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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LX7kfCzkpffrjsvkVC8ndMF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240310</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Falta de Uso de Anticoagulantes em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Risco Aumentado de Eventos Tromboemb&#243;licos de Acordo com o Sexo: Insights de um Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0044-1311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medei</surname>
            <given-names>Emiliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-7319</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moll-Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1144-9252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Martha V. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0091-9714</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1604-3139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abufaiad</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3941-1216</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feldman</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3770-1559</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme D&#8217;andrea Saba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0803-5143</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Libano Csernik</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4673-0231</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luca</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Augusto De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8415-3140</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Henz</surname>
            <given-names>Benhur Davi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Aurelio P.</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7867-6794</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camiletti</surname>
            <given-names>Angelina Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2550-3670</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Frajtag</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7784-9905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luiz</surname>
            <given-names>Ronir R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2733-4644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia e Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia e Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Estudos em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Estudos em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (IESC) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RRio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Emiliano Medei &#8226; Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 &#8211; CCS &#8211; Bloco G. CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>emedei70@biof.ufrj.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240310</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Falta de Uso de Anticoagulantes em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Risco Aumentado de Eventos Tromboemb&#243;licos de Acordo com o Sexo: Insights de um Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria e uso de anticoagulantes de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de acordo com o sexo.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/LX7kfCzkpffrjsvkVC8ndMF/8c72da81f777157474bf2f12f9c0c316463e1a7b.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/LX7kfCzkpffrjsvkVC8ndMF/0301cbe43069aefe370fe4bd7ac99b9c0252177b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/LX7kfCzkpffrjsvkVC8ndMF/73433fc03930585b97cfd62b1f05a61e3f8812b4.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais prevalente e sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o difere de acordo com a idade e o sexo. Estudos recentes revelaram diferen&#231;as na FA entre v&#225;rios grupos demogr&#225;ficos, incluindo a popula&#231;&#227;o latino-americana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Melhor compreender as poss&#237;veis disparidades na preval&#234;ncia da FA e nas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira por meio de dados de um registro prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico de grande escala.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O registro de FA da Rede D&#8217;Or &#233; um estudo observacional prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico que incluiu pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos com FA atendidos no pronto-socorro de 32 hospitais terci&#225;rios no Brasil. Os pacientes foram caracterizados de acordo com o sexo e outras caracter&#237;sticas basais e classificados de acordo com o uso pr&#233;vio de anticoagulantes. Foi analisada a falta de uso de anticoagulantes em pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os dados do estudo foram provenientes de um total de 1.955 pacientes inscritos. O sexo masculino foi mais prevalente e os homens eram mais jovens que as mulheres. Devido ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios anteriores de FA e a um escore CHA2DS2-VASc mais elevado, mais mulheres tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia anticoagulante; no entanto, uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa n&#227;o estava recebendo esse tratamento. Dos 29 &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares, 15 pacientes tinham indica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, mas apenas 3 estavam em uso de anticoagulantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O presente estudo revelou diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de pacientes com FA que s&#227;o consistentes com tend&#234;ncias em pa&#237;ses de alta renda. A promo&#231;&#227;o de uma melhor implementa&#231;&#227;o de terapias anticoagulantes e antitromb&#243;ticas para reduzir o risco de &#243;bito e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos entre mulheres com FA no Brasil &#233; crucial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboembolia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/210.155/2020</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/203.169/2017</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/210.191/2020</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/210.253/2020</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310681/2018-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>406761/2022-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), E.M. recebe bolsa pessoal PQ CNPq, e bolsas E-26/210.155/2020, E-26/203.169/2017, E-26/210.191/2020, e E-26/210.253/2020; CNPq 310681/2018-9 (para EM). CNPq &#8211; INTERAS - 406761/2022-1.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum em todo o mundo e sua preval&#234;ncia entre adultos no Brasil &#233; de 1,8% a 2,5%, afetando aproximadamente 1,5 milh&#227;o de pessoas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O risco de FA ao longo da vida &#233; de 25% e aumenta com a idade, os homens sendo mais frequentemente afetados. Outros fatores de risco conhecidos para o desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a incluem hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica, obesidade e apneia obstrutiva do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas, especialmente o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), associadas &#224; FA t&#234;m consequ&#234;ncias graves, aumentando a morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os pacientes com FA apresentam risco 5 vezes maior de AVC na aus&#234;ncia de tratamento anticoagulante. O risco de AVC durante a FA duplica a cada d&#233;cada de vida ap&#243;s a idade de 55 anos e a sua incid&#234;ncia ultrapassa 25% em pacientes com mais de 80 anos. A FA &#233; respons&#225;vel por quase um ter&#231;o de todos casos de AVC e &#233; a principal causa de AVC cardioemb&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes atuais recomendam terapia antitromb&#243;tica para preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC com base no risco individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#233; o mais utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para prever o risco de AVC, com base nos riscos aumentados conferidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o, idade, diabetes, AVC pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e sexo feminino. As mulheres com FA apresentam maior gravidade de AVC e ocorr&#234;ncia de incapacidade permanente do que os homens. Ainda assim, elas t&#234;m sido sub-representadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K (NOACs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes do sexo masculino, as mulheres com FA t&#234;m menor probabilidade de serem submetidas &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e s&#227;o encaminhadas mais tardiamente para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A crescente preval&#234;ncia e a complexidade da FA representam desafios cl&#237;nicos significativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo na FA podem ser atribu&#237;das a varia&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, perfis gen&#233;ticos e hormonais, entre outros fatores. At&#233; o momento, entretanto, essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o foram estudadas de forma abrangente em pacientes latino-americanos, incluindo a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Assim, no presente estudo, objetivamos esclarecer as diferen&#231;as de idade e sexo nos aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos da FA e examinar a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes em pacientes com FA utilizando dados de um registro brasileiro prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico de grande escala.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico denominado &#8220;registro de FA da Rede D&#8217;Or&#8221; de adultos consecutivos com idade &#8805; 18 anos com FA sintom&#225;tica, internados nas salas de emerg&#234;ncia de 32 hospitais terci&#225;rios em 6 estados brasileiros (Tabela S1).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Foram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o no registro pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica, confirmada por eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, de FA ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes diagnosticados com taquiarritmias relacionadas a outras condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como sepse e disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e processamento de dados</title>
        <p>Investigadores treinados coletaram dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos dos participantes e os inseriram em formul&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de relato de caso usando a plataforma Research Electronic Data Capture (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, EUA). Os dados cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;ram hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA, comorbidades, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, fatores de risco cardioemb&#243;licos, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica, uso pr&#233;vio de anticoagulantes, procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos, complica&#231;&#245;es e tratamento durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Os dados laboratoriais foram provenientes de exames realizados durante as interna&#231;&#245;es dos participantes, de acordo com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica local. Os pacientes foram acompanhados prospectivamente at&#233; a alta hospitalar ou &#243;bito intra-hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Para o presente estudo, os pacientes foram caracterizados de acordo com o sexo e outras caracter&#237;sticas basais e classificados de acordo com o uso pr&#233;vio de anticoagulantes. Foi registrada e analisada a falta de uso de anticoagulante antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via para tal uso (hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA, escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805; 3 para mulheres e &#8805; 2 para homens).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram caracterizadas como propor&#231;&#245;es e suas frequ&#234;ncias foram comparadas entre os grupos por meio do teste qui-quadrado ou de Fisher. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados foi calculada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Visto que as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foram descritas como medianas e intervalos interquartis e comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em 5%. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS (vers&#227;o 24.0; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O presente estudo segue os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O protocolo foi aprovado pelos conselhos de revis&#227;o institucional e pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica dos locais participantes (IRB#82452218.2.1001.5249). Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito antes da inscri&#231;&#227;o. Todos os dados espec&#237;ficos dos pacientes foram desidentificados durante a an&#225;lise para garantir a confidencialidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre 15 de junho de 2018 e 17 de fevereiro de 2023, foram inclu&#237;dos no registro dados de um total de 1.955 pacientes dos 32 locais participantes. Destes pacientes, 707 apresentaram FA parox&#237;stica; 369 tinham FA permanente e a forma de FA n&#227;o foi determinada em 879. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 68,0 anos e 57,5% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A idade variou de acordo com o sexo, com mediana de 61,0 anos para os homens e 72,4 anos para as mulheres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Mais mulheres do que homens tinham asma e hipertireoidismo. Mais homens do que mulheres tinham hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. As frequ&#234;ncias de insufici&#234;ncia renal, dilata&#231;&#227;o e miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o diferiram entre os sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA foi mais prevalente entre mulheres do que entre homens (49,6% versus 43,1%, p &lt; 0,01), mas essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa quando a amostra foi estratificada por idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de acordo com o sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Total</th>
                <th colspan="4">Sexo</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Teste &#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Masculino</th>
                <th colspan="2">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>(%)</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>(%)</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 50 anos</td>
                <td align="center">368</td>
                <td align="center">(18,9)</td>
                <td align="center">301</td>
                <td align="center">(26,8)</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">(8,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>De 50 a 69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">667</td>
                <td align="center">(34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">434</td>
                <td align="center">(38,6)</td>
                <td align="center">233</td>
                <td align="center">(28,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 70 anos</td>
                <td align="center">917</td>
                <td align="center">(47,0)</td>
                <td align="center">388</td>
                <td align="center">(34,6)</td>
                <td align="center">529</td>
                <td align="center">(63,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">992</td>
                <td align="center">(55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">394</td>
                <td align="center">(51,8)</td>
                <td align="center">598</td>
                <td align="center">(58,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">791</td>
                <td align="center">(44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">367</td>
                <td align="center">(48,2)</td>
                <td align="center">424</td>
                <td align="center">(41,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1504</td>
                <td align="center">(84,4)</td>
                <td align="center">844</td>
                <td align="center">(82,6)</td>
                <td align="center">660</td>
                <td align="center">(87,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">277</td>
                <td align="center">(15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">178</td>
                <td align="center">(17,4)</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">(13,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Asma</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1714</td>
                <td align="center">(96,2)</td>
                <td align="center">996</td>
                <td align="center">(97,5)</td>
                <td align="center">718</td>
                <td align="center">(94,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">(3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">(2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">(5,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Miocardiopatia dilatada/isqu&#234;mica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1677</td>
                <td align="center">(94,2)</td>
                <td align="center">962</td>
                <td align="center">(94,1)</td>
                <td align="center">715</td>
                <td align="center">(94,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">(5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">(5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">(5,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1717</td>
                <td align="center">(96,3)</td>
                <td align="center">982</td>
                <td align="center">(96,1)</td>
                <td align="center">735</td>
                <td align="center">(96,6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">(3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">(3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">(3,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Hipertireoidismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1751</td>
                <td align="center">(98,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1010</td>
                <td align="center">(98,8)</td>
                <td align="center">741</td>
                <td align="center">(97,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">(1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">(1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">(2,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial entre pacientes hospitalizados por fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de acordo com idade e sexo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240310-40310-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade intra-hospitalar</title>
        <p>Um total de 29 (1,48%) pacientes faleceu durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e apenas 1 (0,05%) faleceu na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. A mortalidade esteve associada &#224; idade, presen&#231;a de comorbidades (p = 0,02), miocardiopatia dilatada ou isqu&#234;mica e insufici&#234;ncia renal, mas n&#227;o ao sexo, &#224; hipertens&#227;o ou &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). As causas de &#243;bito foram cardiovasculares em 9 pacientes (incluindo 3 com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 1 com choque cardiog&#234;nico, 1 com AVC e 4 com outras causas cardiovasculares). A causa de &#243;bito n&#227;o foi relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em 20 pacientes. &#201; importante ressaltar que dos 29 &#243;bitos, 15 (51,7%) pacientes tinham indica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, mas apenas 3 estavam em uso de anticoagulantes. A mortalidade no grupo com falta anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi de 3,1%, comparada a 1,1% no grupo com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (p = 0,034). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os sexos nesse aspecto.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mortalidade intra-hospitalar de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas basais e comorbidades</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Total</th>
                  <th colspan="4">&#211;bito</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Valor p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">N&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Sim</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 50 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">321</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">320</td>
                  <td align="center">(99,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>De 50 a 69 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">621</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">616</td>
                  <td align="center">(99,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 70 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">838</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">815</td>
                  <td align="center">(97,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">(2,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1032</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1016</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,850</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">748</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">735</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">906</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">890</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,852</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">731</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">719</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1376</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1355</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,191</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">260</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">253</td>
                  <td align="center">(97,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">(2,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Asma</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1573</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1548</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">(95,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">(4,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Miocardiopatia dilatada/isqu&#234;mica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1540</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1517</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">(94,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">(5,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1576</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1554</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">(90,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">(9,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Hipertireoidismo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1609</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1582</td>
                  <td align="center">(98,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">(59,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">(3,7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>*Teste de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Uso de anticoagulantes</title>
        <p>A mediana do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc foi 4 para mulheres e 2 para homens. Na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, 25,6% das mulheres apresentaram escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805; 5; nos homens, essa propor&#231;&#227;o foi de 5,5% (Tabela S2). Considerando a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA e o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, estimamos que 698 pacientes tinham indica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de uso de anticoagulantes. Dentre esses pacientes, 299 (42,8%) relataram uso de anticoagulante na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Desses, 236 (78,9%) estavam em uso de NOAC; 15 (5,0%) estavam em uso de varfarina; 8 (2,6%) estavam em uso de heparina de baixo peso molecular e 40 (13,4%) n&#227;o informaram. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos quanto ao tipo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (Tabela S3). Mais mulheres do que homens tinham indica&#231;&#227;o de uso de anticoagulantes (41,8% versus 31,3%) e n&#227;o faziam uso (23,5% versus 18,2%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>Os 399 pacientes com falta de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o eram mais velhos e mais deles tinham hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, asma, miocardiopatia dilatada ou isqu&#234;mica e insufici&#234;ncia renal do que aqueles em uso pr&#233;vio de anticoagulantes. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertireoidismo n&#227;o diferiu de acordo com o uso de anticoagulantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Entre todos os pacientes internados, 10 tiveram algum evento tromboemb&#243;lico; 31 tiveram um evento hemorr&#225;gico e 1 paciente teve AVC hemorr&#225;gico.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial segundo uso pr&#233;vio de anticoagulantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Total</th>
                  <th colspan="6">Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Teste &#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Sem indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Uso pr&#233;vio</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Falta de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 50 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">368</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">329</td>
                  <td align="center">(89,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0</td>
                  <td align="center">(7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">(3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>De 50 a 69 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">669</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">490</td>
                  <td align="center">(73,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,0</td>
                  <td align="center">(12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,0</td>
                  <td align="center">(14,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 70 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">918</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">438</td>
                  <td align="center">(47,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">190,0</td>
                  <td align="center">(20,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">290,0</td>
                  <td align="center">(31,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">992</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">717</td>
                  <td align="center">(72,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">154</td>
                  <td align="center">(15,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">121</td>
                  <td align="center">(12,2)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">793</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">393</td>
                  <td align="center">(49,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">129</td>
                  <td align="center">(16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">271</td>
                  <td align="center">(34,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1506</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1000</td>
                  <td align="center">(66,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">220</td>
                  <td align="center">(14,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">286</td>
                  <td align="center">(19,0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">277</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">109</td>
                  <td align="center">(39,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">(22,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">106</td>
                  <td align="center">(38,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Asma</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1716</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1077</td>
                  <td align="center">(62,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">269</td>
                  <td align="center">(15,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">370</td>
                  <td align="center">(21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">(47,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">(20,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">(32,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Miocardiopatia dilatada/isqu&#234;mica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1679</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1067</td>
                  <td align="center">(63,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">254</td>
                  <td align="center">(15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">358</td>
                  <td align="center">(21,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">(40,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">(26,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">(32,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1719</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1082</td>
                  <td align="center">(62,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">267</td>
                  <td align="center">(15,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">370</td>
                  <td align="center">(21,5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">(42,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">(24,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">(33,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Hipertireoidismo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1753</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1093</td>
                  <td align="center">(62,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">274</td>
                  <td align="center">(15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">386</td>
                  <td align="center">(22,0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">(54,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">(25,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">(19,4)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na alta hospitalar, um total de 1.196 pacientes estavam anticoagulados, 1.161 (97,1%) com NOAC e 35 (2,9%) com varfarina. Houve maior percentual de mulheres em uso de varfarina em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens (4,5% versus 1,8%; p = 0,007), sem diferen&#231;a entre os sexos quanto ao uso de NOAC. Al&#233;m disso, na alta hospitalar, 193 pacientes estavam recebendo medicamentos antiagregantes (Tabela S4).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Considerando que a FA &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais prevalente em todo o mundo, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos conhecimentos sobre as suas caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas, incluindo disparidades de idade e sexo em &#226;mbitos geogr&#225;ficos, raciais, culturais e econ&#244;micos espec&#237;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Essa an&#225;lise de dados de registro de 32 locais ao longo de 5 anos produziu resultados interessantes em rela&#231;&#227;o a fatores demogr&#225;ficos, especificidades sexuais e subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com FA.</p>
      <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o tinha preponder&#226;ncia de homens, que eram mais jovens que as mulheres inclu&#237;das. Esse achado corrobora os de estudos anteriores de registros brasileiros, incluindo o estudo publicado em 2015 por Marcolino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e o recente estudo RECALL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ademais, verificamos que a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA foi mais prevalente entre as mulheres do que entre os homens. Consistentemente, Tanaka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> relataram diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas entre sexos na recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que as mulheres s&#227;o mais resistentes que os homens a esse tratamento.</p>
      <p>A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi associada &#224; idade, mas n&#227;o ao sexo, em nossa an&#225;lise. A taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar no presente estudo (1,48%) foi superior &#224;quela relatada para uma popula&#231;&#227;o europeia (0,6%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> mas consistente com aquela observada em um estudo anterior de registro brasileiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Observamos aumento da mortalidade no grupo de pacientes com falta de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que estavam em uso de anticoagulantes.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada do risco tromboemb&#243;lico e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o vitais para prevenir AVC e outras complica&#231;&#245;es associadas em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores enfatizaram que as disparidades raciais, &#233;tnicas, sexuais e socioecon&#244;micas podem afetar as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, as mulheres eram mais propensas a necessitar de tratamento anticoagulante do que os homens. Portanto, uma taxa preocupante de 23,5% das mulheres de alto risco (ou seja, com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA) n&#227;o estavam recebendo terapia anticoagulante adequada. Essa quest&#227;o, embora n&#227;o seja exclusiva do Brasil, parece ser particularmente cr&#237;tica na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, conforme apoiado por achados anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Outras pesquisas, incluindo um estudo multic&#234;ntrico realizado no Jap&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e outro estudo realizado na Esc&#243;cia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m revelaram discrep&#226;ncias baseadas no sexo na prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais a pacientes com FA, possivelmente conferindo risco aumentado de AVC e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes submedicados, embora associado a um menor risco de sangramento intracraniano. No entanto, outro registro de FA da China n&#227;o descreveu diferen&#231;a entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de anticoagulantes orais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) e a varfarina s&#227;o os anticoagulantes mais utilizados em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m apresentaram perfil semelhante e os DOACs foram mais frequentemente indicados que a varfarina. Um grande estudo nos Estados Unidos, que incluiu mais de 430.000 pacientes, relatou que o uso de varfarina diminuiu de 52,4% para 17,7% de 2011 a 2020 entre adultos com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O mesmo estudo tamb&#233;m observou que 1 em cada 3 pacientes de alto risco com FA n&#227;o estava tomando nenhum anticoagulante. Em um grande estudo brasileiro (RECALL),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> os autores relataram que, de todos os pacientes que estavam recebendo anticoagulantes, 62,6% estavam em uso de antagonistas da vitamina K e 37,4% em uso de DOACs. Essas diferen&#231;as provavelmente refletem o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico que impede a utiliza&#231;&#227;o generalizada dos DOACs mais caros. A pr&#225;tica em hospitais privados brasileiros &#233; semelhante &#224;quela relatada em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, contrastando com o uso predominante de varfarina em hospitais p&#250;blicos, conforme demonstrado pelo estudo RECALL.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estimar o escore HAS-BLED, o que nos impediu de determinar com precis&#227;o o n&#250;mero de pacientes que deveriam ter recebido anticoagulantes e n&#227;o o fizeram. Como todos os pacientes inscritos eram de hospitais privados, a representatividade da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira pode ser limitada, embora a Rede D&#8217;Or abarque um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes de diferentes n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos e regi&#245;es do Brasil. Pesquisas futuras dever&#227;o focar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias para otimizar o manejo de pacientes com FA e reduzir os riscos associados &#224; doen&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados do presente estudo brasileiro est&#227;o alinhados com perfis semelhantes de pacientes com FA em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, que revelam diferen&#231;as compar&#225;veis baseadas no sexo. Embora a FA tenha sido mais prevalente entre os homens na nossa amostra, nossas an&#225;lises mostraram que um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes de alto risco, principalmente mulheres, n&#227;o tinham uso pr&#233;vio de anticoagulantes, resultando em um risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas associadas &#224; FA. Portanto, devem ser feitos esfor&#231;os intensivos para promover a ado&#231;&#227;o de terapias anticoagulantes e antitromb&#243;ticas adequadas, particularmente para mulheres.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Somos muito gratos aos funcion&#225;rios e assistentes de pesquisa do Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino e dos hospitais da Rede D&#8217;Or que dedicaram seu tempo para apoiar o presente estudo.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Lopes RD, Silva PGMB, Hoffmann CR Filho, Cavalvante MA, Miranda CM, Esper RB, et al. The First Brazilian Cardiovascular Registry of Atrial Fibrillation: Primary Results of the RECALL Study. Am Heart J. 2023;264:97-105. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.06.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PGMB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalvante</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esper</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The First Brazilian Cardiovascular Registry of Atrial Fibrillation: Primary Results of the RECALL Study</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>264</volume>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240310i</article-id>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia e Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Estudos em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (IESC) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Emiliano Medei &#8226; Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 &#8211; CCS &#8211; Bloco G. CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: emedei70@biof.ufrj.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Lack of Anticoagulant Use in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Increased Risk of Thromboembolic Events According to Sex: Insights from a Multicentric Brazilian Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Age distribution and anticoagulant use of patients with atrial fibrillation according to sex.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240310-40310-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, and its presentation differs according to age and sex. Recent studies have revealed differences in AF among various demographic groups, including the Latin American population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To better understand potential disparities in AF prevalence and treatment strategies in the Brazilian population through data from a large multicentric prospective registry.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The Rede D&#8217;Or AF registry is a multicenter prospective observational study including patients aged &#8805; 18 years with AF who were seen in the emergency department of 32 tertiary hospitals in Brazil. Patients were characterized according to sex and other baseline characteristics and were classified according to previous anticoagulant use. The lack of anticoagulant use in patients with previous indications was analyzed. Statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study data were from a total of 1955 patients enrolled. Male sex was more prevalent, and men were younger than the women. Due to an increased prevalence of previous AF episode and a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, more women had indications for anticoagulant therapy; however, a significant proportion was not receiving this treatment. From 29 in-hospital deaths, 15 patients had previous indication for anticoagulation, but only 3 were using anticoagulants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> This study revealed sex-related differences in the Brazilian population of patients with AF that are consistent with trends in high-income countries. The promotion of better implementation of anticoagulant and antithrombotic therapies to reduce the risk of death and thromboembolic events among women with AF in Brazil is crucial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Thromboembolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia worldwide, and its prevalence among adults in Brazil is 1.8% to 2.5%, representing about 1.5 million people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The lifetime risk of AF is 25%, and it increases with age, with men being more commonly affected. Other known risk factors for the development and progression of the disease include hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, ischemic cardiomyopathy, chronic renal failure, chronic pulmonary disease, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thromboembolic complications, especially stroke, in association with AF have serious consequences, increasing morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Patients with AF have a 5-fold increased risk of stroke in the absence of anticoagulant treatment. The risk of stroke during AF doubles with each decade of life after the age of 55 years, and its incidence exceeds 25% in patients over 80 years of age. AF accounts for almost one third of all strokes and is the leading cause of cardioembolic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current guidelines recommend antithrombotic therapy for stroke prevention based on individual risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score is the most used in clinical practice to predict stroke risk, based on the increased risks conferred by heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, previous stroke, atherosclerotic disease, and female sex. Women with AF have greater stroke severity and permanent disability occurrence than do men. Still, they have been underrepresented in landmark randomized clinical trials of non&#8211;vitamin-K-antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Relative to male patients, women with AF are less likely to undergo electrical cardioversion and are referred later for catheter ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The increasing prevalence and the complexity of AF pose significant clinical challenges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Sex differences in AF could be attributed to variations in lifestyle, genetic and hormonal profiles, among other factors. To date, however, these differences have not been studied thoroughly in Latin American patients, including the Brazilian population. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to clarify the age and sex differences in the epidemiological aspects of AF and examine the underutilization of anticoagulants for patients with AF using data from a large-scale multicentric prospective Brazilian registry.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is a multicenter prospective observational study called &#8220;Rede D&#8217;Or AF registry&#8221; of consecutive adults aged &#8805; 18 years with symptomatic AF admitted to the emergency rooms of 32 tertiary hospitals in 6 Brazilian states (Table S1).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Patients with clinical suspicion and 12-lead electrocardiographic confirmation of AF or atrial flutter were eligible for inclusion in the registry. Those diagnosed with tachyarrhythmias related to other clinical conditions, such as sepsis and thyroid dysfunction, were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and management</title>
          <p>Trained investigators collected demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from participants&#8217; electronic medical records and entered them into electronic case report forms using the Research Electronic Data Capture platform (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA). Clinical data included previous history of AF, comorbidities, clinical presentation, cardioembolic risk factors, medical history, previous use of anticoagulants, diagnostic procedures, complications, and treatment during hospitalization. Laboratory data were from tests performed throughout participants&#8217; hospitalizations according to local clinical practice. The patients were followed prospectively until hospital discharge or in-hospital death.</p>
          <p>For the present study, patients were characterized according to sex and other baseline characteristics and were classified according to previous anticoagulant use. The lack of anticoagulant use before hospital admission in patients with previous indications for such use (previous history of AF, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score &#8805; 3 for women and &#8805;2 for men) was recorded and analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were characterized as proportions, and their frequencies were compared between groups using the chi-squared or Fisher test. The normal distribution of the data was calculated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. As continuous variables were not normally distributed, they were described as medians and interquartile ranges and were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Statistical significance was set at 5%. All analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 24.0; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>This study adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the institutional review boards and ethics committees at the participating sites (IRB#82452218.2.1001.5249). All patients provided written informed consent before enrollment. All patient-specific data were de-identified during analysis to ensure confidentiality.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between June 15, 2018, and February 17, 2023, data from a total of 1955 patients from the 32 participating sites were included in the registry. Among these patients, 707 presented paroxysmal AF; 369 had permanent AF, and in 879 the AF form was not determined. The median patient age was 68.0 years, and 57.5% of the patients were male. The age varied according to sex, with median ages of 61.0 years for men and 72.4 years for women (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). More women than men had asthma and hyperthyroidism. More men than women had hypertension and coronary artery disease. The frequencies of renal failure, dilatation, and ischemic myocardiopathy did not differ between sexes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Previous histories of AF were more prevalent among women than among men (49.6% versus 43.1%, p &lt; 0.01), but this difference was not significant when the sample was stratified by age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation according to sex</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Total</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Sex</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> Test p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Male</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Female</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Age</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 50 years</td>
                  <td align="center">368</td>
                  <td align="center">(18.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">301</td>
                  <td align="center">(26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">(8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50 to 69 years</td>
                  <td align="center">667</td>
                  <td align="center">(34.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">434</td>
                  <td align="center">(38.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">233</td>
                  <td align="center">(28.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 70 years</td>
                  <td align="center">917</td>
                  <td align="center">(47.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">388</td>
                  <td align="center">(34.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">529</td>
                  <td align="center">(63.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">992</td>
                  <td align="center">(55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">394</td>
                  <td align="center">(51.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">598</td>
                  <td align="center">(58.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">791</td>
                  <td align="center">(44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">367</td>
                  <td align="center">(48.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">424</td>
                  <td align="center">(41.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Coronary artery disease</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1504</td>
                  <td align="center">(84.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">844</td>
                  <td align="center">(82.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">660</td>
                  <td align="center">(87.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">277</td>
                  <td align="center">(15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">178</td>
                  <td align="center">(17.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">99</td>
                  <td align="center">(13.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Asthma</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1714</td>
                  <td align="center">(96.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">996</td>
                  <td align="center">(97.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">718</td>
                  <td align="center">(94.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Dilated/ischemic cardiomyopathy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1677</td>
                  <td align="center">(94.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">962</td>
                  <td align="center">(94.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">715</td>
                  <td align="center">(94.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Renal failure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1717</td>
                  <td align="center">(96.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">982</td>
                  <td align="center">(96.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">735</td>
                  <td align="center">(96.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Hyperthyroidism</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1751</td>
                  <td align="center">(98.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1010</td>
                  <td align="center">(98.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">741</td>
                  <td align="center">(97.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">(1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">(1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Previous history of atrial fibrillation among patients hospitalized for atrial fibrillation according to age and sex.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240310-40310-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>In-hospital mortality</title>
          <p>A total of 29 (1.48%) patients died during hospitalization, and only 1 (0.05%) died in the emergency department. Mortality was associated with age, the presence of comorbidities (p = 0.02), dilated or ischemic myocardiopathy, and renal failure, but not sex, hypertension, or coronary artery disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). The causes of death were cardiovascular in 9 patients (including 3 with heart failure, 1 with cardiogenic shock, 1 with cerebrovascular accident, and 4 with other cardiovascular causes). The cause of death was non-related to cardiovascular disease in 20 patients. It is important to remark that from 29 deaths, 15 (51.7%) patients had previous indication for anticoagulation, but only 3 were using anticoagulants. The mortality in the group lacking anticoagulation was 3.1%, compared with 1.1% in the group with previous anticoagulation (p = 0.034). There was no difference between sexes in this regard.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; In-hospital mortality of patients with atrial fibrillation according to baseline characteristics and comorbidities</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="13%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracteristics</th>
                    <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Total</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Death</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p value*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">No</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Yes</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>(%)</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>(%)</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>(%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 50 years</td>
                    <td align="center">321</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">320</td>
                    <td align="center">(99.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>50 to 69 years</td>
                    <td align="center">621</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">616</td>
                    <td align="center">(99.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 70 years</td>
                    <td align="center">838</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">815</td>
                    <td align="center">(97.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">(2.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Sex</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">1032</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1016</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.850</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">748</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">735</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">906</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">890</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.8)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.852</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">731</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">719</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Coronary artery disease</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1376</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1355</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.191</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">260</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">253</td>
                    <td align="center">(97.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">(2.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Asthma</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1573</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1548</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">25</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.090</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">63</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">(95.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">(4.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Dilated/ischemic cardiomyopathy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1540</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1517</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">96</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">91</td>
                    <td align="center">(94.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">(5.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Renal failure</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1576</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1554</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">61</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">(90.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">(9.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Hyperthyroidism</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1609</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1582</td>
                    <td align="center">(98.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">27</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">27</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">(59.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">(3.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>*Fisher test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anticoagulant use</title>
          <p>The median CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score was 4 for women and 2 for men. In the study population, 25.6% of the women showed a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score &#8805; 5; in men, this proportion was 5.5% (Table S2). Considering the previous history of AF and the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, we estimated that 698 patients had previous indications for anticoagulant use. Among these patients, 299 (42.8%) reported anticoagulant use on hospital admission. From these, 236 (78.9%) were on a NOAC; 15 (5.0%) were on warfarin; 8 (2.6%) were taking low-molecular-weight heparin, and 40 (13.4%) were non-informed. There was no significant difference between sex regarding the type of anticoagulation (Table S3). More women than men had indications for anticoagulant use (41.8% versus 31.3%) and were not using anticoagulants (23.5% versus 18.2%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>The 399 patients lacking anticoagulation were older, and more of them had hypertension, coronary artery disease, asthma, dilated or ischemic myocardiopathy, and renal failure than did those previously taking anticoagulants. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism did not differ according to anticoagulant use (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Among all hospital-admitted patients, 10 had some thromboembolic event; 31 had a hemorrhagic event, and 1 patient had a hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation according to previous anticoagulant use</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="10%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracteristics</th>
                    <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Total</th>
                    <th colspan="6">Previous anticoagulation</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> Test p value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">No indication</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Previous use</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Lacking anticoagulation</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>(%)</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>(%)</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>(%)</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>(%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>No indication</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 50 years</td>
                    <td align="center">368</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">329</td>
                    <td align="center">(89.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.0</td>
                    <td align="center">(7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0</td>
                    <td align="center">(3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>50 to 69 years</td>
                    <td align="center">669</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">490</td>
                    <td align="center">(73.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">82.0</td>
                    <td align="center">(12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">97.0</td>
                    <td align="center">(14.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 70 years</td>
                    <td align="center">918</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">438</td>
                    <td align="center">(47.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">190.0</td>
                    <td align="center">(20.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">290.0</td>
                    <td align="center">(31.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">992</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">717</td>
                    <td align="center">(72.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">154</td>
                    <td align="center">(15.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">121</td>
                    <td align="center">(12.2)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">793</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">393</td>
                    <td align="center">(49.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">129</td>
                    <td align="center">(16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">271</td>
                    <td align="center">(34.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>Coronary artery disease</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1506</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1000</td>
                    <td align="center">(66.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">220</td>
                    <td align="center">(14.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">286</td>
                    <td align="center">(19.0)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">277</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">109</td>
                    <td align="center">(39.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">62</td>
                    <td align="center">(22.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">106</td>
                    <td align="center">(38.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>Asthma</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1716</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1077</td>
                    <td align="center">(62.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">269</td>
                    <td align="center">(15.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">370</td>
                    <td align="center">(21.6)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.029</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">(47.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">(20.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">(32.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>Dilated/ischemic cardiomyopathy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1679</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1067</td>
                    <td align="center">(63.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">254</td>
                    <td align="center">(15.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">358</td>
                    <td align="center">(21.3)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">104</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">(40.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">(26.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                    <td align="center">(32.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>Renal failure</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1719</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1082</td>
                    <td align="center">(62.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">267</td>
                    <td align="center">(15.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">370</td>
                    <td align="center">(21.5)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">66</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">(42.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">(24.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">(33.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>Hyperthyroidism</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1753</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1093</td>
                    <td align="center">(62.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">274</td>
                    <td align="center">(15.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">386</td>
                    <td align="center">(22.0)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.310</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">(54.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">(25.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">(19.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>At hospital discharge, a total of 1196 patients were anticoagulated, 1161 (97.1%) with NOAC and 35 (2.9%) with warfarin. There was a higher percentage of women taking warfarin compared to men (4.5% versus 1.8%; p = 0.007), with no difference between sex regarding the use of NOAC. Also, at hospital discharge, 193 patients were receiving antiaggregant medications (Table S4).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>As AF is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia worldwide, new insights into its epidemiological characteristics, including age and sex disparities in specific geographic, racial, cultural, and economic environments, are needed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This analysis of registry data from 32 sites over 5 years yielded interesting findings regarding demographic factors, sex specificities, and anticoagulant underutilization in the Brazilian population with AF.</p>
        <p>This population had a preponderance of men, who were younger than the included women. This finding corroborates those from previous Brazilian registry studies, including the study published in 2015 by Marcolino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and the recent RECALL study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Additionally, we found that previous histories of AF were more prevalent among women than among men. Consistently, Tanaka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported sex-specific differences in AF recurrence after ablation suggesting that women are more resistant than men to this treatment.</p>
        <p>In-hospital mortality was associated with age, but not sex, in our analysis. The in-hospital mortality rate in this study (1.48%) was higher than the one reported for a European population (0.6%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> but consistent with that observed in a previous Brazilian registry study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> We observed increased mortality in the group of patients who were lacking anticoagulation compared to those who were taking anticoagulants.</p>
        <p>Appropriate thromboembolic risk assessment and anticoagulation strategy implementation are vital to prevent stroke and other associated complications in patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Previous studies highlighted that racial, ethnic, sex, and socioeconomic disparities may affect treatment strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In our population, women were more likely than men to require anticoagulant treatment. Therefore, a concerning 23.5% of women at high risk (i.e., with previous histories of AF) were not receiving appropriate anticoagulant therapy. This issue, although not unique to Brazil, appears to be particularly critical in the Brazilian population, as supported by previous findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Other works, including a multicentric study conducted in Japan<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and another study conducted in Scotland,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> have also revealed sex-based discrepancies in the prescription of oral anticoagulants to patients with AF, possibly conferring increased risk of stroke and hospitalization among undermedicated individuals, although associated with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding. Conversely, another registry of AF from China described no sex difference regarding the use of oral anticoagulants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and warfarin are the most used anticoagulants in patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Our results also presented a similar profile, and DOACs were more frequently indicated than warfarin. A large study in USA, which included more than 430,000 patients, reported that warfarin use declined from 52.4% to 17.7% from 2011 to 2020 among adults with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The same study also remarked that 1 in 3 high-risk patients with AF was not on any anticoagulant. In a large Brazilian study (RECALL),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the authors found that, from all patients who were receiving anticoagulants, 62.6% were taking vitamin K antagonists and 37.4% were taking DOACs. These differences probably reflect the socio-economic status that precludes the widespread use of the more expensive DOACs. The practice in private Brazilian hospitals is similar to the one reported in high-income countries, contrasting to the predominant use of warfarin in public hospitals, as shown in the RECALL study.</p>
        <p>The study has some limitations. It was not possible to estimate the HAS-BLED score, which prevented us from precisely determining the number of patients who should have received anticoagulants but did not. Since all patients enrolled were from private hospitals, the representativeness of the Brazilian population could be limited, even though Rede D&#8217;Or involves a large number of patients from different socioeconomic backgrounds and regions of Brazil. Future research should focus on the identification of strategies to optimize the management of patients with AF and reduce risks associated with the disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The findings from the present Brazilian study are in line with similar profiles of patients with AF in high-income countries, which reveal comparable sex-based differences. Although AF was more prevalent among men in our sample, our analyses showed that a significant number of high-risk patients, particularly women, had no previous anticoagulant use, resulting in an increased risk of thromboembolic complications associated with AF. Thus, intensive efforts must be made to promote the adoption of appropriate anticoagulant and antithrombotic therapies, particularly for women.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We are very grateful to the staff and research assistants at the D&#8217;Or Institute for Research and Education and Rede D&#8217;Or hospitals who dedicated their time to support this study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the IDOR under the protocol number IRB#82452218.2.1001.5249. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn5001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12109/2024-0310_AO_Supplementary_Material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p>The study was funded by Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), E.M. receives personal grant PQ CNPq, and grants E-26/210.155/2020, E-26/203.169/2017, E-26/210.191/2020, and E-26/210.253/2020; CNPq 310681/2018-9 (to EM). CNPq &#8211; INTERAS - 406761/2022-1.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
