<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6hWRGhDkfXJzNcGWqdZgSnC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240296</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>ICFEP Secund&#225;ria Existe? Sim, mas n&#227;o Deveria ser Chamada de ICFEP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto e Centro de Pesquisa CAPED</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto e Centro de Pesquisa CAPED, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Humberto Villacorta</bold> &#8226; Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras 100. CEP <postal-code>24070-090</postal-code>, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Humberto Villacorta &#8211; Recebeu honor&#225;rios das empresas AstraZeneca, Novartis e Roche Diagnostics.</p>
          <p>Pedro Schwartzmann &#8211; Recebeu honor&#225;rios das empresas AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk e Novartis.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240296</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="corrected">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r01" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250119" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Diast&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Terminologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; definida como uma s&#237;ndrome com sintomas e sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8805; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa defini&#231;&#227;o simplista pode levar a erros de diagn&#243;stico por confundir doen&#231;as n&#227;o card&#237;acas com ICFEP. A defini&#231;&#227;o de ICFEP dispon&#237;vel pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) &#233; mais completa e requer a presen&#231;a de sintomas e sinais de IC com evid&#234;ncias de anomalias card&#237;acas estruturais e/ou funcionais e/ou pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos elevados e FEVE &#8805; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fisiopatologia da ICFEP n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compreendida. Entretanto, &#233; basicamente considerada uma s&#237;ndrome heterog&#234;nea e sist&#234;mica, associada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, envelhecimento, predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, obesidade e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A doen&#231;a progride para perda do relaxamento ventricular esquerdo, remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e sinais de congest&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O quadro descrito acima n&#227;o inclui doen&#231;as secund&#225;rias. Entretanto, algumas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas espec&#237;ficas e at&#233; mesmo anormalidades n&#227;o card&#237;acas podem, &#224;s vezes, apresentar sinais de congest&#227;o e FEVE &#8805; 50%, mas n&#227;o s&#227;o verdadeiramente ICFEP. Esta situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; denominada por alguns autores como ICFEP "secund&#225;ria".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Neste artigo, apresentamos argumentos que s&#227;o contra denominar essa situa&#231;&#227;o de ICFEP "secund&#225;ria". Portanto, evitaremos o termo ICFEP "prim&#225;ria" e, em vez disso, utilizaremos o termo ICFEP "verdadeira".</p>
      <sec>
        <title>O que dizem as Diretrizes?</title>
        <p>As principais Diretrizes e Consensos sobre IC sempre abordam o manejo da ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento constantes nestas Diretrizes s&#227;o voltados principalmente &#224; ICFEP verdadeira, uma doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria do mioc&#225;rdio sem uma etiologia espec&#237;fica. Conforme esperado, as diretrizes mencionam uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que doen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas podem mimetizar a ICFEP, mas n&#227;o a consideram uma ICFEP verdadeira. Al&#233;m disso, a terminologia "mimetizar", que tem sido utilizada em diretrizes e outras publica&#231;&#245;es, refor&#231;a o conceito de que n&#227;o h&#225; uma defini&#231;&#227;o universalmente aceita da terminologia para a ICFEP secund&#225;ria. A verdadeira mensagem por tr&#225;s da palavra "mimetizar" &#233;: "Tenha cuidado. O seu diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP pode estar incorreto. Descarte doen&#231;as que mimetizam a ICFEP, mas que n&#227;o s&#227;o a ICFEP verdadeira".</p>
        <p>A Atualiza&#231;&#227;o de T&#243;picos Emergentes de 2021 da Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> afirma o seguinte no cap&#237;tulo sobre ICFEP: "&#201; fundamental investigar condi&#231;&#245;es revers&#237;veis que podem estar associadas &#224; ICFEP &#8216;secund&#225;ria&#8217;, como cardiomiopatias infiltrativas e restritivas, al&#233;m de causas alternativas de intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o". Observa-se que a palavra "secund&#225;ria" est&#225; entre aspas, indicando que os autores n&#227;o adotam essa nomenclatura.</p>
        <p>As Diretrizes da ESC de 2021 sobre IC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> afirmam que: "&#201; importante excluir outras condi&#231;&#245;es que podem mimetizar a s&#237;ndrome ICFEP (por exemplo, doen&#231;a pulmonar, anemia, obesidade e descondicionamento)". No Consenso de 2019 sobre ICFEP da Heart Failure Association (HFA) da ESC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> h&#225; bastante clareza sobre esta quest&#227;o: "&#201; preciso excluir os "mimetizadores" de ICFEP, como doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca, arritmias e constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica. Da mesma forma, um paciente com FEVE normal e sintomas semelhantes aos da IC causados por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa tamb&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; considerado portador de ICFEP".</p>
        <p>E, por fim, o Consenso de 2023 do ACC sobre ICFEP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> afirma que "&#8230;um indiv&#237;duo com evid&#234;ncia de congest&#227;o e FE preservada pode apresentar &#8216;IC atribu&#237;da a cardiomiopatias especiais&#8217; ou incomuns, como cardiomiopatia infiltrativa/restritiva, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular ou doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica; ou, se nenhuma dessas condi&#231;&#245;es for sugerida de acordo com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou exame de diagn&#243;stico, ent&#227;o o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP &#233; estabelecido por exclus&#227;o&#8230;". A mensagem aqui indica que, antes de confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP, &#233; preciso descartar as condi&#231;&#245;es que mimetizam a ICFEP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O que exatamente significa a terminologia "mimetizador" de ICFEP?</title>
        <p>Conforme mencionado acima, diversas doen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas podem apresentar sintomas semelhantes aos da IC &#8211; e, &#224;s vezes, congest&#227;o real &#8211; e uma FEVE &#8805; 50%, mas, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, n&#227;o s&#227;o consideradas a ICFEP verdadeira. Essas anormalidades s&#227;o geralmente chamadas de "mimetizadores" ou "mascaradores" de ICFEP. Elas podem ser dist&#250;rbios card&#237;acos ou sist&#234;micos e t&#234;m tratamento espec&#237;fico. Podem ser confundidas com a ICFEP, levando a erros no plano de tratamento caso n&#227;o sejam detectadas.</p>
        <p>Alguns exemplos s&#227;o as cardiomiopatias infiltrativas e restritivas, como a amiloidose e a doen&#231;a de Fabry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia e os tratamentos dessas doen&#231;as s&#227;o completamente diferentes daqueles da ICFEP verdadeira. A amiloidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica que pode afetar o cora&#231;&#227;o e &#233; causada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia amiloide no mioc&#225;rdio. O tratamento espec&#237;fico &#233; baseado em medicamentos como o tafamidis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a de Fabry &#233; causada por um erro gen&#233;tico que leva &#224; defici&#234;ncia da enzima alfa-galactosidase. O tratamento &#233; a reposi&#231;&#227;o dessa enzima ou a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o com chaperonas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, muitos outros dist&#250;rbios, como pericardite constritiva, doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana etc., t&#234;m tratamentos espec&#237;ficos que s&#227;o completamente diferentes daquele da ICFEP verdadeira, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fisiopatologia e tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) e daqueles com doen&#231;as que mimetizam a ICFEP. Cada uma das doen&#231;as do &#250;ltimo grupo possui um tratamento espec&#237;fico e &#250;nico, diferentemente do tratamento da ICFEP verdadeira. Entre par&#234;nteses est&#227;o as classes de recomenda&#231;&#227;o de acordo com as diretrizes sobre IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240296-40296-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Por que n&#227;o deve ser chamada de ICFEP?</title>
        <p>Primeiro, como explicado anteriormente, os mimetizadores de ICFEP possuem fisiopatologias &#250;nica e tratamentos espec&#237;ficos e, portanto, n&#227;o devem ser considerados como ICFEP verdadeira. Em segundo lugar, tamb&#233;m &#233; importante n&#227;o se referir a tais doen&#231;as como ICFEP, pois pode causar mal-entendidos na comunidade m&#233;dica e nos estudantes de medicina. A ICFEP em si &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa. Incluir, na defini&#231;&#227;o de ICFEP, doen&#231;as que a mimetizam, mas que n&#227;o s&#227;o a ICFEP verdadeira, pode causar equ&#237;vocos. Para elucidar com um exemplo, um estudante de medicina sugeriu prescrever inibidores de SGLT2 a um paciente com estenose a&#243;rtica grave com FEVE preservada porque havia lido que esse &#233; o &#250;nico tratamento m&#233;dico aprovado para ICFEP. Acontece que pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica foram exclu&#237;dos dos ensaios realizados sobre inibidores de SGLT2 na ICFEP, e o tratamento definitivo envolve cirurgia card&#237;aca ou implante de v&#225;lvula percut&#226;nea.</p>
        <p>Gostar&#237;amos de relembrar um caso recente em que um termo n&#227;o adequado causou mal-entendido. Voc&#234; se lembra do termo "IC com FE de m&#233;dio alcance" (ICFEm, FE 40-49%)? A ESC criou este termo em 2016 para estimular debates e pesquisas sobre essa variedade de FE, uma vez que esses pacientes eram frequentemente exclu&#237;dos dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, a comunidade m&#233;dica interpretou como se uma nova classe tivesse sido criada, completamente diferente de ICFER e ICFEP. A ESC, por fim, corrigiu o termo em 2021 para refletir o que ele realmente significa: IC com FE levemente reduzida, esclarecendo que &#233; um continuum dentro do espectro de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Concluindo, a defini&#231;&#227;o e a compreens&#227;o da ICFEP s&#227;o caracterizadas por nuances e est&#227;o evoluindo. Apesar dos esfor&#231;os para refinar a defini&#231;&#227;o, persistem desafios em distinguir a ICFEP verdadeira das condi&#231;&#245;es que mimetizam sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o. Essas mimetiza&#231;&#245;es incluem diversos dist&#250;rbios card&#237;acos e sist&#234;micos e cada um exige estrat&#233;gias de tratamento distintas. &#201; importante ressaltar que considerar erroneamente essas condi&#231;&#245;es como ICFEP pode levar a abordagens de tratamento incorretas e gerar mal-entendidos na comunidade m&#233;dica.</p>
      <p>Portanto, &#233; fundamental manter a clareza na terminologia e reconhecer a fisiopatologia &#250;nica e as considera&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas dos mimetizadores de ICFEP. Ao aderir a crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico abrangentes e ter cautela para excluir condi&#231;&#245;es mascaradoras, os m&#233;dicos podem otimizar o atendimento ao paciente e mitigar o risco de um manejo incorreto dessa s&#237;ndrome complexa.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Setembro de 2024, vol. 121(9): e20240296</p>
        <p>No Ponto de Vista &#8220;ICFEP Secund&#225;ria Existe? Sim, mas n&#227;o Deveria ser Chamada de ICFEP&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240296, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(9):e20240296, na p&#225;gina 2, alterar a frase: Voc&#234; se lembra do termo &#8220;IC com FE de m&#233;dio alcance&#8221; (ICFEm, FE 40-49%)? por: Voc&#234; se lembra do termo &#8220;IC com FE intermedi&#225;ria&#8221; (ICFEI, FE 40-49%)?</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rutten</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawkins</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrie</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Everything the Clinician Needs to Know</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>403</volume>
          <issue>10431</issue>
          <fpage>1083</fpage>
          <lpage>1092</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02756-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Campbell P, Rutten FH, Lee MM, Hawkins NM, Petrie MC. Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Everything the Clinician Needs to Know. Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1083-92. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02756-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumbach</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>3599</fpage>
          <lpage>3726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B&#246;hm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Del Buono</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buckley</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbate</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Primary and Secondary Diastolic Dysfunction in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1578</fpage>
          <lpage>1587</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.07.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Del Buono MG, Buckley L, Abbate A. Primary and Secondary Diastolic Dysfunction in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(9):1578-87. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.07.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Valvular Disease and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Clin</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>395</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hfc.2021.02.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Fan Y, Lee AP. Valvular Disease and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Heart Fail Clin. 2021;17(3):387-95. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2021.02.005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>LAZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Issa</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1174</fpage>
          <lpage>1212</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210367</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Marcondes-Braga FG, Moura LAZ, Issa VS, Vieira JL, Rohde LE, Sim&#245;es MV, et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(6):1174-212. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210367.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kittleson</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panjrath</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amancherla</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deswal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dixon</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2023 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1835</fpage>
          <lpage>1878</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.393</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Kittleson MM, Panjrath GS, Amancherla K, Davis LL, Deswal A, Dixon DL, et al. 2023 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(18):1835-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.393.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pieske</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsch&#246;pe</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Boer</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraser</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How to Diagnose Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: The HFA-PEFF Diagnostic Algorithm: A Consensus Recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>40</issue>
          <fpage>3297</fpage>
          <lpage>3317</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz641</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Pieske B, Tsch&#246;pe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, Anker SD, Donal E, et al. How to Diagnose Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: The HFA-PEFF Diagnostic Algorithm: A Consensus Recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40(40):3297-317. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz641.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
              <given-names>DX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villacorta</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Amyloidosis and Fabry Disease: A Clinical Guide</source>
          <publisher-loc>Switzerland</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Springer Nature</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 &#193;vila DX, Villacorta H, editors. Amyloidosis and Fabry Disease: A Clinical Guide. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the Special Contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>27</issue>
          <fpage>2129</fpage>
          <lpage>2200</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the Special Contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129-200. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240296i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does Secondary HFpEF Exist? Yes, but it Should not be Called HFpEF</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto e Centro de Pesquisa CAPED, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Humberto Villacorta</bold> &#8226; Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras 100. Postal Code <postal-code>24070-090</postal-code>, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>Humberto Villacorta &#8211; Speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Roche Diagnostics</p>
          <p>Pedro Schwartzmann &#8211; Speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, and Novartis</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Terminology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is defined as a syndrome with symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8805; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This simplistic definition may lead to diagnostic errors by mistaking non-cardiac diseases for HFpEF. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) offers a more comprehensive definition HFpEF, which requires the presence of symptoms and signs of HF, along with evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities, and/or elevated natriuretic peptides, with an LVEF &#8805; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The pathophysiology of HFpEF is not fully understood. Still, it is generally considered a heterogenous and systemic syndrome associated with inflammation, aging, genetic predisposition, and multiple comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and atrial fibrillation. The disease ultimately progresses to loss of left ventricular relaxation, left atrial remodeling, and signs of congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The condition described above does not include secondary diseases. However, some specific cardiac diseases and even non-cardiac abnormalities may occasionally present with signs of congestion and LVEF &#8805; 50% but are not true HFpEF. Some authors refer to this situation as "secondary" HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this article, we aim to present the arguments against labeling this situation as "secondary" HFpEF. Consequently, we will avoid using the term "primary" HFpEF and instead refer to it as "true" HFpEF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>What do the Guidelines say?</title>
          <p>The main Guidelines and Consensus on HF always address the management of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The diagnosis workup and treatment recommendations in these Guidelines are mainly focused on the true HFpEF, a primary myocardial disease without a specific underlying etiology. As expected, they mention a situation where specific diseases may mimic HFpEF but do not consider these cases to be true HFpEF. Moreover, the use of the term "mimics," which has been used in guidelines and other publications, reinforces the concept that there is no universally accepted definition for the secondary HFpEF terminology. The true message behind the word "mimics" is, "Be careful. Your diagnosis of HFpEF may be incorrect. Rule out diseases that mimic HFpEF but are not true HFpEF."</p>
          <p>The 2021 Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> states the following in the HFpEF chapter: "It is essential to investigate potentially reversible conditions associated with &#8216;secondary&#8217; HFpEF, such as infiltrative and restrictive cardiomyopathies, and additionally consider alternative causes of exercise intolerance." Notably, the word "secondary" is in quotation marks, indicating that the authors do not adopt this nomenclature.</p>
          <p>The 2021 ESC Guidelines on HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> state: "It is important to exclude other conditions that might mimic the HFpEF syndrome (e.g., lung disease, anemia, obesity, and deconditioning)." In the 2019 Consensus of HFpEF by the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> they make this issue crystal clear: "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction &#8216;masqueraders&#8217; such as heart valve disease, arrhythmias, and pericardial constriction need to be excluded. Similarly, a patient with normal LVEF and HF-like symptoms caused by significant coronary artery disease is also not considered to have HFpEF."</p>
          <p>Finally, the 2023 ACC Consensus on HFpEF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> states that "&#8230;an individual with evidence of congestion and preserved EF may have &#8216;HF attributed to special&#8217; or unusual cardiomyopathies such as infiltrative/restrictive cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, or pericardial disease; or, if the clinical presentation or diagnostic testing suggests no such condition, then a diagnosis of HFpEF is established by exclusion&#8230;". The message here is that before confirming the diagnosis of HFpEF, one must rule out conditions that mimic HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>What exactly does the HFpEF "mimic" terminology stand for?</title>
          <p>As mentioned above, several specific diseases may present with HF-like symptoms &#8211; and sometimes true congestion &#8211; and an LVEF &#8805; 50% but are ultimately not considered true HFpEF. These abnormalities are usually called HFpEF "mimics" or "masqueraders." They may be cardiac or systemic disorders, each with specific treatments. If not suspect, they may be misidentified as HFpEF, thus leading to errors in the treatment plan.</p>
          <p>Examples include infiltrative and restrictive cardiomyopathies, such as amyloidosis and Fabry disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The pathophysiology and treatment of these diseases are completely different from that of true HFpEF. Amyloidosis is a systemic disease that may affect the heart due to the deposition of amyloid substances in the myocardium. The specific treatment is based on drugs such as tafamidis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Fabry disease results from a genetic error that leads to a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase. The treatment is the reposition of such enzyme or the stabilization with chaperones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Likewise, many other disorders, such as constrictive pericarditis, valvular heart disease, coronary heart disease, etc., have specific treatments that are completely different from those of true HFpEF, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and those with diseases that mimic HFpEF. Each of the diseases in the latter group has a specific and unique treatment as opposed to the treatment of true HFpEF. In parentheses are the recommended classes according to the HF guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240296-40296-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Why should it not be called HFpEF?</title>
          <p>First, as previously explained, HFpEF mimics have unique pathophysiologies and specific treatments and, therefore, should not be seen as true HFpEF. Second, another important reason for not referring to such diseases as HFpEF is that it may cause confusion in the medical community and medical students. HFpEF itself is a complex syndrome. Including diseases that mimic HFpEF but are not true HFpEF in its definition causes lead to misunderstandings. For instance, one medical student suggested prescribing SGLT2 inhibitors to a patient with severe aortic stenosis with preserved LVEF because he had read that this is the only medical treatment approved for HFpEF. It turns out that patients with aortic stenosis were excluded from the trials of SGLT2 inhibitors in HFpEF, and their ultimate treatment is heart surgery or percutaneous valve implantation.</p>
          <p>We would like to recall a recent case where a misplaced term caused confusion. Do you remember the term "HF with mid-range EF" (HFmrEF, EF 40-49%)? The ESC created this term in 2016 to stimulate debate and research in this range of EF, as these patients were often excluded from clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, the medical community misinterpreted it as the creation of a new class, completely different from HFrEF and HFpEF. The ESC eventually corrected the term in 2021 to what it really is &#8211; HF with mildly reduced EF, clarifying that it is a continuum within the HF spectrum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the definition and understanding of HFpEF are both nuanced and evolving. Despite efforts to refine the definition, challenges persist in distinguishing true HFpEF from conditions that mimic its presentation. These mimics encompass a diverse array of cardiac and systemic disorders, each requiring distinct management strategies. Importantly, mislabeling these conditions as HFpEF can lead to incorrect treatment approaches and create confusion within the medical community.</p>
        <p>Therefore, it is imperative to maintain clarity in terminology and recognize the unique pathophysiology and therapeutic considerations of HFpEF mimics. By adhering to comprehensive diagnostic criteria and remaining vigilant in excluding masquerading conditions, clinicians can optimize patient care and mitigate the risk of mismanagement in this complex syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Errata</label>
          <p>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Setembro de 2024, vol. 121(9): e20240296</p>
          <p>No Ponto de Vista &#8220;ICFEP Secund&#225;ria Existe? Sim, mas n&#227;o Deveria ser Chamada de ICFEP&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240296, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(9):e20240296, na p&#225;gina 2, alterar a frase: Voc&#234; se lembra do termo &#8220;IC com FE de m&#233;dio alcance&#8221; (ICFEm, FE 40-49%)? por: Voc&#234; se lembra do termo &#8220;IC com FE intermedi&#225;ria&#8221; (ICFEI, FE 40-49%)?</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
