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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XHxCQjTzGmH5W4dPvtznZYq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240593</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dura&#231;&#227;o do Sono, Gen&#233;tica e Aterosclerose: Desafios e Oportunidades</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vitoria Vitoreti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Krul</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Luciano F. Drager</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP &#8211; Avenida Doutor Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luciano.drager@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240593</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A aterosclerose, o mecanismo unificador para a maioria dos eventos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral fatais e n&#227;o fatais, &#233; um processo multifatorial que vem aumentando em preval&#234;ncia em todo o mundo. Os fatores de risco tradicionais para aterosclerose foram extensivamente estudados, mas evid&#234;ncias recentes apontaram que eles explicavam aproximadamente apenas 40-50% da variabilidade dos marcadores de dano arterial e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, um interesse crescente tem sido dedicado &#224; explora&#231;&#227;o do papel relativo dos fatores de risco "n&#227;o tradicionais". Um dos candidatos promissores s&#227;o os dist&#250;rbios do sono. De fato, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre sono e sa&#250;de cardiovascular tem sido cada vez mais explorada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora a maioria das evid&#234;ncias se baseie no impacto da apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) na aterosclerose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> os potenciais efeitos aterog&#234;nicos de extremos de dura&#231;&#227;o do sono foram investigados recentemente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> considerando sua associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com desfechos cardiovasculares ruins. Curiosamente, evid&#234;ncias anteriores mostraram consistentemente que n&#227;o apenas a curta, mas a longa dura&#231;&#227;o do sono (geralmente definida como &gt;8 ou &gt;9hs) aumentou o risco para esses eventos, confirmando uma associa&#231;&#227;o em forma de U entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e os desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essas evid&#234;ncias anteriores abrem caminho para explorar mecanismos potenciais pelos quais os extremos de dura&#231;&#227;o do sono podem aumentar o risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Xu et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e o risco de aterosclerose usando uma abordagem de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) com dados de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS). Duas grandes coortes da Europa foram inclu&#237;das para an&#225;lise. Os principais resultados indicaram que, ao contr&#225;rio da hip&#243;tese inicial, n&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o causal significativa entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e a aterosclerose. O estudo concluiu que a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono geneticamente prevista n&#227;o afeta o risco de aterosclerose e sugeriu mais pesquisas para explorar essa rela&#231;&#227;o em maiores detalhes. Os pontos fortes do estudo incluem o grande tamanho da amostra e o uso de um estudo de RM. Essa estrat&#233;gia permite evitar vieses comuns observados em estudos observacionais. No entanto, limita&#231;&#245;es importantes merecem coment&#225;rios apropriados que impe&#231;am conclus&#245;es definitivas nesta importante &#225;rea de pesquisa: 1) uma quest&#227;o subjetiva definiu a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono. N&#227;o &#233; incomum encontrar percep&#231;&#245;es err&#244;neas sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o real do sono;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> 2) o polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) escolhido explica apenas parcialmente a variabilidade da dura&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do sono nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o. Este fato pode contribuir para menor poder estat&#237;stico na identifica&#231;&#227;o de situa&#231;&#245;es com correla&#231;&#245;es fracas; 3) a &#8216;aterosclerose&#8217; foi identificada usando a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID) em vez de medidas objetivas. H&#225; certamente uma subnotifica&#231;&#227;o da carga real da aterosclerose nesta popula&#231;&#227;o; 4) outros dist&#250;rbios do sono (destacando o papel da AOS) s&#227;o consistentemente associados a marcadores prevalentes e incidentes de aterosclerose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o foram estudados na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o; 5) a aplicabilidade dos resultados a popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o europeias merece investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, o estudo conduzido por Xu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> lan&#231;a luz sobre a complexidade do sono e da aterosclerose em termos de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o apropriada e como estimar o risco de dist&#250;rbios do sono considerando a gen&#233;tica e outros fatores de risco tradicionais para aterosclerose. Como um potencial fator de risco cardiovascular, a pesquisa do sono ainda &#233; uma "novidade no peda&#231;o" em Cardiologia, merecendo investiga&#231;&#245;es mais aprofundadas e apropriadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Dura&#231;&#227;o do Sono e Risco de Aterosclerose: Um Estudo Mendeliano de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240593i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sleep Duration, Genetics, and Atherosclerosis: Challenges and Opportunities</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vitoria Vitoreti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krul</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Luciano F. Drager</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP &#8211; Avenida Doutor Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>luciano.drager@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Sleep</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atherosclerosis, the unifying mechanism for most of the non-fatal and fatal myocardial infarction and stroke events, is a multifactorial process that has been increasing in prevalence worldwide. Traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis have been extensively studied, but recent evidence pointed out that they explained approximately only 40-50% of the variability of markers of arterial damage and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, growing interest has been devoted to exploring the relative role of the "nontraditional&#8217; risk factors. One of the promising candidates is sleep disorders. Indeed, the relationship between sleep and cardiovascular health has been increasingly explored in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> While most of the evidence relies on the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on atherosclerosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> the potential atherogenic effects of extremes of sleep duration has been recently investigated,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> considering its positive association with poor cardiovascular outcomes. Interestingly, previous evidence consistently showed that not only short but long sleep duration (usually defined as &gt;8 or &gt;9hs) increased the risk for these events, confirming a U-shaped association between sleep duration and cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This previous evidence paves the way for exploring potential mechanisms by which sleep duration extremes may increase cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>In this edition of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Xu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> evaluated the association between sleep duration and the risk of atherosclerosis using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach with data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Two large cohorts from Europe were included for analysis. The main results indicated that contrary to the initial hypothesis, there is no significant causal association between sleep duration and atherosclerosis. The study concluded that genetically predicted sleep duration does not affect the risk of atherosclerosis and suggested further research to explore this relationship in greater detail. Strengths of the study include the large sample size and the use of a MR study. This strategy allows for avoiding common biases observed in observational studies. However, important limitations deserve appropriate comments precluding definitive conclusions in this important research area: 1) a subjective question defined sleep duration. It is not uncommon to find misperceptions about the real sleep duration;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> 2) the chosen Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) only partially explain the variability of subjective sleep duration in this investigation. This fact may contribute to lower statistical power in identifying situations with poor correlations; 3) &#8216;atherosclerosis&#8217; was identified by using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) rather than objective measurements. There is certainly an underreport of the real burden of atherosclerosis in this population; 4) other sleep disorders (highlighting the role of OSA) are consistently associated with prevalent and incident markers of atherosclerosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> but were not studied in the present investigation; 5) the applicability of the results to non-European populations deserve further investigations.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the study conducted by Xu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> sheds light on the complexity of sleep and atherosclerosis in terms of appropriate characterization and how to estimate the risk of sleep disorders considering genetics and other traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis. As a potential cardiovascular risk factor, sleep research is still a &#8216;new kid on the block&#8217; in Cardiology deserving further and appropriate investigations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Sleep Duration and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
