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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pZzxvZ4YZQWtNwngJNm7kdm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240557</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ser&#225; Que Menos Vale Mais?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Estimulocor - Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor - Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Luiz Maurino Abreu</bold> &#8226; Estimulocor - Avenida Ataulfo de Paiva, 135 Grupo 1502. CEP <postal-code>22440-901</postal-code>, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>maurinoabreu@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240557</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Transfus&#227;o de Sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>
        <italic>
          <bold>"Todo problema complexo tem uma solu&#231;&#227;o simples, elegante e completamente errada".</bold>
        </italic>
      </p>
      <attrib>
        <italic>
          <bold>Henry Louis Mencken</bold>
        </italic>
      </attrib>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>O uso de produtos biologicamente ativos, como o sangue estocado, no arsenal terap&#234;utico, gera controv&#233;rsia. Com o desenvolvimento da hemoterapia, complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas, como as infec&#231;&#245;es transmitidas por transfus&#227;o, a les&#227;o pulmonar aguda relacionada &#224; transfus&#227;o (TRALI), e as rea&#231;&#245;es hemol&#237;ticas graves, tornaram-se raras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, uma poss&#237;vel sobrecarga de volume, com consequente edema pulmonar (sobrecarga circulat&#243;ria associada &#224; transfus&#227;o, TACO) e suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, est&#225; associada a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade p&#243;s transfusional. Fatores predisponentes para o quadro incluem a cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, presentes muitas vezes no contexto do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A anemia pode agravar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no IAM, com impacto na mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> H&#225; duas estrat&#233;gias principais que est&#227;o presentes nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos no manejo dessa condi&#231;&#227;o: a transfus&#227;o restritiva e a transfus&#227;o liberal. A escolha entre essas abordagens permanece como tema pol&#234;mico, com implica&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e os desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Estudo publicado neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> apresenta cuidadosa metan&#225;lise e considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas sobre o tema, revelando de forma did&#225;tica e objetiva, o quanto &#233; complexo apontar uma estrat&#233;gia &#250;nica. A partir de busca sistem&#225;tica nas principais plataformas de pesquisa, para ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (RCTs), comparando as duas estrat&#233;gias em anemia associada ao IAM, restaram somente tr&#234;s ensaios que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, quanto ao uso de sangue, efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a (MINT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> REALITY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e CRIT.)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Com um total de 4.217 participantes dos tr&#234;s RCTs acompanhados por 30 dias, n&#227;o se constatou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as estrat&#233;gias restritivas e liberais nos desfechos de efic&#225;cia e de seguran&#231;a. Os autores ressaltam o poss&#237;vel impacto de heterogeneidade no tratamento, bem evidente na estrat&#233;gia restritiva. No REALITY, cujo resultado sugeriu ser a estrat&#233;gia restritiva superior, o n&#250;mero de unidades de concentrado de hem&#225;cias no grupo restritivo foi maior do que na estrat&#233;gia liberal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na estrat&#233;gia restritiva de transfus&#227;o, o sangue s&#243; &#233; administrado quando os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina caem abaixo de um limiar espec&#237;fico, que varia entre 7 e 8 g/dL, com a hip&#243;tese de que a redu&#231;&#227;o do uso de transfus&#245;es pode minimizar os riscos e os custos. No IAM, uma transfus&#227;o excessiva pode aumentar a viscosidade do sangue, potencialmente agravando a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e prejudicando a recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na estrat&#233;gia liberal de transfus&#227;o a administra&#231;&#227;o de sangue &#233; feita em n&#237;veis de hemoglobina mais altos, geralmente entre 9 e 10 g/dL. O conceito seria que manter n&#237;veis mais elevados de hemoglobina poderia melhorar a oxigena&#231;&#227;o tecidual e a perfus&#227;o, especialmente em pacientes com IAM, onde a demanda por oxig&#234;nio &#233; criticamente alta, sendo que a anemia pode gerar mais hip&#243;xia, com pior progn&#243;stico. Por outro lado, nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos avaliando estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o no infarto, como o CRIT e REALITY, houve um aumento no n&#250;mero de casos de congest&#227;o no grupo liberal em compara&#231;&#227;o ao restritivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As diretrizes cl&#237;nicas, como as do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC) e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA), tendem a favorecer uma abordagem mais restritiva, enfatizando a necessidade de individualizar a decis&#227;o de transfus&#227;o com base no estado cl&#237;nico do paciente, sintomas de anemia e comorbidades. Mostrando o quanto &#233; complexo afirmar uma conduta &#250;nica, o estudo Reality que mostrava maior benef&#237;cio com a estrat&#233;gia restritiva, teve seus resultados revertidos ap&#243;s o quinto m&#234;s (HR 1,44, IC 95% 1,01-2,03 em um ano). A vantagem da estrat&#233;gia restritiva no Reality em 30 dias n&#227;o foi confirmada em um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de qual conduta adotar permanece atual e controversa, ainda sem resposta definitiva, que agrega valor ao trabalho aqui publicado. Como ressaltado pelos autores, metas diversas a partir da decis&#227;o de transfundir s&#227;o vagas e se o objetivo era "corrigir" a hemoglobina para um n&#237;vel pr&#233;-estabelecido (&gt;10), ou mesmo estabilidade cl&#237;nica. Tal varia&#231;&#227;o certamente prejudica e interfere nos desfechos.</p>
    <p>Enquanto a evid&#234;ncia atual favorece uma abordagem mais restritiva em muitos casos, a decis&#227;o final deve ser cuidadosamente personalizada, levando em conta a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica e as necessidades do paciente. O equil&#237;brio entre minimizar riscos e maximizar benef&#237;cios permanece o objetivo primordial na gest&#227;o desses pacientes complexos.</p>
    <p>A metan&#225;lise bem conduzida e com as limita&#231;&#245;es apontadas pelos autores destaca a necessidade de estudos futuros com popula&#231;&#245;es e protocolos bem definidos. At&#233; l&#225;, &#233; manter o manejo individualizado, valorizando a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente at&#233; que as melhores evid&#234;ncias estejam dispon&#237;veis.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Estrat&#233;gias de Transfus&#227;o Restritiva versus Liberal em Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio e Anemia: Metan&#225;lise e An&#225;lise Sequencial de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240557i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Could Less Be Worth More?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor - Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Luiz Maurino Abreu</bold> &#8226; Estimulocor - Avenida Ataulfo de Paiva, 135 Grupo 1502. Postal Code <postal-code>22440-901</postal-code>, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - BrazilE-mail: <email>maurinoabreu@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Transfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>
            <bold>"For every complex problem there is a solution wich is clear, simple, and wrong"</bold>
          </italic>
        </p>
        <attrib>
          <italic>
            <bold>Henry Louis Mencken</bold>
          </italic>
        </attrib>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>The use of biologically active products, such as stored blood, in the therapeutic arsenal generates controversy. With the development of hemotherapy, related complications, such as transfusion-transmitted infections, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), and severe hemolytic reactions, have become rare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, possible volume overload, with consequent pulmonary edema (transfusion-associated circulatory overload, TACO) and its clinical implications, is associated with a major cause of post-transfusion morbidity and mortality. Predisposing factors for the condition include ischemic cardiomyopathy and chronic kidney disease, often present in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Anemia can worsen myocardial ischemia in AMI, with an impact on mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Two main strategies are present in clinical trials in the management of this condition: restrictive transfusion and liberal transfusion. The choice between these approaches remains a controversial topic, with critical implications for clinical practice and patient outcomes.</p>
      <p>A study published in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> presents careful meta-analysis and methodological considerations on the topic, revealing in a didactic and objective way how complex it is to identify a single strategy. From a systematic search on the main research platforms for randomized clinical trials (RCTs), comparing the two strategies in anemia associated with AMI, only three trials remained that met the eligibility criteria regarding the use of blood, efficacy, and safety (MINT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> REALITY,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and CRIT.)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> With a total of 4,217 participants from the three RCTs followed for 30 days, no statistically significant difference was found between restrictive and liberal strategies in efficacy and safety outcomes. The authors highlight the possible impact of heterogeneity in treatment, clearly evident in the restrictive strategy. In REALITY, whose results suggested that the restrictive strategy was superior, the number of packed red blood cell units in the restrictive group was greater than in the liberal strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the restrictive transfusion strategy, blood is only administered when hemoglobin levels fall below a specific threshold, which varies between 7 and 8 g/dL, with the hypothesis that reducing the use of transfusions can minimize risks and costs. In AMI, excessive transfusion can increase blood viscosity, potentially worsening myocardial ischemia and impairing recovery.</p>
      <p>In the liberal transfusion strategy, blood is administered at higher hemoglobin levels, generally between 9 and 10 g/dL. The concept would be that maintaining higher levels of hemoglobin could improve tissue oxygenation and perfusion, especially in patients with AMI, where the demand for oxygen is critically high, and anemia can generate more hypoxia, with a worse prognosis. On the other hand, in clinical trials evaluating transfusion strategies for infarction, such as CRIT and REALITY, there was an increase in the number of cases of congestion in the liberal group compared to the restrictive group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Clinical guidelines, such as those from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA), tend to favor a more restrictive approach, emphasizing the need to individualize the transfusion decision based on the patient's clinical status, symptoms of anemia, and comorbidities. Showing how complex it is to assert a single conduct, the Reality study, which showed greater benefit with the restrictive strategy, had its results reversed after the fifth month. (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01-2.03 at one year). The advantage of the restrictive strategy in Reality in 30 days has not been confirmed in a year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The definition of what conduct to adopt remains current and controversial, with no definitive answer yet, which adds value to the work published here. As highlighted by the authors, different goals from the decision to transfuse are vague, and whether the objective was to "correct" hemoglobin to a pre-established level (&gt;10) or even clinical stability. Such variation certainly harms and interferes with outcomes.</p>
      <p>While current evidence favors a more restrictive approach in many cases, the final decision must be carefully personalized, taking into account the specific clinical condition and needs of the patient. The balance between minimizing risks and maximizing benefits remains the primary objective in managing these complex patients.</p>
      <p>The well-conducted meta-analysis and the limitations pointed out by the authors highlight the need for future studies with well-defined populations and protocols. Until then, it is important to maintain individualized management, valuing the patient's clinical condition until the best evidence is available.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Restrictive versus Liberal Transfusion Strategies in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: A Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
