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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TNFMZ5DJBdRcxd3KTQF8pJy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001000305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230692</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de Risco, Manejo e Evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s Primeiro Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo de Mundo Real Comparando Coortes de Mulheres e Homens na Rede TriNetX</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9679-388X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guida</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Juvenal de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4148-190X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Menezes Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5685-3633</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scudeler</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Amorim Belo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1815-6498</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Bernardes de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alem&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alem&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia: Camila Mota Guida &#8226;</label> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Ecocardiografia - Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>camila.mguida@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230692</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos de coorte internacionais t&#234;m consistentemente demonstrado ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas um progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel em pacientes do sexo feminino ap&#243;s o primeiro infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, dados nacionais sobre esse tema s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar coortes nacionais de homens e mulheres hospitalizados devido ao primeiro infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), examinando os desfechos a longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, com dados de mundo real extra&#237;dos da plataforma global TriNetX, incluindo pacientes de ambos os sexos com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de IAM por classifica&#231;&#227;o internacional de doen&#231;as (CID), vers&#227;o 11, c&#243;digo I21. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado na an&#225;lise foi de 5% (0,05). O desfecho prim&#225;rio avaliado foi composto por &#243;bito, nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IAM, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s fase hospitalar e com seguimento de 5 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados dados de 29.041 pacientes, dos quais 11.284 (38,4%) eram mulheres. A idade m&#233;dia das popula&#231;&#245;es feminina e masculina foi, respectivamente, 64,4 e 59,8 anos. O grupo de mulheres apresentou maior ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho combinado de &#243;bito, nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IAM, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s fase hospitalar e com seguimento de 5 anos (OR 1.058; IC 1.005 - 1.113; p = 0,03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nesta grande coorte brasileira, o sexo feminino foi associado a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares em per&#237;odo de 5 anos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <p>Estudo de mundo real comparando coortes de mulheres e homens na rede TriNetX.</p>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TNFMZ5DJBdRcxd3KTQF8pJy/428d77cd45b094225a3e940ab9dbaa9348af4364.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TNFMZ5DJBdRcxd3KTQF8pJy/6b8e42552aef1e90eb5d107f14a5a6f7bd733a5d.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TNFMZ5DJBdRcxd3KTQF8pJy/9689f430742f6819639d2124df5d3a7fb1a95ce4.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular na Mulher</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atualmente, a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana &#233; a principal causa de morte e perda de anos de vida ajustado por incapacidade (<italic>DALY - Disability Adjusted Life Years)</italic> mundialmente, sendo respons&#225;vel por quase 7 milh&#245;es de mortes e 129 milh&#245;es de <italic>DALYs</italic> por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, especificamente, cerca de 13% dos &#243;bitos podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), conforme dados de 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A despeito das melhorias significativas na mortalidade cardiovascular em mulheres nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, a doen&#231;a coronariana permanece pouco estudada, subdiagnosticada, e subtratada nesse grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A disparidade entre homens e mulheres est&#225; presente em todos os contextos: atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar; tempo transcorrido at&#233; a procura por atendimento emergencial; manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do evento agudo; fatores de risco identificados; caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es coronarianas; tempo de in&#237;cio do tratamento espec&#237;fico; indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o; cuidados p&#243;s-alta hospitalar, e no progn&#243;stico tanto em curto quanto longo prazos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A baixa representatividade na base cientifica que norteia as condutas cardiol&#243;gicas tamb&#233;m se destaca como poss&#237;vel contribuinte para a discrep&#226;ncia observada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Desse modo, torna-se imprescind&#237;vel a gera&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco, os sinais e sintomas, as caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, o manejo hospitalar, e os fatores progn&#243;sticos entre mulheres e homens, em especial no contexto do primeiro IAM, cen&#225;rio de significativa morbidade e mortalidade e que atinge pacientes muitas vezes vulner&#225;veis pelo desconhecimento do pr&#243;prio risco cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>Com base nas lacunas de evid&#234;ncia nacional e contempor&#226;nea em compara&#231;&#245;es robustas entre mulheres e homens com primeiro IAM, e pela relev&#226;ncia do aspecto de equidade em sa&#250;de na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, estabelecemos os seguintes objetivos: 1. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre mulheres e homens diagnosticados com o primeiro IAM quanto ao risco da ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos cardiovasculares compostos ap&#243;s a fase hospitalar at&#233; 5 anos (&#243;bito, nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IAM, novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca); 2. Compara&#231;&#227;o do perfil cl&#237;nico contempor&#226;neo quanto &#224;s comorbidades e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no contexto do primeiro IAM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo do tipo observacional, de coorte retrospectiva e an&#225;lise transversal, em mulheres e homens com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de IAM. Utilizamos a base de dados da plataforma global colaborativa de evid&#234;ncia de mundo real TriNetX, uma rede de pesquisa em sa&#250;de global, que &#233; alimentada por atualiza&#231;&#245;es semanais dos dados registrados em sistemas de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos anonimizados de m&#250;ltiplos pa&#237;ses. Essa rede &#233; composta por organiza&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de (<italic>Healthcare Organizations - HCOs</italic>), incluindo centros acad&#234;micos, centros m&#233;dicos especializados e hospitais comunit&#225;rios. Os dados est&#227;o concentrados no DataLab da Inova&#231;&#227;o, Pesquisa e Ensino do Hospital Alem&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (HAOC), em S&#227;o Paulo, representando institui&#231;&#227;o <italic>hub</italic> da TriNetX no Brasil.</p>
        <p>Foram avaliados mulheres e homens com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de IAM, admitidos em hospitais componentes da rede colaborativa no Brasil (23 institui&#231;&#245;es), inseridos na plataforma TriNetX pela primeira ocorr&#234;ncia do evento agudo, retrospectivamente dentro de 10 anos (2013-2023), com seguimento m&#237;nimo de 5 anos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar do primeiro IAM. Analisamos todos os pacientes do sexo feminino ou masculino, com diagn&#243;stico por CID-11 c&#243;digo I21 (IAM), e idade &#8805;18 anos, com tempo m&#237;nimo de 5 anos de dados de seguimento dispon&#237;veis na coorte brasileira da plataforma TriNetX. Analisamos as seguintes vari&#225;veis: Fatores de risco cardiovascular e comorbidades (diagn&#243;sticos por CID-11); manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas; exames laboratoriais; proped&#234;utica realizada e terapia farmacol&#243;gica prescrita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos analisados</title>
        <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram avaliados ap&#243;s a fase hospitalar e at&#233; 5 anos (&#243;bito, nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IAM, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral foi desenvolvido em conjunto com o Laborat&#243;rio de Estat&#237;stica e Epidemiologia local. Utilizamos os dados de propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos esperados e <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> para c&#225;lculo estimado inicial. De fato, com o tamanho amostral j&#225; englobando praticamente 100% dos pacientes, com m&#237;nima propor&#231;&#227;o de dados incompletos sobre ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos, estimamos que o tamanho amostral a ser inclu&#237;do tivesse as premissas estat&#237;sticas apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>C&#225;lculo do Tamanho da Amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230692-30692-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado na an&#225;lise foi de 5% (0,05). Utilizamos testes de signific&#226;ncia bilaterais. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, pois apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As an&#225;lises de compara&#231;&#245;es destas vari&#225;veis entre os grupos mulheres versus homens foram efetuadas por teste t-Student n&#227;o pareado. Para testar a normalidade, utilizamos o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens, e as respectivas compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por teste do &#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. A an&#225;lise dos desfechos foi conduzida com base no tempo para ocorr&#234;ncia do evento prim&#225;rio, e curvas de sobrevida livre de eventos e mortalidade total por m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, com teste de log-rank para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre as curvas de distribui&#231;&#227;o. Os programas estat&#237;sticos utilizados foram o sistema R e o SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 19.0, al&#233;m de 4 programas ou ferramentas de linguagem intr&#237;nsecas ao sistema da plataforma TriNetX.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Por meio de busca sistematizada na plataforma TriNetX, foram identificados 29.041 pacientes, dos quais 17.757 (61,2%) homens e 11.284 (38,8%) mulheres, hospitalizados com o diagn&#243;stico de primeiro IAM. A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina foi 64,4 &#177; 14,5 anos e da popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, 59,8 &#177; 13,4 anos (p &lt; 0,001). As comorbidades da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada encontram-se descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comorbidades</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Comorbidade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Mulheres &#8211; n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Homens &#8211; n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.552 (13,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.639 (9,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">523 (4,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">681 (3,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sobrepeso e Obesidade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (0,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (0,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (0,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86 (0,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,661</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">214 (1,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">322 (1,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,521</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Neoplasias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">464 (4,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">548 (3,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As mulheres apresentaram com maior frequ&#234;ncia os sintomas conjuntos de dor cervical e tor&#225;cica, al&#233;m de sintomas respirat&#243;rios como tosse e infec&#231;&#245;es agudas de vias a&#233;reas superiores em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Sintoma</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Mulheres &#8211; n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Homens &#8211; n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dor cervical e tor&#225;cica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.194 (19,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.816 (15,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tosse</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">659 (5,8 %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">623 (3,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Infec&#231;&#245;es Agudas de Vias A&#233;reas Superiores</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.711 (15,2 %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.167 (12,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As mulheres apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;rios significativamente mais baixos de creatinina e de troponina do que os valores observados em homens. Por outro lado, apresentaram valores de colesterol total e LDL mais elevados. Os homens apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de e de hemoglobina.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil glic&#234;mico, com mulheres e homens apresentando n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos semelhantes de glicemia e de hemoglobina glicada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Mulheres M&#233;dia &#177; (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Homens M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0 &#177; 0,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,2 &#177; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Troponina I (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,8 &#177; 18,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,5 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol Total (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">192,3 &#177; 53,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">181 &#177; 54,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115,9 &#177; 45,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">109,4 &#177; 44,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,3 &#177; 13,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40 &#177; 10,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">160,0 &#177; 102,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">184,1 &#177; 200,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">128,7 &#177; 65,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">131 &#177; 66,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,057</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina glicada (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,9 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,9 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,304</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Leuc&#243;citos (c&#233;ls./mm&#179;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.992 &#177; 1.250,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.140 &#177; 1.120</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas (10&#179;/mm&#179;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">264 &#177; 87,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">237,1 &#177; 77,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>representados por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Observamos menor realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergom&#233;trico, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e ventriculografia esquerda invasiva em pacientes do sexo feminino. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico em repouso, ecocardiograma de estresse, ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proped&#234;utica e procedimentos realizados</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Procedimento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Mulheres &#8211; n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Homens &#8211; n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ecocardiograma</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.648 (14,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.542 (14,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,286</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Teste Ergom&#233;trico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">169 (1,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">523 (2,9 %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ecocardiograma com Estresse</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (0,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (0,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,294</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">147 (1,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (1,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica de Cora&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (0,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (0,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,511</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ventriculografia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">806 (7,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.146 (8,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Identificamos, no grupo de mulheres, menor prescri&#231;&#227;o de antiplaquet&#225;rios (aqui descritos na forma de uso isolado), i.e., &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, clopidogrel e prasugrel. Por outro lado, foram prescritos mais frequentemente inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II, e antagonistas de canal de c&#225;lcio. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de hipolipemiantes, betabloqueadores e antianginosos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Terapia farmacol&#243;gica administrada na interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Medicamento ou Classe Medicamentosa</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Mulheres &#8211; n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Homens &#8211; n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AAS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4.573 (40,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7.376 (41,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.263 (28,9 %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5.534 (30,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ticagrelor</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">210 (1,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">379 (2,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,139</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Prasugrel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (0,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (0,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipolipemiantes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.656 (14,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.591 (14,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,560</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.294 (29,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4.567 (25,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bloqueadores do Receptor de Angiotensina II</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.300 (11,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.651 (9,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.676 (23,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4.417 (24,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,086</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.853 (25,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.750 (20,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Antianginosos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.707 (15,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.782 (15,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,399</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bloqueadores de Canal de C&#225;lcio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.260 (11,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.392 (7,8 %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O grupo de mulheres apresentou maior ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho combinado de &#243;bito, nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IAM, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s fase hospitalar e com seguimento de 5 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Tabela 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Desfecho composto por &#243;bito, nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IAM, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s fase hospitalar e com seguimento de 5 anos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Sexo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#186; de Pacientes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#186; de Pacientes com Evento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Odds Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11.284</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.592</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1,058</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">(1,005 &#8211; 1,113)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17.957</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5.500</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curva de Sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier (em dias de observa&#231;&#227;o).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230692-30692-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ao nosso conhecimento e pela evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel, este estudo representa a maior coorte brasileira j&#225; avaliada e com maior tempo de seguimento ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia do primeiro IAM, com foco espec&#237;fico na compara&#231;&#227;o entre mulheres e homens. Avaliamos a base de dados referente aos pacientes hospitalizados e com dados inseridos nos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos das 23 institui&#231;&#245;es que comp&#245;em a base do pa&#237;s na plataforma colaborativa multic&#234;ntrica e internacional TriNetX. Comparamos 17.757 homens e 11.284 mulheres hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico do primeiro IAM quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice no longo prazo, com acompanhamento m&#237;nimo de 5 anos ap&#243;s alta hospitalar. Os resultados da coorte analisada ressaltam que as mulheres apresentaram perfil cl&#237;nico com aspectos de maior morbidade e maior risco subsequente &#224; alta hospitalar no primeiro IAM para eventos cardiovasculares combinados no longo prazo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>Os dados deste estudo compreendem informa&#231;&#245;es do mundo real, obtidas a partir de pacientes hospitalizados em diversos centros de sa&#250;de, que incluem institui&#231;&#245;es acad&#234;micas, privadas ou filantr&#243;picas. Essa abordagem abrange uma popula&#231;&#227;o diversa do ponto de vista sociodemogr&#225;fico e de complexidade cl&#237;nica heterog&#234;nea, proporcionando uma representa&#231;&#227;o fidedigna do contexto de sa&#250;de brasileiro.</p>
      <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com estudos pr&#233;vios, observamos que a popula&#231;&#227;o feminina desta coorte apresenta preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior de comorbidades que conferem maior risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, sobrepeso e obesidade, o que pode justificar, parcialmente, a diferen&#231;a de progn&#243;stico encontrada entre mulheres e homens. N&#227;o foram observadas, entretanto, diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e de dislipidemia, achado que difere de outras coortes internacionais, o que pode ser explicado por diferen&#231;as em caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, de h&#225;bitos diet&#233;ticos e de atividade f&#237;sica, e de perfil antropom&#233;trico. Apesar disso, em exames laboratoriais realizados durante a fase hospitalar, identificamos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de LDL colesterol em mulheres, o que sugere a possibilidade de subdiagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o ou de menores &#237;ndices de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico adequado com hipolipemiantes, particularmente estatinas.</p>
      <p>No contexto da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do primeiro IAM, observamos uma maior preval&#234;ncia de sintomas respirat&#243;rios entre as mulheres. Esse achado &#233;, tamb&#233;m, consistente com a literatura internacional, que evidencia diferen&#231;as significativas nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o de IAM entre os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Outro ponto de concord&#226;ncia deste estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; evid&#234;ncia pr&#233;via foi a observa&#231;&#227;o de menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de troponina I no sexo feminino. A hip&#243;tese &#233; de que haja maior propor&#231;&#227;o de IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, com trombos coron&#225;rios n&#227;o oclusivos, maior propor&#231;&#227;o de eros&#245;es ao inv&#233;s de roturas de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, ou DAC multiarterial e presen&#231;a de maior n&#250;mero de colaterais, o que pode, em conjunto e de forma multifatorial, promover menor impacto em termos de magnitude de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, portanto, menores eleva&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis de troponina card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Apesar do benef&#237;cio bem estabelecido de medica&#231;&#245;es comprovadas no tratamento do IAM, houve menor prescri&#231;&#227;o documentada de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, o que refor&#231;a achados de outros relatos, e pode estar relacionado &#224; maior morbimortalidade observada nesse grupo. De fato, conforme demonstrado em estudos pr&#233;vios, as pacientes que n&#227;o receberam terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria adequada no momento da alta evoluem com maior risco de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar e &#243;bito. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel para esse achado reside na maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva (&lt;50% de estenose luminal) entre as mulheres. Nesse contexto, o papel da terapia de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com implante de stents se associa a menor magnitude de benef&#237;cio, especificamente pela aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho de mortalidade (isolado) com uso de clopidogrel (inibidor P2y12 mais prescrito globalmente e no Brasil) e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, em contraste com relatos em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, observou-se &#237;ndices semelhantes na prescri&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es hipolipemiantes entre os sexos, indicando uma abordagem mais equilibrada nesta corte. Al&#233;m disso, destacamos a prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona de modo mais frequente na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, possivelmente devido &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mellitus nesse grupo.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise abrangente desta extensa coorte de pacientes brasileiros revela consist&#234;ncia com a literatura internacional. Identificamos n&#227;o apenas o aumento do risco de desfechos cardiovasculares desfavor&#225;veis em mulheres ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice no acompanhamento de longo prazo, mas tamb&#233;m &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de discrep&#226;ncias entre as popula&#231;&#245;es em diversos aspectos, como os fatores de risco cardiovasculares, manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas &#224; admiss&#227;o e a administra&#231;&#227;o de terapias preconizadas por recomenda&#231;&#245;es classe I n&#237;vel A em diretrizes ao longo do tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o desta coorte.</p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a coronariana, especificamente a s&#237;ndrome inst&#225;vel aguda aqui estudada &#8212;IAM&#8212;, foi historicamente associada ao sexo masculino. Entretanto, conforme amplamente documentado na literatura e respaldado nesta coorte, &#233; evidente que essa condi&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m representa uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade entre as mulheres, com gravidade maior nesse grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Este achado ressalta a relev&#226;ncia e a urg&#234;ncia de promover a educa&#231;&#227;o multiprofissional continuada e de implementar medidas direcionadas para atenuar essa disparidade observada e aprimorar o progn&#243;stico do IAM na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; sua natureza observacional, uma vez que a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos est&#225; sujeita &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o ou n&#227;o mensurados pela pr&#243;pria aus&#234;ncia de documenta&#231;&#227;o em prontu&#225;rios, o que pode influenciar a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de interesse. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo diz respeito &#224; sua natureza retrospectiva, que depende da coleta de dados a partir de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos. Nesse contexto, a precis&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es est&#225; sujeita &#224; correta inser&#231;&#227;o de dados estruturados por parte dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, o que pode resultar em dados incompletos ou ausentes, fato observado em pesquisas de mundo real baseadas em dados inseridos espontaneamente e n&#227;o em formul&#225;rios de coleta de dados especificamente elaborados para tal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em uma grande coorte brasileira derivada do mundo real, com o prop&#243;sito de comparar mulheres e homens hospitalizados ap&#243;s o primeiro IAM, observamos a incid&#234;ncia mais elevada dos desfechos cardiovasculares clinicamente relevantes entre as mulheres, incluindo mortalidade, novas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IAM, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no longo prazo ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar do evento &#237;ndice.</p>
      <p>Identificamos maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades relacionadas ao alto risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e obesidade entre as mulheres, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens.</p>
      <p>Outros achados relevantes inclu&#237;ram uma frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de apresenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica dos sintomas iniciais do evento cl&#237;nico agudo e uma menor prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapia farmacol&#243;gica baseada em evid&#234;ncias, com destaque para a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, mesmo ap&#243;s pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Camila Mota Guida, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230692i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Factors, Management, and Evolution after the First Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Real-World Study Comparing Cohorts of Women and Men in the TriNetX Network</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9679-388X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guida</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Juvenal de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4148-190X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Menezes Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5685-3633</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scudeler</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Amorim Belo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1815-6498</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Bernardes de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alem&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Camila Mota Guida &#8226;</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>camila.mguida@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>International cohort studies have consistently demonstrated an unfavorable prognosis in female patients after the first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) over the past decades. However, national data on this topic are limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aims to compare national cohorts of men and women hospitalized due to the first acute myocardial infarction, examining long-term outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A retrospective, observational study using real-world data extracted from the global TriNetX platform, including patients of both sexes with a confirmed diagnosis of AMI according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), version 11, code I21. The level of statistical significance adopted in the analysis was 5% (0.05). The primary outcome assessed was a composite of death, new hospitalization for AMI, myocardial revascularization procedures, or heart failure after the hospital phase with a 5-year follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Data from 29,041 patients were evaluated, of which 11,284 (38.4%) were women. The mean age of the female and male populations was 64.4 and 59.8 years, respectively. The group of women showed a higher occurrence of the composite outcome of death, new hospitalization for AMI, myocardial revascularization procedures, or heart failure after the hospital phase with a 5-year follow-up (OR 1.058; CI 1.005 - 1.113; p = 0.03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this large Brazilian cohort, the female sex was associated with a higher occurrence of cardiovascular events within 5 years after hospital discharge.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <p>Real-world study comparing female and male cohorts in the TriNetX network.</p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230692-30692-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease in Women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Currently, coronary atherosclerotic disease is the leading cause of death and loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, accounting for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil specifically, about 13% of deaths can be attributed to coronary artery disease (CAD), according to 2017 data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite significant improvements in cardiovascular mortality among women over the past two decades, coronary disease remains understudied, underdiagnosed, and undertreated in this group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The disparity between men and women is evident in all contexts: pre-hospital care; time elapsed before seeking emergency care; clinical manifestations of the acute event; identified risk factors; characteristics of coronary lesions; time to initiation of specific treatment; indication for revascularization; post-discharge care, and prognosis in both the short and long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The low representation of women in the scientific evidence that guides cardiological practices also stands out as a possible contributor to the observed discrepancies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, it is essential to generate knowledge about the risk factors, signs and symptoms, angiographic characteristics, hospital management, and prognostic factors between women and men, especially in the context of the first acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a scenario of significant morbidity and mortality that often affects patients who are vulnerable due to lack of awareness of their own cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>Based on the gaps in national and contemporary evidence in robust comparisons between women and men with a first AMI, and considering the relevance of health equity in the Brazilian population, we established the following objectives: 1. To compare women and men diagnosed with a first AMI regarding the risk of composite cardiovascular outcomes after the hospital phase, up to 5 years (death, new hospitalization for AMI, new myocardial revascularization procedures, or heart failure); 2. To compare the contemporary clinical profile in terms of comorbidities and clinical presentation in the context of the first AMI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is an observational study with a retrospective cohort and cross-sectional analysis of women and men with a confirmed diagnosis of AMI. We used data from the global collaborative real-world evidence platform TriNetX, a global health research network that is updated weekly with data recorded in anonymized electronic medical records from multiple countries. This network comprises Healthcare Organizations (HCOs), including academic centers, specialized medical centers, and community hospitals. The data are centralized in the DataLab for Innovation, Research, and Education at Hospital Alem&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (HAOC) in S&#227;o Paulo, which serves as the hub institution for TriNetX in Brazil.</p>
          <p>Women and men with a confirmed diagnosis of AMI admitted to hospitals within the collaborative network in Brazil (23 institutions) were evaluated. These patients were included in the TriNetX platform for the first occurrence of the acute event, retrospectively within 10 years (2013-2023), with a minimum follow-up of 5 years after discharge from the first AMI. We analyzed all female and male patients with an ICD-11 code I21 (AMI) diagnosis, aged &#8805;18 years, with a minimum of 5 years of follow-up data available in the Brazilian cohort on the TriNetX platform. The following variables were analyzed: Cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities (ICD-11 diagnoses), clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, procedures performed, and prescribed pharmacological therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes analyzed</title>
          <p>The clinical outcomes were evaluated after the hospital phase and up to 5 years (death, new hospitalization for AMI, myocardial revascularization procedures, or heart failure).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size calculation was developed in collaboration with the local Statistics and Epidemiology Laboratory. We used the data on the expected proportion of events and the Odds Ratio (OR) for the initial estimated calculation. Indeed, with the sample size already encompassing nearly 100% of the patients, with minimal proportion of incomplete data on the occurrence of events, we estimated that the sample size to be included met the statistical assumptions presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sample Size Calculation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230692-30692-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The level of statistical significance adopted in the analysis was 5% (0.05). We used two-tailed significance tests. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, as they presented a normal distribution. Comparisons of these variables between women and men were performed using an unpaired t-test. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test normality. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages, and the respective comparisons were performed using the &#967;2 test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Outcome analysis was conducted based on the time to the occurrence of the primary event, and event-free survival and total mortality curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method, with a log-rank test for statistical significance between the distribution curves. The statistical programs used were the R system and SPSS Statistics version 19.0, in addition to four intrinsic language programs or tools within the TriNetX platform.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Through a systematic search on the TriNetX platform, 29,041 patients were identified, of whom 17,757 (61.2%) were men and 11,284 (38.8%) were women hospitalized with a diagnosis of a first AMI. The mean age of the female population was 64.4 &#177; 14.5 years, and the mean age of the male population was 59.8 &#177; 13.4 years (p &lt; 0.001). The comorbidities of the studied population are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comorbidities</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Comorbidity</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Women &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Men &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,552 (13.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,639 (9.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">523 (4.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">681 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Overweight and Obesity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (0.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86 (0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.661</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Chronic Kidney Disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">214 (1.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">322 (1.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.521</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cancer</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">464 (4.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">548 (3.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Women more frequently presented with a combination of neck and chest pain, as well as respiratory symptoms such as cough and acute upper respiratory tract infections, compared to men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical Manifestations</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Symptom</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Women &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Men &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neck and chest pain</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,194 (19.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,816 (15.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cough</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">659 (5.8 %)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">623 (3.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,711 (15.2 %)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,167 (12.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Women presented significantly lower serum levels of creatinine and troponin than the values observed in men. On the other hand, they had higher levels of total and LDL cholesterol. Men showed higher serum levels of hemoglobin. There was no significant difference regarding the glycemic profile, with women and men presenting similar serum levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laboratory Parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Women - Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Men - Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.2 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Troponin I (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.8 &#177; 18.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.5 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">192.3 &#177; 53.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">181 &#177; 54.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115.9 &#177; 45.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109.4 &#177; 44.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.3 &#177; 13.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">160.0 &#177; 102.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">184.1 &#177; 200.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">128.7 &#177; 65.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131 &#177; 66.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glycated Hemoglobin (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.9 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.9 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.304</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Leukocytes (cells/mm&#179;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,992 &#177; 1,250.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,140 &#177; 1,120</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelets (10&#179;/mm&#179;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">264 &#177; 87.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">237.1 &#177; 77.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We observed a lower frequency of stress tests, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and invasive left ventriculography in female patients. There was no significant difference in the performance of resting transthoracic echocardiograms, stress echocardiograms, or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagnostic and Procedural Assessments</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Procedure</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Women &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Men &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Transthoracic Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,648 (14.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,542 (14.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stress Test</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">169 (1.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">523 (2.9 %)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stress Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (0.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (0.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.294</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Myocardial Scintigraphy</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">147 (1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (1.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.511</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ventriculography</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">806 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,146 (8.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We identified lower prescription rates of antiplatelet drugs (listed here as single-use), such as aspirin, clopidogrel, and prasugrel, among the female group. Conversely, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel antagonists were prescribed more frequently. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the prescription of lipid-lowering agents, beta-blockers, and antianginals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pharmacological Therapy Administered During Hospitalization</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Medication or Drug Class</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Women &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Men &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aspirin (AAS)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,573 (40.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,376 (41.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,263 (28.9 %)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,534 (30.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">210 (1.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">379 (2.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prasugrel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (0.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lipid-lowering Agents</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,656 (14.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,591 (14.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ACE Inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,294 (29.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,567 (25.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,300 (11.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,651 (9.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,676 (23.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,417 (24.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,853 (25.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,750 (20.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antianginals</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,707 (15.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,782 (15.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.399</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcium Channel Blockers</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,260 (11.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,392 (7.8 %)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The female group exhibited a higher incidence of the composite outcome of death, new hospitalization for AMI, myocardial revascularization procedures, or heart failure after hospital discharge and with 5 years of follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Composite Outcome of Death, New Hospitalization for AMI, Myocardial Revascularization Procedures, or Heart Failure After Hospital Discharge and 5-Year Follow-Up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Sex</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Number of Patients</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Number of Patients with Event</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI (Confidence Interval)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,284</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,592</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1.058</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">(1.005 &#8211; 1.113)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17,957</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,500</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve (in days of observation).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-10-e20230692-30692-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge and based on available evidence, this study represents the largest Brazilian cohort ever evaluated with the longest follow-up after the first AMI, specifically focusing on the comparison between women and men. We analyzed data from hospitalized patients with clinical data entered into the electronic health records of the 23 institutions that comprise the national database on the multicentric and international collaborative platform TriNetX. We compared 17,757 men and 11,284 women hospitalized with a diagnosis of first AMI regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular outcomes after the index event in the long term, with a minimum follow-up of 5 years after hospital discharge. The results of the analyzed cohort emphasize that women had a clinical profile with aspects of greater morbidity and higher risk subsequent to hospital discharge after the first AMI for combined cardiovascular events in the long term (Central Illustration).</p>
        <p>The data from this study include real-world information obtained from hospitalized patients across various healthcare centers, including academic, private, and philanthropic institutions. This approach encompasses a diverse population in terms of sociodemographic factors and clinical complexity, providing an accurate representation of the Brazilian health context.</p>
        <p>In line with previous studies, we observed that the female population in this cohort has a significantly higher prevalence of comorbidities that confer greater cardiovascular risk, such as hypertension, diabetes, overweight, and obesity. This may partially explain the prognostic differences found between women and men. However, no significant differences were observed between the groups regarding the prior diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and dyslipidemia. This finding differs from other international cohorts and may be explained by differences in sociodemographic characteristics, dietary habits, physical activity, and anthropometric profiles. Despite this, laboratory tests performed during the hospital phase identified higher serum levels of LDL cholesterol in women, suggesting the possibility of underdiagnosis of dyslipidemia in this population or lower rates of appropriate pharmacological treatment with lipid-lowering agents, particularly statins.</p>
        <p>Regarding clinical presentation at the initial evaluation of the first AMI, we observed a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms among women. This finding is also consistent with international literature, which highlights significant differences in the clinical manifestations of AMI presentation between sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Another agreement with previous evidence was the observation of lower serum levels of troponin I in women. The hypothesis is that there may be a higher proportion of non-ST-elevation AMIs, non-occlusive coronary thrombi, a higher proportion of erosions rather than ruptures of atherosclerotic plaques, or multi-arterial coronary artery disease with a higher number of collaterals, which may, collectively and multifactorially, contribute to a lesser impact in terms of myocardial necrosis magnitude, and therefore, lower elevations in cardiac troponin levels.</p>
        <p>Despite the well-established benefits of proven medications in the treatment of AMI, there was less documented prescription of dual antiplatelet therapy, reinforcing findings from other reports, and this may be related to the higher morbidity and mortality observed in this group. Indeed, as demonstrated in previous studies, patients who did not receive adequate antiplatelet therapy at discharge have a higher risk of readmission and death. A plausible explanation for this finding lies in the higher prevalence of non-obstructive coronary artery disease (&lt;50% lumen stenosis) among women. In this context, the role of dual antiplatelet therapy, without percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation, is associated with a lesser degree of benefit, specifically due to the lack of reduction in mortality outcomes (isolated) with the use of clopidogrel (the most globally and nationally prescribed P2Y12 inhibitor) and aspirin.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, in contrast to reports from different populations, similar rates of lipid-lowering medication prescriptions were observed between sexes, indicating a more balanced approach in this cohort. Furthermore, we highlight the more frequent prescription of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in the female population, possibly due to the higher incidence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in this group.</p>
        <p>The comprehensive analysis of this extensive Brazilian cohort reveals consistency with international literature. We identified not only an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women after the index event in long-term follow-up but also discrepancies between populations in various aspects, such as cardiovascular risk factors, clinical manifestations at admission, and administration of therapies recommended by Class I Level A guidelines over the observation period of this cohort.</p>
        <p>Coronary artery disease, specifically acute unstable syndrome studied here&#8212;AMI&#8212;has historically been associated with the male sex. However, as widely documented in the literature and supported by this cohort, it is evident that this condition also represents one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among women, with greater severity in this group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This finding underscores the relevance and urgency of promoting continued multidisciplinary education and implementing targeted measures to address this observed disparity and improve the prognosis of AMI in the female population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitation of this study is its observational nature, as comparisons between sexes are subject to the presence of confounding factors or unmeasured factors due to the lack of documentation in medical records, which may influence the occurrence of clinical outcomes of interest. Another limitation is its retrospective nature, which depends on data collection from electronic health records. In this context, the accuracy of information is subject to the correct entry of structured data by healthcare professionals, which may result in incomplete or missing data, a fact observed in real-world research based on spontaneously entered data rather than data collection forms specifically designed for this purpose.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In a large real-world Brazilian cohort aimed at comparing women and men hospitalized after their first AMI, we observed a higher incidence of clinically relevant cardiovascular outcomes among women, including mortality, new hospitalizations for AMI, myocardial revascularization procedures, and heart failure in the long term after hospital discharge from the index event.</p>
        <p>We identified a higher prevalence of comorbidities related to high cardiovascular risk, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, among women compared to men.</p>
        <p>Other relevant findings included a higher frequency of atypical presentation of initial symptoms of the acute clinical event and a lower prescription of evidence-based pharmacological therapy, with particular emphasis on the underutilization of dual antiplatelet therapy, even after propensity score matching.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Camila Mota Guida, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
