<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CfQBwmZGrT8Gz9nsw3mTYxv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240543</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2: &#201; Efetivo o Rastreio com Ecocardiograma Precoce em Crian&#231;as com Gen&#243;tipo Positivo?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8021-541X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assun&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>da Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Norma Lucena Cavalcanti Lic&#237;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mychelle Pascoaline de Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Aggeu Magalh&#227;es</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Aggeu Magalh&#227;es &#8211; Fiocruz, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo Assun&#231;&#227;o</bold> &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco &#8211; Rua dos Palmares, s/n. CEP <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>elisa_lucena@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240543</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Descrita pela primeira vez em 2001 por Gollob et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a s&#237;ndrome determinada pela muta&#231;&#227;o do gene PRKAG2 &#233; rara, autoss&#244;mica dominante, com alta penetr&#226;ncia e preval&#234;ncia desconhecida na popula&#231;&#227;o. Ela se manifesta com o fen&#243;tipo de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada. Taquiarritmias s&#227;o comuns nessa s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica, assim como dist&#250;rbios no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco que levam, em alguns casos, a implante de marca-passo em idade precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o do gene PRKAG2 se apresenta habitualmente como uma fenoc&#243;pia de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, diferindo desta por n&#227;o haver altera&#231;&#245;es sarcom&#233;ricas e, sim, ac&#250;mulo de glicog&#234;nio nos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; dado pelo estudo gen&#233;tico, mas a apresenta&#231;&#227;o com hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e dist&#250;rbios do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o fazem diagn&#243;stico diferencial tamb&#233;m com as doen&#231;as de Danon e de Anderson-Fabry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a hipertrofia card&#237;aca seja a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais prevalente, h&#225; a descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura de cardiomiopatia dilatada e mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado associado &#224; s&#237;ndrome,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> al&#233;m de acometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> De in&#237;cio precoce, a cardiomiopatia aparece entre o final da adolesc&#234;ncia e in&#237;cio da idade adulta, enquanto os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, a partir da terceira d&#233;cada de vida. A morte s&#250;bita algumas vezes &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial da doen&#231;a em adultos e crian&#231;as afetados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Devido ao seu car&#225;ter dominante e alta penetr&#226;ncia, h&#225; uma grande probabilidade de filhos de pacientes portadores da doen&#231;a herdarem o gene e manifestarem a s&#237;ndrome ao longo da vida, podendo ocorrer, inclusive, no per&#237;odo neonatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Buscando fazer o rastreio de crian&#231;as que herdaram o gene PRKAG2 dos seus pais, o artigo Achados Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em Crian&#231;as de Pacientes com Diagn&#243;stico de S&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> comparou o ecocardiograma de 7 crian&#231;as assintom&#225;ticas com gen&#243;tipo positivo com o de 7 crian&#231;as presumidamente sem a muta&#231;&#227;o. As crian&#231;as avaliadas pelo estudo tinham idades entre 9 meses e 12 anos e foram pareadas por sexo e idade e comparados os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais, ao exame tridimensional e os &#237;ndices de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica obtidos pela t&#233;cnica do speckle tracking tanto na modalidade bi como tridimensional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudo in&#233;dito na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> encontrou uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#224; medida do di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo (p=0,026), espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (p=0,017), da parede posterior do VE (0,007) e a espessura relativa da parede do VE (p=0,004) cujas medidas foram maiores no grupo de crian&#231;as com o gen&#243;tipo positivo para s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2. A massa mioc&#225;rdica do VE indexada pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea foi maior no grupo de crian&#231;as sem presun&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es genot&#237;picas (p=0,007).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Sendo o ecocardiograma um dos primeiros exames de imagem a ser solicitado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiomiopatias, encontrar par&#226;metros que possam estar alterados de forma precoce em crian&#231;as portadoras de altera&#231;&#245;es no gene PRKAG2 ou sob risco de desenvolver a s&#237;ndrome devido hist&#243;ria familiar de muta&#231;&#227;o, possibilita um rastreio custo-efetivo numa idade em que n&#227;o se espera manifesta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Ainda sobre os achados do estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> apenas uma crian&#231;a apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o ao exame f&#237;sico com ausculta de sopro sist&#243;lico em foco a&#243;rtico, mas o artigo n&#227;o mencionou a etiologia desse sopro, nem se foi uma altera&#231;&#227;o encontrada no grupo caso ou controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eletrocardiograma, todos eram em ritmo sinusal, entretanto, houve dois exames com altera&#231;&#245;es significativas: PR curto e bloqueio de ramo direito. Como na s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 caracteriza-se por pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular e dist&#250;rbios no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, talvez essas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas encontradas sejam uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica precoce, contudo, o artigo n&#227;o deixou claro se foram altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas nos pacientes com gen&#243;tipo positivo para a muta&#231;&#227;o no PRKAG2.</p>
    <p>Diante disso, fica evidente a import&#226;ncia de n&#227;o apenas termos conhecimento da exist&#234;ncia da muta&#231;&#227;o, mas qual a altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica encontrada em cada paciente, a idade em que ela se manifesta, qual a apresenta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica inicial e qual a gravidade com que os sinais e sintomas se apresentam visando entender melhor o espectro da doen&#231;a e planejarmos uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica eficaz com a finalidade de prever e tratar desfechos adversos como morte s&#250;bita, taquiarritmias graves ou mesmo bradiarritmias, frequentes nos pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2.</p>
    <p>Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, com um n&#250;mero maior de participantes, para consolidar o ecocardiograma como exame de rastreio tanto em pacientes gen&#243;tipo positivo e fen&#243;tipo negativo para a s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 quanto para aqueles que est&#227;o em risco de desenvolver a doen&#231;a diante de uma hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica mas que n&#227;o tiveram acesso ao exame gen&#233;tico. Neste contexto, o estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia como uma evid&#234;ncia inicial para que possamos buscar ativamente altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas nas crian&#231;as com risco de desenvolver a doen&#231;a, entender o espectro da doen&#231;a e, assim, tra&#231;ar uma estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o de desfechos adversos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Achados Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em Crian&#231;as de Pacientes com Diagn&#243;stico de S&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gollob</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gollob</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karibe</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali Hassan</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Identification of a Gene Responsible for Familial Wolff-Parkinson-white Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>344</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1823</fpage>
          <lpage>1831</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM200106143442403</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Gollob MH, Green MS, Tang AS, Gollob T, Karibe A, Ali Hassan AS, et al. Identification of a Gene Responsible for Familial Wolff-Parkinson-white Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(24):1823-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200106143442403.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez-Sainz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dominguez</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ochoa</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barriales-Villa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Climent</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Features and Natural History of PRKAG2 Variant Cardiac Glycogenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>186</fpage>
          <lpage>197</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.029</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Lopez-Sainz A, Dominguez F, Lopes LR, Ochoa JP, Barriales-Villa R, Climent V, et al. Clinical Features and Natural History of PRKAG2 Variant Cardiac Glycogenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(2):186-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.029.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic Characteristics of PRKAG2 Syndrome: A Research Using Three-dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Compared with Sarcomeric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Ultrasound</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12947-022-00284-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Tang L, Li X, Zhou N, Jiang Y, Pan C, Shu X. Echocardiographic Characteristics of PRKAG2 Syndrome: A Research Using Three-dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Compared with Sarcomeric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2022;20(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12947-022-00284-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brun</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Severini</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Losurdo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabris</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>MRG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Spectrum of PRKAG2 Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003121</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003121</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Porto AG, Brun F, Severini GM, Losurdo P, Fabris E, Taylor MRG, et al. Clinical Spectrum of PRKAG2 Syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9(1):e003121. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003121.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy Associated with the PRKAG2 Mutation</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Genomics</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>214</fpage>
          <lpage>214</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12920-022-01361-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Zhang J, Han X, Lu Q, Feng Y, Ma A, Wang T. Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy Associated with the PRKAG2 Mutation. BMC Med Genomics. 2022;15(1):214. doi: 10.1186/s12920-022-01361-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pena</surname>
              <given-names>JLB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>ICG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakashima</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right Ventricle Involvement by Glycogen Storage Cardiomyopathy (PRKAG2): Standard and Advanced Echocardiography Analyses</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>902</fpage>
          <lpage>909</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210801</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Pena JLB, Melo FJ, Santos WC, Moura ICG, Nakashima GP, Freitas NC, et al. Right Ventricle Involvement by Glycogen Storage Cardiomyopathy (PRKAG2): Standard and Advanced Echocardiography Analyses. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;119(6):902-9. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210801.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spentzou</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGowan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hares</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McLeod</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Novel PRKAG2 Variant Manifesting with a Cardiac Arrest in a Child</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>843</fpage>
          <lpage>845</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00246-019-02245-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Spentzou G, McGowan R, Hares D, McLeod K. Novel PRKAG2 Variant Manifesting with a Cardiac Arrest in a Child. Pediatr Cardiol. 2020;41(4):843-5. doi: 10.1007/s00246-019-02245-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gouy</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Putoux</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perouse-de-Monclos</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chevalier</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faucherre</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biallelic PRKAG2 Truncating Variants are Associated with Severe Neonatal Cardiomyopathies</article-title>
          <source>Circ Genom Precis Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>279</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCGEN.122.003881</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Janin A, Gouy E, Putoux A, Perouse-de-Monclos T, Chevalier P, Faucherre A, et al. Biallelic PRKAG2 Truncating Variants are Associated with Severe Neonatal Cardiomyopathies. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2023;16(3):277-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.122.003881.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sternick</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pena</surname>
              <given-names>JLB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic Findings in Children of Patients Diagnosed with PRKAG2 Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230531</elocation-id>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230531i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230531i</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Santos Neto DA, Souza Neto I, Barbosa AP, Sternick EB, Pena JLB. Echocardiographic Findings in Children of Patients Diagnosed with PRKAG2 Syndrome. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(8):e20230531. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230531i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230531i</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240543i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>PRKAG2 Syndrome: Is Screening with Early Echocardiography Effective in Children with a Positive Genotype?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8021-541X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assun&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>da Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Norma Lucena Cavalcanti Lic&#237;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mychelle Pascoaline de Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Aggeu Magalh&#227;es &#8211; Fiocruz, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo Assun&#231;&#227;o</bold> &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco &#8211; Rua dos Palmares, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>elisa_lucena@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Described for the first time in 2001 by Gollob et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the syndrome determined by the mutation of the PRKAG2 gene is rare, autosomal dominant, with high penetrance and unknown prevalence in the population. It manifests with the phenotype of myocardial hypertrophy and associated ventricular pre-excitation. Tachyarrhythmias are common in this genetic syndrome, as are disturbances in the cardiac conduction system that lead, in some cases, to pacemaker implantation at an early age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The PRKAG2 gene mutation usually presents as a phenocopy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, differing from this in that there are no sarcomeric changes and, rather, accumulation of glycogen in cardiac myocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The definitive diagnosis is given by genetic study, but the presentation with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and conduction system disorders also form a differential diagnosis with Danon and Anderson-Fabry diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although cardiac hypertrophy is the most prevalent manifestation, there is a description in the literature of dilated cardiomyopathy and non-compacted myocardium associated with the syndrome,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in addition to the involvement of the right ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> With an early onset, cardiomyopathy appears between the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood, while driving disorders start in the third decade of life. Sudden death is sometimes the initial manifestation of the disease in affected adults and children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Due to its dominant character and high penetrance, there is a high probability that children of patients with the disease will inherit the gene and manifest the syndrome throughout their lives, which may even occur in the neonatal period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Seeking to screen children who have inherited the PRKAG2 gene from your parents, the artigo Echocardiographic Findings in Children of Patients Diagnosed with PRKAG2 Syndrome,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> compared the echocardiogram of 7 asymptomatic children with a positive genotype with that of 7 children presumably without the mutation. The children evaluated in the study were aged between 9 months and 12 years and were matched by sex and age and compared conventional echocardiographic parameters, three-dimensional examination, and myocardial deformation indices obtained by the speckle tracking technique in both two- and three-dimensional modes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>An unpublished study in the literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> found a statistically significant difference regarding the measurement of the anteroposterior diameter of the left atrium (p=0.026), diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum (p=0.017), the posterior wall of the LV (0.007) and the relative thickness of the LV wall (p= 0.004) whose measurements were higher in the group of children with the positive genotype for PRKAG2 syndrome. LV myocardial mass indexed by body surface was higher in the group of children without presumption of genotypic changes (p=0.007).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As the echocardiogram is one of the first imaging tests to be requested for the evaluation of cardiomyopathies, finding parameters that may be altered early in children with alterations in the PRKAG2 gene or at risk of developing the syndrome due to a family history of mutation, enables screening cost-effective at an age when no phenotypic manifestation of the disease is expected.</p>
      <p>Still, on the findings of the study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> only one child presented changes on physical examination with auscultation of a systolic murmur in the aortic focus, but the article did not mention the etiology of this murmur, nor whether it was a change found in the case or control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Regarding the electrocardiogram, all were in sinus rhythm; however, there were two tests with significant changes: short PR and right bundle branch block. As PRKAG2 syndrome is characterized by ventricular pre-excitation and disturbances in the conduction system, perhaps these electrocardiographic changes found are an early phenotypic manifestation; however, the article did not make it clear whether these were changes found in patients with a positive genotype for the mutation. in PRKAG2.</p>
      <p>In view of this, the importance of not only being aware of the existence of the mutation but also the specific genetic alteration found in each patient, the age at which it manifests itself, what is the initial phenotypic presentation, and the severity of the signs and symptoms is evident. Symptoms are presented in order to understand the spectrum of the disease better and plan an effective diagnostic approach with the purpose of predicting and treating adverse outcomes such as sudden death, severe tachyarrhythmias, or even bradyarrhythmias, common in patients with PRKAG2 syndrome.</p>
      <p>More studies are needed, with a larger number of participants, to consolidate echocardiography as a screening test both in genotype-positive and phenotype-negative patients for PRKAG2 syndrome and for those who are at risk of developing the disease due to positive family history. for genetic alteration but who did not have access to genetic testing. In this context, the study of article<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> it is of fundamental importance as initial evidence so that we can actively look for cardiac changes in children at risk of developing the disease, understand the spectrum of the disease and, thus, outline a strategy to prevent adverse outcomes in this population.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Echocardiographic Findings in Children of Patients Diagnosed with PRKAG2 Syndrome</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
