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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FkgmVP3sjjTqxtw4Yy8Zk5J</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230830</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia da Terapia com C&#233;lulas-tronco Mesenquimais Derivadas do Tecido Adiposo para Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9268-286X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giugni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Rabioglio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giugni</surname>
            <given-names>Melina de Oliveira Valdo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Habrum</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Cetinic</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laranjeira</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia Nasi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2390-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sady</surname>
            <given-names>Erica Regina Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suzumura</surname>
            <given-names>Erica Aranha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito;</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Dallas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o InCor, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Dallas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departmento de Medicina Preventiva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departmento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Jos&#233; Eduardo Krieger &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o InCor, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil; E-mail: <email>j.krieger@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230830</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia da Terapia com C&#233;lulas-tronco Mesenquimais Derivadas do Tecido Adiposo para Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/FkgmVP3sjjTqxtw4Yy8Zk5J/3598f001ffe04f707ad3fa1e8dc385e10c09017f.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/FkgmVP3sjjTqxtw4Yy8Zk5J/aed006357d7ade6c7610135a907dc2cce8e36fee.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/FkgmVP3sjjTqxtw4Yy8Zk5J/3328d6b898c54e27cb67ee98f1a90fa7a66205c0.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A terapia celular utilizando c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do tecido adiposo (ADSC, sigla em ingl&#234;s) apresenta grande potencial como tratamento para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica para descrever a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia das ADSC na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pesquisamos na PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL e LILACS (desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2024) por estudos cl&#237;nicos envolvendo ADSC em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Exclu&#237;mos estudos envolvendo pacientes com outros tipos de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, estudos utilizando c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de outros tecidos, bem como estudos em andamento. Dois revisores independentes realizaram a triagem das cita&#231;&#245;es recuperadas, extra&#237;ram dados relevantes e avaliaram o risco de vi&#233;s nos ensaios inclu&#237;dos, utilizando os crit&#233;rios da Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane modificados pela Universidade McMaster e o &#205;ndice Metodol&#243;gico para Estudos N&#227;o-Randomizados (MINORS). Utilizamos uma s&#237;ntese narrativa para apresentar os resultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dez estudos (compreendendo 29 publica&#231;&#245;es) preencheram nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, incluindo 8 ensaios controlados randomizados e 2 ensaios n&#227;o controlados. N&#227;o foram relatados eventos adversos graves associados &#224; terapia com ADSC. Embora a maioria dos desfechos de efic&#225;cia n&#227;o tenha alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, houve relatos de melhora da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica, capacidade funcional, sintomas e contratilidade em pacientes tratados com ADSC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os resultados da nossa revis&#227;o sugerem que a terapia com ADSC &#233; geralmente segura para pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Contudo, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais investiga&#231;&#245;es para confirmar a sua efic&#225;cia, particularmente em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de maior escala e em condi&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas onde as melhorias na microcircula&#231;&#227;o podem ter um impacto not&#225;vel nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas-Tronco Mesenquimais</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Regenerativa</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Baseada em Transplante de C&#233;lulas e Tecidos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="55"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, a terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco surgiu como uma abordagem promissora para o tratamento de diversas condi&#231;&#245;es que t&#234;m respostas limitadas ou que n&#227;o respondem &#224;s terapias convencionais. Inicialmente, o foco estava na capacidade regenerativa das c&#233;lulas-tronco, na sua capacidade de autorrenova&#231;&#227;o e de diferencia&#231;&#227;o em diversos tipos de c&#233;lulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que os efeitos terap&#234;uticos da terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco s&#227;o mediados principalmente por fatores par&#225;crinos, que modulam a resposta natural do corpo a les&#245;es, tanto agudas quanto cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Extensos estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> caracterizaram v&#225;rios tipos de c&#233;lulas progenitoras, e modelos animais mostraram resultados promissores na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco para diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es. Esse progresso abriu caminho para os primeiros ensaios cl&#237;nicos envolvendo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco adultas aut&#243;logas ou alog&#234;nicas. Diversos tipos de c&#233;lulas-tronco adultas t&#234;m sido investigados, incluindo mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos, c&#233;lulas derivadas da medula &#243;ssea, c&#233;lulas-tronco card&#237;acas, c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais derivadas do sangue e c&#233;lulas-tronco derivadas do tecido adiposo (ADSC, sigla em ingl&#234;s).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tecido adiposo, que se origina do mes&#234;nquima embrion&#225;rio, fornece uma fonte facilmente acess&#237;vel de c&#233;lulas estromais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As ADSC podem ser isoladas de res&#237;duos de lipoaspira&#231;&#227;o humana ap&#243;s tratamento com colagenase e centrifuga&#231;&#227;o. Semelhante a outras c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais, as ADSC podem ser induzidas a se diferenciar em v&#225;rios subtipos celulares <italic>in vitro</italic> pela modifica&#231;&#227;o do meio de cultura celular com fatores espec&#237;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Devido &#224; sua natureza vers&#225;til, as ADSC t&#234;m sido extensivamente estudadas no campo da medicina regenerativa, com aplica&#231;&#245;es variando de feridas cr&#244;nicas na pele e defeitos de tecidos moles a doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias intestinais, diabetes mellitus tipo 1, les&#245;es da medula espinal e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sob condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais espec&#237;ficas, as ADSC tamb&#233;m podem se diferenciar em c&#233;lulas do sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as ADSC liberam fatores par&#225;crinos que modulam as propriedades do microambiente tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Esses fatores promovem a neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o, reduzem a apoptose e a inflama&#231;&#227;o e inibem a fibrose, melhorando assim o reparo card&#237;aco e a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional. Estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos forneceram evid&#234;ncias substanciais que apoiam o potencial das ADSC para reparo card&#237;aco em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, as ADSC podem ser obtidas em grandes quantidades e expandidas para uso terap&#234;utico futuro, o que &#233; vantajoso para terapias baseadas em c&#233;lulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana avan&#231;ada que apresentam angina refrat&#225;ria ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica representam um desafio cl&#237;nico significativo. Os medicamentos antianginosos podem n&#227;o aliviar adequadamente os sintomas, e os procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica podem n&#227;o ser vi&#225;veis devido ao fluxo arterial distal inadequado ou &#224; doen&#231;a obstrutiva ateroscler&#243;tica difusa, entre outras raz&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Para alguns indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica progressiva, o transplante card&#237;aco torna-se a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel para melhorar a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida apesar do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, o tratamento com ADSC poderia servir como uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica alternativa, visando aumentar a neo-angio/vasculog&#234;nese, melhorar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e reduzir a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a fibrose, denominadas coletivamente como reparo card&#237;aco. Contudo, a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da terapia com ADSC para essas condi&#231;&#245;es ainda est&#227;o sendo investigadas.</p>
      <p>Para melhor conhecer o estado atual da terapia com ADSC para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos cl&#237;nicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Nosso objetivo foi identificar as lacunas de conhecimento existentes e as &#225;reas que requerem investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional para avan&#231;ar nesta abordagem terap&#234;utica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica seguiu as diretrizes recomendadas pela Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e os resultados foram relatados seguindo os Principais Itens para Relatar Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lises (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados de pesquisas</title>
        <p>Realizamos pesquisas abrangentes nas seguintes bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas (desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2024): PubMed via MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL e LILACS. N&#227;o foram aplicadas restri&#231;&#245;es de idioma e, sempre que poss&#237;vel, foi utilizado vocabul&#225;rio controlado (termos MeSH para MEDLINE e CENTRAL, EMTREE para EMBASE e DeCS para LILACS). Para aprimorar a estrat&#233;gia de busca, utilizamos palavras-chave e seus sin&#244;nimos. A estrat&#233;gia de busca completa &#233; relatada na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12109/2023-0830_AO_Supplementary-Table.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link>. Adicionalmente, pesquisamos manualmente as listas de refer&#234;ncias dos estudos inclu&#237;dos para identificar outros artigos relevantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Inclu&#237;mos estudos que preencheram os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) textos publicados na &#237;ntegra com os seguintes desenhos de pesquisa: ensaios randomizados ou quase randomizados, estudos observacionais comparativos ou s&#233;rie de casos n&#227;o comparativos envolvendo pelo menos 10 pacientes; (2) estudos envolvendo pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica aguda ou cr&#244;nica; (3) avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos do transplante de ADSC; (4) relato de pelo menos um dos desfechos de interesse. Exclu&#237;mos estudos envolvendo pacientes com outros tipos de cardiopatia ou isquemia em outros &#243;rg&#227;os que n&#227;o o cora&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, perif&#233;rico, cerebral, renal); estudos utilizando c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de outros tecidos, como medula &#243;ssea, cord&#227;o umbilical, tecido sinovial ou sangue perif&#233;rico; bem como estudos em andamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos</title>
        <p>Dois revisores realizaram independentemente a triagem dos t&#237;tulos e resumos de todas as cita&#231;&#245;es recuperadas. Quando pelo menos um revisor considerava uma cita&#231;&#227;o potencialmente adequada, a publica&#231;&#227;o em texto completo era obtida e avaliada em detalhes para confirmar a elegibilidade. Nos casos em que os estudos selecionados foram publicados em m&#250;ltiplos peri&#243;dicos (m&#250;ltiplas publica&#231;&#245;es) ou inclu&#237;ram subestudos, os dados foram listados na refer&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria para fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais. Estudos publicados apenas como resumos de confer&#234;ncias foram considerados ineleg&#237;veis devido a informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas. As diverg&#234;ncias entre os revisores foram resolvidas por meio de discuss&#227;o, consenso ou consulta a um terceiro revisor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>Dois revisores independentemente extra&#237;ram dados de estudos eleg&#237;veis usando um formul&#225;rio padronizado e avaliaram o risco de vi&#233;s com base em crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos de dom&#237;nio. Para ensaios randomizados ou quase randomizados, foram empregados os crit&#233;rios da Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> modificados pela McMaster University.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Os estudos observacionais foram avaliados usando a ferramenta risco de vi&#233;s de estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o randomizados (ROBINS-I, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Risk of Bias Summary for Non-randomized Studies</italic>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> enquanto os estudos n&#227;o comparativos foram avaliados usando o Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> As diverg&#234;ncias entre os revisores foram resolvidas por meio de discuss&#227;o, consenso ou consulta a um terceiro revisor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>Os desfechos de efic&#225;cia de interesse inclu&#237;ram bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica, neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o colateral (angiografia coron&#225;ria), classifica&#231;&#227;o de angina da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> (CCS), desempenho no teste de exerc&#237;cio (equivalentes metab&#243;licos [METs], tempo de toler&#226;ncia, carga [watts]), perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica [RM], ecocardiograma de estresse, tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons [PET] card&#237;aca) e viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica (cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, ecocardiograma de estresse, tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons [PET] card&#237;aca). Em pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, os desfechos adicionais foram a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Foram coletadas todas as medidas de efeito de cada desfecho.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos de seguran&#231;a foram registrados como principais eventos adversos relatados nos estudos prim&#225;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ntese de dados</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma s&#237;ntese narrativa dos resultados seguindo as diretrizes do Conselho Europeu de Pesquisa Social sobre a Conduta de S&#237;ntese Narrativa em Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> para responder &#224;s nossas quest&#245;es de revis&#227;o. Os resultados relativos &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, pacientes e interven&#231;&#245;es utilizadas, bem como desfechos de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a, foram apresentados em tabelas de evid&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca rendeu 4.285 cita&#231;&#245;es, das quais 446 foram exclu&#237;das por duplica&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a triagem dos t&#237;tulos e resumos, foram revisadas 3.839 cita&#231;&#245;es. Dentre elas, 87 cita&#231;&#245;es relevantes foram selecionadas para posterior an&#225;lise por meio da leitura das publica&#231;&#245;es completas. Posteriormente, 58 publica&#231;&#245;es foram exclu&#237;das por n&#227;o preencherem todos os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade da presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Os motivos para a exclus&#227;o dos artigos ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o das publica&#231;&#245;es completas est&#227;o ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Por fim, foram inclu&#237;dos 10 estudos (compreendendo 29 publica&#231;&#245;es) que avaliaram a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia do transplante de ADSC para neo-angio/vasculog&#234;nese mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica aguda ou cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> O fluxograma de busca e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de busca e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20230830-30830-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise compreendeu 8 estudos randomizados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> e 2 estudos n&#227;o controlados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> publicados entre 2012 e 2023. A maioria dos estudos foi registrada em bancos de dados de registros de ensaios cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Dois estudos foram realizados nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> enquanto os demais foram realizados na Europa.</p>
        <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o do estudo MyStromalCell,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> que incluiu pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada, os demais estudos inclu&#237;ram pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca associada.</p>
        <p>Os estudos Athena I e Athena II,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> conduzidos pelo mesmo grupo de pesquisadores, tiveram desenhos semelhantes, exceto pela dose de ADSC: 0,4 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas/kg de peso em Athena I e 0,8 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas/kg de peso em Atenas II. Como o estudo Athena II incluiu apenas 3 pacientes e foi semelhante ao Athena I, os pesquisadores combinaram os dados de ambos ensaios e os publicaram em um &#250;nico relat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um total de 376 participantes foram inclu&#237;dos nos estudos, sendo 258 pacientes que receberam transplante de ADSC e 118 pacientes que receberam tratamento m&#233;dico otimizado com ou sem adi&#231;&#227;o de placebo. Em 3 estudos, o transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco foi combinado com outro tratamento, a saber, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por laser.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Apenas um estudo utilizou infus&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria para transplante de ADSC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> enquanto os demais ensaios utilizaram a via intramioc&#225;rdica, principalmente por inje&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m atrav&#233;s de uma placa de gordura em um &#250;nico ensaio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta majoritariamente por participantes do sexo masculino, com sobrepeso ou obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio entre 27,5 e 30,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), com idade m&#233;dia entre 55 e 67 anos e FEVE m&#233;dia variando de 28,8%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> a 54%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Na maioria dos estudos, os participantes tinham hist&#243;rico de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via. As caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e de seus participantes s&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Desenho</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">N</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Tratamento adjuvante</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Fonte das c&#233;lulas</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Dosagem celular</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Via de administra&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Acompanhamento (meses)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Espanha</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 5; C: 5</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">Aut&#243;loga; gordura peric&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">Desconhecida (enxerto adiposo)</td>
                  <td align="center">Mioc&#225;rdica (enxerto adiposo colado)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca, Espanha e Holanda</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 10; C: 4</td>
                  <td align="center">ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">Aut&#243;loga; gordura periumbilical</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas</td>
                  <td align="center">Intracoron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Athena I<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 14; C: 14</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Aut&#243;loga; gordura subcut&#226;nea</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas/kg (m&#225;x 40 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas)</td>
                  <td align="center">Intramioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Athena II<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 3; C: 0</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Aut&#243;loga; gordura subcut&#226;nea</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas/kg (m&#225;x 80 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas)</td>
                  <td align="center">Intramioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 41; C: 20</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Aut&#243;loga; gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 45 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> (quantidade total de c&#233;lulas alcan&#231;ada ap&#243;s protocolo de cultura)</td>
                  <td align="center">Intramioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca, Espanha e Holanda</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 21; C: 6</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Aut&#243;loga; gordura subcut&#226;nea</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas/kg (grupo de dosagem baixa); 0,8 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas/kg (grupo de dosagem m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">Intramioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o comparativo, de s&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 10</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Alog&#234;nica; gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas</td>
                  <td align="center">Intramioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Konstanty- Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Pol&#244;nia</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o comparativo, de s&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 15</td>
                  <td align="center">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o a laser</td>
                  <td align="center">Aut&#243;loga; gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Intramioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 24; C: 27</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Alog&#234;nica; gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas</td>
                  <td align="center">Intramioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca, Alemanha, Holanda, &#193;ustria, Eslov&#233;nia e Pol&#244;nia</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">I: 90; C: 43</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Alog&#234;nica; gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas</td>
                  <td align="center">Intramioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>C: controle; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ECR: ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado; I: interven&#231;&#227;o; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Estudo</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Sexo masculino</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Tabagismo</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">DM</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HTN</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">IM</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">CRM</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">ICP</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">FEVE (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">63,8 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">5/5 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/5 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">4/4 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">2/4 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">6/9 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">9/9 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,1 &#177; 2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">55 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">2/4 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4/4 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,5 &#177; 3,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Athena I e II<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">64,1 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (94,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (64,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (47,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (88,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (82,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (76,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (70,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 8,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (92,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (62,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (92,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,8 &#177; 7,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">65,5 &#177; 9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (77,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (82,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (82,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">65,3 &#177; 8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (95)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">65,8 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (81)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (38,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (81)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (90,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 7,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,8 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,2 &#177; 9,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,6 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (93)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 13,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">67,0 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (81,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (25,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (64,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (85,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (57,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (59,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,2 &#177; 7,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (88,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (70,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (55,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (40,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,4 &#177; 7,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (93,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (42,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (76,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (48,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (75,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,6 &#177; 7,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (88,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (79,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (39,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (67,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (90,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (34,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (79,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0 &#177; 8,9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia (%). C: controle; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DM: diabetes mellitus; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HTN: hipertens&#227;o; I: interven&#231;&#227;o; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ND: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>Entre os estudos randomizados, apenas um descreveu como foi gerada a lista de randomiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> O cegamento dos pacientes e pesquisadores foi implementado na maioria dos estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> e os avaliadores do desfecho foram cegados em todos eles. Todos os estudos apresentaram baixo risco de vi&#233;s em termos de dados incompletos sobre desfechos e relatos seletivos de desfechos.</p>
        <p>Entre os estudos n&#227;o comparativos, Kastrup et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup>definiram claramente os objetivos, coletaram dados prospectivamente, consideraram desfechos adequados aos objetivos do estudo, utilizaram tempo de seguimento adequado e tiveram menos de 5% de perdas de seguimento. Por&#233;m, o estudo n&#227;o teve os desfechos avaliados por avaliador independente e n&#227;o calculou o tamanho amostral prospectivamente. Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> relataram adequadamente todos os dom&#237;nios, exceto o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral.</p>
        <p>Avalia&#231;&#245;es detalhadas do risco de vi&#233;s para os estudos randomizados e n&#227;o comparativos est&#227;o descritas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Oculta&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Cegamento dos participantes</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Cegamento dos investigadores</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Cegamentos dos avaliadores de desfecho</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Dados incompletos de desfecho</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Relato seletivo dos desfechos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Athena I<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Athena II<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Definitivamente baixa</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos n&#227;o comparativos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Objetivos claramente definidos</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Inclus&#227;o de participantes consecutivos</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Coleta prospectiva de dados</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Desfecho adequado ao objetivo do estudo</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Avalia&#231;&#227;o imparcial dos desfechos</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Per&#237;odo de acompanhamento adequado</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Perda de acompanhamento menor que 5%</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">C&#225;lculo prospectivo do tamanho amostral</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o relatado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Adequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Inadequadamente relatado</td>
                  <td align="center">Inadequadamente relatado</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguran&#231;a</title>
          <p>Os eventos adversos foram pouco frequentes e, quando presentes, geralmente relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a subjacente.</p>
          <p>Durante os estudos Athena I e II, 3 pacientes sofreram poss&#237;veis ataques isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios ou acidentes vasculares cerebrais ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o intramioc&#225;rdica: 2 pacientes no grupo experimental e 1 no grupo controle. O comit&#234; independente de monitoramento de eventos recomendou a suspens&#227;o tempor&#225;ria do estudo, que foi continuado com uma altera&#231;&#227;o do protocolo padronizando o uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios, regimes de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, heparina intraprocedimento e exclus&#227;o de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>No estudo MyStromalCell, o grupo controle teve maior necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por piora da angina em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes tratados com ADSC (60% versus 35%; p = 0,028).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos nos demais desfechos de seguran&#231;a. Os desfechos de seguran&#231;a relatados nos estudos inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5">
              <label>Tabela 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Desfechos de seguran&#231;a</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Estudo</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Desfecho</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Interven&#231;&#227;o N eventos / N participantes (%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Controle N eventos / N participantes (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td>Eventos adversos totais*</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 5 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 4 (50%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Morte</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 5 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Readmiss&#227;o hospitalar</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 5 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 4 (25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td>Eventos adversos graves*</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 4 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 9 (33%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Athena I e II<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td>Eventos adversos graves</td>
                    <td align="center">9 / 17 (52,9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 / 14 (64,3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECAM</td>
                    <td align="center">6 / 17 (35,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 14 (21,4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td>&#211;bito</td>
                    <td align="center">4 / 40 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                    <td align="center">8 / 40 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 / 20 (25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                    <td>Morte card&#237;aca*</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 21 (4,8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16,7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio*</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16,7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                    <td>&#211;bito*</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 10 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o*</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 10 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                    <td>&#211;bito</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eventos adversos</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                    <td>&#211;bito</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 54 (5,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 54 (3,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 27 (3,7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                    <td align="center">5 / 54 (9,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 27 (7,4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                    <td>&#211;bito</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 90 (3,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 43 (4,7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                    <td align="center">4 / 90 (4,4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 43 (2,3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                    <td align="center">14 / 90 (15,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 / 43 (16,3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos em nenhum desses desfechos de seguran&#231;a. Todos os estudos adotaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. *Desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efic&#225;cia</title>
          <p>No ensaio adiFLAP, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em termos de desfechos relacionados &#224; viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>No estudo APOLLO, os pacientes que receberam transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no defeito perfusional avaliado pela cintilografia (&#8722;6%; p = 0,004), enquanto o defeito perfusional no grupo controle permaneceu inalterado (+1,8%; p = n&#227;o significativo [NS]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m houve redu&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea de infarto do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 31,6% para 15,3% (p = 0,002) nos pacientes tratados com c&#233;lulas-tronco, enquanto a &#225;rea m&#233;dia de infarto n&#227;o se alterou no grupo controle. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda permaneceu a mesma no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (+4%; p = NS) e no grupo controle (&#8722;1,7%; p = NS).</p>
          <p>Os pacientes tratados com c&#233;lulas-tronco nos estudos Athena I e II n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as na m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo aos 6 meses entre os grupos (+54,9 mL/min; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% &#8722;109 a 219; p = 0,495).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O defeito perfusional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante o esfor&#231;o n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (&#8722;2,3% vs. 1,2%; p = 0,074). Aos 12 meses, 57% e 67% dos pacientes tratados com c&#233;lulas-tronco apresentaram melhora nas classifica&#231;&#245;es da NYHA e CCS, respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 15% e 27% no grupo controle (valor p n&#227;o relatado). Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
          <p>No estudo MyStromalCell,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m foi observada melhora nas classifica&#231;&#245;es NYHA e CCS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos escores m&#233;dios basais nos pacientes designados para tratamento experimental (p = 0,007 e 0,002, respectivamente), enquanto os pacientes designados para o grupo controle n&#227;o apresentaram melhora em 36 meses de acompanhamento. O tempo total de exerc&#237;cio e trabalho durante o teste de esfor&#231;o permaneceu inalterado ao longo do tempo no grupo experimental (p = 0,052 e 0,123, respectivamente), enquanto uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada no grupo controle (p = 0,001 e 0,019, respectivamente). Ambos os grupos experimentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos METs em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores m&#233;dios basais durante os 3 anos de acompanhamento, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos nos par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>No estudo PRECISE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#245;es significativas nos escores das diferen&#231;as estresse-repouso entre os grupos. Entretanto, houve redu&#231;&#227;o no grupo experimental aos 6 meses em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais (de 9,3 para 5,8; p = 0,02), enquanto os valores permaneceram inalterados no grupo controle (de 12,8 para 9,0; p = 0,1). Essas diferen&#231;as se mantiveram aos 18 meses (de 8,2 para 5,1; p = 0,03 versus 12,8 para 7,2; p = 0,05, respectivamente). Houve um aumento estatisticamente significativo no &#237;ndice visual de motilidade parietal aos 6 meses em pacientes tratados com c&#233;lulas-tronco (de 25,2 para 27,6; p = 0,03), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as no grupo controle (de 35,3 para 34,0; p = 0,5). Aos 6 meses, o grupo controle apresentou aumento na &#225;rea de infarto (p = 0,01), enquanto a &#225;rea m&#233;dia de infarto permaneceu inalterada no grupo experimental. Os pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram piora dos METs e do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (p = 0,001 em ambas as compara&#231;&#245;es) ap&#243;s 18 meses em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal, enquanto os valores m&#233;dios permaneceram est&#225;veis no grupo de pacientes que receberam o tratamento experimental (p = 0,1 e 0,8, respectivamente). N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na FEVE ou nos volumes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao longo do tempo ou entre os grupos (valores n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis).</p>
          <p>No estudo de Kastrup et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> houve aumento da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos de 460 m para 495 m em 6 meses de acompanhamento, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos demais est&#225;gios avaliados. Konstanty-Kalandyk et al. relataram uma melhora significativa no volume sist&#243;lico de 83,1 mL (desvio padr&#227;o 8,5) para 93,8 mL (desvio padr&#227;o 13,8), conforme avaliado por RM, 1 ano ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,025).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os ensaios DANISH e SCIENCE n&#227;o mostraram qualquer benef&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o ao compar&#225;-la ao grupo placebo nos desfechos prim&#225;rios (altera&#231;&#227;o no volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) ou nos desfechos secund&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> As &#250;nicas indica&#231;&#245;es de benef&#237;cio foram um aumento na qualidade de vida medida pelo Question&#225;rio de Cardiomiopatia de Kansas City no grupo ADSC no acompanhamento quando comparado ao valor basal (pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia 64 &#177; 3 versus 72 &#177; 3; p = 0,011) no estudo DANISH, e um pequeno aumento na FEVE do o in&#237;cio at&#233; 6 meses de acompanhamento (31,6 &#177; 7,2 versus 32,8 &#177; 7,5; p = 0,044) no bra&#231;o de interven&#231;&#227;o do ensaio SCIENCE.</p>
          <p>Os desfechos de efic&#225;cia relatados nos estudos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6">
              <label>Tabela 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Desfechos de seguran&#231;a</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Desfechos</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o Linha de base versus p&#243;s-acompanhamento</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Interven&#231;&#227;o versus controle</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Acompanhamento (meses)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td>Massa necr&#243;tica, raz&#227;o de necrose (RM), FEVE, VSF VE, VDF VE, VS, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (RM)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6-12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td>Defeito perfusional, % (cintilografia)</td>
                    <td align="center">16,9 &#177; 2,1 versus 10,9 &#177; 2,4; p = 0,004</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#193;rea infartada do VE, % (RM)</td>
                    <td align="center">31,6 &#177; 5,3 versus 15,3 &#177; 2,6; p = 0,002</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FEVE, % (cintilografia)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Athena I e II<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td>Classe NYHA, classe CCS; VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x; FEVE, VSF VE, VDF VE (eco); defeito perfusional ao estresse (SPECT)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLHFQ</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;21,6 &#177; 13,9 versus, &#8211;5,5 &#177; 23,8; p = 0,038</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Short Form 36</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td>CCS</td>
                    <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,9 versus 1,8 &#177; 1,2; p = 0,002</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA</td>
                    <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 0,6 versus 2,2 &#177; 0,8; p = 0,007</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>METs</td>
                    <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 0,3 versus 4,0 &#177; 0,4; p = 0,027</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>M&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM). VDF VE, VSF VE, VS, FEVE, massa mioc&#225;rdica, massa do tecido fibr&#243;tico, tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio*; desempenho</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6-36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                    <td>METs, massa da &#225;rea infartada do VE, gramas e % (RM)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">6-18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 3,7 versus &#8211;4,1 &#177; 1,5; p = 0,01</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Escore somado da diferen&#231;a estresse-repouso (cintilografia)</td>
                    <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 7,0 versus 5,1 &#177; 3,7; p = 0,02</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Escore somado visual da motilidade da parede (RM)</td>
                    <td align="center">25,2 &#177; 11,5 versus 27,6 &#177; 10,8; p = 0,03</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#205;ndice de motilidade da parede (RM)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,6 versus1,7 &#177; 0,9; p = 0,04</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Massa total do VE, gramas (RM)</td>
                    <td align="center">128,1 &#177; 26 versus 149,5 &#177; 32,4; p &lt; 0,001</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                    <td>Dist&#226;ncia, metros (TC6)</td>
                    <td align="center">460 versus 495; p &lt; 0,0001</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA, CCS, qualidade de vida (KCCQ); VSF VE, VDF VE, FEVE (eco)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                    <td>CCS, uso de nitratos; FEVE, IVS (RM), FEVE (eco); FEVE, VDF, VSF, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, massa mioc&#225;rdica, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, taxa de pico de eje&#231;&#227;o, taxa de pico de enchimento (RM)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">6-12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VS, mL (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">83,1 &#177; 8,5 versus 93,8 &#177; 13,8; p = 0,025</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVS, mL/m<sup>2</sup> (RM)</td>
                    <td align="center">43,3 &#177; 7,6 versus 48,7 &#177; 9,1; p = 0,019</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                    <td>VSF VE*, VDF VE, FEVE (eco)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC6; NYHA</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Qualidade de vida (KCCQ)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 &#177; 3 versus 72 &#177; 3; p = 0,011</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                    <td>VSF VE*, VDF VE (eco)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FEVE (eco)</td>
                    <td align="center">31,6 &#177; 7,2 versus 32,8 &#177; 7,5; p = 0,044</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC6, NYHA</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <p>CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; eco: ecocardiografia; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IVS: &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico; KCCQ: Question&#225;rio de Cardiomiopatia de Kansas City; MET: equivalente metab&#243;lico; ND: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; NS: n&#227;o significativo; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; TC6: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; VO2 m&#225;x: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o), mediana (intervalo interquartil) e N quando apropriado. As diferen&#231;as entre grupos s&#227;o relatadas como diferen&#231;as absolutas ou relativas. Valores de p para testes estat&#237;sticos apropriados relatados nos ensaios originais. Todos os estudos adotaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. *Desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica visou descrever a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da terapia com ADSC em estudos cl&#237;nicos envolvendo pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Foram selecionados 10 estudos com base em crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o pr&#233;-definidos, incluindo 8 ensaios controlados randomizados e 2 estudos n&#227;o controlados. A popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes consistiu de indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, com ou sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, uma considera&#231;&#227;o importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos de efic&#225;cia. A maioria dos estudos concentrou-se principalmente na viabilidade e seguran&#231;a da terapia celular, e as rea&#231;&#245;es adversas graves foram raras. Os desfechos de seguran&#231;a n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos de tratamento e controle, n&#227;o indicando qualquer dano da terapia.</p>
      <p>Diferentemente dos estudos em animais, os estudos cl&#237;nicos baseiam-se em m&#233;todos indiretos para estimar a perfus&#227;o tecidual, uma vez que an&#225;lises mais invasivas ou histopatol&#243;gicas n&#227;o s&#227;o vi&#225;veis. T&#233;cnicas de imagem n&#227;o invasivas, como ecocardiografia, cintilografia e RM, s&#227;o utilizadas para avaliar a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em repouso e sob estresse. Contudo, estudos que avaliaram especificamente a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na isquemia induzida por estresse apenas em pacientes tratados com ADSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> A melhora na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica pode refletir indiretamente a melhora da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, dada a estreita rela&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica entre perfus&#227;o tecidual e contratilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Embora a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda global n&#227;o tenha diferido significativamente entre os grupos experimental e controle nos estudos analisados, um estudo identificou melhora da motilidade parietal em segmentos tratados com ADSC utilizando RM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Outro aspecto importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; a quantifica&#231;&#227;o subjetiva (autorrelatada) e objetiva (teste ergom&#233;trico) da limita&#231;&#227;o funcional causada pela isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Em pelo menos 3 estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> a capacidade funcional aumentou em pacientes tratados com c&#233;lulas adiposas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, e um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> documentou melhorias subjetivas na classe funcional da angina e na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Adicionalmente, a remodela&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular, particularmente uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea de fibrose p&#243;s-infarto, foi observada em 2 estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> consistente com os achados em um modelo su&#237;no.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os ensaios inclu&#237;dos relataram principalmente desfechos substitutos como desfechos de efic&#225;cia. Esses foram ensaios de fase I ou II com amostras pequenas, limitando o seu poder para avaliar desfechos cl&#237;nicos relevantes. Embora as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos experimentais e de controle n&#227;o tenham atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para a maioria dos desfechos substitutos, houve tend&#234;ncias que sugeriram benef&#237;cios potenciais. De forma encorajadora, foram observadas algumas melhorias no grupo experimental em compara&#231;&#227;o com a linha de base, fornecendo suporte para pesquisas futuras. Por&#233;m, os dois estudos publicados mais recentemente, os ensaios DANISH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> e SCIENCE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> embora reafirmem a seguran&#231;a, tiveram resultados decepcionantes em termos de efic&#225;cia. O uso de um produto celular alog&#234;nico padronizado pode ter impactado seus resultados.</p>
      <p>M&#250;ltiplos mecanismos podem estar subjacentes aos benef&#237;cios potenciais das ADSC na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. A libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores par&#225;crinos, como citocinas pr&#243;-angiog&#234;nicas ou antiapopt&#243;ticas, pode contribuir para melhorar a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o e reduzir a forma&#231;&#227;o de cicatrizes. Al&#233;m disso, uma fra&#231;&#227;o menor de ADSC tamb&#233;m pode se diferenciar em cardiomi&#243;citos, mas sua relev&#226;ncia para a regenera&#231;&#227;o do tecido mioc&#225;rdico nunca foi demonstrada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outros tipos de c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais foram investigados em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Um recente ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado de fase III avaliou o uso de c&#233;lulas precursoras mesenquimais derivadas da medula &#243;ssea em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, predominantemente de origem isqu&#234;mica. Embora o ensaio n&#227;o tenha atingido seus objetivos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios, an&#225;lises post-hoc demonstraram benef&#237;cios potenciais em certos subgrupos, como pacientes com prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup>Outro estudo mostrou melhorias sustentadas, ao longo de 12 meses, na isquemia mioc&#225;rdica regional e reserva de fluxo coronariano associadas ao transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea em pacientes com isquemia cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Ensaios pr&#233;vios demonstraram a seguran&#231;a e os benef&#237;cios potenciais dessas terapias celulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> C&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do cord&#227;o umbilical e de geleia de Wharton tamb&#233;m mostraram resultados promissores em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Embora nenhum estudo cl&#237;nico tenha comparado diretamente diferentes tipos de c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais, elas exibiram perfis de seguran&#231;a e benef&#237;cios semelhantes. Fatores como o custo e os desafios associados &#224; colheita e &#224; expans&#227;o dessas c&#233;lulas podem influenciar a escolha do tipo de c&#233;lula mais adequada para o tratamento.</p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, existe uma grande necessidade de novas terapias em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Apesar do progresso nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e nas tecnologias de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, h&#225; um n&#250;mero relevante de pacientes com angina que s&#227;o candidatos sub&#243;timos para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou nos quais a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; vi&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Talvez a maior demanda por novas terapias seja para pacientes que desenvolvem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida ap&#243;s um evento isqu&#234;mico. Esses pacientes t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico quando comparados &#224;queles com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de outras etiologias e, muitas vezes, evoluem para doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada, com sintomas refrat&#225;rios apesar da terapia ideal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nesses casos, as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas est&#227;o limitadas a dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, que s&#227;o caros e n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em muitos pa&#237;ses ou a transplante card&#237;aco, que depende da disponibilidade de &#243;rg&#227;os e possui m&#250;ltiplos pr&#233;-requisitos para pacientes candidatos. Esse cen&#225;rio &#233; refletido pelos ensaios sobre ADSC, que inclu&#237;ram principalmente pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. No entanto, esse subgrupo de pacientes apresenta frequentemente doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica com alto remodelamento e grandes &#225;reas fibr&#243;ticas; talvez eventuais melhorias na vasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou reparo com ADSC possam ocorrer demasiado tarde na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o ponto ideal esteja mais pr&#243;ximo do evento isqu&#234;mico agudo, onde h&#225; maior potencial para reduzir a forma&#231;&#227;o de cicatrizes e prevenir a remodela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es na &#225;rea &#233; a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o de prepara&#231;&#245;es celulares, m&#233;todos de entrega (por exemplo, infus&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria versus inje&#231;&#227;o intramioc&#225;rdica) e efic&#225;cia dos desfechos (por exemplo, FEVE, redu&#231;&#227;o no tamanho do infarto, aumento da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio), o que representa um grande desafio na avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia das terapias baseadas em c&#233;lulas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos. O estabelecimento de protocolos padronizados para manuseio e entrega de c&#233;lulas agilizar&#225; o processo translacional e facilitar&#225; ensaios cl&#237;nicos maiores para avaliar essa estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica promissora. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo &#233; a falta de metan&#225;lise ou s&#237;ntese quantitativa de dados. Contudo, considerando a grande heterogeneidade dos estudos, presumimos que uma abordagem quantitativa para a s&#237;ntese dos dados poderia levar a conclus&#245;es equivocadas e, portanto, optamos por uma s&#237;ntese narrativa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Com base em pequenos estudos de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, a inje&#231;&#227;o de ADSC parece ser segura e mostrou alguns efeitos ben&#233;ficos preliminares. Investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias com o objetivo de diminuir as respostas inflamat&#243;rias e fibr&#243;ticas e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nesses pacientes. Embora a interven&#231;&#227;o pare&#231;a vi&#225;vel, segura e promissora, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos maiores para avaliar a efic&#225;cia das ADSC em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <label>* Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para Tabela Suplementar, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12109/2023-0830_AO_Supplementary-Table.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
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        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo PROADI-SUS &#8211; Programa de Apoio e Desenvolvimento Institucional do SUS &#8211; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230830i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Safety and Efficacy of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9268-286X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giugni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Rabioglio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giugni</surname>
            <given-names>Melina de Oliveira Valdo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Habrum</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Cetinic</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laranjeira</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia Nasi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2390-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sady</surname>
            <given-names>Erica Regina Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suzumura</surname>
            <given-names>Erica Aranha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o InCor, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departmento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Jos&#233; Eduardo Krieger &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o InCor, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil; E-mail: j.krieger@hc.fm.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Safety and Efficacy of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20230830-30830-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cell therapy using adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) shows great potential as a treatment for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> We conducted a systematic review to describe the safety and efficacy of ADSCs in ischemic heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and LILACS (from inception to March 2024) for clinical studies involving ADSCs in patients with ischemic heart disease. We excluded studies involving patients with other types of heart disease, studies using mesenchymal stem cells derived from other tissues, as well as ongoing studies. Two independent reviewers screened the retrieved citations, extracted relevant data, and assessed the risk of bias in the included trials, using the Cochrane Collaboration criteria modified by McMaster University and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). We used a narrative synthesis to present the results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Ten studies (comprising 29 publications) met our inclusion criteria, including 8 randomized controlled trials and 2 uncontrolled trials. No severe adverse events associated with ADSC therapy were reported. While most efficacy endpoints did not reach statistical significance, there were reports of improved ischemic area, functional capacity, symptoms, and contractility in patients treated with ADSCs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The findings from our review suggest that ADSC therapy is generally safe for patients with ischemic heart disease. However, further investigation is warranted to confirm its efficacy, particularly with larger clinical trials and in specific conditions where improvements in microcirculation may have a notable impact on clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mesenchymal Stem Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Regenerative Medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Over the past two decades, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach to treating various conditions that have limited responses or do not respond to conventional therapies. Initially, the focus was on the regenerative capacity of stem cells, their ability to self-renew and differentiate into different cell types.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, recent evidence suggests that the therapeutic effects of stem cell therapy are primarily mediated through paracrine factors, which modulate the body&#8217;s natural response to injury, both acute and chronic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Extensive <italic>in vitro</italic> studies have characterized various types of progenitor cells, and animal models have shown promising results in evaluating the effectiveness of stem cell therapy for different conditions. This progress paved the way for the first clinical trials involving the use of autologous or allogenic adult stem cells. Several types of adult stem cells have been investigated, including skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, cardiac stem cells, blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells, and adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adipose tissue, which originates from the embryonic mesenchyme, provides a readily accessible source of stromal cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ADSCs can be isolated from human liposuction residues after treatment with collagenase and centrifugation. Similar to other mesenchymal stem cells, ADSCs can be induced to differentiate into various cell subtypes <italic>in vitro</italic> by modifying the cell culture medium with specific factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Due to their versatile nature, ADSCs have been extensively studied in the field of regenerative medicine, with applications ranging from chronic skin wounds and soft tissue defects to inflammatory bowel diseases, type 1 diabetes mellitus, spinal cord injuries, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Under specific experimental conditions, ADSCs can also differentiate into cells of the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, ADSCs release paracrine factors that modulate the properties of the tissue microenvironment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> These factors promote neovascularization, reduce apoptosis and inflammation, and inhibit fibrosis, thereby enhancing cardiac repair and functional recovery. Preclinical studies have provided substantial evidence supporting the potential of ADSCs for cardiac repair in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Additionally, ADSCs can be obtained in large quantities and expanded for future therapeutic use, which is advantageous for cell-based therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with advanced coronary artery disease who experience refractory angina or ischemic heart failure represent a significant clinical challenge. Antianginal medications may not adequately alleviate symptoms, and myocardial revascularization procedures may not be feasible due to poor distal arterial flow or diffuse atherosclerotic obstructive disease, among other reasons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> For some individuals with progressive ischemic heart failure, heart transplantation becomes the only viable option to improve survival and quality of life despite optimized pharmacological treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In these situations, treatment with ADSCs could serve as an alternative therapeutic strategy, aiming to enhance neo-angio/vasculogenesis, ameliorate endothelial dysfunction, and reduce inflammation and fibrosis, collectively referred to as cardiac repair. However, the safety and efficacy of ADSC therapy for these conditions are still being investigated.</p>
        <p>To gain insight into the current status of ADSC therapy for ischemic heart disease, we conducted a systematic review of clinical studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>). Our aim was to identify the existing knowledge gaps and areas that require further investigation to advance this therapeutic approach.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review adhered to the recommended guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and the results were reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources and searches</title>
          <p>We conducted comprehensive searches in the following electronic databases (from inception to March 2024): PubMed via MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, and LILACS. No language restrictions were applied, and controlled vocabulary was utilized whenever possible (MeSH term for MEDLINE and CENTRAL, EMTREE for EMBASE, and DeCS for LILACS). To enhance the search strategy, we employed keywords and their synonyms. The complete search strategy is reported in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12109/2023-0830_AO_Supplementary-Table.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>. Additionally, we manually searched the reference lists of the included studies to identify other relevant articles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>We included studies that met the following criteria: (1) full-text publications with the following research designs: randomized or quasi-randomized trials, comparative observational studies, or non-comparative case series involving at least 10 patients; (2) involving patients with acute or chronic ischemic heart disease; (3) assessing the effects of ADSCs transplantation; (4) reporting at least one of the outcomes of interest. We excluded studies involving patients with other types of heart disease or ischemia in organs other than the heart (e.g., peripheral, brain, renal); studies using mesenchymal stem cells derived from other tissues such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, synovial tissue, or peripheral blood; as well as ongoing studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts of all retrieved citations. If at least one reviewer considered a citation potentially suitable, the full-text publication was obtained and thoroughly assessed to confirm eligibility. In cases where selected studies were published in multiple journals (multiple publications) or included sub-studies, the data were listed under the primary reference to provide additional information. Studies published solely as conference abstracts were deemed ineligible due to limited information. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved through discussion, consensus, or consultation with a third reviewer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and risk of bias assessment</title>
          <p>Two reviewers independently extracted data from eligible studies using a standardized form and evaluated the risk of bias based on domain-specific criteria. For randomized or quasi-randomized trials, the Cochrane Collaboration criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> modified by McMaster University<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> were employed. Observational studies were assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> while non-comparative studies were evaluated using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Disagreements among reviewers were resolved through discussion, consensus, or consultation with a third reviewer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The efficacy outcomes of interest included myocardial biopsy, collateral neovascularization (coronary angiography), Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) grading of angina, exercise test performance (metabolic equivalents [METs], tolerance time, load [watts]), myocardial perfusion (myocardial scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], stress echocardiogram, cardiac positron emission tomography [PET]), and myocardial viability (myocardial scintigraphy, MRI, stress echocardiogram, cardiac PET). In patients with pre-intervention myocardial ischemia and heart failure, additional outcomes were New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). All effect measures were collected from each outcome.</p>
          <p>Safety outcomes were recorded as main adverse events reported in the primary studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data synthesis</title>
          <p>We conducted a narrative synthesis of the results following the guidelines of the European Social Research Council Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> to address our review questions. Findings regarding the characteristics of the included studies, patients, and interventions used, as well as efficacy and safety outcomes, were presented in evidence tables.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The search strategy yielded 4,285 citations, of which 446 were excluded due to duplication. After screening the titles and abstracts, 3,839 citations were reviewed. Among them, 87 relevant citations were selected for further analysis by reading the full publications. Subsequently, 58 publications were excluded because they did not meet all the eligibility criteria of this systematic review. The reasons for excluding articles after full publication review are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. Finally, 10 studies (comprising 29 publications) evaluating the safety and efficacy of ADSC transplantation for myocardial neo-angio/vasculogenesis in patients with acute or chronic ischemic heart disease were included.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> The search and selection flowchart of the studies is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of search and selection of studies.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20230830-30830-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the included studies</title>
          <p>The analysis comprised 8 randomized studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> and 2 uncontrolled studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> published between 2012 and 2023. Most studies were registered in clinical trial records databases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Two studies were conducted in the United States of America,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> while the others were conducted in Europe.</p>
          <p>With the exception of the MyStromalCell study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> which included patients with ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular function, the remaining studies included patients with associated heart failure.</p>
          <p>The Athena I and Athena II studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> conducted by the same group of researchers, had similar designs, except for the ADSC dose: 0.4 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells/kg of weight in Athena I and 0.8 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells/kg of weight in Athena II. Since the Athena II study included only 3 patients and was similar to Athena I, researchers combined data from both trials and published them as a single report.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A total of 376 participants were included in the studies, with 258 patients receiving ADSC transplantation and 118 patients receiving optimized medical treatment with or without the addition of placebo. In 3 studies, stem cell transplantation was combined with another treatment, namely coronary artery bypass graft,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> percutaneous coronary intervention,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and myocardial revascularization by laser.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Only one study utilized intracoronary infusion for ADSC transplantation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> while the other trials used intramyocardial route, mostly by injection, but also through a fat patch in a single trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The study population mostly consisted of male participants who were overweight or obese (mean body mass index between 27.5 and 30.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), with a mean age between 55 and 67 years, and a mean LVEF ranging from 28.8%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> to 54%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In most studies, participants had a history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft. The characteristics of the included studies and their participants are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="11%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Country</th>
                    <th>Design</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>Adjunct treatment</th>
                    <th>Cell source</th>
                    <th>Cell dosage</th>
                    <th>Route of administration</th>
                    <th>Follow-up (months)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Spain</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 5; C: 5</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">Autologous; pericardial fat</td>
                    <td align="center">Unknown (adipose graft)</td>
                    <td align="center">Myocardial (adipose patch glued)</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark, Spain, and Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 10; C: 4</td>
                    <td align="center">PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Autologous; periumbilical fat</td>
                    <td align="center">20 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells</td>
                    <td align="center">Intracoronary</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Athena I<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">United States</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 14; C: 14</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Autologous; subcutaneous fat</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells/kg (max 40 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells)</td>
                    <td align="center">Intramyocardial</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Athena II<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">United States</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 3; C: 0</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Autologous; subcutaneous fat</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells/kg (max 80 &#215; 106 cells)</td>
                    <td align="center">Intramyocardial</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 41; C: 20</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Autologous; abdominal subcutaneous fat</td>
                    <td align="center">72 &#177; 45 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> (total amount of cells reached after culture protocol)</td>
                    <td align="center">Intramyocardial</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark, Spain, and Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 21; C: 6</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Autologous; subcutaneous fat</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells/kg (low dose group); 0.8 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells/kg (mid dose group)</td>
                    <td align="center">Intramyocardial</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark</td>
                    <td align="center">Non-comparative case series</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 10</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Allogeneic; abdominal subcutaneous fat</td>
                    <td align="center">100 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells</td>
                    <td align="center">Intramyocardial</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Konstanty- Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Poland</td>
                    <td align="center">Non-comparative case series</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 15</td>
                    <td align="center">Laser revascularization</td>
                    <td align="center">Autologous; abdominal subcutaneous fat</td>
                    <td align="center">40 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Intramyocardial</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 24; C: 27</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Allogeneic; abdominal subcutaneous fat</td>
                    <td align="center">100 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells</td>
                    <td align="center">Intramyocardial</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Austria, Slovenia, and Poland</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">I: 90; C: 43</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Allogeneic; abdominal subcutaneous fat</td>
                    <td align="center">100 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> cells</td>
                    <td align="center">Intramyocardial</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>C: control; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; I: intervention; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; RCT: randomized clinical trial.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Participants&#8217; characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="8%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study</th>
                    <th>Group</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>Age (years)</th>
                    <th>Male sex</th>
                    <th>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                    <th>Smoking</th>
                    <th>DM</th>
                    <th>HTN</th>
                    <th>MI</th>
                    <th>CABG</th>
                    <th>PCI</th>
                    <th>LVEF (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">63.8 &#177; 13</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">5/5 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/5 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">41 &#177; 18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">60.3 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">4/4 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">2/4 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">42 &#177; 15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">61 &#177; 2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.5 &#177; 3</td>
                    <td align="center">6/9 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">9/9 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.1 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">55 &#177; 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 3.3</td>
                    <td align="center">2/4 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4/4 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.5 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Athena I e II<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">64.1 &#177; 8.2</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (94.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (64.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (47.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (88.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (82.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (76.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (70.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 8.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">65.7 &#177; 7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (92.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (62.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (92.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.8 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">65.5 &#177; 9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.0 &#177; 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (77.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (82.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (82.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (70)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 &#177; 8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">65.3 &#177; 8.7</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.0 &#177; 4.8</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (95)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (75)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 &#177; 8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                    <td align="center">65.8 &#177; 6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (81)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (38.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (81)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (90.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 7.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 6.1</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.8 &#177; 4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.2 &#177; 9.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">62.5 &#177; 6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">65 &#177; 6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.6 &#177; 5.6</td>
                    <td align="center">ND</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (93)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 13.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">67.0 &#177; 9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (81.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (25.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (64.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (85.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (57.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (59.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.2 &#177; 7.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                    <td align="center">27</td>
                    <td align="center">66.6 &#177; 8.1</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (88.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (70.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (26.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (55.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (40.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.4 &#177; 7.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">90</td>
                    <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 8.1</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (93.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (42.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (80.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (76.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (48.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (75.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.6 &#177; 7.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                    <td align="center">43</td>
                    <td align="center">64.0 &#177; 8.8</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (88.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (79.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (39.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (67.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (90.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (34.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (79.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0 &#177; 8.9</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency (%). BMI: body mass index; C: control; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; I: intervention; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; NA: not available; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>Risk of bias of the included studies</title>
            <p>Among the randomized studies, only one described how the randomization list was generated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Blinding of patients and researchers was implemented in most studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> and outcome evaluators were blinded in all of them. All studies exhibited a low risk of bias in terms of incomplete data on outcomes and selective reporting of outcomes.</p>
            <p>Among the non-comparative studies, Kastrup et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup>clearly defined the objectives, prospectively collected data, considered outcomes suitable to the study objectives, used an appropriate follow-up time, and had less than 5% follow-up losses. However, the study did not have the outcomes assessed by an independent evaluator and did not calculate the sample size prospectively. Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> adequately reported all domains except for sample size calculation.</p>
            <p>Detailed assessments of the risk of bias for randomized and non-comparative studies are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">4</xref>, respectively.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t3001">
                <label>Table 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Risk of bias assessment in the randomized clinical trials</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="13%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                      <th>Random sequence generation</th>
                      <th>Allocation concealment</th>
                      <th>Participant blinded</th>
                      <th>Investigator blinded</th>
                      <th>Outcome assessors blinded</th>
                      <th>Incomplete outcome data</th>
                      <th>Selective outcome report</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Athena I<sup>33</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Athena II<sup>33</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Probably low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                      <td align="center">Definitely low</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t4001">
                <label>Table 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Risk of bias assessment in the non-comparative studies</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="11%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                      <th>Objectives properly defined</th>
                      <th>Inclusion of consecutive participants</th>
                      <th>Prospective data collection</th>
                      <th>Outcome appropriate for the objective of the study</th>
                      <th>Unbiased assessment of outcomes</th>
                      <th>Appropriate follow-up time</th>
                      <th>Follow-up loss less than 5%</th>
                      <th>Prospective sample size calculation</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Properly reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Inappropriately reported</td>
                      <td align="center">Inappropriately reported</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Safety</title>
          <p>Adverse events were infrequent and, when present, usually related to the underlying disease.</p>
          <p>During the Athena I and II studies, 3 patients suffered possible transient ischemic attacks or strokes following intramyocardial injection: 2 patients in the experimental group and 1 in the control group. The independent event monitoring committee recommended a temporary suspension of the study, and it was continued with a protocol amendment standardizing the use of antiplatelet drugs, preoperative anticoagulation regimens, intra-procedure heparin, and the exclusion of patients with atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the MyStromalCell study, the control group had a higher need for hospitalization due to worsening of angina compared to patients treated with ADSCs (60% versus 35%; p = 0.028).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> There were no differences between the groups in other safety outcomes. The safety outcomes reported in the included studies are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Safety outcomes</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study</th>
                    <th align="left">Outcome</th>
                    <th>Intervention N events / N participants (%)</th>
                    <th>Control N events / N participants (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td>Total adverse events*</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 5 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 4 (50%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 5 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Readmission</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 5 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 4 (25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td>Serious adverse events*</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 4 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 9 (33%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Athena I e II<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td>Serious adverse events</td>
                    <td align="center">9 / 17 (52.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 / 14 (64.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MACE</td>
                    <td align="center">6 / 17 (35.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 14 (21.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">4 / 40 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">8 / 40 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 / 20 (25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                    <td>Cardiac death*</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 21 (4.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial infarction*</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                    <td>Death*</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 10 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization*</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 10 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Adverse events</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 54 (5.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization for myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 54 (3.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 27 (3.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization for worsening heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">5 / 54 (9.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 27 (7.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">3 / 90 (3.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 / 43 (4.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization for myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">4 / 90 (4.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 / 43 (2.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization for worsening heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">14 / 90 (15.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 / 43 (16.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>There were no statistically significant differences between groups in any of these safety outcomes. All studies adopted 5% statistical significance. *Primary study endpoints.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efficacy</title>
          <p>In the adiFLAP Trial, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of outcomes related to myocardial viability and left ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the APOLLO study, patients who received stem cell transplantation showed a significant reduction in the perfusion defect evaluated by scintigraphy (&#8722;6%; p = 0.004), whereas the perfusion defect in the control group remained unchanged (+1.8%; p = not significant [NS]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> There was also a reduction in the area of left ventricle infarction from 31.6% to 15.3% (p = 0.002) in patients treated with stem cells, while the mean infarction area did not change in the control group. The left ventricular function remained the same in the intervention group (+4%; p = NS) and the control group (&#8722;1.7%; p = NS).</p>
          <p>Patients treated with stem cells in the Athena I and II studies showed no differences in the mean maximum VO<sub>2</sub> at 6 months between the groups (+54.9 mL/min; 95% confidence interval &#8722;109 to 219; p = 0.495).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The left ventricle perfusion defect during exertion did not exhibit a statistically significant change compared to controls (&#8722;2.3% vs. 1.2%; p = 0.074). At 12 months, 57% and 67% of patients treated with stem cells showed improvement in the NYHA and CCS classification, respectively, compared to 15% and 27% in the control group (p value not reported). However, there were no differences in parameters related to left ventricular function.</p>
          <p>In the MyStromalCell study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> an improvement in the NYHA and CCS classification was also observed in relation to baseline mean scores in patients assigned to experimental treatment (p = 0.007 and 0.002, respectively), while patients assigned to the control group showed no improvement at 36 months of follow-up. The total exercise time and work during the stress test remained unchanged over time in the experimental group (p = 0.052 and 0.123, respectively), while a significant reduction was observed in the control group (p = 0.001 and 0.019, respectively). Both groups experienced a reduction in METs compared to baseline mean values during the 3 years of follow-up, but there was no difference between the groups. No difference between the groups was observed in parameters related to myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the PRECISE study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> there were no significant variations in the scores of stress-rest differences between the groups. However, there was a reduction in the experimental group at 6 months compared to baseline values (from 9.3 to 5.8; p = 0.02), whereas the values remained unchanged in the control group (from 12.8 to 9.0; p = 0.1). These differences were maintained at 18 months (from 8.2 to 5.1; p = 0.03 versus from 12.8 to 7.2; p = 0.05, respectively). There was a statistically significant increase in the visual index of parietal motility at 6 months in patients treated with stem cells (from 25.2 to 27.6; p = 0.03), but there were no differences in the control group (from 35.3 to 34.0; p = 0.5). At 6 months, the control group showed an increase in the infarction area (p = 0.01), while the mean area of infarction remained unchanged in the experimental group. Patients in the control group experienced worsening of METs and maximum VO<sub>2</sub> (p = 0.001 in both comparisons) after 18 months compared to baseline, whereas the mean values remained stable in the group of patients who received the experimental treatment (p = 0.1 and 0.8, respectively). No significant changes were observed in LVEF or left ventricular volumes over time or between the groups (values not available).</p>
          <p>In the study conducted by Kastrup et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> there was an increase in the distance traveled on the 6-minute walk test from 460 m to 495 m in 6 months of follow-up, but there were no differences in the other outcomes evaluated. Konstanty-Kalandyk et al. reported a significant improvement in systolic volume from 83.1 mL (standard deviation 8.5) to 93.8 mL (standard deviation 13.8), as assessed by MRI, 1 year after the intervention (p = 0.025).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The DANISH and SCIENCE trials showed no benefit of the intervention when compared to the placebo group on either primary endpoints (change in left ventricle end-systolic volume) or secondary endpoints.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> The only indications of benefit were an increase in quality of life measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in the ADSC group at follow-up when compared to baseline (mean score 64 &#177; 3 versus 72 &#177; 3; p = 0.011) in the DANISH trial, and a small increase in LVEF from baseline to 6 month follow-up (31.6 &#177; 7.2 versus 32.8 &#177; 7.5; p = 0.044) in the intervention arm in the SCIENCE trial.</p>
          <p>The efficacy outcomes reported in the studies are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Efficacy outcomes</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
                    <th>Intervention group Baseline versus after follow-up</th>
                    <th>Intervention versus control</th>
                    <th>Follow-up (months)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AdiFLAP<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td>Necrosis mass, necrosis ratio (MRI), LVEF, LV ESV, LV EDV, stroke volume, cardiac output (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6-12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">APOLLO<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td>Perfusion defect, % (scintigraphy)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.9 &#177; 2.1 versus 10.9 &#177; 2.4; p = 0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV infarcted area, % (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.6 &#177; 5.3 versus 15.3 &#177; 2.6; p = 0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, % (scintigraphy)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Athena I e II<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td>NYHA class, CCS class; VO2 max; LVEF, LV ESV, LV EDV (Echo); stress perfusion defect (SPECT)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLHFQ</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;21.6 &#177; 13.9 versus &#8211;5.5 &#177; 23.8; p = 0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Short Form 36</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">MyStromalCell<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td>CCS</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.9 versus 1.8 &#177; 1.2; p = 0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA</td>
                    <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 0.6 versus 2.2 &#177; 0.8; p = 0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>METs</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 0.3 versus 4.0 &#177; 0.4; p = 0.027</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Multiple parameters of myocardial perfusion (MRI). LV EDV, LV ESV, stroke volume, LVEF, myocardial mass, fibrotic tissue mass, exercise tolerance time*; performance</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6-36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">PRECISE<sup>38</sup></td>
                    <td>METs, mass infarcted area of LV, grams and % (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">6-18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO2 max, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 3.7 versus &#8211;4,1 &#177; 1,5; p = 0,01</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Summed stress-rest difference score (scintigraphy)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 7.0 versus 5.1 &#177; 3.7; p = 0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Visual summed wall motion score (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.2 &#177; 11.5 versus 27.6 &#177; 10.8; p = 0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wall motion score index (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.6 versus1.7 &#177; 0.9; p = 0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total LV sass, grams (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">128.1 &#177; 26 versus 149.5 &#177; 32.4; p &lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Kastrup et al.<sup>39</sup></td>
                    <td>Distance covered, meters (6MWT)</td>
                    <td align="center">460 versus 495; p &lt; 0.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA, CCS, quality of life (KCCQ); LV ESV, LV EDV, LVEF (echo)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Konstanty-Kalandyk et al.<sup>41-43</sup></td>
                    <td>CCS, nitrate use; LVEF, SVI (MRI), LVEF (Echo); LVEF, EDV, ESV, cardiac output, myocardial mass, cardiac index, peak ejection rate index, peak filling rate index (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">6-12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SV, mL (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.1 &#177; 8.5 versus 93.8 &#177; 13.8; p = 0.025</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SVI, mL/m<sup>2</sup> (MRI)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.3 &#177; 7.6 versus 48.7 &#177; 9.1; p = 0.019</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">DANISH<sup>46</sup></td>
                    <td>LV ESV*, LV EDV, LVEF (echo)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6MWT; NYHA</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Quality of life (KCCQ)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 &#177; 3 versus 72 &#177; 3; p = 0.011</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">SCIENCE<sup>44</sup></td>
                    <td>LV ESV*, LV EDV (echo)</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (echo)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.6 &#177; 7.2 versus 32.8 &#177; 7.5; p = 0.044</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6MWT, NYHA</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; echo: echocardiography; EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; LV: left ventricular; KCCQ: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; METs: metabolic equivalents; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NA: not available; NS: not significant; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography; SV: systolic volume; SVI: systolic volume index; VO<sub>2</sub> max: maximal oxygen consumption; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test. Data are shown as mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range), and n when appropriate. Differences between groups are reported as absolute or relative differences. P value for appropriate statistical tests reported in the original trials. All studies adopted 5% statistical significance. *Primary study endpoint.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This systematic review aimed to describe the safety and effectiveness of ADSC therapy in clinical studies involving patients with ischemic heart disease. Ten studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, including eight randomized controlled trials and two uncontrolled studies. The patient population consisted of individuals with ischemic heart disease, with or without left ventricular dysfunction, an important consideration when assessing efficacy outcomes. Most studies primarily focused on the feasibility and safety of cell therapy, and severe adverse reactions were rare. Safety endpoints showed no statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups, indicating no harm from the therapy.</p>
        <p>Unlike animal studies, clinical studies rely on indirect methods to estimate tissue perfusion since more invasive or histopathological analyses are not feasible. Non-invasive imaging techniques such as echocardiography, scintigraphy, and MRI are used to assess myocardial perfusion at rest and under stress. Nevertheless, studies specifically evaluating myocardial scintigraphy demonstrated a significant reduction in stress-induced ischemia only in patients treated with ADSCs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Improvement in myocardial contractility can indirectly reflect enhanced myocardial perfusion, given the close physiological relationship between tissue perfusion and contractility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> While overall left ventricular function did not significantly differ between the experimental and control groups in the analyzed studies, one study identified improved parietal motility in segments treated with ADSCs using resonance imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Another important aspect in evaluating patients with ischemic heart disease is the subjective (self-reported) and objective (exercise test) quantification of functional limitation caused by myocardial ischemia. In at least three studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup>functional capacity increased in patients treated with adipose cells compared to the control group, and one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> documented subjective improvements in angina functional class and heart failure. Additionally, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, particularly a decrease in post-infarction fibrosis area, was observed in two studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> consistent with findings in a swine model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The included trials primarily reported surrogate endpoints as efficacy outcomes. These were phase I or II trials with small sample sizes, limiting their power to assess relevant clinical endpoints. Although differences between the experimental and control groups did not reach statistical significance for most surrogate endpoints, there were trends suggesting potential benefits. Encouragingly, some improvements were observed in the experimental group compared to baseline, providing support for future research. However, the two most recently published studies, the DANISH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> and SCIENCE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> trials, while reaffirming safety, had disappointing results in terms of efficacy. The use of a standardized allogeneic cell product may have impacted their results.</p>
        <p>Multiple mechanisms may underlie the potential benefits of ADSCs in ischemic heart disease. The release of paracrine factors, such as proangiogenic or antiapoptotic cytokines, may contribute to improved vascularization and reduced scar formation. Additionally, a smaller fraction of ADSCs can also differentiate into cardiomyocytes, but their relevance for regeneration of myocardial tissue has never been demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Other types of mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated in patients with ischemic heart disease. A recent phase III randomized clinical trial assessed the use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor cells in patients with advanced heart failure, predominantly of ischemic origin. Although the trial did not meet its primary and secondary endpoints, post-hoc analyses demonstrated potential benefits in certain subgroups, such as patients with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup>Another trial showed sustained improvements, over 12 months, in regional myocardial ischemia and coronary flow reserve associated with bone marrow cell transplantation in chronic ischemic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Previous trials have demonstrated the safety and potential benefits of these cell therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> Umbilical cord and Wharton&#8217;s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells have also shown promising results in patients with ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Although no clinical studies have directly compared different types of mesenchymal stem cells, they have exhibited similar safety profiles and benefits. Factors such as cost and the challenges associated with harvesting and expanding these cells may influence the choice of the most suitable cell type for treatment.</p>
        <p>From the clinical standpoint, there is a great need for new therapies in patients with ischemic heart disease. Despite progress in surgical techniques and percutaneous coronary intervention technologies, there is a relevant number of patients with angina who are either suboptimal candidates for revascularization or in whom revascularization is not feasible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Perhaps the biggest demand for new therapies is for patients who develop heart failure with reduced ejection fraction after an ischemic event. They have worse prognosis when compared to those with heart failure from other etiologies and often progress to advanced disease, with refractory symptoms despite optimal therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In these cases, the therapeutic options are limited to left ventricular assist devices, which are expensive and not available in many countries, or heart transplant, which depends on organ availability and has multiple pre-requisites for candidate patients. This scenario is reflected by ADSC trials, which majorly included symptomatic patients with reduced ejection fraction. However, this subgroup of patients often has highly remodeled chronic myocardial disease with large fibrotic areas, and perhaps eventual improvements in vascularization or repair with ADSCs might come too late in the natural history of the disease. Possibly, the sweet spot lies closer to the acute ischemic event, where there is larger potential to reduce scar formation and prevent remodeling.</p>
        <p>One of the main limitations in the field is the lack of standardization of cell preparations, delivery methods (e.g., intracoronary infusion versus intramyocardial injection), and efficacy outcomes (e.g., LVEF, reduction in infarction size, increased myocardial perfusion, or exercise tolerance), which poses a major challenge in assessing the safety and efficacy of cell-based therapies in clinical trials. Establishing standardized protocols for cell handling and delivery will expedite the translational process and facilitate larger clinical trials to evaluate this promising therapeutic strategy. Another limitation of this study is lack of a metanalysis or quantitative data synthesis. However, considering the great heterogeneity of the studies, we presumed that a quantitative approach to data synthesis could lead to misleading conclusions and therefore opted for a narrative synthesis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Based on small studies of patients with ischemic heart disease, ADSC injection appears to be safe and showed some preliminary beneficial effects. Further exploration is warranted to target diminishing the inflammatory and fibrotic responses, and to improve the cardiac microcirculation function in these patients. While the intervention seems feasible, safe, and promising, larger clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of ADSCs in patients with ischemic heart disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>* Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For Supplementary Table, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12109/2023-0830_AO_Supplementary-Table.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p>This study was funded by PROADI-SUS &#8211; Programa de Apoio e Desenvolvimento Institucional do SUS &#8211; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
