease; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure</title>
          <p>There was a significant main effect of the session (p&lt;0.05) for brachial and central systolic BP. For both brachial and central systolic BP, post-hoc analysis revealed greater values in visit 1 when compared to visits 2 and 3. There were no significant differences for brachial and central diastolic BP (p&gt;0.05) or central pulse pressure (p&gt;0.05) among the experimental visits. ICCs ranged from 0.725 (central pulse pressure) to 0.921 (brachial systolic BP), and SEM% from 2.5% (brachial systolic BP) to 18.0% (central pulse pressure) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Bland&#8211;Altman plots indicated low agreement between visits 1 and 2 and good agreement between visits 2 and 3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Reproducibility of blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and heart rate variability assessments in Parkinson`s Disease patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Session 1</th>
                    <th>Session 2</th>
                    <th>Session 3</th>
                    <th>One-way ANOVA p-value </th>
                    <th>ICC (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>SEM (SEM%)</th>
                    <th>MDD</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Blood pressure</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Brachial systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">122&#177;13*</td>
                    <td align="center">116&#177;16</td>
                    <td align="center">120&#177;15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.029</td>
                    <td align="center">0.921 (0.834 to 0.966)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9 (2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Brachial diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">75&#177;9</td>
                    <td align="center">73&#177;8</td>
                    <td align="center">75&#177;7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.132</td>
                    <td align="center">0.892 (0.772 to 0.954)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1 (2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Central systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">113&#177;15*</td>
                    <td align="center">106&#177;15</td>
                    <td align="center">109&#177;14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.039</td>
                    <td align="center">0.842 (0.666 to 0.932)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.5 (5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Central diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">75&#177;8</td>
                    <td align="center">73&#177;9</td>
                    <td align="center">76&#177;8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.068</td>
                    <td align="center">0.887 (0.761 to 0.952)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2 (2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Central pulse pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">37&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">33&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">33&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.218</td>
                    <td align="center">0.725 (0.422 to 0.883)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2 (18.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Arterial stiffness</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIx (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23&#177;16</td>
                    <td align="center">21&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">22&#177;10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.686</td>
                    <td align="center">0.781 (0.538 to 0.906)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6 (25.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIx75 (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21&#177;12</td>
                    <td align="center">20&#177;9</td>
                    <td align="center">18&#177;8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.433</td>
                    <td align="center">0.787 (0.551 to 0.909)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5 (22.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PWV (m/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.1&#177;2.23</td>
                    <td align="center">7.5&#177;2.07</td>
                    <td align="center">7.7&#177;2.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.210</td>
                    <td align="center">0.886 (0.754 to 0.952)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6 (7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Heart rate variability</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>R-R interval (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">916&#177;129</td>
                    <td align="center">888&#177;106</td>
                    <td align="center">939&#177;111</td>
                    <td align="center">0.150</td>
                    <td align="center">0.820 (0.584 to 0.932)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.7 (5.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">108.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ln SDNN (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.04&#177;0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">3.20&#177;0.75</td>
                    <td align="center">3.04&#177;0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.597</td>
                    <td align="center">0.795 (0.527 to 0.922)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32 (10.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ln RMSSD (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.28&#177;0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">3.42&#177;0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">3.24&#177;0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.683</td>
                    <td align="center">0.677 (0.255 to 0.878)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50 (15.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ln LF<sub>R-R</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.82&#177;1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">4.93&#177;1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">5.13&#177;1.43</td>
                    <td align="center">0.648</td>
                    <td align="center">0.765 (0.459 to 0.911)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.53</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ln HF<sub>R-R</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.75&#177;1.39</td>
                    <td align="center">4.25&#177;1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">4.52&#177;1.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.191</td>
                    <td align="center">0.854 (0.664 to 0.945)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43 (9.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF<sub>R-R</sub> (nu, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">61&#177;13</td>
                    <td align="center">63&#177;12</td>
                    <td align="center">64&#177;12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.768</td>
                    <td align="center">0.786 (0.506 to 0.919)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7 (10.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF<sub>R-R</sub> (nu, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">39&#177;13</td>
                    <td align="center">37&#177;12</td>
                    <td align="center">36&#177;12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.755</td>
                    <td align="center">0.568 (0.003 to 0.837)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.6 (25.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ln LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">0.50&#177;0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61&#177;0.55</td>
                    <td align="center">0.779</td>
                    <td align="center">0.583 (0.038 to 0.842)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42 (76.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Values are mean &#177; SD. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; AIx: Augmentation index; AIx75: augmentation index normalized by 75 bpm heart rate; BP: blood pressure; HF<sub>R-R</sub>: high frequency band of R-R interval variability; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub>: ratio between the low and the high frequency bands; LF<sub>R-R</sub>: low frequency band of R-R interval variability; ln: natural logarithm; MDD: minimal detectable difference; PWV: pulse wave velocity; RMSSD: root mean square of the squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals; SDNN: standard deviation of all R-R intervals; SEM: standard error of measurement; SEM%: standard error of measurement normalized by measurement mean values. *: significantly different from Sessions 2 and 3 (p&lt;0.05).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Bland and Altman plots (systematic bias &#177; limits of agreement) for individual values of brachial systolic blood pressure, brachial diastolic blood pressure, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), cardiac sympathovagal balance (LF/HF), augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Ln: natural logarithm.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20240132-40132-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arterial stiffness</title>
          <p>There were no significant differences among experimental visits in the mean values of any arterial stiffness variable (p&gt;0.05). ICCs ranged from 0.781 (augmentation index) to 0.886 (pulse wave velocity), and SEM% from 7.3% (pulse wave velocity) to 25.2% (augmentation index) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Bland&#8211;Altman plots indicated moderate to good agreement among visits for the augmentation index and pulse wave velocity parameters, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart rate variability</title>
          <p>There were no significant differences among experimental visits in the mean values of any variable (p&gt;0.05). The ICCs ranged from 0.568 (normalized HF<sub>R-R</sub>) to 0.854 (ln HF<sub>R-R</sub> in absolute units) and SEM% from 5.1% (R-R interval) to 76.0% (LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Bland&#8211;Altman plots indicated moderate agreement among visits for the majority of HRV parameters, except for LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of the current study were that, in PD patients, BP presented low intrarater reliability and agreement between visits 1 and 2 and good reliability and agreement between visits 2 and 3. In general, the intrarater reliability and agreement of arterial stiffness and HRV indices were acceptable.</p>
        <p>Brachial and central BP measurements presented low intrarater reliability and agreement between visits 1 and 2. Both central and brachial systolic BP were elevated in the first experimental visit, indicating the presence of systematic bias. Clinical guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> recommend the measurement of BP in two or more visits to determine resting BP in order to minimize intervenient factors, such as the office environment, BP measurement procedures, and others. This is aligned with our data performed in PD patients, which demonstrated decreases in BP from the first to the second visit and stabilization in this variable between the second and third visits. This result indicates that trials with PD patients should employ one familiarization session before experimental sessions in order to obtain stable systolic BP data.</p>
        <p>Good reliability and agreement were previously reported for brachial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and central BPs in healthy individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, the current results suggest that although PD is associated with impaired BP reactivity (e.g., orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> this does not translate into low reliability and agreement of resting BP assessments after the second visit.</p>
        <p>Moderate to good reliability and agreement were found for arterial stiffness assessments, with pulse wave velocity being the most reliable measurement. These results are in line with previous data obtained in healthy older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This result is relevant since pulse wave velocity has been considered a marker of cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Thus, the present data indicate that PD does not impair intrarater reliability and agreement for arterial stiffness. Indeed, it remains controversial whether PD directly affects arterial stiffness outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The HRV indices presented acceptable intrarater reliability and agreement, except for ln LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub>. Indeed, the SEM magnitude was similar across log-transformed variables; however, when SEM was considered in relation to the respective mean values, ln LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub> exhibited a very large SEM%. Additionally, some caution is also required when employing normalized HF<sub>R-R</sub> for tracking HRV changes in PD patients. Nevertheless, the present results are similar to those obtained by previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> in individuals without PD, which suggests that PD does not affect HRV reliability and agreement. Thus, although PD patients present abnormal values in some HRV indices,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> the current results suggest that the between-day variability of these parameters does not seem to be augmented in relation to non-PD individuals.</p>
        <p>It is important to discuss our MDD results in light of the effect sizes found in previous clinical trials with PD patients. Mixed results have been reported regarding the responsiveness of BP to clinical interventions, with positive results<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> or no effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> DiFrancisco-Donoghue et al.(2019)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> found an increase in systolic BP of 38 mmHg 60 minutes after a nicotine gum intervention in PD patients who suffer from low BP. Another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> assessed the acute cardiovascular effects of levodopa oral administration in moderate PD patients and reported a decrease in systolic BP of 19 mmHg. This effect is greater than the MDD determined in the current study for systolic BP (6.8 mmHg), indicating that true individual changes can be detected in PD patients. Few clinical trials have also employed HRV indices as outcomes, with reports of both positive results<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> or no effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The only study that found statistically significant positive results evaluated the effects of progressive resistance training and found changes of 14 nu in LF <sub>R-R</sub> (nu).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> This effect is slightly lower than the MDD (16 nu) found in the current study, suggesting that true changes in LF <sub>R-R</sub> (nu) can be detected in a reasonable number of individuals, as many patients in the study by Kanegusuku et al. (2017)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> showed changes &#8805; 16 nu. In contrast, there is a lack of studies investigating arterial stiffness responsiveness to clinical interventions. Based on the current MDD results, future studies with PD patients should analyze the individual responses, examining which patients showed true changes after interventions (observed changes &#8805; MDD), mainly in BP and HRV parameters. Studies are still needed regarding arterial stiffness responsiveness to clinical interventions.</p>
        <p>The current results have significant implications for both research and clinical settings. SEM data can be utilized for calculating the sample sizes required for clinical trials,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> while MDD represents the smallest amount of change required between repeated tests to indicate a real change when evaluating individual responses to interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Therefore, the SEM and MDD values determined in the current study should be considered when conducting research or clinical evaluations in PD patients. Furthermore, it is recommended that PD patients perform one familiarization session on the measurement of BP in order to obtain stable systolic BP data.</p>
        <p>Lastly, it is important to mention the limitations of the current study. Some caution is required before extrapolating the current findings to PD patients with other characteristics, such as women, patients in more severe PD stages, and those with cardiovascular comorbidities. Another limitation of the current study includes the lack of a comparative control group composed of a paired sample of non-PD individuals. On the other hand, it is important to highlight that the current study employed a comprehensive reproducibility analysis involving systematic bias, reliability, and agreement evaluations, as well as three experimental sessions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In patients with PD, central and brachial BP assessments showed low intrarater reliability and agreement between visits 1 and 2 and good reliability and agreement between visits 2 and 3. Arterial stiffness assessments presented acceptable intrarater reliability and agreement, with pulse wave velocity being the most reliable index. HRV indices showed acceptable intrarater reliability and agreement, except LF/HF<sub>R-R</sub>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We gratefully acknowledge the volunteers and the Brazil Parkinson Association.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ver&#244;nica de F&#225;tima Souza Lima, from Universidade Nove de Julho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Nove de Julho under the protocol number 95350718.6.0000.5511. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; FAPESP` (2018/11564-6).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
