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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zbrZmyqT49cx6wSzH4cT5nj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240515</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia com C&#233;lulas-Tronco Mesenquimais Derivadas do Tecido Adiposo para Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Isqu&#234;mica: Segura, mas N&#227;o Eficaz?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8731-2394</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jamaiyar</surname>
            <given-names>Anurag</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tzani</surname>
            <given-names>Aspasia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women's Hospital &#8211; Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Anurag Jamaiyar</bold> &#8226; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine &#8211; Avenida Louis Pasteur, 77, NRB 742, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; <postal-code>02115</postal-code>, EUA E-mail: <email>ajamaiyar@bwh.harvard.edu</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240515</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Terapia Baseada em Transplante de C&#233;lulas e Tecidos</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas-Tronco Mesenquimais</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continuam a ser a principal causa de morte em adultos em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva envolve um estreitamento gradual dos ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria devido ao ac&#250;mulo de placa ateroscler&#243;tica, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para o mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Este infarto do mioc&#225;rdio inicia uma cascata de processos patol&#243;gicos, como estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose, que eventualmente levam &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. &#192;s vezes, um transplante card&#237;aco &#233; a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel para muitos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica progressiva refrat&#225;ria &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o antianginosa ou &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Novas terap&#234;uticas, como c&#233;lulas-tronco, RNAs, CRISPR, fatores de crescimento, etc., s&#227;o uma grande promessa para atender a essa necessidade cl&#237;nica. As c&#233;lulas-tronco t&#234;m sido testadas extensivamente em estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos h&#225; muitos anos. Os fatores par&#225;crinos, em vez do potencial de diferencia&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o agora amplamente aceitos como a causa mais prov&#225;vel dos seus efeitos terap&#234;uticos. Estudos contempor&#226;neos continuam a empregar c&#233;lulas-tronco nativas ou geneticamente reprogramadas para o tratamento de diversas doen&#231;as. As c&#233;lulas-tronco podem ser derivadas de diversos nichos no corpo humano adulto, como sangue, medula &#243;ssea, gordura, m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, muitos destes tecidos s&#243; podem ser colhidos em quantidades muito pequenas. Al&#233;m disso, o acesso a alguns deles, por exemplo, &#224; medula &#243;ssea, requer procedimentos invasivos. O tecido adiposo continua sendo um dos tecidos mais abundantes e facilmente recuper&#225;veis para esse fim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na presente edi&#231;&#227;o, os autores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> apresentam uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos cl&#237;nicos nos quais c&#233;lulas-tronco derivadas do tecido adiposo (ADSCs) t&#234;m sido utilizadas como terap&#234;utica para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (DIC). Esta revis&#227;o resume a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia das ADSCs em dez desses estudos (compreendendo 29 publica&#231;&#245;es), com 8 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados controlados e 2 ensaios n&#227;o controlados. Os estudos revisados pelos autores administraram n&#250;meros variados de ADSCs (de 400.000 c&#233;lulas no ensaio Athena I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> a 100 milh&#245;es de c&#233;lulas nos estudos DANISH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e CI&#202;NCIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m do estudo AdiFLAP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que utilizou um adesivo adiposo, esses estudos administraram ADSCs por meio de inje&#231;&#245;es intramioc&#225;rdicas ou intracoron&#225;rias. O acompanhamento desses ensaios variou de 6 meses (APOLLO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Kastrup et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>) a 36 meses (MyStromalCell<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e PRECISE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>). Nos primeiros dias da terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco, uma das principais preocupa&#231;&#245;es de seguran&#231;a era a forma&#231;&#227;o de teratoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Devido em grande parte &#224; natureza pluripotente das c&#233;lulas-tronco testadas. Como o corpo humano &#233; um ambiente complexo de fatores de crescimento, citocinas, horm&#244;nios, etc., as c&#233;lulas estaminais tamb&#233;m podem diferenciar-se em tipos de c&#233;lulas n&#227;o intencionais, tornando a terapia com c&#233;lulas estaminais um empreendimento arriscado que pode causar mais danos do que benef&#237;cios. Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, essas terapias amadureceram, com c&#233;lulas-tronco multipotentes em vez de pluripotentes como candidatas.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; seguran&#231;a, apenas algumas sequelas adversas, como ataques isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido ao agravamento da angina, foram relatadas nos estudos revisados. Considerando o contexto, &#233; prov&#225;vel que estes acontecimentos tenham ocorrido devido a doen&#231;a cardiovascular subjacente. Neste aspecto, as ADSCs s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s outras c&#233;lulas-tronco candidatas ao tratamento da DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, a efic&#225;cia da terapia ADSC n&#227;o &#233; clara. Nenhum dos estudos relatou uma melhora significativa na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca entre os grupos controle e experimental. Entretanto, tr&#234;s estudos mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o da isquemia induzida por estresse nos grupos de tratamento por cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esta observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; promissora, uma vez que o aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo est&#225; fisiologicamente associado &#224; melhoria da contratilidade do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco. Isto se reflete em um estudo onde segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos tratados com ADSCs exibiram motilidade parietal melhorada versus controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As medidas de acompanhamento em v&#225;rios estudos mostraram melhorias em outros desfechos, como no teste de caminhada de seis minutos ou aumento no volume sist&#243;lico. Os dois estudos mais recentes, DANISH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e SCIENCE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> n&#227;o relataram quaisquer melhorias no grupo experimental para seus desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios. Embora melhorias r&#225;pidas fossem ideais, os efeitos do tratamento ADSC melhoraram a qualidade de vida destes pacientes a longo prazo. Estes resultados devem ser interpretados &#224; luz do pesado fardo da doen&#231;a suportado pelos receptores da terapia ADSC. O momento do tratamento ADSC provavelmente desempenhou um papel crucial nas melhorias modestas nos indiv&#237;duos. Nos estudos revisados pelos autores, as ADSCs foram administradas a pacientes nos est&#225;gios finais da DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O tratamento precoce da ADSC poderia potencialmente resgatar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e minimizar o tamanho do infarto no futuro. &#192; medida que o desenvolvimento nas t&#233;cnicas de entrega de c&#233;lulas-tronco continua, os estudos cl&#237;nicos de fase III com mais indiv&#237;duos e per&#237;odos de acompanhamento mais longos revelar&#227;o todo o potencial das ADSCs. Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sintetiza dados cl&#237;nicos pertinentes e serve como um recurso &#250;til para o desenvolvimento da terapia ADSC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia da Terapia com C&#233;lulas-tronco Mesenquimais Derivadas do Tecido Adiposo para Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimento</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer &#224; Dra. Jessica Leite Garcia (Departamento de Medicina, Brigham and Women's Hospital) por sua ajuda na edi&#231;&#227;o de provas em portugu&#234;s.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240515i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease: Safe but Not Effective?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8731-2394</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jamaiyar</surname>
            <given-names>Anurag</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tzani</surname>
            <given-names>Aspasia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women's Hospital &#8211; Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Anurag Jamaiyar</bold> &#8226; Brigham and Women's Hospital &#8211; Department of Medicine &#8211; 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, NRB - 742 Boston, Massachusetts, <postal-code>02115</postal-code> &#8211; USA E-mail: <email>ajamaiyar@bwh.harvard.edu</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Mesenchymal Stem Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in adults globally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Obstructive coronary artery disease involves a gradual narrowing of coronary artery branches due to the build-up of atherosclerotic plaque, leading to reduced blood flow to the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This myocardial infarction initiates a cascade of pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, which eventually lead to heart failure. A heart transplant is sometimes the only viable option for many patients with progressive ischemic heart failure refractory to anti-anginal medication or revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Novel therapeutics such as stem cells, RNAs, CRISPR, growth factors, etc., hold great promise for meeting this clinical need. Stem cells have been tested in pre-clinical studies extensively for many years now. Paracrine factors, instead of differentiation potential, are now widely agreed upon as the most likely cause of their therapeutic effects. Contemporary studies continue to employ either native or genetically reprogrammed stem cells for treating various diseases. Stem cells can be derived from diverse niches in the adult human body, such as blood, bone marrow, fat, skeletal muscle, and more.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, many of these tissues can only be harvested in very small quantities. Also, access to some of them, e.g., bone marrow, requires invasive procedures. Adipose remains one of the most abundant and easily retrievable tissues for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the current issue, the authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> present a systematic review of clinical studies in which adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been used as a therapeutic for ischemic heart disease (IHD). This review summarizes the safety and efficacy of ADSCs in ten such studies (comprising 29 publications), with 8 randomized controlled clinical trials and 2 uncontrolled trials. The studies reviewed by the authors administered varying numbers of ADSCs (from 400,000 cells in the Athena I trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> to 100 million cells in the DANISH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and SCIENCE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> studies. Apart from the AdiFLAP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> study, which used an adipose patch, these studies administered ADSCs via intramyocardial or intracoronary injections. Follow-up for these trials ranged from 6 months (APOLLO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Kastrup et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>) to 36 months (MyStromalCell<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and PRECISE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>). In the early days of stem cell therapy, one of the main safety concerns was teratoma formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This was largely due to the pluripotent nature of stem cells being tested. As the human body is a complex milieu of growth factors, cytokines, hormones, etc., stem cells could also differentiate into unintended cell types, making stem cell therapy a risky endeavor that could cause more harm than good. In the last decade, these therapies have come of age, with multipotent instead of pluripotent stem cells as candidates.</p>
      <p>With regard to safety, only a few adverse sequelae, such as transient ischemic attacks and hospitalization due to worsening angina, were reported in the studies reviewed. Taken in context, it is likely that these events occurred due to underlying cardiovascular disease. In this aspect, ADSCs are comparable to other stem cell candidates for the treatment of IHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the efficacy of ADSC therapy is a mixed bag. None of the studies reported a significant improvement in cardiac function between the control and experimental groups. However, three studies showed a reduction in stress-induced ischemia in the treatment groups by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This observation is promising, as increased blood flow is physiologically coupled to improved contractility of the heart muscle. This is reflected in one study where myocardial segments treated with ADSCs exhibited improved parietal motility vs control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Follow-up measurements in various studies showed improvements in other endpoints, such as the six-minute walk test or increase in systolic volume. The two most recent studies, DANISH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and SCIENCE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> did not report any improvements in the experimental group for their primary and secondary endpoints. Although rapid enhancements would have been ideal, the effects of ADSC treatment did improve the quality of life in these patients in the long term. These results must be interpreted in light of the heavy burden of disease carried by recipients of ADSC therapy. The timing of ADSC treatment likely played a crucial role in the modest improvements in the subjects. In the studies reviewed by the authors, ADSCs were administered to patients in the late stages of IHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Earlier ADSC treatment could potentially rescue cardiac function and minimize infarct size in the future. As developments in stem cell delivery techniques continue, phase III clinical studies with more subjects and longer follow-up periods will reveal the full potential of ADSCs. This systematic review synthesizes pertinent clinical data and serves as a useful resource for the development of ADSC therapy.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Safety and Efficacy of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank Dr. Jessica Leite Garcia (Department of medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital) for her help with editing proofs in Portuguese.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
