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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yCtjpNGz5hHVPj3PJ67FLBL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230604</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o de Taquicardia Reentrante Nodal Atrioventricular com Crioabla&#231;&#227;o Focal, Comparada com Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia: Experi&#234;ncia em Centro &#218;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5481-3328</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Topalo&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Caner</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5366-7082</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fici</surname>
            <given-names>Francesco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5693-1045</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borne</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe van de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9282-3180</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ta&#351;kin</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3895-1923</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dogdus</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3186-9692</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saygi</surname>
            <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1725-6451</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tengiz</surname>
            <given-names>Istemihan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir University of Economics</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir University of Economics - Department of Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Salamanca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiovascular Risk</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salamanca</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Salamanca - Department of Cardiovascular Risk, Salamanca &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Milan-Bicocca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Milano</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Milan-Bicocca &#8211; Cardiology, Milano &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bruxelles</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BE">B&#233;lgica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles - Department of Cardiology, Bruxelles &#8211; B&#233;lgica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erasmus Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bruxelles</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BE">B&#233;lgica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erasmus Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Bruxelles &#8211; B&#233;lgica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Karolinska University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Stockholm</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="SE">Su&#233;cia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Karolinska University Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Stockholm &#8211; Su&#233;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Caner Topalo&#287;lu Izmir University of Economics &#8211; Cardiology - Medical Point Hospital Kars&#305;yaka Izmir Izmir 35330 - Turquia E-mail: <email>topalolu@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230604</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Abla&#231;&#227;o de Taquicardia Reentrante Nodal Atrioventricular com Crioabla&#231;&#227;o Focal, Comparada com Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia: Experi&#234;ncia em Centro &#218;nico</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yCtjpNGz5hHVPj3PJ67FLBL/d2dbaa200a7d4b915ff3ccad1d94f59a96253093.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yCtjpNGz5hHVPj3PJ67FLBL/993f896f044f224ce166611d7c190e5cce031c10.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular (TRNAV) com crioabla&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma alternativa &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) em pacientes devido ao baixo risco de bloqueio atrioventricular total. Um aumento nas recorr&#234;ncias precoces e tardias ap&#243;s a crioabla&#231;&#227;o &#233; relatado como uma desvantagem importante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Neste estudo, objetivamos comparar o sucesso do procedimento agudo e as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia em longo prazo de pacientes com TRNAV submetidos a m&#233;todos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 73 pacientes com TRNAV: 32 com crioabla&#231;&#227;o e 41 com abla&#231;&#227;o por RF. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o sucesso agudo do procedimento nos m&#233;todos. O procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizado por operador com experi&#234;ncia em arritmologia. A escolha entre RF ou crioabla&#231;&#227;o foi feita no laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia com base no material j&#225; dispon&#237;vel durante o procedimento. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, os pacientes foram avaliados a cada 3 meses durante 2 anos em controle policl&#237;nico. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os dois grupos de pacientes foram homog&#234;neos. O tempo de fluoroscopia (p&lt;0,001) foi menor, mas os tempos his-&#225;trio (p=0,004) e his-ventricular (p=0,015) foram maiores no grupo crioabla&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em termos de sucesso agudo do procedimento, salto p&#243;s-procedimento sem eco &#250;nico e presen&#231;a de eco e salto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A crioabla&#231;&#227;o requer menos tempo de fluoroscopia e &#233; uma alternativa segura e n&#227;o inferior &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF em pacientes com TRNAV. O risco de bloqueio AV &#233; um problema significativo com o uso de energia de RF, tornando-o menos adequado para uso em pacientes jovens e fisicamente ativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Taquicardia por Reentrada no N&#243; Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Criocirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Taquicardia supraventricular (TVS) &#233; um termo geral para descrever um grupo de arritmias, cujo mecanismo inclui ou est&#225; acima do n&#243; atrioventricular. A taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular (TRNAV) &#233; a TVS mais comum em adultos, com preval&#234;ncia global de 0,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os mecanismos da grande maioria das formas de TVS foram elucidados e desenvolvimentos significativos foram alcan&#231;ados nos tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos e intervencionistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Geralmente, as diretrizes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> recomendam a abla&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com TVS recorrente ou mal tolerada, apesar do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Quando as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes atuais s&#227;o consideradas, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; a modalidade de tratamento preferida para a maioria dos pacientes, independentemente da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. Atualmente, existem duas op&#231;&#245;es para abla&#231;&#227;o por via lenta: crioabla&#231;&#227;o focal e abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF). Ambas as t&#233;cnicas t&#234;m diferentes vantagens e desvantagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A crioabla&#231;&#227;o focal &#233; usada como alternativa &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF em pacientes selecionados devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de risco de bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) permanente. No entanto, um aumento nas recorr&#234;ncias precoces e tardias ap&#243;s a crioabla&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF, &#233; relatado como a desvantagem mais importante deste m&#233;todo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivo</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo comparar a crioabla&#231;&#227;o com a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF em termos de taxa de sucesso do procedimento e resultados de acompanhamento em longo prazo de pacientes com TRNAV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo retrospectivo foi realizado em pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o da via lenta do n&#243; AV para TRNAV. Setenta e tr&#234;s pacientes, selecionados a partir de prontu&#225;rios do banco de dados do laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por pacientes (73 pacientes) submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com diagn&#243;stico de TRNAV nos 6 meses entre janeiro de 2020 e junho de 2020. Nenhum paciente foi exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise. O procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizado por um operador altamente experiente na &#225;rea de arritmologia. A escolha entre RF ou crioabla&#231;&#227;o foi feita no laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia com base no material j&#225; dispon&#237;vel durante o procedimento. N&#227;o houve outro vi&#233;s em termos de escolha da t&#233;cnica. O operador realizava rotineiramente os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o todas as tardes dos dias &#250;teis. O custo dos materiais utilizados em ambas as t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o foi oneroso para a sociedade e/ou para o paciente e n&#227;o afetou a t&#233;cnica escolhida. O estudo foi conduzido seguindo a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e foi aprovado por um Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local independente.</p>
      <p>A TRNAV foi diagnosticada usando os seguintes crit&#233;rios, de acordo com relatos anteriores: (1) evid&#234;ncia de fisiologia nodal AV dupla, (2) in&#237;cio de taquicardia por trem de acionamento atrial com resposta Atrial-His-Atrial (A-H-A), (3) tempo septal ventr&#237;culo-atrial (VA) curto e (4) resposta ventricular-atrial-ventricular (V-A-V) &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular overdrive (VOD) com intervalo p&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o corrigido menos dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de taquicardia (cPPI-TCL) &gt; 110 EM. Demonstrando que tanto a via lenta (SP) quanto a via r&#225;pida (FP) s&#227;o capazes de conduzir mais r&#225;pido que a dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de taquicardia (TCL) durante o arrastamento (5). Durante o arrastamento auricular atrav&#233;s do SP, o PPI-TCL do septo auricular &#233; inferior a 50 ms (6). O avan&#231;o ou t&#233;rmino da taquicardia via bloqueio no PS foi demonstrado pelo est&#237;mulo extra atrial (EEA) (7). Essas manobras tamb&#233;m servem para excluir vias nodoventriculares ou nodofasciculares ocultas. Nos pacientes cuja fisiologia de via dupla p&#244;de ser demonstrada por est&#237;mulo extra programado atrial (PES) ou cuja taquicardia n&#227;o foi induzida, o salto retr&#243;grado foi demonstrado com o PES do ventr&#237;culo direito. A infus&#227;o de isoproterenol foi administrada em pacientes nos quais a taquicardia n&#227;o p&#244;de ser induzida.</p>
      <p>O sucesso do procedimento foi definido como a incapacidade de induzir taquicardia com PES ou a presen&#231;a de apenas um &#250;nico salto ou salto/eco pelo menos 20 minutos ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Se a taquicardia fosse induzida ou fosse observado salto/eco bilateral (c&#237;rculo completo), a abla&#231;&#227;o era continuada.</p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por RF foi realizada com um cateter sem irriga&#231;&#227;o de 4 mm (7 FR RF Marinr, Medtronic, Minneapolis, EUA) aplicando energia entre 35-50 W a uma temperatura m&#225;xima de 50-55&#176;C na regi&#227;o onde os sinais apropriados foram vistos da regi&#227;o anterior, regi&#227;o da &#243;stio-anel tric&#250;spide do seio coron&#225;rio eletroanatomicamente. Nos casos em que foi observado ritmo nodal lento, a abla&#231;&#227;o foi continuada por 45-60 segundos e ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o, a excitabilidade da taquicardia e a presen&#231;a de via lenta foram verificadas com PES do seio coron&#225;rio. Nos casos em que nenhum efeito foi alcan&#231;ado, a abla&#231;&#227;o foi continuada at&#233; a regi&#227;o &#243;stio-teto do seio coron&#225;rio. A energia n&#227;o foi aplicada acima do n&#237;vel do teto do seio coron&#225;rio. A crioabla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com criocateter de 6 mm (Freezor Xtra 6 mm, Medtronic, Minneapolis, EUA). Se n&#227;o houvesse prolongamento do tempo PR ou bloqueio AV, a abla&#231;&#227;o era continuada por 4 minutos a -80&#176;C.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, os antiarr&#237;tmicos foram suspensos e todos os pacientes foram examinados no ambulat&#243;rio ap&#243;s 3 meses ou antes caso apresentassem sintomas sugestivos de recorr&#234;ncia. Quando foram encontrados eletrocardiograma ou sintomas sugestivos de recidiva, foi recomendado uso adicional de antiarr&#237;tmico ou repeti&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.</p>
      <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio em nosso estudo foi definido como o sucesso alcan&#231;ado imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento com ambos os m&#233;todos. A recorr&#234;ncia foi definida como a documenta&#231;&#227;o de TRNAV (eletrocardiograma-ECG recente) ou TRNAV induz&#237;vel. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram os tempos de procedimento, os tempos de fluoroscopia e o aparecimento de complica&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, um acompanhamento de um ano ou mais foi realizado para todos os pacientes para avaliar qualquer ocorr&#234;ncia de TRNAV.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, os pacientes foram convidados para um controle policl&#237;nico de rotina a cada 3 meses por at&#233; 2 anos. O acompanhamento rotineiro do ECG Holter n&#227;o foi realizado porque n&#227;o houve palpita&#231;&#227;o ou qualquer outra queixa nos demais pacientes, exceto em 3 pacientes do grupo crioabla&#231;&#227;o que tiveram recorr&#234;ncia. Nenhum paciente foi perdido no acompanhamento e nenhuma mudan&#231;a no tratamento m&#233;dico foi feita.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no programa SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, Nova York, Estados Unidos). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia (&#177;desvio padr&#227;o) ou mediana (percentis 25-75) de acordo com a normalidade dos dados, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%). A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk Francia, enquanto a homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia foi avaliada pelo teste Levene. Testes param&#233;tricos (teste t para amostras independentes) ou n&#227;o param&#233;tricos (teste U de Mann-Whitney) foram utilizados com os resultados de Bootstrap para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas atrav&#233;s dos testes Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher com o m&#233;todo de Monte Carlo. Al&#233;m das vari&#225;veis independentes, as vari&#225;veis dependentes para compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupo est&#227;o apresentadas na tabela. O teste de McNemar foi utilizado no caso de compara&#231;&#245;es intragrupos, que trata de amostras dependentes. A t&#233;cnica de simula&#231;&#227;o e as rela&#231;&#245;es das colunas foram comparadas entre si e demonstradas de acordo com os resultados do valor p corrigido de Benjamini-Hochberg. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado significativo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e processuais dos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o relatadas nas Tabelas 1 e 2. Setenta e tr&#234;s pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de TRNAV foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Trinta e dois foram submetidos &#224; crioabla&#231;&#227;o e 41 &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF. De todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, quarenta e oito (65,8%) eram do sexo feminino e 25 (34,2%) do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes submetidos &#224; crioabla&#231;&#227;o e &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF foi de 47,2&#177;14,9 anos e 48,8&#177;15,0 anos, respectivamente (p=0,62). Ap&#243;s o tratamento ablativo, os pacientes submetidos &#224; crioabla&#231;&#227;o e os pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF foram acompanhados por uma mediana de 16 meses (p=0,542). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos em termos dos tempos m&#233;dios de dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo basal (BCL) e dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de taquicardia (TCL) (p=0,618, p=0,854, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e de procedimento dos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Crioabla&#231;&#227;o (n=32)</th>
                <th>Abla&#231;&#227;o por RF (n=41)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>G&#234;nero, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,214&#7580;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fem.</td>
                <td align="center">24 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (58,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc.</td>
                <td align="center">8 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (41,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">47,16 (&#177;14,94)</td>
                <td align="center">48,83 (&#177;15,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,623&#7511;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sucesso, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,068&#7584;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">29 (90,6)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (100,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo de procedimento (min), mediana (q1/q3)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79,5 (64,5/97)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (54/89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,129&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo de fluoresc&#234;ncia (min), mediana (q1/q3)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,55 (5,6/11,55)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (9,5/25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acompanhamento (m&#234;s), mediana (q1/q3)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18 (16/20,5)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (14/19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,542</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>BCL (ms</bold>), <bold>m&#233;dia (DP)</bold></td>
                <td align="center">781,22 (136,03)</td>
                <td align="center">798,29 (145,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,618u</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>AH (ms</bold>), <bold>mediana (q1/q3)</bold></td>
                <td align="center">98 (80/101)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (74/82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HV (ms), mediana (q1/q3)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">42 (40/44)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (34/42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TCL (ms), mediana (q1/q3)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">325 (295/375)</td>
                <td align="center">330 (300/386)</td>
                <td align="center">0,854&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>&#7580;Teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, &#7584;Teste exato de Fisher, &#7512;Teste Mann Whitney u, &#7511;Teste T de amostras independentes (Bootstrap), ou Raz&#227;o de chances (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%), q1: percentil 25, q3: percentil 75, DP: desvio padr&#227;o; BCL: comprimento do ciclo basal; AH: &#225;trio-his; HV: his-ventricular; TCL: comprimento do ciclo de taquicardia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Bloqueio AV tempor&#225;rio foi observado em tr&#234;s pacientes em ambos os grupos (p&gt;0,05), enquanto nenhum paciente apresentou bloqueio AV total permanente durante e ap&#243;s o procedimento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quanto ao sucesso do procedimento (p= 0,068). Nenhum salto ou eco &#250;nico foi detectado em 30 (41,1%) pacientes em todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. No acompanhamento p&#243;s-procedimento, foi detectada recidiva de taquicardia em 3 pacientes do grupo crio, enquanto nenhuma recidiva foi encontrada no grupo RF (p=0,057). O per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio efetivo do n&#243; atrioventricular (PRENAV) pr&#233;-procedimento foi 230ms e 245 ms nos grupos de crioabla&#231;&#227;o e abla&#231;&#227;o por RF, enquanto nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa foi detectada nos tempos PRENAV p&#243;s-procedimento. Por outro lado, o prolongamento dos tempos PRENAV dentro dos intragrupos foi estatisticamente significativo (p&lt;0,001). Os tempos de Wenckebach anteriores antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento foram semelhantes nos grupos crioabla&#231;&#227;o e abla&#231;&#227;o por RF (p&gt;0,05). O prolongamento dos tempos anteriores de Wenckebach dentro dos intragrupos foi, entretanto, estatisticamente significativo (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas processuais de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Crioabla&#231;&#227;o (n=32)</th>
                <th>Abla&#231;&#227;o por RF (n=41)</th>
                <th>valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Salto p&#243;s-procedimento (sem eco), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,244&#7580;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">25 (78,1)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Eco p&#243;s-procedimento (sem salto),n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,038&#7580;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">31 (96,8)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (90,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Salto e eco p&#243;s-procedimento, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,168&#7580;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">11 (34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">21 (65,6)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (70,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Bloqueio AV tempor&#225;rio, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,999&#7584;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">29 (90,6)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (92,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Recorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia p&#243;s-procedimento, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">p=0,057<sup>f</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">29 (90,6)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (100,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PRENAV (ms), mediana (q1/q3)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-Procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">230 (210/240)*</td>
                <td align="center">245 (230/275)**</td>
                <td align="center">0,020&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-Procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">290 (270/310)*</td>
                <td align="center">280 (250/320)**</td>
                <td align="center">0,580&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mudan&#231;a (Pr&#233;P-P&#243;sP)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (40/70)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (-5/65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Wenckebach anterior (ms), mediana (q1/q3)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-Procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">300 (300/300)***</td>
                <td align="center">300 (300/310)****</td>
                <td align="center">0,259&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-Procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">340 (315/350)***</td>
                <td align="center">340 (320/380)****</td>
                <td align="center">0,231&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mudan&#231;a (Pr&#233;P-P&#243;sP)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (10/40)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (10/70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,464&#7608;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*p&lt;0,001 **p&lt;0,001 ***p&lt;0,001 ****p&lt;0,001 (valor de p para intragrupo) &#7580;Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, &#7584;Teste exato de Fisher, &#7512;Teste Mann Whitney u ou Odds Ratio (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%), q1: percentil 25, q3: percentil 75, DP: desvio padr&#227;o; AV: &#225;trio-ventricular; PRENAV: per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio efetivo do n&#243; atrioventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento para pacientes com TRNAV sintom&#225;tica consistem em tratamento m&#233;dico, com alguns antiarr&#237;tmicos de classes I, II e IV, e abla&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, a maioria dos pacientes com TRNAV s&#227;o relativamente saud&#225;veis e jovens, e a abla&#231;&#227;o ganhou destaque, em vez da terapia medicamentosa de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma importante op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, pois melhora significativamente a qualidade de vida e reduz custos. As indica&#231;&#245;es atuais para abla&#231;&#227;o incluem sintomas persistentes resistentes &#224; terapia m&#233;dica e &#224; prefer&#234;ncia do paciente. Contudo, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es variam de acordo com a categoria da TSV e as taxas de sucesso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diferentemente de alguns estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que relataram maior tempo de procedimento com a crioabla&#231;&#227;o, nosso estudo mostra que, em pacientes tratados com crioabla&#231;&#227;o, o tempo de fluoroscopia foi significativamente menor (7,55 [5,6-11,55] min vs. 17 [9,5-25] min p&lt;0,001). Esse resultado est&#225; de acordo com dados relatados em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Mesmo que o sucesso agudo do procedimento n&#227;o seja diferente entre os dois m&#233;todos, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o pode ser considerada vantajosa, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo RF, pois pode ser realizada com seguran&#231;a com criomapeamento durante taquicardia, a linha de demarca&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita com uma &#225;rea de abla&#231;&#227;o focal mais clara, cria uma les&#227;o trombog&#234;nica baixa e proporciona uma posi&#231;&#227;o mais est&#225;vel do cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ao final do acompanhamento do nosso estudo, a recorr&#234;ncia tardia da taquicardia foi observada em 3 pacientes tratados com crioabla&#231;&#227;o, enquanto nenhuma recorr&#234;ncia foi encontrada com a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF, n&#227;o mostrando diferen&#231;a entre os dois m&#233;todos (p=0,057). Nosso resultado est&#225; de acordo com a preval&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia relatada por Kimman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> que demonstraram taxa de recorr&#234;ncia semelhante (9% e 10% em pacientes tratados com RF e crioabla&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente) e com os resultados obtidos por Chaumont et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido ao risco muito baixo de bloqueio AV durante a crioabla&#231;&#227;o, tornou-se poss&#237;vel tratar a TRNAV durante a arritmia. Al&#233;m disso, embora um bloqueio AV tempor&#225;rio seja algumas vezes observado durante a crioabla&#231;&#227;o, um bloqueio AV permanente &#233; extremamente raro,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> diferentemente da abla&#231;&#227;o por RF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Mesmo em centros experientes, a incid&#234;ncia de bloqueio AV completo permanente que requer implante de marca-passo, foi relatada em aproximadamente 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O risco de bloqueio AV completo com abla&#231;&#227;o por RF continua sendo um problema significativo. Na literatura, as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia t&#234;m sido relatadas como bastante baixas, independentemente dos m&#233;todos de abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, no acompanhamento dos pacientes submetidos &#224; crioabla&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o houve necessidade de uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos e repeti&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, situa&#231;&#245;es em que o alvo da abla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; pr&#243;ximo do n&#243; AV, como em TRNAV, em pacientes jovens com tri&#226;ngulos de Koch menores tornam a crioabla&#231;&#227;o uma op&#231;&#227;o mais segura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo devem ser considerados preliminares. Embora os grupos do nosso estudo tenham sido semelhantes em termos de idade e tipos de TRNAV, as principais limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo s&#227;o a retrospectiva e o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes pode n&#227;o ter criado diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em termos de recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve abordagem uniforme em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; entrega de les&#245;es de seguran&#231;a adicionais ap&#243;s uma les&#227;o de crioabla&#231;&#227;o inicialmente bem-sucedida.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo mostram que a crioabla&#231;&#227;o requer menos tempo de fluoroscopia e &#233; uma alternativa segura e n&#227;o inferior &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF em pacientes com TRNAV. Tanto a crioabla&#231;&#227;o quanto a RF t&#234;m taxas de sucesso compar&#225;veis e satisfat&#243;rias na abla&#231;&#227;o de TRNAV. Historicamente, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o parece ter uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia ligeiramente mais elevada durante o acompanhamento a longo prazo: para melhorar estes resultados, &#233; fundamental respeitar os par&#226;metros de abla&#231;&#227;o firmes. O risco de cria&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio AV inadvertido continua a ser um problema importante no uso de energia de RF, tornando-a menos adequada para uso em pacientes jovens e fisicamente ativos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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              <surname>Porter</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morton</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tierney</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Santucci</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Deyell</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verma</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macle</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cryoballoon or Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Assessed by Continuous Monitoring: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>1779</fpage>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042622</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Insulander P, Bastani H, Braunschweig F, Drca N, Kenneb&#228;ck G, Schwieler J, et al. Cryoablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia: 7-year Follow-up in 515 Patients-confirmed Safety but Very Late Recurrences Occur. Europace. 2017;19(6):1038-42. doi: 10.1093/europace/euw145.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Insulander</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Bastani</surname>
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              <surname>Drca</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenneb&#228;ck</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwieler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Cryoablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia: 7-year Follow-up in 515 Patients-confirmed Safety but Very Late Recurrences Occur</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2017</year>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230604i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia with Focal Cryoablation, Compared with Radiofrequency Ablation: Single-Center Experience</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5481-3328</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Topalo&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Caner</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5366-7082</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fici</surname>
            <given-names>Francesco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5693-1045</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borne</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe van de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9282-3180</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ta&#351;kin</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3895-1923</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dogdus</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3186-9692</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saygi</surname>
            <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1725-6451</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tengiz</surname>
            <given-names>Istemihan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir University of Economics - Department of Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Salamanca - Department of Cardiovascular Risk, Salamanca &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Milan-Bicocca &#8211; Cardiology, Milano &#8211; Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BE">Belgium</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles - Department of Cardiology, Bruxelles &#8211; Belgium</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BE">Belgium</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erasmus Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Bruxelles &#8211; Belgium</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="SE">Sweden</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Karolinska University Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Stockholm &#8211; Sweden</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Caner Topalo&#287;lu &#8226; Izmir University of Economics &#8211; Cardiology - Medical Point Hospital Karsiyaka Izmir Izmir 35330 - Turkey; E-mail: topalolu@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia with Focal Cryoablation, Compared with Radiofrequency Ablation: Single-Center Experience</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20230604-30604-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) with cryoablation is an alternative to radiofrequency (RF) ablation in patients due to the low risk of total atrioventricular block. An increase in early-late recurrences after cryoablation is reported as an important disadvantage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> In this study, we aimed to compare the acute procedural success and the long-term recurrence rates of patients, with AVNRT who underwent methods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> 73 patients with AVNRT were included in the study: 32 with cryoablation and 41 with RF ablation. There was no statistically significant difference between acute procedural success in methods. The ablation procedure was performed by an operator experienced in arrhythmology. The choice of RF or cryoablation was made in the electrophysiology laboratory based on the material already available during the procedure. After the procedure, the patients were evaluated every 3 months for 2 years in polyclinic control. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The 2 groups of patients were homogeneous. The fluoroscopy time (p&lt;0.001) was shorter, but atrium-his (p=0.004) and his-ventricular (p=0.015) times were longer in the cryoablation group. There was no significant difference, in terms of acute procedural success, post-procedure jump without a single echo, and presence of echo and jump.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Cryoablation requires less fluoroscopy time and is a safe non-inferior alternative to RF ablation in patients with AVNRT. The risk of AV block is a significant problem with the use of RF energy, making it less suitable for use in young and physically active patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cryosurgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a general term to describe a group of arrhythmias, whose mechanism includes, or is above, the atrioventricular node. Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common SVT in adults, with an overall prevalence of 0.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The mechanisms of the vast majority of SVT forms have been elucidated and significant developments have been achieved in pharmacological and interventional treatments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Generally, guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> recommend ablation for patients with recurrent or poorly tolerated SVT despite pharmacological treatment. When current guidelines recommendations are considered, catheter ablation is the preferred treatment modality for most patients, regardless of the presence of structural heart disease. Currently, there are two options for slow pathway ablation: focal cryoablation and radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Both techniques have different advantages and disadvantages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Focal cryoablation is used as an alternative to RF ablation in selected patients due to the absence of permanent atrioventricular (AV) block risk. However, an increase in early and late recurrences after cryoablation, compared to RF ablation is reported as the most important disadvantage of this method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>Our retrospective study aimed to compare cryoablation with RF ablation in terms of procedural success rate and the long-term follow-up results of patients with AVNRT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The current retrospective study was performed in patients who underwent AV node slow pathway ablation for AVNRT. Seventy-three patients, selected from medical records of the catheter laboratory database, were included in the study. The entire study population consisted of patients (73 patients) who underwent ablation with the diagnosis of AVNRT in the 6 months between January 2020 and June 2020. No patients were excluded from the analysis. The ablation procedure was performed by an operator who is highly experienced in the field of arrhythmology. The choice of RF or cryoablation was made in the electrophysiology laboratory based on the material already available during the procedure. There was no other bias in terms of technique choice. The operator routinely performed the ablation procedures every weekday afternoon. The cost of the materials used in both techniques was not burdensome for society and/or the patient and did not affect the chosen technique. The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by a local independent Ethics Committee.</p>
        <p>AVNRT was diagnosed using criteria as follows according to previous reports: (1) evidence of dual AV nodal physiology, (2) tachycardia initiation by atrial drive train with Atrial-His-Atrial (A&#8208;H&#8208;A) response, (3) short septal ventricle-atrial (VA) time, and (4) ventricular&#8208;atrial&#8208;ventricular (V&#8208;A&#8208;V) response to ventricular overdrive (VOD) pacing with corrected post pacing interval minus tachycardia cycle length (cPPI&#8208;TCL) &gt; 110 ms. Demonstrating that both the slow pathway (SP) and fast pathway (FP) are capable of conducting faster than the tachycardia cycle length (TCL) during entrainment (5). During atrial entrainment via the SP, atrial septal PPI&#8208;TCL is less than 50 ms (6). Advancement or termination of the tachycardia via block in the SP was demonstrated by atrial extra stimulus (AES) (7). These maneuvers also serve to exclude concealed nodo-ventricular or nodo-fascicular pathways. In patients, whose dual pathway physiology could be demonstrated by atrial programmed extra stimulus (PES) or whose tachycardia was not induced, the retrograde jump was demonstrated with the PES from the right ventricle. Isoproterenol infusion was administered in patients in whom tachycardia could not be induced.</p>
        <p>Procedural success was defined as the inability to induce tachycardia with PES or the presence of only a single jump or jump/echo at least 20 minutes after ablation. If tachycardia was induced or bilateral jump/echo (full circle) was observed, ablation was continued.</p>
        <p>RF ablation was performed with a 4 mm non-irrigation catheter (7 FR RF Marinr, Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA) by applying energy between 35-50 W at max 50-55&#176;C to the region where appropriate signals were seen from the anterior region of the coronary sinus ostium-tricuspid annulus region electro-anatomically. In cases where a slow nodal rhythm was observed, ablation was continued for 45-60 seconds and after the application, the excitability of tachycardia and the presence of a slow pathway were checked with coronary sinus PES. In cases where no effect was achieved, ablation was continued up to the coronary sinus ostium-roof region. The energy was not applied above the coronary sinus roof level. The cryoablation was performed with a 6 mm cryo catheter (6-mm Freezor Xtra, Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA). If there were no PR time prolongation or AV block, the ablation was continued for 4 minutes at -80&#176;C.</p>
        <p>After the procedure, antiarrhythmic drugs were discontinued and all patients were checked in the outpatient clinic after 3 months or earlier if they had symptoms suggestive of recurrence. When an electrocardiogram or symptoms suggestive of recurrence were found, additional antiarrhythmic use or a repeat procedure was recommended.</p>
        <p>The primary endpoint in our study was defined as the success achieved immediately after the procedure with both methods. Recurrence was defined as the documentation of AVNRT (recent electrocardiogram-ECG) or inducible AVNRT. Secondary endpoints were the procedure times, the fluoroscopy times, and the appearance of complications. Moreover, a follow-up of one year or more was performed for all patients to assess any AVNRT occurrence.</p>
        <p>After the procedure, the patients were invited to a routine polyclinic control every 3 months for up to 2 years. Routine ECG Holter follow-up was not performed because there was no palpitation or any other complaint in the other patients, except for 3 patients in the cryoablation group who had recurrence. In the follow-up, no patient was lost and no change in medical treatment was made.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, United States) program. Continuous variables were expressed as mean (&#177;standard deviation) or median (25th-75th percentiles) according to data normality, while categorical variables were described using absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. The normal distribution of the variables was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk Francia test, while the homogeneity of variance was evaluated by the Levene test. Parametric tests (independent samples t-test) or non-parametric (Mann-Whitney U test) were used with the Bootstrap results for continuous variables, while categorical variables were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-Square and Fisher Exact tests with the Monte Carlo method. In addition to the independent variables, the dependent variables for intra-group comparison are stated in the table. McNemar test was used in the case of intragroup comparisons, which deals with dependent samples. The simulation technique and column ratios were compared with each other and demonstrated according to Benjamini-Hochberg&#8217;s corrected p-value results. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Demographic and procedural characteristics of patients undergoing ablation are reported in Tables 1 and 2. Seventy-three patients with a diagnosis of AVNRT were included in the study. Thirty-two underwent cryoablation and 41 RF ablation. Of all the patients included in the study, forty-eight (65.8%) were female and 25 (34.2%) were male. The mean age of the patients who underwent cryoablation and RF ablation were 47.2&#177;14.9 years and 48.8&#177;15.0 years, respectively (p=0.62). After the ablation treatment patients who underwent cryoablation and patients who underwent RF ablation were followed up for a median of 16 months (p=0.542). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean basal cycle length (BCL) and tachycardia cycle length (TCL) times (p=0.618, p=0.854, respectively) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and procedural characteristics of patients undergoing ablation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Cryoablation (n=32)</th>
                  <th>RF-Ablation (n=41)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.214&#7580;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (75.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (58.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (41.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years), mean (&#177;SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47.16 (&#177;14.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.83 (&#177;15.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.623&#7511;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Success, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.068&#7584;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (90.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (100.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Procedure time (min), median (q1/q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79.5 (64.5/97)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (54/89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.129&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fluoro-time (min), median (q1/q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.55 (5.6/11.55)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (9.5/25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Follow-up (month), median (q1/q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18 (16/20.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (14/19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.542</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BCL (ms), mean (SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">781.22 (136.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">798.29 (145.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.618u</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AH (ms), median (q1/q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">98 (80/101)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (74/82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HV (ms), median (q1/q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42 (40/44)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (34/42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TCL (ms),median (q1/q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">325 (295/375)</td>
                  <td align="center">330 (300/386)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.854&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>&#7580;Pearson Chi-Square test, &#7584;Fisher Exact Test, &#7512;Mann Whitney u test, &#7511;Independent Samples T-test (Bootstrap), orOdds Ratio (95% Confidence interval), q1: percentile 25, q3: percentile 75, SD: standard deviation; BCL: basal cycle length; AH: atrium-his; HV: his-ventricular; TCL: tachycardia cycle Length.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Temporary AV block was observed in 3 patients in both groups (p&gt;0.05), while no patient had a permanent total AV block during and after the procedure. There were no significant differences regarding procedural success (p= 0.068). No jump or single echo was detected in 30 (41.1%) patients in all patients who underwent ablation. In the post-procedure follow-up, tachycardia recurrence was detected in 3 patients in the cryo-group, while no recurrence was found in the RF group (p=0.057). Atrioventricular node effective refractory period (AVNERP) time pre-procedure was 230 ms and 245 ms in the cryoablation and the RF ablation groups, while no statistically significant change was detected in postprocedure AVNERP times. Conversely, the prolongation of AVNERP times within the intragroups was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). Anterior Wenckebach times before and after the procedure were similar in the cryoablation and RF ablation groups (p&gt;0.05). The prolongation of anterior Wenckebach times within the intragroups was however statistically significant (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Procedural characteristics of patients undergoing ablation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Cryoablation (n=32)</th>
                  <th>RF-Ablation (n=41)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Post-procedure jump (without eco), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.244&#7580;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (21.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (78.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (80.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Post-procedure echo (without jump), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.038&#7580;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (96.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (90.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Post-procedure jump and echo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.168&#7580;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (34.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (65.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (70.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Temporary AV Block, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.999&#7584;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (90.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (92.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Post-procedure tachycardia recurrence, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.057<sup>f</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (90.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (100.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AVNERP (ms), median (q1/q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-Procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">230 (210/240)*</td>
                  <td align="center">245 (230/275)**</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Post-Procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">290 (270/310)*</td>
                  <td align="center">280 (250/320)**</td>
                  <td align="center">0.580&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Change (PreP-PostP)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (40/70)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (-5/65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anterior Wenckebach (ms), median (q1/q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-Procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (300/300)***</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (300/310)****</td>
                  <td align="center">0.259&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Post-Procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">340 (315/350)***</td>
                  <td align="center">340 (320/380)****</td>
                  <td align="center">0.231&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Change (PreP-PostP)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (10/40)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (10/70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.464&#7608;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>*p&lt;0.001 **p&lt;0.001 ***p&lt;0.001 ****p&lt;0.001 (p-value for intragroup). &#7580;Pearson Chi-Square test, &#7584;Fisher exact Test, &#7512;Mann Whitney u test, orOdds Ratio (95% Confidence interval), q1: percentile 25, q3: percentile 75, SD: standard deviation; AV: Atrio-Ventricular; AVNERP: Atrioventricular Node Effective Refractory Period.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Treatment options for patients with symptomatic AVNRT consist of medical treatment, with some class I, II, and IV antiarrhythmic drugs, and ablation. However, the majority of patients with AVNRT are relatively healthy and young, and ablation has come to the fore, instead of long-term drug therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Catheter ablation is an important treatment option for symptomatic patients, as it significantly improves the quality of life and reduces costs. Current indications for ablation include persistent symptoms resistant to medical therapy and patient preference. However, recommendations vary according to the SVT category and the success rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Differently from some studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> that have reported a longer procedure time with the cryoablation, our study shows that, in patients treated with cryoablation, the fluoroscopy time was significantly lower (7.55 [5.6-11.55] min vs 17 [9.5-25] min. p&lt;0.001). This result is in agreement with data reported in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Even if the acute procedural success is not different between both methods, the cryoablation can be considered advantageous, compared to the RF method, because it can be safely performed with cryo-mapping during tachycardia, the demarcation line is made with a clearer focal ablation area, it creates a low thrombogenic lesion, and provides a more stable catheter position.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> At the end of the follow-up of our study, the late tachycardia recurrence was observed in 3 patients treated with cryoablation, while no recurrence was found with the RF ablation, showing no difference between the two methods (p=0.057). Our result is in agreement with the prevalence of recurrence reported by Kimman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> which have shown a similar rate of recurrences (9% and 10% in patients treated with the RF and cryoablation, respectively) and with the results obtained by Chaumont et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because of the very low risk of AV block during cryoablation, it has become possible to treat AVNRT during arrhythmia. Furthermore, although a temporary AV block is sometimes observed during cryoablation, a permanent AV block is extremely rare,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> differently from the RF ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Even in experienced centers, the incidence of permanent complete AV block requiring pacemaker implantation has been reported to be approximately 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The risk of complete AV block with RF ablation remains a significant problem. In the literature, tachycardia recurrence rates have been reported to be quite low regardless of ablation methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, in the follow-up of the patients who underwent cryoablation, there was no need for anti-arrhythmic drug use and repetition of the procedure.</p>
        <p>Moreover, situations where the ablation target is close to the AV node, as in AVNRT, in young patients with smaller Koch triangles make cryoablation a safer option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The results of our study must be considered as preliminary. Although the groups in our study were similar in terms of age and AVNRT types, the main limitations of our study are its retrospective and the small number of patients. The small number of patients may not have created a difference between the groups in terms of arrhythmia recurrence. There was also no uniform approach regarding the delivery of additional safety lesions after an initially successful cryoablation lesion.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The results of our study show that cryoablation requires less fluoroscopy time and is a safe non-inferior alternative to RF ablation in patients with AVNRT. Both cryo- and RF ablation have comparable and satisfying success rates in AVNRT ablation. Historically cryoablation seems to have a slightly higher recurrence rate during long-term follow-up: to improve these results, it is paramount to respect firm ablation endpoints. The risk of creating inadvertent AV block remains a major issue in using RF energy, thus making it less suitable to be used in young and physically active patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
