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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">rBvnLSdmdRDsfzq9JCg9LGz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000900701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Recupera&#231;&#227;o Percut&#226;nea de Vegeta&#231;&#227;o em Paciente Pedi&#225;trico com Persist&#234;ncia do Canal Arterial: Uma Nova T&#233;cnica para Evitar Toracotomia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barrerra-Col&#237;n</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Fabian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5076-8603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Col&#237;n-Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corona-Villalobos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alfonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Pediatria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ciudad De Mexico</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad De Mexico &#8211; M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Jos&#233; Luis Col&#237;n-Ortiz &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Pediatria &#8211; Insurgentes Sur 3700 Insurgentes Cuicuilco Mexico, City Mexico, 04530 &#8211; M&#233;xico; E-mail: <email>colin_jldgo@yahoo.com.mx</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20140010</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A endocardite infecciosa na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara que pode ou n&#227;o estar associada a uma cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. As modalidades de tratamento atuais baseiam-se na antibioticoterapia de longo prazo e na ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica como primeira op&#231;&#227;o para casos de vegeta&#231;&#227;o persistente. Apresentamos um caso de recupera&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea bem-sucedida de vegeta&#231;&#227;o em canal arterial patente, que se estendia ao tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar em um paciente pedi&#225;trico. Este &#233; o primeiro relato na literatura desse tipo de extra&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#227;o no canal arterial sem toracotomia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Permeabilidade do Canal Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Massas intra ou extracard&#237;acas podem ser tumores, trombos ou vegeta&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As vegeta&#231;&#245;es podem ocorrer em pacientes sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente, mas na maioria dos casos est&#227;o associadas a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas ou adquiridas. A incid&#234;ncia de endarterite infecciosa foi relatada como sendo de 1% ao ano e tem diminu&#237;do progressivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A primeira linha de tratamento &#233; a administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos antimicrobianos durante v&#225;rias semanas. Em muitos casos, esta abordagem de gest&#227;o produz bons resultados na resolu&#231;&#227;o da vegeta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, em alguns casos, a vegeta&#231;&#227;o persiste ap&#243;s o tratamento, e essa vegeta&#231;&#227;o persistente exige uma abordagem de gest&#227;o diferente. Habib et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> recomendaram que o m&#233;todo usual de remo&#231;&#227;o da vegeta&#231;&#227;o persistente ap&#243;s um regime antibi&#243;tico malsucedido seja a cirurgia. A extra&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#227;o com aspiradores endovasculares foi relatada em pacientes adultos e adolescentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>em alguns casos. Al&#233;m disso, s&#233;ries de casos e estudos de metan&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>envolvendo o uso de aspirador de trombos relataram remo&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida de uma ou mais massas intracard&#237;acas no ventr&#237;culo direito de cardiopatias n&#227;o cong&#234;nitas, sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise desses estudos, Makdisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> relataram a remo&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida de aproximadamente 80% da vegeta&#231;&#227;o aderida &#224; valva tric&#250;spide com aspirador de trombos em paciente adulto jovem que fazia uso de drogas intravenosas.</p>
      <p>Por sua vez, Nishii et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> relataram dois casos de extra&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de vegeta&#231;&#227;o. No primeiro caso, a vegeta&#231;&#227;o estava localizada na valva tric&#250;spide e no &#225;trio direito e se desenvolveu em decorr&#234;ncia da coloniza&#231;&#227;o dos cabos de desfibriladores implant&#225;veis. O segundo caso foi em paciente portador de marca-passo permanente e a vegeta&#231;&#227;o estava localizada na valva tric&#250;spide e no ventr&#237;culo direito. Ambos os casos ocorreram em pacientes idosos que se recusaram a realizar procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Da mesma forma, em um paciente idoso com desfibrilador externo implant&#225;vel e endocardite, Dahm et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> realizaram com sucesso a remo&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de duas vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Koney et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> utilizando um aspirador de trombos, removeram com sucesso uma massa intracard&#237;aca no ventr&#237;culo direito de um paciente pedi&#225;trico com cardiopatia n&#227;o cong&#234;nita, sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Todos os autores acima demonstraram a viabilidade da remo&#231;&#227;o da vegeta&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca por acesso percut&#226;neo com dispositivos aspiradores de trombos.</p>
      <p>H&#225; um relato de vegetectomia percut&#226;nea com al&#231;a transcateter em um paciente pedi&#225;trico submetido &#224; cirurgia de tetralogia de Fallot.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 10 relatos envolvendo 88 pacientes submetidos ao sistema de aspira&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea assistida por v&#225;cuo (AngioVac&#8482;), Rusia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> relataram que apenas 86 casos (97,7%) foram total ou parcialmente usados com sucesso para redu&#231;&#227;o ou remo&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#227;o antes do eletrodo percut&#226;neo extra&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do procedimento de aspira&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o foram relatados casos de mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento.</p>
      <p>Em uma metan&#225;lise recente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> um total de 49 artigos sobre trombectomia por suc&#231;&#227;o ou remo&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#227;o usando o sistema AngioVac<sup>TM</sup> foram publicados. As indica&#231;&#245;es foram candidatura cir&#250;rgica ruim (81%) ou a necessidade de reduzir o risco de embolia s&#233;ptica (19%). O fator de risco mais comum foi abuso de drogas intravenosas visto em 45% (20/49) e dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos cardiovasculares implant&#225;veis em 45% (20/49). A sobreviv&#234;ncia na alta foi de 93%.</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, foi relatada com sucesso a recupera&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de vegeta&#231;&#227;o em uma biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica em um paciente octogen&#225;rio com alto risco para cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por&#233;m, em alguns casos, esse procedimento pode deixar fragmentos residuais, que geralmente remitem com medicamentos antimicrobianos.</p>
      <p>Este relato tem como objetivo apresentar o caso de uma menina com endarterite de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (PCA) submetida &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de vegeta&#231;&#227;o nesse n&#237;vel com sucesso e sem complica&#231;&#245;es, o que ao mesmo tempo criou a oportunidade para o fechamento percut&#226;neo do PCA em um segundo procedimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma menina de oito anos foi internada em nosso Instituto devido a um quadro de febre baixa de 7 meses. Ao exame, foi detectado sopro card&#237;aco cont&#237;nuo grau IV/VI. As hemoculturas seriadas mostraram o crescimento de estreptococos nutricionalmente variantes. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) realizado na admiss&#227;o revelou a presen&#231;a de PCA com extremidade pulmonar de 3 mm sem vegeta&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 30 dias de tratamento antimicrobiano intravenoso com ceftriaxona, o ETT foi repetido, durante o qual a vegeta&#231;&#227;o era claramente apreciada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>). No 40&#186; dia, a menina foi submetida a procedimento de retirada de vegeta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>). Inicialmente, a tentativa de recupera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com Phenox Thrombectomy Device<sup>TM</sup> de 2 mm sem sucesso. Posteriormente, um Medtronic SpiderFx Embolic Protection Device<sup>TM</sup> de 6 Fr. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) foi utilizado e a vegeta&#231;&#227;o foi recuperada com sucesso. Primeiro, quatro tentativas de recupera&#231;&#227;o, fazendo um recuo dos ramos pulmonares at&#233; a conflu&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, falharam. A t&#233;cnica que permitiu a remo&#231;&#227;o com sucesso consistiu em fazer um retrocesso da aorta descendente at&#233; o tronco pulmonar (TP) atrav&#233;s do canal arterial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>). O procedimento foi realizado sem intercorr&#234;ncias em 180 minutos, com perda sangu&#237;nea de 50 ml e fluoroscopia de 30,4 minutos. Depois disso, no 58&#186; dia, a crian&#231;a foi submetida ao fechamento percut&#226;neo da PCA com aparelho Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> ADO 8/6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>), tamb&#233;m sem intercorr&#234;ncias. A menina recebeu alta no 60&#186; dia e a ceftriaxona continuou at&#233; ent&#227;o. Ap&#243;s isso, a terapia antimicrobiana continuou com cefixima at&#233; o 81&#186; dia. Ap&#243;s o acompanhamento, a crian&#231;a estava evoluindo sem febre e complica&#231;&#245;es. Vinte e nove meses depois, os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares estavam dentro da normalidade e a menina permanecia assintom&#225;tica. O ETT mostrou uma PCA fechada e nenhum outro achado de import&#226;ncia foi descoberto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) ETT dia 30: podemos observar shunt de PCA (cor vermelha) e vegeta&#231;&#227;o no TP (seta verde). B) ETT. No 40&#186; dia: visualiza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de entrada e sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito do es&#244;fago m&#233;dio; Doppler 2D e colorido mostram massa hiperecoica compat&#237;vel com vegeta&#231;&#227;o (seta verde) no TP.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medtronic SpiderFx Embolic Protection Device, retra&#231;&#227;o aorta-ducto-tronco pulmonar no 40&#186; dia. A). Dispositivo de recupera&#231;&#227;o na ampola ductal. B). Dispositivo de recupera&#231;&#227;o no tronco pulmonar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A e B) Vis&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da vegeta&#231;&#227;o (seta verde) ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o e pequeno co&#225;gulo (seta laranja).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Angiografia no 58&#186; dia. Podemos ver: A) PCA com extremidade pulmonar de 2,9 mm. B) Dispositivo AmplatzerTM ADO 8/6 fechando PCA.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) ETT 29 meses depois: podemos observar o fechamento da PCA sem shunt residual com dispositivo AmplatzerTM ADO. A) Vista do eixo curto paraesternal. B). Vista supraesternal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente caso &#233; o primeiro relato de recupera&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea bem-sucedida de vegeta&#231;&#227;o crescendo em uma PCA com endarterite em uma paciente pedi&#225;trica. A princ&#237;pio, a retirada da vegeta&#231;&#227;o e o fechamento da PCA foram planejados para serem realizados ao mesmo tempo, por&#233;m, devido ao risco de coloniza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, optou-se por realizar o tratamento percut&#226;neo em dois procedimentos distintos: a extra&#231;&#227;o da vegeta&#231;&#227;o foi realizada inicialmente e em um segundo procedimento, 18 dias ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o da vegeta&#231;&#227;o, a PCA foi fechada.</p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica de recupera&#231;&#227;o foi a seguinte: foi realizada uma angiografia inicial seguida de v&#225;rias tentativas de recupera&#231;&#227;o. A primeira tentativa foi realizada com dispositivo de remo&#231;&#227;o de Stent (Phenox Thrombectomy Device<sup>TM</sup>) sem sucesso. Consequentemente, um filtro carot&#237;deo (Medtronic SpiderFx Embolic Protection Device<sup>TM</sup>) foi utilizado: primeiro, v&#225;rias tentativas de recupera&#231;&#227;o fazendo recuo dos ramos pulmonares para a conflu&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria pulmonar falharam. Optou-se ent&#227;o por cruzar a PCA e realizar um retrocesso pela aorta-ducto-art&#233;ria pulmonar sob fluoroscopia e orienta&#231;&#227;o transesof&#225;gica, conseguindo a recupera&#231;&#227;o da vegeta&#231;&#227;o com sucesso ap&#243;s tr&#234;s tentativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, houve alguns relatos de casos, na literatura, de remo&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de vegeta&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida e descomplicada no cora&#231;&#227;o direito e esquerdo. A maioria dos casos relatados foi realizada em pacientes adultos e poucos casos foram na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente caso sugere a utilidade desta t&#233;cnica para recupera&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de vegeta&#231;&#227;o crescendo em uma PCA em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos. Acreditamos que este m&#233;todo tamb&#233;m pode funcionar na recupera&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#227;o de caule fino. Embora tenha havido alguns relatos de casos de recupera&#231;&#227;o transcateter de vegeta&#231;&#227;o, essas t&#233;cnicas s&#243; seriam utilizadas com sucesso em casos selecionados. Esta nova t&#233;cnica, aqui descrita, seria contraindicada em pacientes com les&#227;o tecidual subjacente ou calcifica&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o &#233; recomendada em pacientes idosos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As diretrizes e/ou recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>no manejo da endocardite/endarterite infecciosa incluem o manejo antimicrobiano e a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em caso de persist&#234;ncia da vegeta&#231;&#227;o. Este caso demonstrou a viabilidade do uso de dispositivo de prote&#231;&#227;o emb&#243;lica para recupera&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#227;o em uma PCA com bons resultados e sem complica&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar esta nova abordagem.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos a todo o pessoal de enfermagem do Instituto Nacional de Pediatria.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Peters PJ, Reinhardt S. The Echocardiographic Evaluation of Intracardiac Masses: A Review. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19(2):230-40. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2005.10.015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peters</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reinhardt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Echocardiographic Evaluation of Intracardiac Masses: A Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>230</fpage>
          <lpage>240</lpage>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240010i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percutaneous Retrieval of a Vegetation in a Pediatric Patient with Patent Ductus Arteriosus: A New Technique to Avoid Thoracotomy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barrerra-Col&#237;n</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Fabian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5076-8603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Col&#237;n-Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corona-Villalobos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alfonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="MX">Mexico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad De Mexico &#8211; Mexico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Jos&#233; Luis Col&#237;n-Ortiz &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Pediatria &#8211; Insurgentes Sur 3700 Insurgentes Cuicuilco Mexico, City Mexico, 04530 &#8211; Mexico; E-mail: colin_jldgo@yahoo.com.mx </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Infective endocarditis in the pediatric population is a rare condition that may or may not be associated with a congenital heart disease. Current treatment modalities are based on long-term antibiotic therapy and surgical resection as the first option for cases of persistent vegetation. We present a case of successful percutaneous retrieval of a vegetation in a patent ductus arteriosus, that extended to the pulmonary artery trunk in a pediatric patient. This is the first report in the literature on this type of extraction of vegetation in the ductus arteriosus without thoracotomy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Patent Ductus Arteriosus</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Intra- or extra-cardiac masses can be tumors, thrombi, or vegetations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Vegetations can occur in patients without underlying heart disease, but in most cases, they are associated with congenital or acquired heart disease. The incidence of infective endarteritis has been reported to be 1% per year and this has progressively declined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The first line of treatment is the administration of antimicrobial drugs for several weeks. In many cases, this management approach yields good outcomes achieving the resolution of the vegetation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, in some cases, the vegetation persists after the treatment, such persistent vegetation calls for a different management approach. Habib et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> recommended that the usual method of removing persistent vegetation following an unsuccessful antibiotic regimen is surgery. Vegetation extraction with endovascular aspirators has been reported in adult and adolescent patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in some cases. In addition, case series and metanalysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> studies involving the use of a thrombus aspirator have reported successful removal of one or more intracardiac masses in the right ventricle of non-congenital heart disease without complications.</p>
        <p>In the analysis of these studies; Makdisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> reported the successful removal of approximately 80% of vegetation adhering to the tricuspid valve with a thrombus aspirator in a young adult patient who had been using intravenous drugs.</p>
        <p>On their part, Nishii et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> reported two cases of percutaneous extraction of vegetation. In the first case, the vegetation was located on the tricuspid valve and right atrium and developed as a result of the colonization of implantable defibrillator leads. The second case was in a patient with a permanent pacemaker and the vegetation was located on the tricuspid valve and right ventricle. Both cases were in elderly patients who refused to undergo a surgical procedure. Similarly, in an older patient with an implantable external defibrillator and endocarditis, Dahm et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> successfully carried out percutaneous removal of two vegetations.</p>
        <p>Koney et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> using a thrombus aspirator successfully removed an intracardiac mass in the right ventricle of a non-congenital heart disease pediatric patient without complications.</p>
        <p>All the authors above demonstrated the feasibility of intracardiac vegetation removal by percutaneous access with thrombus aspirator devices.</p>
        <p>There is a report of percutaneous transcatheter snare vegetectomy in a pediatric patient that was undergone tetralogy of Fallot surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Likewise, in a systematic review of 10 reports involving 88 patients who underwent percutaneous vacuum-assisted aspiration system (AngioVac&#8482;), Rusia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reported that only 86 cases (97.7%) were completely or partially successfully used to debulk or remove vegetation before percutaneous lead extraction. There were no complications from the aspiration procedure, and no cases of procedure-related mortality were reported.</p>
        <p>In a recent metanalysis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> a total of 49 articles on suction thrombectomy or vegetation removal using the AngioVac<sup>TM</sup> system were published. Indications were poor surgical candidacy (81%) or the need to reduce septic emboli risk (19%). The most common risk factor was intravenous drug abuse seen in 45% (20/49) and cardiovascular implantable electronic devices in 45% (20/49). Survival at discharge was 93%.</p>
        <p>More recently, successful percutaneous retrieval of vegetation on an aortic valve bioprosthesis in an octogenarian patient at high risk for cardiac surgery<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> was reported.</p>
        <p>However, in some cases, this procedure can leave residual fragments, which are usually remitted with antimicrobial drugs.</p>
        <p>This report aims to present a case of a girl with endarteritis of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) who underwent successful percutaneous removal of vegetation at this level without complications, which at the same time, created the opportunity for percutaneous closure of the PDA on a second procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A girl, eight years old, was admitted to our Institute due to a 7-month low-grade fever course. On examination, a grade IV/VI continuous heart murmur was detected. Serial blood cultures depicted the growth of nutritionally variant streptococci. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) performed on admission revealed the presence of a PDA with a pulmonary end of 3 mm without any vegetation. After 30 days of intravenous antimicrobial treatment with ceftriaxone, TTE was repeated, during which vegetation was clearly appreciated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>). On the 40<sup>th</sup> day, the girl was subjected to a vegetation retrieval procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref>). Initially, the retrieval attempt was performed with a Phenox Thrombectomy Device<sup>TM</sup> of 2 mm without success. Subsequently, a Medtronic SpiderFx Embolic Protection Device<sup>TM</sup> of 6 Fr. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">figure 2</xref>) was used and the vegetation was successfully retrieved. First, four retrieval attempts doing a pullback from pulmonary branches to the pulmonary artery confluence failed. The technique that allowed successful removal consisted of doing a pullback from the descending aorta to the pulmonary trunk (PT) through the ductus arteriosus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">3</xref>). The procedure was performed without complications in 180 minutes, with 50 ml volume of blood loss and fluoroscopy of 30.4 minutes. Thereafter, on the 58<sup>th</sup> day, the child underwent percutaneous closure of PDA with an Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> ADO device 8/6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref>), also without complications. The girl was discharged on the 60<sup>th</sup>day and ceftriaxone continued until this point. After that, antimicrobial therapy continued with cefixime until the 81st day. Upon follow-up, the child was thriving without fever and complications. Twenty-nine months later, cardiovascular parameters were within normal ranges and the girl remained asymptomatic. The TTE showed a closed PDA and no other findings of importance were discovered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) TTE on day 30th: we can see a PDA shunt (red color) and vegetation in the PT (green arrow). B) ETE. At day 40th: Mid-esophageal right ventricular Inflow-outflow view; 2D and color Doppler show a hyperechoic mass compatible with vegetation (green arrow) into the PT.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medtronic SpiderFx Embolic Protection Device, aorta-ductus-pulmonary trunk pullback at day 40th. A) Retrieval device in the ductal ampulla. B) Retrieval device in the pulmonary trunk.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A and B) Macroscopic view of vegetation (green arrow) after retrieval and a little clot (orange arrow).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Angiography on the 58th day. We can see: A) PDA with the pulmonary end of 2.9 mm. B) AmplatzerTM ADO 8/6 device closing PDA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) TTE at 29 months later: we can see AmplatzerTM ADO device closure PDA without a residual shunt. A) Parasternal short axis view. B) Suprasternal view.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-09-e20140010-40010-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present case is the first report on successful percutaneous retrieval of vegetation growing on a PDA with endarteritis in a pediatric patient. At first, the vegetation removal and PDA closure were planned to be performed at the same time, however, due to the risk of device colonization, it was decided to perform the percutaneous treatment in two separate procedures: vegetation extraction was initially performed and in a second procedure, 18 days after vegetation extraction, the PDA was closed.</p>
        <p>The retrieval technique was as follows: an initial angiography was performed followed by various retrieval attempts. The first attempt was made using a stent removal device (Phenox Thrombectomy Device<sup>TM</sup>) without success. Consequently, a carotid filter (Medtronic SpiderFx Embolic Protection Device<sup>TM</sup>) was used: first, several retrieval attempts doing pullback from pulmonary branches to the pulmonary artery confluence failed. Then, it was decided to cross the PDA and make a pullback through the aorta-ductus-pulmonary artery under fluoroscopy and transesophageal guidance, achieving the retrieval of the vegetation with success after three attempts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>In recent years, there have been some case reports, in the literature, on successful and uncomplicated percutaneous removal of vegetation in the right and left heart. Most of the cases reported were performed in adult patients and few cases were in pediatric population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present case suggests the usefulness of this technique for percutaneous retrieval of vegetation growing in a PDA in pediatric patients. We think that this method may also work in the retrieval of thin-stemmed vegetation. Even though there have been some case reports on transcatheter retrieval of vegetation, these techniques would only be successfully used in selected cases. This new technique, here described, would be contraindicated in patients with underlying tissue damage or calcification and it is not recommended in older adult patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Current guidelines and/or recommendations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> in the management of infective endocarditis/endarteritis include antimicrobial management and surgical resection in case of persistence of the vegetation. This case demonstrated the feasibility of using an embolic protection device to retrieve vegetation in a PDA with good results and without complications. However, further studies are needed to validate this new approach.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thank all the nursing staff of the National Institute of Pediatrics.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
