<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HdjKt9GMV6KJvKSMkFNpSXM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240158</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estrat&#233;gias de Transfus&#227;o Restritiva versus Liberal em Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio e Anemia: Metan&#225;lise e An&#225;lise Sequencial de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8559-3073</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fabiano</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-5435-6158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Lara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5995-6179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Alleh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9393-2445</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gewehr</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1010-2428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Generoso</surname>
            <given-names>Giuliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3622-7605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departmento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pittsburgh</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departmento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Connecticut</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departmento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Farmington</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CT</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departmento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Medicina Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Medicina Cardiovascular - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pittsburgh</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcio S. Bittencourt</bold> &#8226; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital &#8211; 200 Lothrop St, sala A-429, Pittsburgh, Pensilv&#226;nia, 15213 &#8211; EUA E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240158</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HdjKt9GMV6KJvKSMkFNpSXM/f42c6ac509c0a184efaec32b5bdf022b852a4269.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HdjKt9GMV6KJvKSMkFNpSXM/aa297362dbace9d1e2478da625a59e6e92a0dde3.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HdjKt9GMV6KJvKSMkFNpSXM/b9e28fe2eafa2d25af5ca48017bc1fd11b9832ec.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia &#243;tima de transfus&#227;o na anemia associada ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ainda &#233; desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar a mortalidade por todas as causas entre as estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o liberal versus restritiva em pacientes com anemia associada a IAM, por meio de uma metan&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Conduzimos uma busca sistem&#225;tica nos bancos de dados Pubmed, Embase, e ClinicalTrials.gov por ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) comparando estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o liberal e restritiva na anemia associada a IAM. Uma metan&#225;lise de efeitos aleat&#243;rios e uma an&#225;lise sequencial de ensaios cl&#237;nicos foram conduzidas para comparar o uso de hem&#225;cias, a efic&#225;cia e desfechos de seguran&#231;a. Os valores p adotados foram bicaudais, com um &#945; de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em uma an&#225;lise agrupada envolvendo 4217 participantes de tr&#234;s ECRs acompanhados por 30 dias, n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as entre as estrat&#233;gias restritiva e liberal quanto a mortalidade por todas as causas (RR 1,03; IC 95% 0,67&#8211;1,57; p=0,90) e outros desfechos de efic&#225;cia (IAM recorrente, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o programada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, e les&#227;o renal aguda), bem como desfechos de seguran&#231;a incluindo rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas, infec&#231;&#227;o, e les&#227;o pulmonar aguda. A an&#225;lise sequencial dos ensaios n&#227;o atingiu o limiar de futilidade. Nos pacientes alocados para a estrat&#233;gia restritiva, foram observadas diferen&#231;as substanciais na transfus&#227;o utilizada entre os ECRs, correlacionadas &#224;s taxas de mortalidade, e provavelmente contribuindo para a heterogeneidade dos efeitos do tratamento entre os estudos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com anemia associada a IAM, n&#227;o h&#225; uma clara superioridade entre estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o restritiva e liberal quanto &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas ou outros desfechos maiores em 30 dias. No entanto, a heterogeneidade observada no uso de sangue entre os grupos submetidos &#224; transfus&#227;o restritiva provavelmente explica a variabilidade dos achados entre os ECRs.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Transfus&#227;o de Sangue</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O limiar &#243;timo para transfus&#227;o de hem&#225;cias em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e anemia continua indefinido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na mortalidade em 30 dias nem nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos importantes entre estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o liberal e restritiva em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o restritiva est&#225; geralmente associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o importante em transfus&#245;es de hem&#225;cias em diferentes cen&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, existe um potencial benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico de uma estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o liberal, visando n&#237;veis mais altos de Hemoglobina (Hb) para aumentar a disponibilidade de oxig&#234;nio em pacientes com IAM e anemia. Dois Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados (ECRs) comparando limiares de transfus&#227;o restritiva e liberal em pacientes com IAM e anemia revelaram superioridade no desfecho prim&#225;rio composto (mortalidade intra-hospitalar, infarto recorrente, ou piora ou nova insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e aus&#234;ncia de inferioridade em um evento cardiovascular adverso (morte por todas as causas, acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente, ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> em 30 dias entre as duas estrat&#233;gias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O maior e mais recente ECR at&#233; o momento, envolvendo 3504 pacientes, sugeriu uma tend&#234;ncia a uma mortalidade mais baixa no grupo que recebeu transfus&#227;o liberal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Dada a incerteza sobre a melhor estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o em pacientes com IAM e anemia e os resultados conflitantes sugeridos por esse recente ensaio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> conduzimos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise comparando as estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o liberal <italic>versus</italic> restritiva nessa popula&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise foi conduzida e descrita segundo o m&#233;todo estabelecido pela Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane para revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas de interven&#231;&#245;es e o <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis</italic> (PRISMA) (material suplementar e m&#233;todos 1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O protocolo de metan&#225;lise foi prospectivamente registrado no registro prospectivo internacional de protocolos de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas PROSPERO (CRD42023484239).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados e estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma busca sistem&#225;tica pelos bancos de dados PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Cochrane, e ClincalTrials.gov desde inser&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 16 de novembro de 2023, sem restri&#231;&#245;es de idioma. Os termos buscados inclu&#237;ram "<italic>myocardial infarction</italic>", "<italic>acute coronary syndrome</italic>", e "<italic>blood transfusion</italic>". A estrat&#233;gia completa de busca para cada banco de dados est&#225; apresentada no Material Suplementar e M&#233;todos 2. Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o dos artigos duplicados, dois autores (L.M. e R.F.) avaliaram t&#237;tulos e resumos e avaliaram independentemente artigos completos para inclus&#227;o com base em crit&#233;rios especificados previamente. Ainda, utilizamos a t&#233;cnica de "bola de neve" (isto &#233;, revis&#227;o de refer&#234;ncias) para identificar refer&#234;ncias relevantes de artigos identificados da busca original.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de eligibilidade</title>
          <p>Consideramos eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o (1) ECRs; (2) que inclu&#237;ram pacientes adultos (&#8805; 18 anos de idade) com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST (IAMST) ou Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (IM) sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST (IAMSSST) e anemia (Hb &#8804; 10g ou Ht &#8804;30%); (3) que compararam estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o de sangue liberal vs. restritiva; e (4) apresentaram dados sobre desfechos de interesse. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram (1) estudos incluindo pacientes com angina est&#225;vel ou inst&#225;vel sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o de dados para aqueles com IAM; (2) IM ap&#243;s <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; (3) pacientes recebendo tratamento paliativo; ou (4) nenhum dado sobre os desfechos de interesse.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
        <p>Dois autores (L.M. e R.F.) extra&#237;ram independentemente os dados de cada estudo usando um formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o que inclu&#237;a: autores, per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo, crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, tamanho da amostra, per&#237;odo de seguimento, estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o de IM e anemia, caracter&#237;sticas basais do paciente, medicamentos usados no momento basal, dados de desfecho &#8211; n&#250;mero total de pacientes e n&#250;mero de eventos (desfechos bin&#225;rios), e defini&#231;&#245;es de desfechos. Discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas em um painel de discuss&#227;o com um terceiro autor (A.N.).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>Nosso desfecho prim&#225;rio pr&#233;-especificado foi mortalidade por todas as causas. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios de efic&#225;cia inclu&#237;ram (1) mortalidade cardiovascular; (2) IM recorrente; (3) Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) aguda; (4) acidente vascular cerebral; (5) revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o programada; e (6) les&#227;o renal aguda. Nossos desfechos de seguran&#231;a foram (1) les&#227;o pulmonar aguda; (2) infec&#231;&#227;o; e (3) rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica grave. Comparamos diferen&#231;as na transfus&#227;o de sangue entre os estudos e os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o. Defini&#231;&#245;es detalhadas de cada desfecho de cada estudo inclu&#237;do est&#227;o apresentadas no Material Suplementar e m&#233;todo 3.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade e risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>Dois autores independentes (L.M. e R.F.) avaliaram o risco de vi&#233;s nos ECRs inclu&#237;dos usando o risco de vi&#233;s da Cochrane (RoB2, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Risk of Bias</italic> 2) para avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s em estudos randomizados para os desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios considerando os grupos com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o RoB2, a cada ensaio foi atribu&#237;do um risco alto, baixo ou incerto em cada um dos cinco dom&#237;nios: vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, desempenho, detec&#231;&#227;o, atrito e de relato em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio. A avalia&#231;&#227;o GRADE (<italic>Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations</italic>) para recomenda&#231;&#245;es, avalia&#231;&#227;o, desenvolvimento e verifica&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia foi realizada de acordo com o manual GRADE, e o resumo dos achados foi compilado por dois autores (L.M. e R.F.) usando o programa GRADEpro;GDT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os cinco dom&#237;nios GRADE (risco de vi&#233;s, inconsist&#234;ncia, evid&#234;ncia indireta, imprecis&#227;o, e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o) foram usados para categorizar o n&#237;vel de certeza como alto, moderado, baixo ou muito baixo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o GRADE foi realizada para todos os desfechos relatados pelos tr&#234;s ensaios inclu&#237;dos. Discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro autor (A.N.). O teste de Egger n&#227;o foi realizado dado o pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos (n&lt;10), como recomendado pela Cochrane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Cochrane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Para acomodar heterogeneidades metodol&#243;gicas e cl&#237;nicas dos diferentes estudos, estimativas do efeito do tratamento foram agrupados usando um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de Mantel-Haenszel. Dado o n&#250;mero limitado de estudos, a estimativa da m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a foi usada para calcular a vari&#226;ncia de heterogeneidade &#964;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Desfechos bin&#225;rios e cont&#237;nuos foram resumidos usando a raz&#227;o de risco (RR) e a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias (DM), respectivamente, e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Os efeitos do tratamento foram bicaudais e considerados estatisticamente significativos se p&lt;0,05. Avaliamos a heterogeneidade usando a estat&#237;stica Q de Cochrane e a estat&#237;stica I2 de Higgins e Thompson, com p&lt;0,10 indicando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi realizada a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade <italic>leave-one-out</italic> para assegurar a robustez dos nossos achados. Utilizamos o programa R, vers&#227;o 4.2.2 e o pacote "meta" para os c&#225;lculos e gr&#225;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O c&#243;digo R reprodut&#237;vel est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no Material Suplementar e m&#233;todos 4.</p>
        <p>Para melhor avaliar potenciais erros do tipo 1 e do tipo 2, conduzimos uma An&#225;lise Sequencial de Ensaios (TSA, do ingl&#234;s <italic>trial sequential analysis</italic>) para mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Usamos um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios com IC 95%, um eixo de informa&#231;&#227;o com tamanho amostra, erro tipo 1 com limiar bicaudal de 5%, e poder de 80%. O ajuste dos limiares para o escore Z foi baseado na fun&#231;&#227;o de consumo de O'Brien&#8211;Fleming. A TSA foi realizada usando o programa TSA vers&#227;o 0.9.5.10 beta (Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Dinamarca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos e caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>A busca sistem&#225;tica gerou 4187 artigos e resumos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o das duplicatas e estudos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o com base na revis&#227;o de t&#237;tulos e resumos, 56 artigos foram identificados e revisados na &#237;ntegra para poss&#237;vel inclus&#227;o. Finalmente, quatro artigos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e foram analisados, mas um estudo foi removido dada a aus&#234;ncia de dados estratificados para os pacientes com IAM, uma vez que este estudo tamb&#233;m incluiu pacientes sem IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> As raz&#245;es para as exclus&#245;es na revis&#227;o dos artigos completos est&#227;o detalhadas na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl01.pdf">eTabela 1</inline-supplementary-material> do material suplementar. Inclu&#237;mos 4217 pacientes, com 2115 (50,2%) alocados para receberem transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea restritiva e 2100 (49,8%) alocados para a estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o liberal. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 72,8 anos (72,1-77,0 anos), e 45% (42,2-48,0%) eram do sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Em todos os tr&#234;s estudos, os desfechos de interesse foram avaliados em 30 dias. Defini&#231;&#245;es das estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o liberal e restritiva em cada estudo est&#227;o detalhadas na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl02.pdf">eTabela 2</inline-supplementary-material> do material suplementar. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas iniciais dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o resumidas na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl03.pdf">eTabela 3</inline-supplementary-material> do material suplementar.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rastreamento e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos e dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">MINT, 2023<break/> (N = 3504)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">REALITY, 2021<break/> (N = 668)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">CRIT, 2011<break/> (N = 45)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Principais crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Idade &#8805; 18 anos<break/> IAM<break/> Hb &lt;10 g/dL</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Idade &#8805; 18 anos<break/> IAM<break/> Hb 7-10 g/dL</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">IAM<break/> Ht &#8804; 30% em 72 horas <break/> do in&#237;cio dos sintomas</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Restritiva<break/> (N =1749)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Liberal<break/> (N =1755)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Restritiva<break/> (N =342)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Liberal<break/> (N =324)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Conservadora<break/> (N =24)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Liberal<break/> (N =21)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hb 7 ou 8 g/dL,<break/> (50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hb &lt;10 g/dL,<break/> (50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hb &lt;8<break/> g/dL, (51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hb &lt;10<break/> g/dL, (49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ht &lt;24%, (53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ht &lt;30%, (47)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade em anos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72,2 &#177;11,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72,1 &#177;11,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (69-85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76 (69-84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70,3 &#177;14,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76,4 &#177;13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sexo feminino, No. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">774 (44,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">819 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">141 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 (43,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, No. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1478 (84,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1498 (85,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">272 (79,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">256 (79,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (91)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dislipidemia, No. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1123 (64,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1147 (65,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">189 (55,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">201 (62,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes, No. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">948 (54,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">948 (54,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">176 (51,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">158 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (81)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Tabagismo atual, No. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">273 (16,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">275 (16,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (16,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <td align="left" colspan="8" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico de eventos (antes do &#237;ndice) N. (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">589 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">549 (33,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">121 (35,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">119 (36,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ICP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">623 (35,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">577 (32,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">114 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111 (34,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CABG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">372 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">390 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (13,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">527 (30,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">539 (30,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anemia cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">735 (42,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">758 (43,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (17,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#226;ncer</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">397 (22,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">372 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DRT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">797 (45,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">810 (46,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <td align="left" colspan="8" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>IAM &#237;ndice, N. (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IAMSSST</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1430 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1418 (80,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">234 (68,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">231 (71,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">319 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (19,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">108 (31,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <td align="left" colspan="8" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Achados antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FEVE %, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47,3 &#177;13,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47,5 &#177;13,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ND</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ND</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39 &#177;15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 &#177;13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Creatinina, mediana (Q1, Q3) ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,4 (0,9, 2,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,4 (0,9, 2,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,3 (0,9, 2,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,2 (0,9, 2,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hb<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,6 &#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,6 &#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,0 &#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,1 &#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sangramento ativo, N. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">246 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">213 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hem&#225;cias (bolsas), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,7 &#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,5 &#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,9 &#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,8 &#177;2,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,5 &#177;1,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Hb no ensaio CRIT foi estimada como Ht/3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Todos os estudos adotaram um p&lt; 0,05 como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; DRT: doen&#231;a renal terminal; Hb: hemoglobina; ND: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; Q1 e Q3, primeiro e terceiro quartis; ECR: ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos de efic&#225;cia</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com anemia associada a IAM, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre as estrat&#233;gias restritiva e liberal para mortalidade por todas as causas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>), mortalidade cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>), IM recorrente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref>), IC aguda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2D</xref>), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o programada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2E</xref>), acidente vascular cerebral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2F</xref>), e les&#227;o renal aguda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2G</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos da estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o restritiva versus transfus&#227;o liberal em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e anemia em 30 dias; (A) mortalidade por todas as causas; (B) infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente; (C) infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente; (D) insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda; (E) revasculariza&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o programadas; (F) acidente vascular cerebral; (G) les&#227;o renal aguda; CRIT: Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study);12 MINT: Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia;13 REALITY: Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia;6 todos os estudos empregaram um valor de p&lt; 0,05 como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Os resultados foram robustos e consistentes com os resultados prim&#225;rios quando a an&#225;lise <italic>leave-one-out</italic> foi conduzida para mortalidade por todas as causas, IM recorrente, e IC aguda (Material suplementar <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl04.pdf">eFigura 1</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <p>Em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade entre os estudos, n&#243;s avaliamos a transfus&#227;o total usada em cada estudo. Enquanto o grupo da estrat&#233;gia liberal mostrou um uso similar de transfus&#227;o em todos os ensaios, observou-se uma alta heterogeneidade de tratamento no grupo da estrat&#233;gia restritiva. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de unidades de hem&#225;cias nos ensaios MINT, CRIT e REALITY foram 0,7 (&#177;1,6), 1,6 (&#177;2,0), e 2,9 (&#177;3,7) respectivamente, no grupo restritivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No &#250;ltimo estudo, vale destacar que o n&#250;mero total de unidades de bolsas de hem&#225;cias administradas no grupo restritivo foi ainda maior que no grupo da estrat&#233;gia liberal (341 vs. 324) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esse resultado est&#225; significantemente associado com os desfechos dos estudos uma vez que observou-se uma mortalidade mais alta nos estudos que prescreveram um n&#250;mero menor de bolsas de hem&#225;cias no grupo restritivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2 B</xref>). Esse achado provavelmente explica a heterogeneidade entre os estudos.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias de unidades de hem&#225;cias transfundidas (g/dL) (A) e tend&#234;ncia de mortalidade (B) na estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o restritiva versus estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o liberal em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e anemia em 30 dias; CRIT: Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> MINT: Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> REALITY: Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia; todos os estudos empregaram um valor de p&lt; 0,05 como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos de seguran&#231;a</title>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224;s rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas graves, infec&#231;&#227;o, e les&#227;o pulmonar aguda ou insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos de seguran&#231;a da estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o restritiva versus estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o liberal em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e anemia em 30 dias; rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas (A), infec&#231;&#245;es (B), e les&#227;o pulmonar aguda ou insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (C); CRIT: Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> MINT: Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> REALITY, Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia; todos os estudos empregaram um valor de p&lt; 0,05 como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade e risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>O risco de vi&#233;s para cada um dos cinco dom&#237;nios analisados (sele&#231;&#227;o, desempenho, detec&#231;&#227;o, atrito e vieses de relato) foi baixo e concordante entre os dois autores (L.M. e R.F.). O risco foi avaliado pela ferramenta RoB2 para os desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios considerando os grupos com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar para cada um dos tr&#234;s ensaios inclu&#237;dos, resultando em um risco total de vi&#233;s para cada estudo (Material Suplementar <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl05.pdf">eTabela 4</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel final de certeza de evid&#234;ncia para o efeito estimado agrupado (restritivo vs. liberal) foi moderado para mortalidade por todas as causas, IM recorrente, e IC aguda &#8211; desfechos relatados em todos os ECRs inclu&#237;dos. Para cada um desses desfechos, a imprecis&#227;o provocou a diminui&#231;&#227;o na certeza estat&#237;stica dado que o potencial benef&#237;cio e o potencial malef&#237;cio de transfus&#227;o ficou dentro do intervalo de confian&#231;a (Material Suplementar <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl06.pdf">eTabela 5</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise sequencial de ensaios</title>
        <p>Na TSA da mortalidade por todas as causas, a curva-Z cumulativa n&#227;o ultrapassou os limiares de monitoramento, incluindo futilidade. Ainda, o tamanho da amostra total n&#227;o atingiu o tamanho da informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). Em geral, esses resultados indicam aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na an&#225;lise agrupada e, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para excluir definitivamente a possibilidade de um efeito de uma estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o liberal vs. transfus&#227;o restritiva para pacientes com IAM e anemia.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise Sequencial de Ensaios da estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o restritiva versus estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o liberal da mortalidade por todas as causas em 30 dias em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e anemia; CRIT: Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study); MINT: Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia; REALITY: Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em desfechos de 30 dias entre uma estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o liberal <italic>versus</italic> restritiva para mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade cardiovascular, IM recorrente, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o programada, IC, acidente vascular cerebral e les&#227;o renal aguda em pacientes com IM agudo e anemia. De maneira similar, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos desfechos de seguran&#231;a. Esses resultados continuaram robustos nas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade <italic>leave-one-out</italic> para todos os desfechos. Contudo, observou-se uma heterogeneidade not&#225;vel no resultado entre os estudos, o que parece ser ao menos em parte explicada pelas diferen&#231;as nas quantidades de bolsas de hem&#225;cias usadas nos grupos submetidos &#224; estrat&#233;gia restritiva nos diferentes ensaios.</p>
      <p>A abordagem restritiva reduz o uso de um recurso crucial e limitado, bem como os riscos potenciais de efeitos colaterais associados. Por&#233;m, o suposto benef&#237;cio de se manter os n&#237;veis de Hb mais elevados para aumentar a disponibilidade de oxig&#234;nio para a &#225;rea de isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; plaus&#237;vel e justifica maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es, embora alguns estudos sugiram que a oferta de oxig&#234;nio pode n&#227;o ser aumentada por transfus&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que um estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o restritiva &#233; segura em uma gama de cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos diferentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e nossa an&#225;lise corrobora isso ao documentar aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as em qualquer dos desfechos de seguran&#231;a entre os dois grupos.</p>
      <p>Enquanto nenhuma diferen&#231;a not&#225;vel nos desfechos de seguran&#231;a sugeriria que uma das duas estrat&#233;gias seria a mais aceit&#225;vel para uso de rotina, a log&#237;stica de produtos hemoderivados &#233; mais complexa que a maioria das terapias usadas rotineiramente. Os recursos s&#227;o escassos, e qualquer potencial redu&#231;&#227;o no seu uso pode ter um impacto significativo a partir de uma perspectiva social, uma vez que esses recursos podem ser direcionados a outros pacientes que os necessitam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Essa realoca&#231;&#227;o de recursos escassos tamb&#233;m pode levar a uma economia de gastos e a melhorias log&#237;sticas na implementa&#231;&#227;o de seu uso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Assim, a menos que exista um benef&#237;cio comprovado de estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o mais liberais, uma estrat&#233;gia restritiva provavelmente ofereceria mais benef&#237;cio &#224; sociedade como um todo, j&#225; que n&#227;o foi observado um impacto cl&#237;nico importante nos pacientes individualmente.</p>
      <p>No entanto, dado o profundo impacto desses resultados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em unidades de terapia intensiva em todo o mundo, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada para uma implementa&#231;&#227;o mais adequada da evid&#234;ncia atual. Nesse contexto, nossos resultados prov&#234;m novos achados esclarecedores na avalia&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos na presente metan&#225;lise. Enquanto o tratamento na estrat&#233;gia foi surpreendentemente consistente entre os ensaios, houve uma grande variabilidade no uso de transfus&#227;o no grupo definido como "grupo de transfus&#227;o restritiva". Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi trivial, uma vez que variou de uma m&#233;dia de uma unidade de bolsa de hem&#225;cias por paciente a quase tr&#234;s unidades. Parte da heterogeneidade pode ser explicada pelas metas de Hb a ser atingidas ap&#243;s a transfus&#227;o no grupo restritivo entre os ensaios. No ensaio MINT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria transfus&#227;o quando a Hb era inferior a 8g/dL e, consequentemente, esse foi o ensaio com a menor m&#233;dia de unidades de sangue transfundidas. Por outro lado, o ensaio REALITY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> tinha o alvo mais alto ap&#243;s a transfus&#227;o no grupo restritivo (98-10g/dL), o que se aproxima ao alvo p&#243;s-transfus&#227;o no grupo liberal (&#8805; 10 g/dL) nos ensaios MINT e CRIT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro ponto a ser considerado &#233; a dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento. No ensaio REALITY,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> apesar do benef&#237;cio observado na estrat&#233;gia restritiva em curto prazo, os achados positivos n&#227;o foram mantidos em um ano de seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Esse resultado refor&#231;a a necessidade de um per&#237;odo de seguimento sequencial bem definido, estratificado por popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas. At&#233; l&#225;, o limiar para a transfus&#227;o deve ser individualizado, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o contexto cl&#237;nico do paciente.</p>
      <p>A diferen&#231;a na transfus&#227;o entre os dois grupos em cada ensaio &#233; um par&#226;metro chave a ser explorado, uma vez que a efic&#225;cia de uma terapia s&#243; pode ser comprovada se o seu uso for consistentemente e significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos de estudo. Se o grupo controle (restritivo) receber quase a mesma quantidade de transfus&#245;es que o grupo tratamento (liberal), n&#227;o ser&#227;o esperadas diferen&#231;as nos desfechos. Em nossa an&#225;lise, conseguimos demonstrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre a transfus&#227;o no bra&#231;o controle e os desfechos observados (redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade com um aumento na m&#233;dia de unidades de sangue transfundido no grupo restritivo). Embora a an&#225;lise seja limitada pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos (tr&#234;s), o pequeno tamanho amostral leva principalmente a um poder consideravelmente menor na an&#225;lise; por&#233;m, isso n&#227;o teria um impacto substancial sobre a taxa de resultados falso positivos.</p>
      <p>Existem outras explica&#231;&#245;es potenciais para os achados que n&#227;o fomos capazes de explorar, tais como a heterogeneidade entre os pacientes com IAM e anemia, al&#233;m da impossibilidade de se considerar a Hb como um substituto &#243;timo para a disponibilidade de oxig&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Ainda, o IAM engloba tanto pacientes com IAMSST como pacientes com IAMSSST, os quais geralmente exibem diferentes cargas isqu&#234;micas, gravidade cl&#237;nica, e progn&#243;stico em 30 dias, contribuindo para uma heterogeneidade significativa dentro do trupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Similarmente, os indiv&#237;duos com anemia aguda e cr&#244;nica podem passar por diferentes adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas &#224; isquemia e &#224; transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, incluindo varia&#231;&#245;es na curva de dissocia&#231;&#227;o da oxi-hemoglobina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Nesse mesmo contexto, altera&#231;&#245;es nas hem&#225;cias, coletivamente chamadas como "les&#245;es de armazenamento", podem impactar de maneira diferente o transporte de oxig&#234;nio pelas hem&#225;cias e a oferta de oxig&#234;nio no tecido, incluindo implica&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas potencialmente distintas de diferentes doadores das hem&#225;cias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Ainda, &#233; plaus&#237;vel que pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica concomitante possam ter uma resposta diferente &#224; isquemia e &#224; transfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Finalmente, dada a natureza heterog&#234;nea da anemia associada ao IAM e poss&#237;veis efeitos desequilibrados complexos na pr&#243;pria interven&#231;&#227;o (transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea), essas duas estrat&#233;gias de transfus&#227;o podem ter efeitos diferentes e opostos nos subgrupos distintos, o que pode n&#227;o ser completamente desej&#225;vel dado o poder limitado das an&#225;lises dos subgrupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Apesar de todas essas explica&#231;&#245;es alternativas para os achados serem plaus&#237;veis e potencialmente importantes, nenhuma delas contradiz os achados do presente estudo.</p>
      <p>Quando esses resultados de heterogeneidade s&#227;o contextualizados com nossa TSA, torna-se claro que as evid&#234;ncias existentes s&#227;o insuficientes para corroborar o uso de uma das duas estrat&#233;gias. Contudo, nossos resultados d&#227;o um direcionamento sobre como estudos futuros devam ser conduzidos para fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es significativas para implementa&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Esses estudos devem n&#227;o s&#243; focar na implementa&#231;&#227;o adequada da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento no bra&#231;o liberal, mas tamb&#233;m implementar, de modo controlado, a estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o no bra&#231;o restritivo, para se obter uma diferen&#231;a real de tratamento entre os grupos. Isso gera d&#250;vidas sobre caso houvesse uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre as duas estrat&#233;gias, seu efeito provavelmente seria pequeno. No entanto, essa an&#225;lise &#233; limitada pela an&#225;lise cumulativa dos dados de todos os ensaios inclu&#237;dos. Se uma diferen&#231;a entre tratamentos fosse assumida, como aquela relatada no ensaio MINT (um aumento em tr&#234;s vezes na quantidade de sangue utilizado), as diferen&#231;as calculadas nos desfechos relevariam a necessidade de um tamanho amostral muito menor.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, todos os tr&#234;s ECRs eram abertos dada a natureza da interven&#231;&#227;o (transfus&#227;o de sangue). Segundo, a aus&#234;ncia de dados individuais dos pacientes n&#227;o permitiu an&#225;lises subgrupos espec&#237;ficos. E terceiro, os tr&#234;s estudos empregaram metas de transfus&#227;o ligeiramente diferentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta metan&#225;lise de ECRs de pacientes com IAM e anemia, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente diferente entre a estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o restritiva e a estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o em 30 dias quanto &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade cardiovascular, IM recorrente, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o programada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, les&#227;o renal aguda, rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica grave, infec&#231;&#227;o, les&#227;o pulmonar aguda, e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. Entretanto, a heterogeneidade observada no uso de transfus&#227;o nos grupos controles (transfus&#227;o restritiva) provavelmente explica ao menos parte da variabilidade nos desfechos entre os ensaios. Os resultados direcionam a implementa&#231;&#227;o de ensaios futuros para explorar essa quest&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanworth</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dennis</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trivella</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roubinian</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fergusson</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transfusion Thresholds for Guiding Red Blood Cell Transfusion</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <comment>CD002042</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, Trivella M, Roubinian N, Fergusson DA, et al. Transfusion Thresholds for Guiding Red Blood Cell Transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):CD002042. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mazer</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitlock</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fergusson</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belley-Cote</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Restrictive or Liberal Red-cell Transfusion for Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>377</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2133</fpage>
          <lpage>2144</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1711818</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Mazer CD, Whitlock RP, Fergusson DA, Hall J, Belley-Cote E, Connolly K, et al. Restrictive or Liberal Red-cell Transfusion for Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(22):2133-44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1711818.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terrin</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noveck</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanders</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rhoads</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion in High-risk Patients after Hip Surgery</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>2453</fpage>
          <lpage>2462</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1012452</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Carson JL, Terrin ML, Noveck H, Sanders DW, Chaitman BR, Rhoads GG, et al. Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion in High-risk Patients after Hip Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(26):2453-62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1012452.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>H&#233;bert</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wells</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blajchman</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagliarello</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>340</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>409</fpage>
          <lpage>417</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199902113400601</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 H&#233;bert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(6):409-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199902113400601.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holst</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haase</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wetterslev</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wernerman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guttormsen</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karlsson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lower versus Higher Hemoglobin Threshold for Transfusion in Septic Shock</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>371</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1381</fpage>
          <lpage>1391</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1406617</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S, et al. Lower versus Higher Hemoglobin Threshold for Transfusion in Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1381-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1406617.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ducrocq</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez-Juanatey</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puymirat</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemesle</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cachanado</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durand-Zaleski</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: The REALITY Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>325</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>552</fpage>
          <lpage>560</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2021.0135</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Ducrocq G, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Puymirat E, Lemesle G, Cachanado M, Durand-Zaleski I, et al. Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: The REALITY Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(6):552-60. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0135.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hajjar</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vincent</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galas</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamura</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transfusion Requirements after Cardiac Surgery: The TRACS Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>304</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1559</fpage>
          <lpage>1567</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2010.1446</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Hajjar LA, Vincent JL, Galas FR, Nakamura RE, Silva CM, Santos MH, et al. Transfusion Requirements after Cardiac Surgery: The TRACS Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2010;304(14):1559-67. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1446.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pike</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wordsworth</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stokes</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angelini</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion after Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>372</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>997</fpage>
          <lpage>1008</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1403612</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Murphy GJ, Pike K, Rogers CA, Wordsworth S, Stokes EA, Angelini GD, et al. Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion after Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(11):997-1008. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1403612.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kola</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sureshkumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohsina</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sreenath</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kate</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Restrictive versus Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Saudi J Gastroenterol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/sjg.SJG_152_20</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Kola G, Sureshkumar S, Mohsina S, Sreenath GS, Kate V. Restrictive versus Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(1):13-9. doi: 10.4103/sjg.SJG_152_20.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villanueva</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colomo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosch</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Concepci&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hernandez-Gea</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aracil</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transfusion Strategies for Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>368</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1211801</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepci&#243;n M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. Transfusion Strategies for Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(1):11-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211801.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gregersen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damsgaard</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borris</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood Transfusion and Risk of Infection in Frail Elderly after Hip Fracture Surgery: The TRIFE Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1031</fpage>
          <lpage>1038</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00590-015-1609-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Gregersen M, Damsgaard EM, Borris LC. Blood Transfusion and Risk of Infection in Frail Elderly after Hip Fracture Surgery: The TRIFE Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2015;25(6):1031-8. doi: 10.1007/s00590-015-1609-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rao</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rumsey</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKenzie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alcorn</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Conservative versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1108</fpage>
          <lpage>1111</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.06.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Cooper HA, Rao SV, Greenberg MD, Rumsey MP, McKenzie M, Alcorn KW, et al. Conservative versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study). Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(8):1108-11. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.06.014.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#233;bert</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertolet</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glynn</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>389</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>2446</fpage>
          <lpage>2456</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2307983</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Carson JL, Brooks MM, H&#233;bert PC, Goodman SG, Bertolet M, Glynn SA, et al. Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(26):2446-56. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307983.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JPT TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cumpston</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welch</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Cochrane</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2024 Jul 31]</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.training.cochrane.org/handbook">www.training.cochrane.org/handbook</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Higgins JPT TJ, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 [Internet]. London: Cochrane; 2023 [cited 2024 Jul 31]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.training.cochrane.org/handbook">www.training.cochrane.org/handbook</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKenzie</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bossuyt</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutron</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulrow</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>372</volume>
          <fpage>n71</fpage>
          <lpage>n71</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.n71</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fabiano</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Efficacy and Safety of Restrictive versus Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategies in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - CRD42023484239 [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>PROSPERO</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2024 Jul 31]</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023484239">www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023484239</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Fabiano RC Filho, Melo L. Efficacy and Safety of Restrictive versus Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategies in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - CRD42023484239 [Internet]. London: PROSPERO; 2023 [cited 2024 Jul 31]. Available from:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023484239">www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023484239</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wohlin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guidelines for Snowballing in Systematic Literature Studies and a Replication in Software Engineering. EASE &#8216;14: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Association for Computing Machinery</publisher-name>
          <year>2014</year>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1145/2601248.2601268</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Wohlin C. Guidelines for Snowballing in Systematic Literature Studies and a Replication in Software Engineering. EASE &#8216;14: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. New York: Association for Computing Machinery; 2014. p. 1-10. doi:10.1145/2601248.2601268.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mercuri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gafni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Evolution of GRADE (part 3): A Framework Built on Science or Faith?</article-title>
          <source>J Eval Clin Pract</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1223</fpage>
          <lpage>1231</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jep.13016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Mercuri M, Gafni A. The Evolution of GRADE (part 3): A Framework Built on Science or Faith? J Eval Clin Pract. 2018;24(5):1223-31. doi: 10.1111/jep.13016.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>McMaster University</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool</source>
          <publisher-loc>Hamilton</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>McMaster University and Evidence Prime</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 McMaster University. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. Hamilton: McMaster University and Evidence Prime; 2024.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeks</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-analyses</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <issue>7414</issue>
          <fpage>557</fpage>
          <lpage>560</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557-60. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balduzzi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#252;cker</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwarzer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How to Perform a Meta-analysis with R: A Practical Tutorial</article-title>
          <source>Evid Based Ment Health</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>160</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Balduzzi S, R&#252;cker G, Schwarzer G. How to Perform a Meta-analysis with R: A Practical Tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22(4):153-60. doi: 10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wetterslev</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jakobsen</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gluud</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trial Sequential Analysis in Systematic Reviews with Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Res Methodol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>39</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12874-017-0315-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Wetterslev J, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C. Trial Sequential Analysis in Systematic Reviews with Meta-analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17(1):39. doi: 10.1186/s12874-017-0315-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Centre for Clinical Intervention Research</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA)</source>
          <publisher-loc>Copenhagen</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Centre for Clinical Intervention Research</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Centre for Clinical Intervention Research. Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA). Copenhagen: Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbott</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelsey</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Triulzi</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Liberal versus Restrictive Transfusion Thresholds for Patients with Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>964.e1</fpage>
          <lpage>971.e1</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2013.03.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Carson JL, Brooks MM, Abbott JD, Chaitman B, Kelsey SF, Triulzi DJ, et al. Liberal versus Restrictive Transfusion Thresholds for Patients with Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease. Am Heart J. 2013;165(6):964-71.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.03.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silvain</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abtan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerneis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finzi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vignalou</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Platelet Aggregation and Inflammatory Response in Anemic Coronary and Noncoronary Patients: The TRANSFUSION-2 Study (Impact of Transfusion of Red Blood Cell on Platelet Activation and Aggregation Studied with Flow Cytometry Use and Light Transmission Aggregometry)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1289</fpage>
          <lpage>1296</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.029</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Silvain J, Abtan J, Kerneis M, Martin R, Finzi J, Vignalou JB, et al. Impact of Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Platelet Aggregation and Inflammatory Response in Anemic Coronary and Noncoronary Patients: The TRANSFUSION-2 Study (Impact of Transfusion of Red Blood Cell on Platelet Activation and Aggregation Studied with Flow Cytometry Use and Light Transmission Aggregometry). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(13):1289-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.029.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roman</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbasciano</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pathak</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusoff</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wozniak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patient Blood Management Interventions do Not Lead to Important Clinical Benefits or Cost-effectiveness for Major Surgery: A Network Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Br J Anaesth</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.087</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Roman MA, Abbasciano RG, Pathak S, Oo S, Yusoff S, Wozniak M, et al. Patient Blood Management Interventions do Not Lead to Important Clinical Benefits or Cost-effectiveness for Major Surgery: A Network Meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2021;126(1):149-56. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.087.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bertram</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stenberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edejer</surname>
              <given-names>TTT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Interventions for Priority Setting in the Health System: An Update from WHO CHOICE</article-title>
          <source>Int J Health Policy Manag</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>673</fpage>
          <lpage>677</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34172/ijhpm.2020.244</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Bertram MY, Lauer JA, Stenberg K, Edejer TTT. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Interventions for Priority Setting in the Health System: An Update from WHO CHOICE. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;10(11):673-7. doi: 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.244.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seidman</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atun</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aligning Values and Outcomes in Priority-setting for Health</article-title>
          <source>J Glob Health</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>020308</fpage>
          <lpage>020308</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7189/jogh.06.020308</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Seidman G, Atun R. Aligning Values and Outcomes in Priority-setting for Health. J Glob Health. 2016;6(2):020308. doi: 10.7189/jogh.06.020308.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez-Juanatey</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemesle</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puymirat</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ducrocq</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cachanado</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnaiz</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>One-year Major Cardiovascular Events after Restrictive versus Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: The REALITY Randomized Trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>486</fpage>
          <lpage>488</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057909</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Lemesle G, Puymirat E, Ducrocq G, Cachanado M, Arnaiz JA, et al. One-year Major Cardiovascular Events after Restrictive versus Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: The REALITY Randomized Trial. Circulation. 2022;145(6):486-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057909.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bouisset</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruidavets</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dallongeville</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moitry</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montaye</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biasch</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Short- and Long-term Prognosis between ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>180</fpage>
          <lpage>180</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm10020180</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30 Bouisset F, Ruidavets JB, Dallongeville J, Moitry M, Montaye M, Biasch K, et al. Comparison of Short- and Long-term Prognosis between ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med. 2021;10(2):180. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020180.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hebert</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>LQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biro</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Review of Physiologic Mechanisms in Response to Anemia</article-title>
          <source>CMAJ</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>156</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>S27</fpage>
          <lpage>S40</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31 Hebert PC, Hu LQ, Biro GP. Review of Physiologic Mechanisms in Response to Anemia. CMAJ. 1997;156(11):S27&#8211;40.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kashefi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rahmani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khalifesoltani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Changes in the Hemoglobin Level after One Unit of Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Intensive Care Unit Patients</article-title>
          <source>J Res Med Sci</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/jrms.JRMS_64_17</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32 Kashefi P, Rahmani A, Khalifesoltani M. Changes in the Hemoglobin Level after One Unit of Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Intensive Care Unit Patients. J Res Med Sci. 2018;23:85. doi: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_64_17.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parvizi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haddadi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roshan</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kafash</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Haemoglobin Changes Before and after Packed Red Blood Cells Transfusion in Burn Patients: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study</article-title>
          <source>Int Wound J</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2269</fpage>
          <lpage>2275</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/iwj.14108</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33 Parvizi A, Haddadi S, Roshan ZA, Kafash P. Haemoglobin Changes Before and after Packed Red Blood Cells Transfusion in Burn Patients: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study. Int Wound J. 2023;20(6):2269-75. doi: 10.1111/iwj.14108.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baek</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buehler</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can Molecular Markers of Oxygen Homeostasis and the Measurement of Tissue Oxygen be Leveraged to Optimize Red Blood Cell Transfusions?</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Hematol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>453</fpage>
          <lpage>460</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MOH.0000000000000533</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34 Baek JH, Buehler PW. Can Molecular Markers of Oxygen Homeostasis and the Measurement of Tissue Oxygen be Leveraged to Optimize Red Blood Cell Transfusions? Curr Opin Hematol. 2019;26(6):453-60. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000533.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prudent</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'alessandro</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Red Blood Cell Storage Lesion: Causes and Potential Clinical Consequences</article-title>
          <source>Blood Transfus</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2450/2019.0217-18</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>35 Yoshida T, Prudent M, D'alessandro A. Red Blood Cell Storage Lesion: Causes and Potential Clinical Consequences. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(1):27-52. doi: 10.2450/2019.0217-18.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahajan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rapido</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>La Carpia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soffing</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Divgi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reexamination of the Chromium-51-labeled Posttransfusion Red Blood Cell Recovery Method</article-title>
          <source>Transfusion</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>2264</fpage>
          <lpage>2275</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/trf.15310</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>36 Francis RO, Mahajan S, Rapido F, La Carpia F, Soffing M, Divgi C, et al. Reexamination of the Chromium-51-labeled Posttransfusion Red Blood Cell Recovery Method. Transfusion. 2019;59(7):2264-75. doi: 10.1111/trf.15310.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Locatelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paoletti</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Vecchio</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Safety of Current and Emerging Drugs to Treat Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Safety Review</article-title>
          <source>Expert Opin Drug Saf</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1179</fpage>
          <lpage>1191</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14740338.2023.2285889</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>37 Locatelli F, Paoletti E, Del Vecchio L. Cardiovascular Safety of Current and Emerging Drugs to Treat Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Safety Review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2023;22(12):1179-91. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2023.2285889.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burke</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sussman</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kent</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Three Simple Rules to Ensure Reasonably Credible Subgroup Analyses</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>351</volume>
          <fpage>h5651</fpage>
          <lpage>h5651</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.h5651</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>38 Burke JF, Sussman JB, Kent DM, Hayward RA. Three Simple Rules to Ensure Reasonably Credible Subgroup Analyses. BMJ. 2015;351:h5651. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5651.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quint&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aponte</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Men&#233;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacarlal</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aide</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Espasa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between Haemoglobin and Haematocrit in the Definition of Anaemia</article-title>
          <source>Trop Med Int Health</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1295</fpage>
          <lpage>1302</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01679.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>39 Quint&#243; L, Aponte JJ, Men&#233;ndez C, Sacarlal J, Aide P, Espasa M, et al. Relationship between Haemoglobin and Haematocrit in the Definition of Anaemia. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(8):1295-302. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01679.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>*Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12109/2024-0158_Supplement.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240158i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Restrictive versus Liberal Transfusion Strategies in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: A Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8559-3073</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fabiano</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-5435-6158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Lara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5995-6179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Alleh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9393-2445</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gewehr</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1010-2428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Generoso</surname>
            <given-names>Giuliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3622-7605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pittsburgh</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Farmington</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CT</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pittsburgh</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcio S. Bittencourt</bold> &#8226; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital &#8211; 200 Lothrop St, suite A-429, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213 &#8211; USA E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The optimal transfusion strategy in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-associated anemia remains uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare all-cause mortality between liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategies in patients with AMI-associated anemia, using a meta-analytic approach.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Pubmed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing liberal and restrictive transfusion strategies in AMI-associated anemia. Random-effects meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were conducted to compare blood use, efficacy, and safety endpoints. The p-values were 2-sided with an &#945; of 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In a pooled analysis involving 4,217 participants from three RCTs followed-up for 30 days, no statistically significant differences emerged between restrictive and liberal strategies in all-cause mortality (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.67&#8211;1.57; p=0.90) and other efficacy endpoints (recurrent AMI, unscheduled revascularization, acute heart failure, stroke, and acute kidney injury), as well as in safety endpoints including allergic reactions, infection, and acute lung injury. TSA did not reach futility boundaries. In patients assigned to restrictive strategy, substantial differences in transfusion use were observed across RCTs, correlating with mortality rates, and likely accounting for between-study heterogeneity in treatment effects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In patients with AMI-associated anemia, there is no clear superiority between liberal and restrictive transfusion strategies in all-cause mortality or other major outcomes in 30 days. However, the heterogeneity observed in blood use between the restrictive groups likely explains variable findings across RCTs.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Transfusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The optimal threshold for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and anemia remains undefined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Growing evidence suggests no statistical distinction in 30-day mortality or major clinical outcomes between restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies in a range of diverse conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A restrictive transfusion strategy is generally associated with a substantial reduction in RBC transfusions across various clinical scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nevertheless, there is a theoretical potential clinical benefit of a liberal transfusion strategy, aiming for higher hemoglobin (Hb) levels to increase oxygen availability in patients with AMI and anemia. Two prior randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing restrictive and liberal transfusion thresholds in patients with AMI and anemia revealed superiority for a primary composite outcome (in-hospital death, recurrent myocardial infarction, or new or worsening heart failure);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and a non-inferiority for a major adverse cardiovascular event (all-cause death, stroke, recurrent myocardial infarction, or emergency revascularization)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> in 30-day between the two strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most recent and largest RCT to date, involving 3504 patients suggested a trend towards lower mortality in the liberal group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Given the uncertainty of optimal transfusion strategy in patients with AMI and anemia and the conflicting findings suggested by this recent largest trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategies in this population (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed and reported following the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement guidelines (Supplementary material and Methods 1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The meta-analysis protocol was prospectively registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42023484239).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source and search strategy</title>
          <p>We systematically searched PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Cochrane, and ClincalTrials.gov from database inception to November 16, 2023, and without language restrictions. The search terms included "myocardial infarction", "acute coronary syndrome", and "blood transfusion". The complete search strategy for each database is provided in Supplementary material and Methods 2. After removing duplicates, two authors (L.M. and R.F.) screened titles and abstracts and independently assessed full-text articles for inclusion based on prespecified criteria. Discrepancies were resolved in a panel discussion with a third author (A.N.). Moreover, we used backward snowballing (i.e., review of references) to identify relevant references from articles identified in the original search.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>We considered studies eligible for inclusion if they (1) were RCTs; (2) enrolled adult patients (&#8805; 18 years of age) with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and anemia (Hb &#8804;10 g or hematocrit Ht &#8804;30%); (3) compared restricted versus liberal blood transfusion strategies; and (4) presented data regarding any endpoints of interest. Exclusion criteria were: (1) studies including patients with stable or unstable angina without stratifying data for those with AMI; (2) myocardial infarction (MI) occurring after coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention; (3) patients receiving palliative treatment; or (4) no data reported for any outcomes of interest.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>Two authors (L.M. and R.F.) independently extracted the data from each study using a standardized form including: authors, enrollment period, study publication year, inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample size, follow-up period, transfusion strategies, MI and anemia assessments, baseline patient characteristics, baseline patients&#8217; medications, endpoint data &#8211; total number of patients and number of events (binary endpoints), and endpoint definitions. Disagreements were resolved in a panel discussion with a third author (A.N.).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endpoints</title>
          <p>Our prespecified primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. The secondary efficacy endpoints included (1) cardiovascular mortality; (2) recurrent MI; (3) acute heart failure (HF); (4) stroke; (5) unscheduled revascularization; and (6) acute kidney injury. Our safety endpoints were (1) acute lung injury; (2) infection; and (3) severe allergic reaction. We compared differences in blood transfusion between studies and intervention groups. Detailed endpoint definitions for each included study are provided in Supplementary material and Methods 3.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment and risk of bias</title>
          <p>Two independent authors (L.M. and R.F.) assessed the risk of bias in the included RCTs using Cochrane's Risk of Bias (RoB 2) tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized studies for the primary and secondary endpoints considering intention-to-treat groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In the RoB 2 evaluation, each trial was scored as high risk, low risk, or some concerns in each of the five domains: selection, performance, detection, attrition, and reporting biases for the primary and secondary endpoints. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) assessments of evidence quality was performed according to the GRADE handbook, and the summary of findings was compiled independently by the two authors (L.M. and R.F.) using the GRADEpro/GDT software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The five GRADE domains (risk of bias, inconsistency, indirections, imprecision, and publication bias) were used to categorize the level of certainty as high, moderate, low, or very low. The GRADE assessment was performed for all outcomes reported by the three included trials. Disagreements were resolved in a panel discussion with a third author (A.N.). Egger's test was not performed given the small number of included studies (n &lt; 10), as recommended by Cochrane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analyses were conducted in line with Cochrane recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> To accommodate anticipated methodological and clinical heterogeneities across studies, treatment effect estimates were pooled using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model. Due to the limited number of studies, the restricted maximum likelihood estimator was used to calculate heterogeneity variance &#964;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Binary and continuous endpoints were summarized using risk ratios (RR) and mean differences (MD), respectively, along with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Treatment effects were two-tailed and considered statistically significant at <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05. We assessed heterogeneity with Cochrane's Q statistic and Higgins and Thompson's I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> statistic, with p &#8804; 0.10 indicating statistical significance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were also conducted to ensure the robustness of our findings. We used R version 4.2.2 and the extension package "meta" for all calculations and graphics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The full reproducible R code is available in Supplementary material and Methods 4.</p>
          <p>To better assess potential type 1 and type 2 errors, we performed a trial sequential analysis (TSA) for all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> We used a random-effects model with 95% CI, an information axis with sample size, type 1 error with 5% two-sided boundary, and power of 80%. The adjustment of the thresholds for the Z score was based on the O'Brien&#8211;Fleming alpha spending function. TSA was performed using the TSA program version 0.9.5.10 beta (Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection and baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>The systematic search yielded 4,187 articles and abstracts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>). After removing duplicates and studies that met the exclusion criteria based on title and abstract review, 56 articles were retrieved and reviewed in full for possible inclusion. Finally, four studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed, but one study was removed due to the absence of stratified data for the AMI patients, as this study also included patients without AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The reasons for exclusions in the full-text review are detailed in Supplementary material <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl01-en.pdf">eTable 1</inline-supplementary-material>. We included 4,217 patients, with 2,115 (50.2%) assigned to restrictive blood transfusion and 2,100 (49.8%) assigned to liberal blood transfusion strategy. Mean age of patients was 72.8 years (range, 72.1-77.0 years), and 45% (range, 42.2-48.0%) were female (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). In all three studies, the outcomes of interest were assessed at 30 days. Definitions of restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies in each study are detailed in Supplementary material <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl02-en.pdf">eTable 2</inline-supplementary-material>. Supplementary material <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl03-en.pdf">eTable 3</inline-supplementary-material> summarize the clinical baseline characteristics of the included patients.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study screening and selection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of included studies and patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Study Characteristics</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">MINT, 2023<break/> (N = 3504)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">REALITY, 2021<break/> (N = 668)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">CRIT, 2011<break/> (N = 45)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Key inclusion criteria</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Age &#8805; 18 years<break/> AMI<break/> Hb &lt;10 g/dL</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Age &#8805; 18 years<break/> AMI<break/> Hb 7-10 g/dL</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">AMI<break/> Ht &#8804; 30% within 72 hours<break/> of symptom onset</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Restrictive<break/> (N =1749)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Liberal<break/> (N =1755)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Restrictive<break/> (N =342)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Liberal<break/> (N =324)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Conservative<break/> (N =24)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Liberal<break/> (N =21)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Transfusion strategy, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Hb 7 or 8 g/dL, (50)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Hb &lt;10 g/dL, (50)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Hb &lt;8 g/dL,<break/> (51)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Hb &lt;10 g/dL, (49)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Ht &lt;24%,<break/> (53)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Ht &lt;30%,<break/> (47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age in years, mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72.2 &#177;11.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72.1 &#177;11.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (69-85)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76 (69-84)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70.3 &#177;14.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76.4 &#177;13.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Female sex, No. (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">774 (44.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">819 (46.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">141 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">140 (43.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hypertension, No. (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1478 (84.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1498 (85.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">272 (79.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">256 (79.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (91)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia, No. (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1123 (64.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1147 (65.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">189 (55.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">201 (62.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (76)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes, No. (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">948 (54.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">948 (54.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">176 (51.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">158 (48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (54)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (81)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Current tobacco smoking, No. (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">273 (16.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">275 (16.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (16.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <td align="left" colspan="8" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>History before index, No. (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">MI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">589 (33.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">549 (33.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">121 (35.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">119 (36.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PCI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">623 (35.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">577 (32.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">114 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">111 (34.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CABG</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">372 (21.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">390 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (13.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acute Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">527 (30.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">539 (30.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Chronic anemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">735 (42.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">758 (43.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (17.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cancer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">397 (22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">372 (21.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">67 (19.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ESRD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">797 (45.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">810 (46.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <td align="left" colspan="8" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Index AMI, No. (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1430 (81.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1418 (80.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">234 (68.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">231 (71.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (54)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (67)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">319 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (19.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">108 (31.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (28.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <td align="left" colspan="8" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Findings before randomization</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LVEF %, mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47.3 &#177;13.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47.5 &#177;13.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">39 &#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47 &#177;13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Creatinine, median (Q1, Q3) or mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.4 (0.9, 2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.4 (0.9, 2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.3 (0.9, 2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.2 (0.9, 2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hb<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.6 &#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.6 &#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.0 &#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.1 &#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Active bleeding, No. (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">246 (14.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">213 (12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">pRBC, mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.7 &#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5 &#177;2.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.9 &#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.8 &#177;2.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.6 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5 &#177;1.3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Hb in the CRIT trial was estimated as Ht/3.39 All studies assumed p&lt; 0.05 as statistical significance. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary-artery bypass grafting; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; Hb: hemoglobin; NA: not available; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; pRBC: packed red blood cell; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; Q1 and Q3, first and third quartiles; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RBC: red blood cell; SD: standard deviation; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efficacy endpoints</title>
          <p>In patients with AMI-associated anemia, there were no statistically significant differences between restrictive and liberal strategies for all-cause mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2A</xref>), cardiovascular mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2B</xref>), recurrent MI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2C</xref>), acute HF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2D</xref>), unscheduled revascularization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2E</xref>), stroke (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2F</xref>), and acute kidney injury (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2G</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Outcomes of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy in patients with acute myocardial infarction and anemia in 30 days. Caption: All-cause mortality (A), cardiovascular mortality (B), recurrent myocardial infarction (C), acute heart failure (D), unplanned revascularizations (E), stroke (F), and acute kidney injury (G); CRIT, Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study);12 MINT: Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia;13 REALITY: Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia.6 All studies assumed p&lt; 0.05 as statistical significance.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The results were robust and consistent with the primary results when a leave-one-out analysis was performed for all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, and HF (Supplementary material <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl04-en.pdf">eFigure 1</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
          <p>In an additional assessment of the heterogeneity across studies, we evaluated the total transfusion used in each study. While the liberal strategy group showed a similar usage of transfusion in all trials, there was a high heterogeneity of treatment in the restrictive group. The mean RBC units in the MINT trial, CRIT, and REALITY were 0.7 (&#177;1.6), 1.6 (&#177;2.0), and 2.9 (&#177;3.7), in the restrictive group respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this last study, it is worth noting that the total number of packed RBC units administered in the restrictive group was even higher than that in the liberal strategy (342 vs 324) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This finding is significantly associated with the studies&#8217; outcomes as there is a higher observed mortality in studies prescribing fewer packed RBC units in the restrictive group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3B</xref>). This finding likely explains the heterogeneity across studies.</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean packed red blood cell transfused units (g/dL) difference (A) and mortality trend (B) in restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy in patients with acute myocardial infarction and anemia in 30 days. CRIT, Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study);12 MINT: Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia;13 REALITY: Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia;6All studies assumed p&lt; 0.05 as statistical significance.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Safety endpoints</title>
          <p>There were no differences between groups for severe allergic reaction, infection, acute lung injury or respiratory failure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Safety endpoints of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy in patients with acute myocardial infarction and anemia in 30 days. Caption: Allergic reactions (A), infections (B), and acute lung injury or respiratory failure (C). Trials abbreviations same as Figure 2. All studies assumed p&lt; 0.05 as statistical significance.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment and risk of bias</title>
          <p>The risk of bias for each of the five domains examined (selection, performance, detection, attrition, and reporting biases) was low and concordant between the two authors (L.M. and R.F.). The risk was assessed by RoB 2 tool for the primary and secondary endpoints considering intention-to-treat groups for each of the three included trials, resulting in an overall risk of bias for each study (Supplement material <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl05-en.pdf">eTable 4</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
          <p>The final level of evidence certainty for the pooled estimated effect (restrictive vs. liberal) was moderate for all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, and acute HF &#8211; outcomes reported in all included RCTs. For each of these outcomes, imprecision drove the downgrade given the potential benefit and potential harm within the Heart failure (Supplementary material <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-suppl06-en.pdf">eTable 5</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Trial sequential analysis</title>
          <p>In the TSA of all-cause mortality, the cumulative Z-curve did not surpass the monitoring boundaries, including futility, nor did the total sample size reach the required information size line (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>). Overall, these findings indicate absence of statistically significant difference in the pooled analysis and, thus far, they are insufficient to definitively exclude the possibility of an effect of a restrictive vs. liberal transfusion strategy for patients with AMI and anemia.</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Trial Sequence Analysis of Restrictive vs liberal transfusion strategy on all-cause mortality within 30 days in patients with acute myocardial infarction and anemia. CRIT, Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study); MINT: Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia; REALITY, Effect of a Restrictive vs Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy on Major Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20240158-40158-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, we found no significant differences in 30-day outcomes between a restrictive and liberal transfusion strategy for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, recurrent MI, unscheduled revascularization, HF, stroke, and acute kidney injury in patients with acute MI and anemia. Similarly, there were no significant differences in safety endpoints. These results remained robust in leave-one-out sensitivity analyses for all outcomes. However, there was a notable heterogeneity in the results across studies which seems to be at least partially explained by the differences in the amount of packed red blood cells used in the restrictive group across trials.</p>
        <p>The restrictive approach mitigates the use of a limited and crucial resource and reduces potential risks for associated side effects. However, hypothesized benefit of maintaining higher Hb levels to increase oxygen availability to the ischemic myocardial area is plausible and justifies additional investigation though some studies suggest oxygen delivery might not be increased by transfusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The accumulated evidence suggests that a restrictive transfusion strategy is safe in a range of clinical scenarios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and our current analysis supports this by documenting no differences in any of the safety endpoints between the two groups.</p>
        <p>While no distinguishable differences in safety outcomes would suggest that either strategy would be routinely acceptable, the logistics of blood-derived products are more complex than most routinely used therapies. Blood resources are scarce, and any potential reduction in use can have a significant impact from a societal perspective as those resources can be directed to other patients in need.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> This reallocation of scarce resources can also lead to cost savings as well as logistical improvements in the implementation of their use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Thus, unless there is a proven benefit of more liberal transfusion strategies, a restrictive strategy would be more likely beneficial to society as a whole as no distinguishable clinical impact is noted for individual patients.</p>
        <p>However, given the profound impact of those findings on routine clinical practice in cardiac intensive care units across the world, a more granular analysis is needed to allow for adequate implementation of current evidence. Within this context, our results provide novel insightful findings in the assessment of heterogeneity across the studies included in the present meta-analysis. While the treatment in the liberal strategy was impressively consistent across trials, there was substantial variability in the use of transfusion in what was defined as the "restrictive transfusion group". This difference was nontrivial as it varied from an average of less than 1 unit of packed RBC per patient to as high as almost three units. Some of this heterogeneity may be explained by the posttransfusion Hb targets in the restrictive group across trials. The MINT trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> did not require transfusion when Hb &lt; 8 g/dL, as a result, it was the trial with the lowest mean units of blood transfused. On the contrary, the REALITY trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> had the highest upper limit posttransfusion target in the restrictive group (8 &#8211; 10 g/dL) which approximates to the posttransfusion target in the liberal group (&#8805; 10 g/dL) in the MINT and CRIT trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another point to be weighted is the duration of follow-up. In the REALITY trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> despite the observed benefit of the restrictive strategy in the short term, the positive findings were not sustained at one year of follow up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This finding reinforces the need for a well-defined sequential follow-up period, stratified by specific populations. Until then, the threshold to transfuse should be individualized, taking into consideration the patient's clinical context.</p>
        <p>The difference in transfusion between the two groups in each trial is a key parameter to be explored as therapy can only be proven to show efficacy if its use is consistently and meaningfully different between the two study groups. If the control (restrictive) group receives almost as many transfusions as the treatment (liberal) group, no difference in outcomes should be expected. In our current analysis, we were able to show a direct correlation between the transfusion in the control arm and the observed outcomes (mortality rate reduction with an increase in mean units of blood transfused in the restrictive control group). While the analysis is limited by the small number of studies (three), the small sample size mainly leads to a considerably lower power in the analysis, but it would not have a substantial impact on the rate of false positive findings.</p>
        <p>There are other potential explanations for the findings that we were unable to explore such as the heterogeneity among patients with AMI and anemia, along with the impracticality of considering Hb as an optimal surrogate for oxygen availability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Also, AMI encompasses patients with STEMI and NSTEMI, who often exhibit distinct ischemic burdens, clinical severity, and 30-day prognosis, contributing to significant within-group heterogeneity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Similarly, individuals with acute and chronic anemia may undergo different physiological adaptations to ischemia and blood transfusion, including variations in the optimal Hb-oxygen dissociation curve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Within the same aspect, RBC changes, collectively referred to as &#8216;storage lesion&#8217;, may impact RBCs&#8217; oxygen transport and tissue delivery differently in distinct patients, including the potentially distinct physiological implications of RBCs from different RBCs&#8217; donors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Additionally, it is plausible that patients with concurrent advanced chronic kidney disease may have a different response to ischemia and transfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Finally, given the heterogeneous pathophysiological nature of AMI-associated anemia and possible complex and unbalanced effects on the intervention itself (blood transfusion), these two transfusion strategies may have different and opposing effects on distinct subgroups, which may not be fully appreciated due to the known power limitations of subgroup analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> While all those other alternative explanations for the findings are plausible and potentially important, none of them conflicts or contradicts our current findings.</p>
        <p>When these findings about heterogeneity are contextualized with our TSA it becomes clear that current evidence is insufficient to clearly support one of the two strategies. However, our results provide guidance on how future studies in the field should be conducted to provide meaningful information for implementation of results. These studies should not only focus on adequate implementation of the treatment strategy in the liberal arm, but also perform a controlled implementation of transfusion in the restrictive arm to allow for a real difference in treatment between groups.</p>
        <p>It is worth noting that the required information size from the TSA suggests that 77,885 patients would be needed to conclusively address this clinical question. This raises concerns that even if there was a significant difference between the two strategies, its effect would likely be small. However, this analysis is constrained by the cumulative sum analysis of the data of all included trials. If a difference between treatments was assumed, like that reported in the MINT trial (a three-fold increase in blood use), the calculated differences in outcomes would lead to a much smaller sample size requirement.</p>
        <p>This study has limitations. First, all three RCTs were open-label due to the nature of the intervention (blood transfusion). Second, the absence of individual patient-level data precluded specific subgroup analyses. And third, the three studies used slightly different transfusion targets.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this meta-analysis of RCTs of patients with AMI and anemia, there was no statistical difference between restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies within 30 days for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, recurrent MI, unscheduled revascularization, acute heart failure, stroke, acute kidney injury, severe allergic reaction, infection, acute lung injury or respiratory failure. However, observed heterogeneity in transfusion use in the control (restrictive transfusion) groups likely explains at least part of the variability in outcomes across trials. The current results inform how to better implement future trials to explore this question.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12109/2024-0158_Supplement.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
