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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YSQNKFGdYjXXJTtyY6bjSRc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240583</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mulheres e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: A Disparidade na Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; apenas uma Quest&#227;o de G&#234;nero? Em Busca da Realidade Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Vitoria Apart Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jorge Elias Neto</bold> &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 2,38, s/n. CEP <postal-code>29161-900</postal-code>, Boa Vista II, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jeliasneto@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240583</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Sexo</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A discuss&#227;o sobre a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) deve partir da premissa de que, certamente ao lado de outras condi&#231;&#245;es como a obesidade, e em uma parceria particularmente prejudicial com ela, esse dist&#250;rbio do ritmo emergiu como um problema global de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, justificando uma proje&#231;&#227;o epid&#234;mica para este s&#233;culo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Numerosos estudos demonstraram diferen&#231;as na apresenta&#231;&#227;o da FA, incid&#234;ncia de comorbidades e taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres. Portanto &#233; crucial avaliar se existem diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero na ades&#227;o e na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais, bem como nos desfechos baseados nas condi&#231;&#245;es clinicas na alta hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Tomando como base essas considera&#231;&#245;es, a necessidade de uma publica&#231;&#227;o abordando essa quest&#227;o no contexto da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira se tornou evidente, embora com foco em um segmento populacional espec&#237;fico, como discutiremos mais adiante. Entre os diversos contextos para analisar essa disparidade entre os sexos, o setor de emerg&#234;ncia (SE) representa um ambiente ideal para identificar poss&#237;veis lacunas no atendimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o dos ABC Cardiol, Medei et al. apresentam o primeiro estudo observacional prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro envolvendo adultos consecutivos com FA sintom&#225;tica admitidos em SE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Como principal achado, esse estudo revela uma disparidade entre os sexos quanto &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o para terapia anticoagulante (41,8% mulheres vs. 31,3% homens) e o uso inadequado de anticoagulantes (23,5% mulheres vs. 18,2% homens).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esse resultado indica que o panorama brasileiro em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; disparidade na anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral entre g&#234;neros reflete os resultados documentadas globalmente.</p>
    <p>&#201; imperativo analisar esses resultados &#224; luz do paradoxo bem estabelecido de que mulheres com FA apresentam mais sintomas, pior qualidade de vida, e t&#234;m um risco maior de acidente vascular cerebral em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens, por&#233;m s&#227;o menos propensas a receber terapia anticoagulante e tratamento de controle de ritmo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral em mulheres pode ser atribu&#237;da a m&#250;ltiplos fatores. Em primeiro lugar, embora o escore CHA2DS2-VASc, incorporado nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas, reconhe&#231;a o perfil de risco globalmente mais alto das mulheres, os cl&#237;nicos podem aderir a dados de registro mais recentes que indicam que o sexo pode atuar como um modificador de risco em vez de um fator de risco direto, particularmente em escores de risco mais baixos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, an&#225;lises de subgrupos de maior risco revelam que a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes em mulheres persiste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; essencial reconhecer diferen&#231;as significativas entre os sexos na epidemiologia das arritmias card&#237;acas e nas caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, existem diferen&#231;as biol&#243;gicas relacionadas ao peso corporal, &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua total corporal e &#224; compartimentaliza&#231;&#227;o da &#225;gua extracelular e intracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essas caracter&#237;sticas podem impactar o metabolismo dos medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entre as diversas causas que podem explicar essas diferen&#231;as biol&#243;gicas entre os g&#234;neros, se destacam os mecanismos de coagula&#231;&#227;o que flutuam significativamente durante diferentes estados hormonais femininos em v&#225;rias fases da vida (ciclo menstrual, gravidez, p&#243;s-menopausa), juntamente com fatores como a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, uso de contraceptivos e terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por exemplo, o estado de hipercoagulabilidade induzido por um aumento nas citocinas inflamat&#243;rias durante o per&#237;odo menopausal merece aten&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outras considera&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas incluem a propens&#227;o das mulheres a receber uma "dose mais alta" das medica&#231;&#245;es em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens &#8212; provavelmente devido a diferen&#231;as no volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o, uma "fra&#231;&#227;o livre" maior dos medicamentos e variabilidade na depura&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos &#8212; assim como sua maior sensibilidade aos efeitos dos medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres tendem a usar um maior n&#250;mero de medicamentos do que os homens, aumentando assim o risco de intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante reconhecer que "caracter&#237;sticas de g&#234;nero" podem incorporar vari&#225;veis externas que atuam como fatores epigen&#233;ticos, como ambientes socioculturais, diferen&#231;as comportamentais, h&#225;bitos nutricionais, exposi&#231;&#245;es ambientais, atitudes de estilo de vida e ades&#227;o &#224; terapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outros pontos estruturais importantes na tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada sobre a terapia anticoagulante incluem a adequada explica&#231;&#227;o pelo profissional de sa&#250;de dos riscos e benef&#237;cios do uso de anticoagulantes, concord&#226;ncia de g&#234;nero entre pacientes e m&#233;dicos, e fatores n&#227;o m&#233;dicos que afetam os pacientes, como o custo dos medicamentos, disponibilidade nas redes de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade e barreiras log&#237;sticas (como exemplo: os pacientes que habitam &#225;reas rurais).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, em algumas circunst&#226;ncias, as mulheres podem ser percebidas como mais fr&#225;geis e com menor massa corporal, levando &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de doses menores dos mesmos medicamentos, o que pode comprometer a efic&#225;cia do tratamento.</p>
    <p>Dadas as complexidades descritas, se torna compreens&#237;vel como o subtratamento observado por Medei et al. contribui para um aumento do risco de acidente vascular cerebral e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o entre as pacientes do sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens, as mulheres com FA recentemente diagnosticada tendem a ser mais idosas, apresentam escores CHA2DS2-VASc mais altos, enfrentam uma carga maior<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> de comorbidades e geralmente s&#227;o tratadas em circunst&#226;ncias cl&#237;nicas mais adversas. Assim, &#233; uma quest&#227;o clinicamente significativa que o alto risco enfrentado pelas mulheres n&#227;o seja correspondido por respostas cl&#237;nicas adequadas para mitigar esse risco aumentado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste ponto, &#233; essencial mudar nossa discuss&#227;o para aspectos que muitas vezes s&#227;o negligenciados, mesmo no presente estudo: a influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis &#233;tnicas, raciais e socioecon&#244;micas nas disparidades observadas no tratamento das pacientes do sexo feminino.</p>
    <p>Duas revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas destacaram uma disparidade persistente na prescri&#231;&#227;o e no tipo de anticoagulante oral usado para FA, particularmente evidente ao se analisarem a ra&#231;a, a etnia e o status socioecon&#244;mico dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Notavelmente, no contexto da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, esses estudos sinalizam que h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia preocupante de que pacientes negros t&#234;m menos probabilidade de receber prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes brancos e asi&#225;ticos, mesmo quando seus escores de risco de AVC CHA2DS2-VASc s&#227;o compar&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, se observa uma preval&#234;ncia clara do uso de varfarina nesse grupo demogr&#225;fico. Vale mencionar que, mesmo em pa&#237;ses socialmente equitativos como a Su&#233;cia, o n&#237;vel de escolaridade influencia na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) e varfarina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Existe um ponto cr&#237;tico que merece ser sinalizado nesse artigo, que &#233; a falta de considera&#231;&#227;o das quest&#245;es &#233;tnicas e raciais &#8212; fundamentais em uma popula&#231;&#227;o diversa como a do Brasil &#8212; o que pode levar a resultados tendenciosos. O fato de o estudo ter sido conduzido principalmente em ambientes de sa&#250;de privada pode agravar tais vieses em compara&#231;&#227;o com hospitais p&#250;blicos. De fato, apenas um Estado no Brasil atualmente fornece DOACs gratuitamente, o que afeta significativamente a utiliza&#231;&#227;o adequada da terapia anticoagulante em classes sociais mais desfavorecidas.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante notar que os pacientes recebem diferentes tipos de anticoagulantes orais, dependendo se s&#227;o tratados no SE, no ambiente ambulatorial ou durante interna&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esse achado reflete varia&#231;&#245;es nos processos de cuidado na medicina de emerg&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o com o cuidado ambulatorial padr&#227;o, sugerindo que pacientes desfavorecidos frequentemente recorrem ao SE devido &#224; instabilidade cl&#237;nica, indicando barreiras no acesso ao atendimento regular.</p>
    <p>Para abordar as disparidades observadas no tratamento da FA, &#233; crucial que futuros estudos cl&#237;nicos proporcionem representa&#231;&#227;o equitativa entre coortes de pacientes diversos, incorporando categoriza&#231;&#227;o apropriada n&#227;o apenas de g&#234;nero, mas tamb&#233;m de origens raciais, &#233;tnicas e socioecon&#244;micas.</p>
    <p>Os resultados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos fornecem a base de evid&#234;ncias cr&#237;ticas para avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de novos medicamentos e produtos m&#233;dicos. A efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a podem mudar entre subgrupos populacionais dependendo de diversas vari&#225;veis sub-representadas na grande maioria dos estudos realizados at&#233; o momento. N&#227;o devemos negligenciar o impacto das an&#225;lises sistem&#225;ticas realizadas com base nesses estudos e os significativos vieses e impactos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; essencial assumir que tanto o g&#234;nero quanto outras vari&#225;veis qualitativas influenciam significativamente o acesso dos pacientes ao tratamento da FA, incluindo a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos por meio da terapia anticoagulante.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Falta de Uso de Anticoagulantes em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Risco Aumentado de Eventos</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <italic>Tromboemb&#243;licos de Acordo com o Sexo: Insights de um Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240583i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Women and Atrial Fibrillation: Is the Disparity in Anticoagulation Just a Question of Gender? In Search of the Brazilian Reality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz Torres</given-names>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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        <aff id="aff4">
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            <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jorge Elias Neto</bold> &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 2,38, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>29161-900</postal-code>, Boa Vista II, Serra, ES &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jeliasneto@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The discussion of atrial fibrillation (AF) must begin with the premise that certainly, alongside other conditions such as obesity &#8212; and in a particularly harmful partnership with it &#8212; this rhythm disturbance has emerged as a global public health problem, warranting an epidemic projection for this century.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Numerous studies have demonstrated differences in AF presentation, comorbidity burden, and admission rates between males and females. Therefore, it is critical to assess whether there are sex differences in adherence to and utilization of oral anticoagulants and outcomes based on hospital discharge status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Given these considerations, the necessity for a publication addressing this issue within the context of the Brazilian population has become evident, albeit focusing on a specific segment, as we will discuss later. Among the various contexts for analyzing this disparity between the sexes, the emergency department (ED) represents an optimal setting to identify potential gaps in care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the issue of ABC Cardiol, Medei et al. present the first multicenter prospective observational study involving consecutive adults with symptomatic AF admitted to emergency departments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The central finding of this study reveals a disparity between the sexes regarding the indication for anticoagulant therapy (41.8% female vs. 31.3% male) and the inappropriate use of anticoagulants (23.5% female vs. 18.2% male).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This outcome indicates that the Brazilian landscape pertaining to the disparity in oral anticoagulation between genders mirrors findings documented globally.</p>
      <p>It is imperative to analyze these results in light of the well-established paradox that women with AF experience more symptoms, poorer quality of life, and a higher risk of stroke compared to men, yet they are less likely to receive anticoagulant therapy and rhythm control treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The underutilization of oral anticoagulation in women can be attributed to multiple factors. Firstly, although the CHA2DS2-VASc score, incorporated into clinical guidelines, acknowledges women's overall higher risk profile, clinicians may adhere to more recent registry data indicating that sex may act as a risk modifier rather than a direct risk factor, particularly at lower risk scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nonetheless, analyses of higher-risk subgroups reveal that the underutilization of anticoagulants in women persists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Significant sex differences in the epidemiology of cardiac arrhythmias and the electrophysiological characteristics of the myocardium must be acknowledged.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Additionally, biological differences concerning body weight, body surface area, total body water distribution, and the compartmentalization of extracellular and intracellular water<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> exist. These characteristics can impact drug metabolismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among the various causes that may account for these biological differences between genders, we emphasize the coagulation mechanisms that significantly fluctuate during different female hormonal states at various life stages (menstrual cycle, pregnancy, postmenopause), alongside factors such as endothelial function, contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> For instance, the state of hypercoagulability induced by an increase in inflammatory cytokines during the menopausal period warrants attention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Other critical considerations include the propensity for women to be disproportionately overdosed compared to men &#8212; likely secondary to differences in the volume of distribution, a larger "free fraction" of drugs, and variability in drug clearance &#8212; as well as their heightened sensitivity to drug effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Moreover, women tend to take a greater number of medications than men, thereby increasing the risk of drug interactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> It is also important to recognize that "gender characteristics" can incorporate external variables acting as epigenetic factors, such as sociocultural environments, behavioral differences, nutritional habits, environmental exposures, lifestyle attitudes, and adherence to therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Further points worth highlighting in shared decision-making frameworks against anticoagulation therapy include adequate clarification of the risks and benefits of anticoagulant use, gender concordance between patients and providers, and non-medical factors affecting patients, such as the cost of medications, availability in public healthcare networks, low education levels, and logistical barriers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Additionally, in some circumstances, women may be perceived as more frail and of lower body mass, leading to the prescription of lower doses of the same medications, potentially compromising treatment efficacy.</p>
      <p>Given the complexities outlined, it becomes comprehensible how the under-treatment observed by Medei et al. contributes to an increased risk of stroke and hospitalization among female patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, in comparison to men, women with newly diagnosed AF tend to be older, present with higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores, experience a greater burden of comorbidity, and are generally treated under worse clinical circumstances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is thus a clinically significant issue that the high risk faced by women is not matched by corresponding clinical responses aimed at mitigating this heightened risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At this juncture, it is essential to pivot our discussion to aspects that are often overlooked, even in this study: the influence of ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic variables on the observed disparities in the treatment of female patients.</p>
      <p>Two systematic reviews have highlighted a persistent disparity in the prescription and type of oral anticoagulant used for AF, particularly evident when analyzing the race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Notably, within the context of the Brazilian population, there is a concerning trend that Black patients are less likely to be prescribed oral anticoagulation compared to White and Asian patients, even when their CHA2DS2-VASc stroke risk scores are comparable. Furthermore, a clear prevalence of warfarin usage is observed in this demographic. It is worth mentioning that even in socially equitable countries like Sweden, education level influences the relationship between the utilization of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and warfarin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This article underscores the critical point that failing to account for ethnic and racial considerations &#8212; which are fundamental in a diverse population such as Brazil's &#8212; can lead to biased results. The fact that the study was primarily conducted in private healthcare settings may further exacerbate such biases in comparison to public hospitals. Indeed, only one state in Brazil currently provides DOACs at no cost, significantly affecting the proper usage of anticoagulant therapy.</p>
      <p>Additionally, it is noteworthy that patients receive different types of oral anticoagulants depending on whether they are treated in the ED, the outpatient setting, or during inpatient admissions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This finding reflects variations in care processes in emergency medicine as opposed to standard outpatient care, suggesting that underprivileged patients often resort to the ED for clinical instability, indicating barriers to accessing regular care.</p>
      <p>To address the observed treatment disparities in AF, future clinical studies must provide equitable representation across diverse patient cohorts, incorporating appropriate categorizations of not only gender but also racial and ethnic backgrounds.</p>
      <p>Clinical trial results provide the critical evidence base for evaluating the safety and efficacy of new medicines and medical products. Efficacy and safety may differ among population subgroups depending on several variables under-represented in the vast majority of studies conducted to date. We must not overlook the impact of systematic analyses carried out based on these studies and the significant biases and implications on clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is essential to assume that both gender and other categorizations significantly influence patients&#8217; access to AF treatment, including the prevention of thromboembolic events through anticoagulant therapy.</p>
    </body>
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        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Lack of Anticoagulant Use in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Increased Risk of Thromboembolic Events</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <italic>According to Sex: Insights from a Multicentric Brazilian Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
