<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BSYfyRF3HS5XzVHWLmPy4xm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230796</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o Causal entre Tempo de Exibi&#231;&#227;o de Televis&#227;o, Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e Mecanismos Potenciais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0473-6077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Mengjin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Boyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xia</surname>
            <given-names>Jinggang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Chunlin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Yuejin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Capital Medical University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Xuanwu Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Fuwai Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia: Chunlin Yin &#8226;</label> Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China E-mail: <email>18393911603@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230796</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Como comportamento sedent&#225;rio predominante no lazer, foi documentado que assistir televis&#227;o aumenta as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em estudos observacionais, mas a rela&#231;&#227;o causal e os mecanismos potenciais ainda precisam ser determinados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar sistematicamente a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mecanismos potenciais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) de duas amostras para estimar associa&#231;&#245;es causais com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico. O m&#233;todo aleat&#243;rio ponderado pela vari&#226;ncia inversa foi utilizado como estimativa prim&#225;ria. Para contabilizar m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es, um valor P de corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico foi 0,0045 e 0,0024, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o geneticamente instrumentado foi associado a riscos mais elevados de diabetes tipo 2 (odd ratio [OR]=2,51; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 1,89-3,33; p&lt;0,00001), hipertens&#227;o (OR=2,11; IC 95%: 1,67-2,66; p&lt;0,00001), doen&#231;a coronariana (OR=1,53; IC 95%: 1,23-1,91; p=0,00015) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (OR=1,42; IC 95%: 1,18-1,70; p=0,00017). Evid&#234;ncias sugestivas de associa&#231;&#245;es prejudiciais tamb&#233;m foram observadas para doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (OR=1,58; IC 95%: 1,07-2,34; p=0,02253) e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (OR=1,34; IC 95%: 1,10-1,63; p=0,00328). Biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico, incluindo interleucina 10, leptina, adiposo visceral, adiposo subcut&#226;neo abdominal, gordura hep&#225;tica, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, triglicer&#237;deos e prote&#237;na C reativa, estavam aumentados. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade e o colesterol total foram potencialmente aumentados, enquanto a lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade diminuiu. No entanto, o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o da televis&#227;o n&#227;o teve efeito sobre o tromboembolismo venoso ou a embolia pulmonar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o foi causalmente associado ao aumento do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, o que pode ser explicado por mecanismos metab&#243;licos e inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <p>Uma vis&#227;o geral do efeito do tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o sobre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico.</p>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BSYfyRF3HS5XzVHWLmPy4xm/2973440bd3c4a2ad6628ebe4017252fa52fb55ad.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BSYfyRF3HS5XzVHWLmPy4xm/63a625fe48abbe97b7f8ca34771053ccd2809725.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BSYfyRF3HS5XzVHWLmPy4xm/e739de5e119078fe5086ce911bbff923b98da19e.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Televis&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Key R&amp;D Program of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023YFC3605000</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2023YFC3605000).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Verificou-se que ver televis&#227;o, o comportamento sedent&#225;rio predominante nos momentos de lazer em muitos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, est&#225; negativamente associado a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e a fatores de risco cardiovasculares, independentemente dos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> mesmo nos adultos que s&#227;o fisicamente ativos e cumprem as diretrizes de exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foram documentadas rela&#231;&#245;es dose-resposta, com associa&#231;&#245;es moderadas para assistir televis&#227;o &lt;2 h/d e associa&#231;&#245;es mais fortes para &#8805;4 h/d.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, vale ressaltar que a evid&#234;ncia de riscos mais elevados de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; geralmente gerados a partir de estudos observacionais, que s&#227;o desafiadores para interpretar a causalidade devido &#224; exist&#234;ncia de fatores de confus&#227;o. Embora v&#225;rias vari&#225;veis potenciais de confus&#227;o tenham sido ajustadas, &#233; prov&#225;vel que outros fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o medidos ou desconhecidos, como intera&#231;&#227;o em redes sociais ou solid&#227;o, possam resultar em tempo prolongado de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o, especialmente para indiv&#237;duos mais velhos. Al&#233;m disso, permanece a incerteza se o tempo prolongado de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o ocorreu antes, durante ou ap&#243;s o aparecimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Embora os participantes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares diagnosticadas relevantes tenham sido exclu&#237;dos para evitar causalidade reversa, outras caracter&#237;sticas, como o excesso de peso, provavelmente podem levar os participantes a passarem mais tempo frente a tela da televis&#227;o. Portanto, a causalidade reversa n&#227;o pode ser descartada. Determinar as liga&#231;&#245;es causais de fatores de risco potencialmente modific&#225;veis com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para a compreens&#227;o da etiologia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares bem como a preven&#231;&#227;o e gest&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em ambientes cl&#237;nicos. Na pr&#225;tica, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) que aumentam especificamente a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; televis&#227;o s&#227;o um m&#233;todo ideal para inferir causalidade. No entanto, o ECR &#233; demorado e dif&#237;cil de realizar por raz&#245;es pr&#225;ticas ou &#233;ticas.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, a randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) &#233; cada vez mais usada para examinar os efeitos causais das exposi&#231;&#245;es em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, uma vez que as variantes gen&#233;ticas s&#227;o determinadas na concep&#231;&#227;o e, portanto, n&#227;o s&#227;o afetadas por fatores de confus&#227;o ou causalidade reversa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No presente estudo, investigamos sistematicamente se o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o geneticamente previsto est&#225; causalmente associado a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Al&#233;m disso, os mecanismos que ligam o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares permanecem desconhecidos, e n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias claras de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico. Embora a maioria dos estudos tenha relatado associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e a obesidade em adultos, essas associa&#231;&#245;es desapareceram ap&#243;s ajuste para o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) basal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Portanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico tamb&#233;m foi investigada para encontrar potenciais mecanismos subjacentes &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Os polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) selecionados como as variantes gen&#233;ticas para o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o tiveram que atender &#224;s tr&#234;s suposi&#231;&#245;es a seguir: A) Os SNPs est&#227;o fortemente associados ao tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o; B) Os SNPs n&#227;o est&#227;o correlacionados com confundidores conhecidos; C) Os SNPs afetam doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico apenas atrav&#233;s do tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tr&#234;s pressupostos principais do estudo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana. Os SNPs devem estar fortemente associados ao tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o; B. Os SNPs devem ser independentes de confundidores; C. Os SNPs s&#243; devem ser associados ao risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares/biomarcadores atrav&#233;s do tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o da televis&#227;o. SNP: polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230796-30796-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados</title>
        <p>Os participantes da nossa an&#225;lise de RM de duas amostras eram predominantemente de ascend&#234;ncia europeia. Estat&#237;sticas resumidas para a associa&#231;&#227;o de cada SNP com o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o foram obtidas do UK Biobank.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares investigadas inclu&#237;ram doen&#231;a coronariana, hipertens&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes tipo 2, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, tromboembolismo venoso, embolia pulmonar, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e morte card&#237;aca. Os biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico investigados inclu&#237;ram press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, IMC, adiposo visceral, adiposo subcut&#226;neo abdominal, gordura hep&#225;tica, leptina, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), Interleucina 6 (IL-6), Interleucina 10 (IL-10), adiponectina, fator transformador de crescimento-&#946; (TGF-<sup>&#946;</sup>), fator de necrose tumoral-<sup>&#945;</sup> (TNF-<sup>&#945;</sup>), colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), glicemia de jejum e fibrinog&#234;nio. As caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla inclu&#237;dos (GWAS) podem ser encontradas na Tabela Suplementar 1. A aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica n&#227;o foi aplic&#225;vel para a presente an&#225;lise porque todos os dados GWAS inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis publicamente e foram aprovados pelos conselhos de revis&#227;o &#233;tica relevantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de SNP</title>
        <p>Consideramos os SNPs atingindo signific&#226;ncia em todo o genoma (5 &#215; 10&#8722;8) e avaliamos a for&#231;a de cada SNP usando a estat&#237;stica F, com F &#8805;10 sendo considerado um instrumento forte. Para garantir que a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos SNPs inclu&#237;dos fosse independente, o desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o foi verificado. Quando r2 &gt; 0,001 (janela de agrega&#231;&#227;o de 10.000 kb), os SNPs associados a mais SNPs ou com maior valor de p foram deletados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana</title>
        <p>A pondera&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia inversa (IVW) com efeito aleat&#243;rio foi considerada a principal estimativa para mitigar a influ&#234;ncia da heterogeneidade. V&#225;rias an&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram realizadas, incluindo mediana ponderada, RM-Egger, modo simples e modo ponderado. Um m&#233;todo de mediana ponderada pode fornecer estimativas consistentes mesmo que at&#233; 50% da informa&#231;&#227;o provenha de SNPs inv&#225;lidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo RM-Egger assume que os efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos s&#227;o independentes da distribui&#231;&#227;o de variantes gen&#233;ticas associadas &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os SNPs selecionados como variantes gen&#233;ticas para o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o podem estar correlacionados com fatores de confus&#227;o. Ao verificar o intercepto do RM-Egger, podemos avaliar a pleiotropia horizontal dos SNPs selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, para determinar o efeito de um SNP individual nas estimativas globais, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade de exclus&#227;o. O valor Q de Cochrane foi utilizado para avaliar a heterogeneidade entre os SNPs selecionados. Para contabilizar compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, foi utilizado um valor p de corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni (p corrigido: 0,05/11 = 0,0045 para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e p corrigido: 0,05/21 = 0,0024 para biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico). O valor de p entre o valor corrigido por Bonferroni e 0,05 sugeriu evid&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o, sendo necess&#225;ria confirma&#231;&#227;o adicional. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando os pacotes "TwoSampleRM" na vers&#227;o R 4.0.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, &#193;ustria).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Instrumentos gen&#233;ticos para tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conforme mostrado na Tabela Suplementar 2, obtivemos 113 SNPs associados ao tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e todos F&gt;10.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>Geneticamente instrumentado o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o afetou negativamente quatro das 11 doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo e com magnitude decrescente de associa&#231;&#245;es: diabetes tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Evid&#234;ncias sugestivas de associa&#231;&#245;es prejudiciais tamb&#233;m foram observadas para doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. Entretanto, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi observada para ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, morte card&#237;aca, tromboembolismo venoso ou embolia pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Os resultados da mediana ponderada tamb&#233;m revelaram estimativas consistentes, embora nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o tenha sido observada nos resultados do RM-Egger (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Nos m&#233;todos simples e ponderados, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada (Tabela Suplementar 3). Como a heterogeneidade foi maior para a maioria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), a IVW sob modelo aleat&#243;rio foi adotada como estimativa prim&#225;ria. A intercepta&#231;&#227;o do RM-Egger n&#227;o sugeriu nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de pleiotropia direcional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), ou seja, os SNPs selecionados como variantes gen&#233;ticas para o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o n&#227;o foram correlacionados com fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es do tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o geneticamente previsto com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odd ratio; SNP: polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230796-30796-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es entre o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o previsto geneticamente e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em an&#225;lises de sensibilidade usando os m&#233;todos de mediana ponderada e MR-Egger</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Desfechos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Mediana Ponderada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">MR-Egger</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Heterogeneidade</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Pleiotropia</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Q</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Intercepto</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,52 (1,17-1,97)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00170</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,66 (0,61-4,52)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,32058</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">167</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,00 (1,51-2,65)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,00001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,23 (0,40-3,85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,71801</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">174</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0063</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,57 (0,88-2,81)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12969</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,19 (0,16-8,75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,86696</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">130</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0011</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,57 (1,25-1,98)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00011</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,39 (0,60-3,18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,44250</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">143</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes tipo 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,43 (1,86-3,18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,00001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,73 (1,15-28,57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,03624</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">250</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0095</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,41 (1,12-1,79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00385</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,06 (0,85-5,01)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,11479</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">164</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0051</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,13 (0,72-1,77)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60293</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,21 (0,87-20,38)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,07683</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0134</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tromboembolismo venoso</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,88 (0,56-1,39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,59302</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,16 (0,19-7,09)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,87435</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">155</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0035</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embolia pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,79 (0,42-1,47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,45391</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,74 (0,20-38,07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,45398</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">159</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0156</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,52 (0,90-2,56)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,11353</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,49 (0,36-17,29)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35698</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0054</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Morte card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,31 (0,78-2,20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,31031</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,35 (0,23-8,01)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,73906</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0016</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,88</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o (Figura 1 suplementar) e gr&#225;ficos de floresta (Figura 2 suplementar) da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares documentaram resultados semelhantes. As estimativas gerais n&#227;o foram afetadas desproporcionalmente por nenhum SNP individual (Figura 3 suplementar), e nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de pleiotropia horizontal foi observada (Figura 4 suplementar).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es com biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico</title>
        <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>, o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o geneticamente instrumentado foi positivamente associado a nove dos 21 biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico, incluindo e com magnitude decrescente de associa&#231;&#245;es: IL-10, leptina, adiposo visceral, adiposo subcut&#226;neo abdominal, gordura hep&#225;tica, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, triglicer&#237;deos e PCR. Evid&#234;ncias sugestivas foram observadas entre o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o geneticamente instrumentado e PAS elevada, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, LDL e colesterol total, enquanto HDL baixo. N&#227;o foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es causais significativas para PAD, fibrinog&#234;nio, IL-6, adiponectina, glicemia de jejum, TGF-<sup>&#946;</sup> ou TNF-<sup>&#945;</sup>. Os resultados medianos ponderados revelaram estimativas semelhantes, enquanto apenas o HDL revelou estimativas consistentes nos resultados do RM-Egger (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Nos m&#233;todos simples e ponderados, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada (Tabela Suplementar 4). A heterogeneidade foi maior para a maioria dos biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A evid&#234;ncia de pleiotropia direcional existia apenas na adiponectina, colesterol total, HDL e LDL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es do tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o geneticamente previsto com biomarcadores cardiovasculares. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IL: interleucina; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; SNP: polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico; TGF: fator transformador de crescimento; TNF: fator de necrose tumoral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230796-30796-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es entre o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o previsto geneticamente e biomarcadores cardiovasculares em an&#225;lises de sensibilidade usando os m&#233;todos de mediana ponderada e RM-Egger</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Desfechos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Mediana Ponderada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">RM-Egger</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Heterogeneidade</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Pleiotropia</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Beta (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Beta (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Q</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Intercepto</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,69 (0,64, 2,74)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00163</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-4,56 (-11,48, 2,36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,19992</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">741</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0765</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,23 (0,63, 1,83)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00006</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1,91 (-6,63, 2,81)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,42931</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1026</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0352</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,10 (-0,97, 3,17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,29726</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2,06 (-9,65, 5,54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,59814</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0407</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,22 (0,06, 0,39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00686</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,17 (0,31, 2,03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01098</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">133</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0093</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gordura visceral</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,63 (0,44, 0,81)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,00001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81 (0,18, 1,44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01289</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">149</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0028</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,48 (0,27, 0,69)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,65 (-0,09, 1,39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08797</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">174</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0013</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gordura hep&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,34 (0,13, 0,54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00134</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,56 (-0,46, 1,57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,28591</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">285</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Leptina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,63 (-0,05, 1,32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,07082</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,54 (-1,40, 6,49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,33364</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0276</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,21 (0,02, 0,40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,03374</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,55 (-0,29, 1,39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,20845</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0024</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prote&#237;na C-reativa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,36 (0,19, 0,53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,27 (-0,57, 1,10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,53739</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Interleucina 6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,21 (-1,05, 0,62)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,61895</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1,84 (-4,69, 1,02)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,21138</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0240</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Interleucina 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,32 (-0,77, 5,42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14130</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,11 (-6,85, 19,07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,37353</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,97</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0407</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adiponectina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,19 (-0,01, 0,39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06947</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,94 (0,17, 1,71)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02056</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0092</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fator de crescimento transformador &#946;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,09 (-1,43, 1,26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89742</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1,65 (-5,70, 2,41)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,42775</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0153</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fator de necrose tumoral &#945;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,26 (-3,04, 3,56)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,87779</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,31 (-13,35, 12,73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,96397</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0038</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,22 (-0,04, 0,47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,09477</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1,80 (-3,14, &#8722;0,46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01174</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">173</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0240</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,22 (0,02, 0,42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02895</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,70 (-0,21, 1,62)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14147</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0046</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,17 (-0,40, 0,06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14656</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2,44 (-3,58, &#8722;1,30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00015</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">157</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0249</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13 (-0,11, 0,37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,27773</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1,09 (-2,49, 0,31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13381</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">161</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0166</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose em jejum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01 (-0,13, 0,15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,92310</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,06 (-0,51, 0,39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80228</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0007</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrinog&#234;nio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,49 (0,18, 0,79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,00206</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,75 (-0,23, 1,73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,15503</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,0062</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RM: randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana; OR: raz&#227;o de chances.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o (Figura 5 suplementar) e gr&#225;ficos de floresta (Figura 6 suplementar) da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Um &#250;nico SNP n&#227;o afetou desproporcionalmente as estimativas gerais (Figura 7 suplementar). Nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de pleiotropia horizontal foi encontrada nos gr&#225;ficos de funil (Figura 8 suplementar).</p>
        <p>Uma vis&#227;o geral do efeito do tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o sobre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico podem ser encontrados na Figura Central.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta an&#225;lise de RM confirmou estudos observacionais anteriores, demonstrando associa&#231;&#245;es causais entre o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e riscos aumentados de diabetes tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Confirmamos ainda a nova descoberta de que essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi mediada principalmente por marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e metab&#243;licos, incluindo aumento de IL-10,leptina, PCR, adiposo visceral, adiposo subcut&#226;neo abdominal, gordura hep&#225;tica, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e triglicer&#237;deos. PAS, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, LDL e colesterol total foram potencialmente aumentados enquanto o HDL diminuiu. No entanto, o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o da televis&#227;o n&#227;o teve efeito sobre o tromboembolismo venoso ou a embolia pulmonar.</p>
      <p>Ver televis&#227;o &#233; um dos comportamentos sedent&#225;rios comuns que envolvem ficar sentado por muito tempo. Al&#233;m de dormir, ver televis&#227;o foi o comportamento que mais ocupava o tempo no ambiente dom&#233;stico. O tempo m&#233;dio gasto assistindo televis&#227;o foi de cerca de 3 horas/dia na Austr&#225;lia e no Reino Unido e chegou a 8 horas/dia nos Estados Unidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise de estudos de coorte prospectivos sugeriu que assistir televis&#227;o aumentava os riscos do tipo 2 diabetes, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas. Existiu um aumento linear tanto para a diabetes tipo 2 como para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e a associa&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade por todas as causas pareceu mais forte com o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o &gt;3 h/d.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, embora os estudos inclu&#237;dos tenham controlado v&#225;rios fatores de risco conhecidos, o efeito da fatores de confus&#227;o residuais ou n&#227;o medidos sobre os resultados n&#227;o podem ser descartados. Embora os participantes com doen&#231;a cr&#243;nica no in&#237;cio do estudo tenham sido exclu&#237;dos, a causalidade reversa ainda pode existir se os participantes com fases subcl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a se tornarem mais sedent&#225;rios. Por exemplo, a Coorte Brit&#226;nica de Nascimentos sugeriu que a frequ&#234;ncia de ver televis&#227;o estava positivamente associada &#224; PCR, fibrinog&#233;nio, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, PAS e PAD, independentemente dos h&#225;bitos de ver televis&#227;o e da atividade f&#237;sica. No entanto, essas associa&#231;&#245;es atenuaram-se para nulas ap&#243;s o ajuste para o IMC basal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os resultados do estudo do UK Biobank tamb&#233;m revelaram que, embora o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o estivesse associado tanto &#224; doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (taxa de risco [HR] = 1,30; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 1,27-1,33) e morte acidental (HR = 1,15; 95). IC %: 1,07-1,24) em modelos n&#227;o ajustados, as associa&#231;&#245;es foram atenuadas e convergiram consideravelmente para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (HR = 1,09, IC 95%: 1,06-1,12) e morte acidental (HR = 1,06, IC 95%: 0,98-1,15) ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ao aplicar a an&#225;lise RM, podemos superar o efeito dos fatores de confus&#227;o e da causalidade reversa. Al&#233;m disso, a RM pode estabelecer marcadores de risco para doen&#231;as cr&#243;nicas, uma vez que as variantes gen&#233;ticas podem refletir a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao longo da vida. N&#243;s revelamos a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o tempo prolongado de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e o aumento dos riscos de diabetes tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os riscos aumentados podem ser explicados por n&#237;veis mais elevados de IL-10, leptina, adiposo visceral, adiposo subcut&#226;neo abdominal, gordura hep&#225;tica, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, triglicer&#237;deos e PCR. Concordante com nossos resultados, uma metan&#225;lise de quatro ECRs mostrou que a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o em crian&#231;as e jovens pode reduzir o IMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Outros resultados de RM tamb&#233;m apoiaram um efeito causal entre o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (odd ratio [OR]: 1,44; IC95%: 1,25-1,66; p&lt;0,001),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (OR: 1,28; IC95%: 1,10-1,49; p= 0,04).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito do tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o sobre outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e sobre os mecanismos que podem estar subjacentes aos correlatos cardiometab&#243;licos do comportamento de ver televis&#227;o. Demonstrar a plausibilidade biol&#243;gica &#233; essencial, pois ajuda a compreender a natureza causal de uma associa&#231;&#227;o. Do ponto de vista comportamental, a visualiza&#231;&#227;o prolongada de televis&#227;o reduz o tempo de pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas, resultando na redu&#231;&#227;o do gasto energ&#233;tico de todo o corpo. Assistir televis&#227;o foi associado ao aumento do comportamento de lanches, como maior consumo de lanches ricos em energia, bebidas a&#231;ucaradas e fast food, enquanto menor consumo de frutas e vegetais. Al&#233;m disso, os an&#250;ncios de salgadinhos na televis&#227;o podem atrair indiv&#237;duos a consumir lanches e bebidas com alto teor energ&#233;tico e podem desencadear comportamentos alimentares autom&#225;ticos que s&#227;o independentes da fome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> De uma perspectiva fisiol&#243;gica, assistir televis&#227;o geralmente ocorre ap&#243;s uma grande refei&#231;&#227;o noturna, quando o f&#237;gado/perif&#233;rico a sensibilidade &#224; insulina e o tr&#225;fego lip&#237;dico s&#227;o sub&#243;timos, em parte devido &#224; cronobiologia circadiana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Assistir televis&#227;o foi associado &#224; perda da estimula&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til local, resultando na supress&#227;o da atividade da lipoprote&#237;na lipase (LPL) do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. A LPL &#233; a enzima limitante da taxa envolvida na absor&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos e &#225;cidos graxos livres no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e na produ&#231;&#227;o de HDL. Al&#233;m disso, a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose tamb&#233;m foi reduzida atrav&#233;s da transloca&#231;&#227;o embotada dos transportadores de glicose GLUT-4 para a superf&#237;cie das c&#233;lulas musculares esquel&#233;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Outra via potencial pode envolver a altera&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, especialmente dep&#243;sitos de gordura intra-abdominal, incluindo tecido adiposo visceral, tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo abdominal e gordura hep&#225;tica, que s&#227;o fatores de risco para dislipidemia, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em nossos resultados de RM, foram observados maior circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, adiposo visceral, adiposo subcut&#226;neo abdominal, gordura hep&#225;tica e IMC. O tecido adiposo &#233; um local significativo para a produ&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, o que pode levar a um maior risco de mortalidade relacionada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o com o aumento do tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o. Stamatakis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> sugeriram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau pode explicar cerca de 20% da associa&#231;&#227;o entre lazer baseado em telas e eventos cardiovasculares. No tempo prolongado de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o, aqueles com peso m&#233;dio tendem a ter maior risco de mortalidade relacionada com inflama&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Concordante com a opini&#227;o de que os biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios, incluindo PCR, IL-10 e leptina, estavam aumentados em nossa an&#225;lise de RM. Dist&#250;rbios lip&#237;dicos tamb&#233;m foram observados em nossos resultados de RM, refletidos por triglicer&#237;deos, LDL e colesterol total elevados, enquanto HDL baixo, que s&#227;o fatores de risco conhecidos para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entretanto, o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o n&#227;o afetou o tromboembolismo venoso, a embolia pulmonar ou os marcadores hemost&#225;ticos (fibrinog&#234;nio).</p>
      <p>Comparado com outros comportamentos sedent&#225;rios, ver televis&#227;o &#233; provavelmente mais suscet&#237;vel a mudan&#231;as volunt&#225;rias. Altos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica poderiam atenuar, mas n&#227;o eliminaram, o aumento do risco de mortalidade associado ao tempo prolongado de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Portanto, al&#233;m da &#234;nfase cont&#237;nua na atividade f&#237;sica, sugest&#245;es sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o podem fornecer uma mensagem cl&#237;nica e de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica valiosa em preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e biomarcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico. A coorte ARIC (Risco de Aterosclerose nas Comunidades), baseada em 13.534 participantes, demonstrou que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com assistir mais televis&#227;o, assistir menos televis&#227;o estava associado a uma maior expectativa de vida livre de doen&#231;a coronariana, acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> As pausas na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada podem aumentar a express&#227;o muscular de genes envolvidos em vias anti-inflamat&#243;rias e antioxidantes (por exemplo, N-metiltransferase e cadeia leve de dine&#237;na LC8 tipo 1),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e foram beneficamente associados aos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e glicose plasm&#225;tica de 2 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Portanto, as diretrizes dos EUA para crian&#231;as recomendam n&#227;o mais do que duas horas de tempo de tela por dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No entanto, os n&#250;meros atuais indicam que 62-83% dos adolescentes dos pa&#237;ses ocidentais excedem as recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas na tela.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Pior ainda, as condi&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas como a obesidade aumentam rapidamente nos EUA, afetando aproximadamente 17% de todas as crian&#231;as e adolescentes, e mais de um ter&#231;o de todos os adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Portanto, al&#233;m da atividade f&#237;sica, a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o deve ser visada na inf&#226;ncia, antes de se tornar um comportamento cr&#244;nico. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar o papel da limita&#231;&#227;o do tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em primeiro lugar, as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas s&#227;o relativas &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o europeia e n&#227;o podem ser generalizadas para outras pessoas. No entanto, estudos entre negros tamb&#233;m revelaram que assistir &gt;4 horas de televis&#227;o estava associado a riscos mais elevados de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com assistir &lt;2 horas de televis&#227;o diariamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A origem europeia tamb&#233;m excluiu a influ&#234;ncia do vi&#233;s de estratifica&#231;&#227;o populacional nos resultados. Em segundo lugar, a heterogeneidade foi substancial na maioria dos resultados. Portanto, foi adotado um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios para mitigar a influ&#234;ncia da heterogeneidade, e as an&#225;lises de sensibilidade da mediana ponderada tamb&#233;m produziram resultados semelhantes. Terceiro, a falta de dados brutos no GWAS original nos limita de fazer an&#225;lises mais aprofundadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Ao aplicar a an&#225;lise de RM livre de fatores de confus&#227;o e causalidade reversa, nossos resultados indicaram que o tempo de exibi&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o estava causalmente associado ao aumento dos riscos de diabetes tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi mediada principalmente por marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e metab&#243;licos, incluindo aumento de IL-10, leptina, PCR, adiposo visceral, adiposo subcut&#226;neo abdominal, gordura hep&#225;tica, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e triglicer&#237;deos. No entanto, o tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o da televis&#227;o n&#227;o teve efeito sobre o tromboembolismo venoso ou a embolia pulmonar. Dada a elevada preval&#234;ncia de visualiza&#231;&#227;o excessiva de televis&#227;o, para al&#233;m da &#234;nfase cont&#237;nua na atividade f&#237;sica, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica deveriam considerar aconselhar uma redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de televis&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2023YFC3605000).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2023YFC3605000).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thorp</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Healy</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salmon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ball</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Deleterious Associations of Sitting Time and Television Viewing Time with Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers: Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study 2004-2005</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>327</fpage>
          <lpage>334</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/dc09-0493</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Thorp AA, Healy GN, Owen N, Salmon J, Ball K, Shaw JE, et al. Deleterious Associations of Sitting Time and Television Viewing Time with Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers: Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study 2004-2005. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(2):327-34. doi: 10.2337/dc09-0493.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gr&#248;ntved</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Television Viewing and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-cause Mortality: A Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>305</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2448</fpage>
          <lpage>2455</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2011.812</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Gr&#248;ntved A, Hu FB. Television Viewing and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-cause Mortality: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305(23):2448-55. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.812.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Healy</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunstan</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salmon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmet</surname>
              <given-names>PZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Television Time and Continuous Metabolic Risk in Physically Active Adults</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>639</fpage>
          <lpage>645</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181607421</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, Owen N. Television Time and Continuous Metabolic Risk in Physically Active Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(4):639-45. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181607421.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dunstan</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barr</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Healy</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salmon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balkau</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Television Viewing Time and Mortality: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>384</fpage>
          <lpage>391</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.894824</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Dunstan DW, Barr EL, Healy GN, Salmon J, Shaw JE, Balkau B, et al. Television Viewing Time and Mortality: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation. 2010;121(3):384-91. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.894824.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lawlor</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harbord</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sterne</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timpson</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mendelian Randomization: Using Genes as Instruments for Making Causal Inferences in Epidemiology</article-title>
          <source>Stat Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1133</fpage>
          <lpage>1163</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/sim.3034</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JA, Timpson N, Smith GD. Mendelian Randomization: Using Genes as Instruments for Making Causal Inferences in Epidemiology. Stat Med. 2008;27(8):1133-63. doi: 10.1002/sim.3034.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evenson</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Couper</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevens</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereria</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heiss</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Television, Physical Activity, Diet, and Body Weight Status: The ARIC Cohort</article-title>
          <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1479-5868-5-68</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Meyer AM, Evenson KR, Couper DJ, Stevens J, Pereria MA, Heiss G. Television, Physical Activity, Diet, and Body Weight Status: The ARIC Cohort. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008;5:68. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-68.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Emdin</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khera</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kathiresan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mendelian Randomization</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>318</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1925</fpage>
          <lpage>1926</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2017.17219</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian Randomization. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1925-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.17219.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sudlow</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallacher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beral</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burton</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danesh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1001779</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001779. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bowden</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fall</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ingelsson</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sensitivity Analyses for Robust Causal Inference from Mendelian Randomization Analyses with Multiple Genetic Variants</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiology</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>30</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/EDE.0000000000000559</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Burgess S, Bowden J, Fall T, Ingelsson E, Thompson SG. Sensitivity Analyses for Robust Causal Inference from Mendelian Randomization Analyses with Multiple Genetic Variants. Epidemiology. 2017;28(1):30-42. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000559.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bowden</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mendelian Randomization with Invalid Instruments: Effect Estimation and Bias Detection Through Egger Regression</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>512</fpage>
          <lpage>525</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyv080</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Bowden J, Smith GD, Burgess S. Mendelian Randomization with Invalid Instruments: Effect Estimation and Bias Detection Through Egger Regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512-25. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv080.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stamatakis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mishra</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Adulthood Television Viewing and Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles in Early Middle Age: Results from a Population, Prospective Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Diabetologia</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>320</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00125-011-2358-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Mishra GD. Early Adulthood Television Viewing and Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles in Early Middle Age: Results from a Population, Prospective Cohort Study. Diabetologia. 2012;55(2):311-20. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2358-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hamer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chau</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stamatakis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between TV Viewing and Heart Disease Mortality: Observational Study Using Negative Control Outcome</article-title>
          <source>J Epidemiol Community Health</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>391</fpage>
          <lpage>394</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jech-2019-212739</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Hamer M, Ding D, Chau J, Duncan MJ, Stamatakis E. Association between TV Viewing and Heart Disease Mortality: Observational Study Using Negative Control Outcome. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2020;74(4):391-4. doi: 10.1136/jech-2019-212739.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tremblay</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LeBlanc</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kho</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saunders</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larouche</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colley</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systematic Review of Sedentary Behaviour and Health Indicators in School-aged Children and Youth</article-title>
          <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <fpage>98</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1479-5868-8-98</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Tremblay MS, LeBlanc AG, Kho ME, Saunders TJ, Larouche R, Colley RC, et al. Systematic Review of Sedentary Behaviour and Health Indicators in School-aged Children and Youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:98. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-98.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van de Vegte</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Said</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rienstra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Harst</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verweij</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genome-wide Association Studies and Mendelian Randomization Analyses for Leisure Sedentary Behaviours</article-title>
          <source>Nat Commun</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1770</fpage>
          <lpage>1770</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41467-020-15553-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 van de Vegte YJ, Said MA, Rienstra M, van der Harst P, Verweij N. Genome-wide Association Studies and Mendelian Randomization Analyses for Leisure Sedentary Behaviours. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1770. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15553-w.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cui</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genetic Liability to Sedentary Behavior in Relation to Stroke, Its Subtypes and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
          <source>Front Aging Neurosci</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <fpage>757388</fpage>
          <lpage>757388</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnagi.2021.757388</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Yang F, Chen S, Qu Z, Wang K, Xie X, Cui H. Genetic Liability to Sedentary Behavior in Relation to Stroke, Its Subtypes and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:757388. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.757388.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bargh</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brownell</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior</article-title>
          <source>Health Psychol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>404</fpage>
          <lpage>413</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/a0014399</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Harris JL, Bargh JA, Brownell KD. Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior. Health Psychol. 2009;28(4):404-13. doi: 10.1037/a0014399.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poggiogalle</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jamshed</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circadian Regulation of Glucose, Lipid, and Energy Metabolism in Humans</article-title>
          <source>Metabolism</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. Circadian Regulation of Glucose, Lipid, and Energy Metabolism in Humans. Metabolism. 2018;84:11-27. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bey</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Suppression of Skeletal Muscle Lipoprotein Lipase Activity During Physical Inactivity: A Molecular Reason to Maintain Daily Low-intensity Activity</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>551</volume>
          <issue>Pt 2</issue>
          <fpage>673</fpage>
          <lpage>682</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045591</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Bey L, Hamilton MT. Suppression of Skeletal Muscle Lipoprotein Lipase Activity During Physical Inactivity: A Molecular Reason to Maintain Daily Low-intensity Activity. J Physiol. 2003;551(Pt 2):673-82. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045591.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tchernof</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Despr&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Rev</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>359</fpage>
          <lpage>404</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/physrev.00033.2011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Tchernof A, Despr&#233;s JP. Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(1):359-404. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stamatakis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunstan</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screen-based Entertainment Time, All-cause Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events: Population-based Study with Ongoing Mortality and Hospital Events Follow-up</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>292</fpage>
          <lpage>299</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.065</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Dunstan DW. Screen-based Entertainment Time, All-cause Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events: Population-based Study with Ongoing Mortality and Hospital Events Follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(3):292-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.065.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grace</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dillon</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barr</surname>
              <given-names>ELM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keadle</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunstan</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Television Viewing Time and Inflammatory-related Mortality</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2040</fpage>
          <lpage>2047</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1249/MSS.0000000000001317</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Grace MS, Dillon F, Barr ELM, Keadle SK, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Television Viewing Time and Inflammatory-related Mortality. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(10):2040-7. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001317.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ekelund</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steene-Johannessen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagerland</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Does Physical Activity Attenuate, or Even Eliminate, the Detrimental Association of Sitting Time with Mortality? A Harmonised Meta-analysis of Data from More than 1 Million Men and Women</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>388</volume>
          <issue>10051</issue>
          <fpage>1302</fpage>
          <lpage>1310</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, Fagerland MW, Owen N, Powell KE, et al. Does Physical Activity Attenuate, or Even Eliminate, the Detrimental Association of Sitting Time with Mortality? A Harmonised Meta-analysis of Data from More than 1 Million Men and Women. Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1302-10. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cuthbertson</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heiss</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kucharska-Newton</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nichols</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kubota</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Associations of Leisure-time Physical Activity and Television Viewing with Life Expectancy Free of Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease: The ARIC Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <elocation-id>e012657</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.119.012657</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Cuthbertson CC, Tan X, Heiss G, Kucharska-Newton A, Nichols HB, Kubota Y, et al. Associations of Leisure-time Physical Activity and Television Viewing with Life Expectancy Free of Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease: The ARIC Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(18):e012657. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012657.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Latouche</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jowett</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carey</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertovic</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunstan</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Breaking up Prolonged Sitting on Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>453</fpage>
          <lpage>460</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/japplphysiol.00978.2012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Latouche C, Jowett JB, Carey AL, Bertovic DA, Owen N, Dunstan DW, et al. Effects of Breaking up Prolonged Sitting on Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114(4):453-60. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00978.2012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Healy</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunstan</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salmon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmet</surname>
              <given-names>PZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Breaks in Sedentary Time: Beneficial Associations with Metabolic Risk</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>661</fpage>
          <lpage>666</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/dc07-2046</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Cerin E, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, et al. Breaks in Sedentary Time: Beneficial Associations with Metabolic Risk. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):661-6. doi: 10.2337/dc07-2046.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American Academy of Pediatrics</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Committee on Public Education. American Academy of Pediatrics: Children, Adolescents, and Television</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>423</fpage>
          <lpage>426</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1542/peds.107.2.423</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Public Education. American Academy of Pediatrics: Children, Adolescents, and Television. Pediatrics. 2001;107(2):423-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.107.2.423.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Foley</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maddison</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olds</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ridley</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>It's Not Just the Television: Survey Analysis of Sedentary Behaviour in New Zealand Young People</article-title>
          <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <fpage>132</fpage>
          <lpage>132</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1479-5868-8-132</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Foley LS, Maddison R, Jiang Y, Olds T, Ridley K. It's Not Just the Television: Survey Analysis of Sedentary Behaviour in New Zealand Young People. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:132. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-132.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ogden</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kit</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flegal</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011-2012</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>806</fpage>
          <lpage>814</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2014.732</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014;311(8):806-14. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.732.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duran</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Booth</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
              <prefix>3rd</prefix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hooker</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willey</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Types of Sedentary Behavior and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <elocation-id>e010406</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.118.010406</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Garcia JM, Duran AT, Schwartz JE, Booth JN 3rd, Hooker SP, Willey JZ, et al. Types of Sedentary Behavior and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(13):e010406. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010406.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para tabelas suplementares, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12110/2023-0796_AO_Supplementary_Table.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230796i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Causal Relationship between Television Viewing Time, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Potential Mechanisms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0473-6077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Mengjin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Boyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xia</surname>
            <given-names>Jinggang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Chunlin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Yuejin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address: Chunlin Yin &#8226;</label> Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China E-mail: <email>18393911603@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>As the predominant leisure-time sedentary behavior, television viewing was documented to increase cardiovascular diseases in observational studies, yet the causal relationship and potential mechanisms remain to be determined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To systematically investigate the causal relationship between television viewing time, cardiovascular diseases, and potential mechanisms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate causal associations with cardiovascular diseases and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. The random inverse-variance weighted method was used as the primary estimate. To account for multiple comparisons, a Bonferroni correction p value for cardiovascular diseases and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk was 0.0045 and 0.0024, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Genetically instrumented television viewing time was associated with higher risks of type 2 diabetes (odd ratio [OR]=2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89-3.33; p&lt;0.00001), hypertension (OR=2.11; 95% CI: 1.67-2.66; p&lt;0.00001), coronary heart disease (OR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.23-1.91; p=0.00015), and heart failure (OR=1.42; 95% CI: 1.18-1.70; p=0.00017). Suggestive evidence of harmful associations was also observed for peripheral artery disease (OR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.07-2.34; p=0.02253) and ischemic stroke (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.10-1.63; p=0.00328). Biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk, including interleukin 10, leptin, visceral adipose, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, liver fat, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein, were increased. Systolic blood pressure, heart rate, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol were potentially increased while high-density lipoprotein was decreased. However, television viewing time had no effect on venous thromboembolism or pulmonary embolism.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Television viewing time was causally associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, which may be explained by metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <p>An overview of the effect of television viewing time on cardiovascular diseases and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk.</p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230796-30796-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Television</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiometabolic Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Television viewing, the predominant leisure-time sedentary behavior in many developed countries, was found to be detrimentally associated with cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular risk factors independent of levels of physical activity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> even in those adults who are physically active and met exercise guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In addition, dose-response relationships have been documented, with moderate associations for television viewing &lt;2 h/d and stronger associations for &#8805;4 h/d.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, it is noteworthy that the evidence for higher risks of cardiovascular diseases is generally generated from observational studies, which are challenging to interpret causality due to the existence of confounding factors. Although several potential confounding variables were adjusted, it is probable that other unmeasured or unknown confounding factors, such as social network interaction or loneliness, may result in prolonged television viewing time, especially for older individuals. Moreover, uncertainty remains as to whether the prolonged television viewing time occurred before, during, or after the onset of cardiovascular diseases. Even though participants with relevant diagnosed cardiovascular diseases were excluded to avoid reverse causation, other characteristics such as being overweight may probably lead participants to spend more time on the television screen. Therefore, reverse causality cannot be ruled out. Determining the causal links of potentially modifiable risk factors with cardiovascular diseases is of great significance in understanding the etiology of cardiovascular diseases as well as in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases in clinical settings. In practice, randomized controlled trials (RCT) specifically increasing exposure to television viewing are an ideal method to infer causality. However, RCT is time-consuming and challenging to perform for practical or ethical reasons.</p>
        <p>Currently, Mendelian randomization (MR) is increasingly used to examine the causal effects of exposures on cardiovascular diseases as genetic variants are determined at conception and therefore are not affected by confounding factors or reverse causality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the current study, we systematically investigated whether the genetically predicted television viewing time is causally associated with cardiovascular diseases. Besides, the mechanisms linking television viewing time and cardiovascular diseases remain unknown, and there is no clear evidence of a relationship between television viewing time and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. Although the majority of studies reported significant associations between television viewing time and obesity in adults, these associations disappeared after adjustment for baseline body mass index (BMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, the association between television viewing time and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk was also investigated to find potential mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected as genetic variants for television viewing time had to meet the following three assumptions: A. SNPs are strongly associated with television viewing time; B. SNPs are not correlated with known confounders; C. SNPs affect cardiovascular diseases and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk only via television viewing time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Three key assumptions of Mendelian randomization study. SNPs must be strongly associated with television viewing time; B. SNPs must be independent of confounders; C. SNPs must only be associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases/biomarkers via television viewing time. SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230796-30796-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Source</title>
          <p>Participants in our two-sample MR analysis were predominantly of European ancestry. Summary statistics for the association of each SNP with television viewing time were obtained from the UK Biobank.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The investigated cardiovascular diseases included coronary heart disease, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, peripheral artery disease, and cardiac death. The investigated biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk included systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate, body mass index, visceral adipose, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, liver fat, leptin, waist circumference, C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), adiponectin, transforming growth factor&#8722;&#946; (TGF-&#946;), tumor necrosis factor&#8722;&#945; (TNF&#8722;&#945;), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), fasting glucose, and fibrinogen. The baseline characteristics of included genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can be found in Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. Ethics approval was not applicable for the present analysis because all included GWAS data are publicly available and had been approved by relevant ethical review boards.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associations between genetically predicted television viewing time and cardiovascular diseases in sensitivity analyses using the weighted median and MR-Egger methods</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Outcomes</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Weighted median</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">MR-Egger</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Heterogeneity</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Pleiotropy</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Q</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Intercept</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Coronary heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.52 (1.17-1.97)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00170</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.66 (0.61-4.52)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.32058</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">167</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.00 (1.51-2.65)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.00001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.23 (0.40-3.85)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.71801</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">174</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0063</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.57 (0.88-2.81)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.12969</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.19 (0.16-8.75)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.86696</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">130</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0011</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.57 (1.25-1.98)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00011</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.39 (0.60-3.18)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.44250</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">143</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0003</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Type 2 diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.43 (1.86-3.18)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.00001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5.73 (1.15-28.57)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03624</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">250</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0095</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ischemic stroke</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.41 (1.12-1.79)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00385</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.06 (0.85-5.01)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.11479</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">164</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0051</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Transient ischemic attack</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.13 (0.72-1.77)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60293</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.21 (0.87-20.38)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.07683</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0134</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Venous thromboembolism</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.88 (0.56-1.39)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.59302</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.16 (0.19-7.09)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.87435</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">155</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0035</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulmonary embolism</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.79 (0.42-1.47)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.45391</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.74 (0.20-38.07)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.45398</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">159</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0156</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Peripheral artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.52 (0.90-2.56)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.11353</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.49 (0.36-17.29)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35698</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">131</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0054</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac death</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.31 (0.78-2.20)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.31031</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.35 (0.23-8.01)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.73906</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0016</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.88</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>CI: confidence interval; MR: Mendelian randomization; OR: odd ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SNP Selection</title>
          <p>We considered SNPs reaching genome-wide significance (5 &#215; 10<sup>&#8722;8</sup>) and evaluated the strength of each SNP using the F-statistic, with F &#8805;10 being considered a strong instrument. To ensure the contribution of included SNPs was independent, linkage disequilibrium was checked. When r<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &gt; 0.001 (clumping window 10000 kb), the SNP associated with more SNPs or with a higher p value were deleted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MR analysis</title>
          <p>Inverse variance weighting (IVW) with random effect was regarded as the main estimate to mitigate the influence of heterogeneity. Several sensitivity analyses were conducted, including weighted median, MR-Egger, simple mode, and weighted mode. A weighted median method can give consistent estimates even if up to 50% of the information is from invalid SNPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> MR-Egger method assumes that the pleiotropic effects are independent of the distribution of genetic variants associated with the exposure. Moreover, the SNPs selected as genetic variants for television viewing time may be correlated with confounders. By checking the intercept from MR-Egger, we can evaluate the horizontal pleiotropy of selected SNPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Additionally, to determine the effect of an individual SNP on the overall estimates, a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed. Cochrane's Q value was used to assess heterogeneity among selected SNPs. To account for multiple comparisons, a Bonferroni correction p value (corrected p: 0.05/11 = 0.0045 for cardiovascular diseases and corrected p: 0.05/21 = 0.0024 for biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk) was used. P value between the Bonferroni-corrected value and 0.05 suggested evidence of association, and further confirmation was required. All statistical analyses were conducted using the "TwoSampleMR" packages in R version 4.0.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Genetic instruments for television viewing time</title>
          <p>As shown in Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>, we obtained 113 SNPs associated with television viewing time and all F &gt;10.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associations between genetically predicted television viewing time and cardiovascular biomarkers in sensitivity analyses using the weighted median and MR-Egger methods</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Outcomes</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Weighted median</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">RM-Egger</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Heterogeneity</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Pleiotropy</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Beta (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Beta (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Q</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Intercept</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.69 (0.64. 2.74)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00163</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-4.56 (-11.48. 2.36)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.19992</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">741</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0765</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.23 (0.63. 1.83)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00006</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.91 (-6.63. 2.81)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.42931</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1026</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0352</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart rate</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.10 (-0.97. 3.17)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.29726</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-2.06 (-9.65. 5.54)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.59814</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.56</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0407</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Body mass index</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.22 (0.06. 0.39)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00686</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.17 (0.31. 2.03)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01098</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">133</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0093</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Visceral adipose</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.63 (0.44. 0.81)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.00001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81 (0.18. 1.44)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01289</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">149</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0028</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Abdominal subcutaneous adipose</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.48 (0.27. 0.69)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.65 (-0.09. 1.39)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.08797</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">174</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0013</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Liver fat</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.34 (0.13. 0.54)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00134</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.56 (-0.46. 1.57)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.28591</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">285</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0014</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Leptin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.63 (-0.05. 1.32)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.07082</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.54 (-1.40. 6.49)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.33364</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0276</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Waist circumference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.21 (0.02. 0.40)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03374</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.55 (-0.29. 1.39)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.20845</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">85</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0024</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">C-Reactive protein</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.36 (0.19. 0.53)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00002</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.27 (-0.57. 1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.53739</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">104</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0003</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Interleukin 6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.21 (-1.05. 0.62)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.61895</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.84 (-4.69. 1.02)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.21138</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">88</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.18</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0240</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Interleukin 10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.32 (-0.77. 5.42)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14130</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.11 (-6.85. 19.07)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.37353</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0407</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Adiponectin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.19 (-0.01. 0.39)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06947</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.94 (0.17. 1.71)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02056</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0092</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Transforming growth factor-&#946;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.09 (-1.43. 1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89742</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.65 (-5.70. 2.41)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.42775</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.50</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0153</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Tumor necrosis factor-&#945;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.26 (-3.04. 3.56)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.87779</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.31 (-13.35. 12.73)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96397</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.52</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0038</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.22 (-0.04. 0.47)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.09477</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.80 (-3.14. &#8722;0.46)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01174</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">173</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0240</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.22 (0.02. 0.42)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02895</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.70 (-0.21. 1.62)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14147</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">79</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0046</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">High-density lipoprotein</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.17 (-0.40. 0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14656</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-2.44 (-3.58. &#8722;1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00015</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">157</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0249</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Low-density lipoprotein</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.13 (-0.11. 0.37)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.27773</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.09 (-2.49. 0.31)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.13381</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">161</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0166</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fasting glucose</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01 (-0.13. 0.15)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.92310</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.06 (-0.51. 0.39)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80228</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.68</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0007</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrinogen</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.49 (0.18. 0.79)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.00206</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.75 (-0.23. 1.73)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15503</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">45</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.0062</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>CI: confidence interval; MR: Mendelian randomization; OR: odd ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associations with cardiovascular diseases</title>
          <p>Genetically instrumented television viewing time detrimentally affected four of the 11 cardiovascular diseases, including and with decreasing magnitude of associations: type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. Suggestive evidence of harmful associations was also observed for peripheral artery disease and ischemic stroke. However, no association was observed for transient ischemic attack, atrial fibrillation, cardiac death, venous thromboembolism, or pulmonary embolism (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). The weighted median results also revealed consistent estimates, while no association was observed in MR-Egger results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). In simple and weighted mode methods, no association was found (Supplementary Table 3). As heterogeneity was higher for the majority of cardiovascular diseases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), IVW under a random model was adopted as the primary estimate. The intercept from MR-Egger suggested no evidence of directional pleiotropy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), that is the SNPs selected as genetic variants for television viewing time were not correlated with confounders.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associations of genetically predicted television viewing time with cardiovascular diseases. CI: confidence interval; OR: odd ratio; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230796-30796-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The scatter plots (Supplementary Figure 1) and forest plots (Supplementary Figure 2) of the association between television viewing time and cardiovascular diseases documented similar results. The overall estimates were not disproportionately affected by any individual SNP (Supplementary Figure 3), and no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy was observed (Supplementary Figure 4).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associations with biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>, genetically instrumented television viewing time was positively associated with nine of the 21 biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk, including and with decreasing magnitude of associations: IL-10, leptin, visceral adipose, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, liver fat, BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, and CRP. Suggestive evidence was observed between genetically instrumented television viewing time and high SBP, heart rate, LDL, and total cholesterol while low HDL. No significant causal associations were found for DBP, fibrinogen, IL-6, adiponectin, fasting glucose, TGF-&#946; or TNF-&#945;. The weighted median results revealed similar estimates, while just HDL revealed consistent estimates in MR-Egger results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). In simple and weighted mode methods, no association was found (Supplementary Table 4). The heterogeneity was higher for the majority of biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). The evidence of directional pleiotropy just existed in adiponectin, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associations of genetically predicted television viewing time with cardiovascular biomarkers. BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; CRP: C-Reactive protein; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IL: interleukin; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; TGF: transforming growth factor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230796-30796-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The scatter plots (Supplementary Figure 5) and forest plots (Supplementary Figure 6) of the association between television viewing time and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk showed similar results. A single SNP did not disproportionately affect the overall estimates (Supplementary Figure 7). No evidence of horizontal pleiotropy was found in the funnel plots (Supplementary Figure 8).</p>
          <p>An overview of the effect of television viewing time on cardiovascular diseases and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk can be found in the Central Illustration.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This MR analysis confirmed previous observational studies by demonstrating causal associations between television viewing time and increased risks of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. We further confirmed the novel finding that this association was mainly mediated by inflammatory and metabolic markers, including increased IL-10, leptin, CRP, visceral adipose, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, liver fat, BMI, waist circumference, and triglycerides. SBP, heart rate, LDL, and total cholesterol were potentially increased while HDL was decreased. However, television viewing time had no effect on venous thromboembolism or pulmonary embolism.</p>
        <p>Television viewing is one of the common sedentary behaviors that involve prolonged sitting. Aside from sleeping, television viewing was the behavior that occupied the most time in the domestic setting. The average time spent watching television was about 3 h/d in both Australia and the United Kingdom and was up to 8 h/d in the United States.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies suggested that television viewing increased the risks of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. A linear increase existed for both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and the association with all-cause mortality appeared stronger with television viewing time &gt;3 h/d.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, although the included studies controlled for various known risk factors, the effect of residual or unmeasured confounding factors on outcomes cannot be ruled out. Although participants with chronic disease at baseline were excluded, reverse causality may still exist if participants with subclinical stages of disease become more sedentary. For example, the British Birth Cohort suggested that television viewing frequency was positively associated with CRP, fibrinogen, waist circumference, SBP, and DBP independent of television viewing habits and physical activity. However, these associations attenuated towards null after adjusting for baseline BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Results from the UK Biobank study also revealed that although television viewing time was associated with both ischemic heart disease (hazard ratio [HR]=1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27-1.33) and accidental death (HR=1.15; 95% CI: 1.07-1.24) in unadjusted models, the associations were attenuated and considerably converged for ischaemic heart disease (HR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.06-1.12) and accidental death (HR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.98-1.15) after adjustment for confounders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> By applying MR analysis, we can overcome the effect of confounding factors and reverse causality. Moreover, MR can establish the risk markers for chronic disease as genetic variants can reflect life-long exposure. We revealed the causal relationship between prolonged television viewing time and increased risks of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. The increased risks may be explained by higher IL-10, leptin, visceral adipose, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, liver fat, BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, and CRP. Concordant with our results, a meta-analysis of four RCTs showed that reducing television viewing time in children and youth can reduce BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Other MR results also supported a causal effect between television viewing time, coronary artery disease (odd ratio [OR]: 1.44; 95%CI: 1.25-1.66; p&lt;0.001),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and ischemic stroke (OR: 1.28; 95%CI: 1.10-1.49; p=0.04).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, less is known about the effect of television viewing time on other cardiovascular diseases and the mechanisms that might underlie the cardiometabolic correlates of television viewing behavior. Demonstrating biological plausibility is essential as it helps understand the causal nature of an association. From a behavioral perspective, prolonged television viewing reduces time engaging in physical activities, resulting in reduced whole-body energy expenditure. Television viewing was associated with increased snacking behavior, such as higher intakes of energy-dense snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and fast foods while lower intakes of fruits and vegetables. Moreover, snack-food advertisements on television may attract individuals to consume high-energy snacks and beverages and can trigger automatic eating behaviors that are independent of hunger.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> From a physiological perspective, television viewing commonly occurs after a large evening meal when liver/peripheral insulin sensitivity and lipid trafficking are suboptimal, partly because of circadian chronobiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Television viewing was associated with loss of local contractile stimulation, resulting in the suppression of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. LPL is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the uptakes of triglycerides and free fatty acids into skeletal muscle and the production of HDL. In addition, glucose uptake was also reduced through blunted translocation of GLUT-4 glucose transporters to the skeletal muscle cell surface.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Another potential pathway may involve the changed body composition, especially intra-abdominal fat depots, including visceral adipose tissue, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, and liver fat, which are risk factors for dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In our MR results, higher waist circumference, visceral adipose, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, liver fat, and BMI were observed. Adipose tissue is a significant site to produce inflammatory mediators, which may lead to a higher risk of inflammatory-related mortality with increasing television viewing time. Stamatakis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> suggested that low-grade inflammation may explain about 20% of the association between screen-based leisure and cardiovascular events. In prolonged television viewing time, those with average weight tended to be at greater risk of inflammatory-related mortality compared with overweight individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Concordant with the opinion, that the inflammatory biomarkers, including CRP, IL-10, and leptin, were increased in our MR analysis. Lipid disorders were also observed in our MR results as reflected by high triglycerides, LDL, and total cholesterol while low HDL, which are known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. However, television viewing time did not affect venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, or hemostatic markers (fibrinogen).</p>
        <p>Compared with other sedentary behaviors, television viewing is probably most susceptible to voluntary change. High levels of physical activity could attenuate but did not eliminate the increased mortality risk associated with prolonged television viewing time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Therefore, apart from the continued emphasis on physical activity, suggestions regarding reducing television viewing time may provide a valuable clinical and public health message in preventing cardiovascular diseases and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) cohort based on 13534 participants demonstrated that compared with watching more television, watching less television was associated with longer life expectancy free of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Breaks in sitting could increase muscle expression of genes involved in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways (e.g., N-methyltransferase and dynein light chain LC8-type 1),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and were beneficially associated with the levels of triglycerides, BMI, waist circumference, and 2-h plasma glucose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Therefore, the USA guidelines for children recommend no more than two hours of screen time per day.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, current figures indicated that 62-83% of adolescents from Western countries exceed the screen-based recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Worse still, cardiometabolic conditions such as obesity increase rapidly in the USA, affecting approximately 17% of all children and adolescents, and more than one-third of all adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Therefore, apart from physical activity, reducing television viewing time should be targeted in childhood, before it becomes a chronic behavior. Further studies are required to validate the role of limiting television viewing time in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>First, the associations found are relative to the European population, and may not generalize to others. However, studies among blacks also revealed that watching &gt;4 hours of television was associated with higher risks of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality compared with watching &lt;2 hours of television daily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> European origin also excluded the influence of population stratification bias on results. Second, the heterogeneity was substantial in the majority of outcomes. Therefore, a random-effects model was adopted to mitigate the influence of heterogeneity, and sensitivity analyses of the weighted median also yielded similar results. Third, the lack of raw data in the original GWAS limits us from making further analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>By applying MR analysis free from confounding factors and reverse causality, our results indicated that television viewing time was causally associated with increased risks of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. This association was mainly mediated by inflammatory and metabolic markers, including increased IL-10, leptin, CRP, visceral adipose, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, liver fat, BMI, waist circumference, and triglycerides. However, television viewing time had no effect on venous thromboembolism or pulmonary embolism. Given the high prevalence of excessive television viewing, apart from the continued emphasis on physical activity, public health recommendations should consider advising a reduction in television viewing time.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was partially funded by National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2023YFC3605000).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This work was supported by the National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2023YFC3605000).</p>
      </ack>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For supplementary tables, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12110/2023-0796_AO_Supplementary_Table.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
