<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3LQjgzVkBdY3CgVv8HHsTxC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240521</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Repouso para Avaliar Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: &#201; Tudo o que Precisamos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Humberto Villacorta</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras, 100. CEP <postal-code>24070-090</postal-code>, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240521</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) &#233; um importante marcador de progn&#243;stico em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Est&#225; presente como um preditor de sobreviv&#234;ncia na pr&#243;pria natureza. Por exemplo, animais com baixa FC vivem muito mais do que animais com alta FC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a FC tem sido relacionada &#224; mortalidade, conforme demonstrado no Estudo de Framingham.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, desde a d&#233;cada de 1980, sabe-se que a FC de repouso &#233; um fator progn&#243;stico em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dados do Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) mostraram que ele prediz morbidade (taxa de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar), bem como mortalidade total e cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) a FC de repouso tamb&#233;m &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O tratamento da IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida inclui a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora os betabloqueadores tenham muitos mecanismos atrav&#233;s dos quais podem beneficiar os pacientes com IC, a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC provavelmente contribui para os efeitos ben&#233;ficos desta classe. Entretanto, mesmo em doses m&#225;ximas toleradas de betabloqueadores, alguns pacientes podem permanecer com FC &gt;70 bpm (a faixa recomendada para pacientes com IC &#233; de 50-60 bpm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por esta raz&#227;o, foi desenvolvida uma nova classe de medicamentos. A ivabradina &#233; um redutor seletivo da FC que atua inibindo os canais <italic>if</italic> do n&#243; sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A ivabradina foi testada contra um placebo no estudo SHIFT, em pacientes com IC sintom&#225;tica, ritmo sinusal, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8804;35% e FC &gt;70 bpm apesar do tratamento otimizado para IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A ivabradina reduziu o <italic>endpoint</italic> composto de mortalidade cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em uma suban&#225;lise, observou-se que a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o da FC pelo betabloqueador mais ivabradina, em vez da dose de base do betabloqueador, determinou principalmente o efeito subsequente nos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Demonstrou-se que a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso prediz morbidade e mortalidade em muitas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e at&#233; mesmo na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20240521-40521-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Assim, a FC &#233; um marcador importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC, e as decis&#245;es sobre introdu&#231;&#227;o, ajuste de dose e retirada de alguns medicamentos s&#227;o baseadas neste par&#226;metro. No entanto, a comunidade m&#233;dica sempre se questionou se o monitoramento ambulatorial da FC utilizando um sistema Holter de 24 horas forneceria informa&#231;&#245;es diferentes da FC em repouso. Neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o estudo de Camazzola et al. comparou a FC de repouso com a observada pelo sistema Holter de 24 horas em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida e ritmo sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os autores concluem que a FC obtida no eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso apresentou excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com a FC obtida no Holter de 24 horas, exceto naqueles com FC &lt;70 bpm no ECG. Os autores afirmam que neste &#250;ltimo grupo deve ser considerado o Holter de 24 horas.</p>
    <p>O estudo &#233; original e possui uma boa metodologia e parabenizamos os autores por isso. Tem o m&#233;rito de garantir que a FC de repouso n&#227;o &#233; muito diferente daquela observada no acompanhamento ambulatorial de pacientes com IC. Por&#233;m, do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, este estudo n&#227;o altera a nossa pr&#225;tica, uma vez que todos os dados que temos com betabloqueadores e ivabradina prov&#234;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o da FC de repouso. Portanto, de acordo com as diretrizes da IC, as decis&#245;es devem ser tomadas tendo como refer&#234;ncia a FC de repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os autores sugerem que em pacientes com FC&lt;70 bpm o Holter de 24 horas deve ser considerado, mas o estudo carece de informa&#231;&#245;es para essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que foi transversal e n&#227;o foram medidos eventos. A FC de repouso entre 50-60 bpm foi na verdade a meta no estudo SHIFT e nenhum procedimento adicional foi realizado no estudo SHIFT quando essa faixa de FC foi atingida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resumo, parabenizamos os autores por este elegante estudo. Do ponto de vista mecanicista, agrega informa&#231;&#245;es ao nosso conhecimento na &#225;rea. Contudo, at&#233; que novos dados longitudinais de estudos multic&#234;ntricos sejam publicados, as decis&#245;es devem ser tomadas com base na FC de repouso.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Togni</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaub</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenaweser</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High Heart Rate: A Cardiovascular Risk Factor?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2387</fpage>
          <lpage>2393</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehl259</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Cook S, Togni M, Schaub MC, Wenaweser P, Hess OM. High Heart Rate: A Cardiovascular Risk Factor? Eur Heart J. 2006;27(20):2387-93. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl259.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paffenbarger</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cupples</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate and Cardiovascular Mortality: The Framingham Study</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1489</fpage>
          <lpage>1494</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-8703(87)90666-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Cupples LA. Heart Rate and Cardiovascular Mortality: The Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987;113(6):1489-94. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(87)90666-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dyer</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Persky</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stamler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paul</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shekelle</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berkson</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate as a Prognostic Factor for Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality: Findings in Three Chicago Epidemiologic Studies</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>736</fpage>
          <lpage>749</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113046</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Dyer AR, Persky V, Stamler J, Paul O, Shekelle RB, Berkson DM, et al. Heart Rate as a Prognostic Factor for Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality: Findings in Three Chicago Epidemiologic Studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112(6):736-49. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113046.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Diaz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bourassa</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guertin</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tardif</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term Prognostic Value of Resting Heart Rate in Patients with Suspected or Proven Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>967</fpage>
          <lpage>974</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehi190</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC. Long-term Prognostic Value of Resting Heart Rate in Patients with Suspected or Proven Coronary Artery Disease. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(10):967-74. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi190.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vukadinovi&#263;</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vukadinovi&#263;</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cowie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lainscak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate and Its Reduction in Chronic Heart Failure and Beyond</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1230</fpage>
          <lpage>1241</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.902</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Vukadinovi&#263; AN, Vukadinovi&#263; D, Borer J, Cowie M, Komajda M, Lainscak M, et al. Heart Rate and Its Reduction in Chronic Heart Failure and Beyond. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(10):1230-41. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.902.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colucci</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilbert</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Effect of Carvedilol on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1349</fpage>
          <lpage>1355</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199605233342101</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, et al. The Effect of Carvedilol on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(21):1349-55. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199605233342101.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>MERIT-HF Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Metoprolol CR/XL in Chronic Heart Failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>353</volume>
          <issue>9169</issue>
          <fpage>2001</fpage>
          <lpage>2007</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04440-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of Metoprolol CR/XL in Chronic Heart Failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001-7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04440-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A Randomised Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>353</volume>
          <issue>9146</issue>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11181-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A Randomised Trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):9-13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11181-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubost-Brama</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ivabradine and Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure (SHIFT): A Randomised Placebo-controlled Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>9744</issue>
          <fpage>875</fpage>
          <lpage>885</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Swedberg K, Komajda M, B&#246;hm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et al. Ivabradine and Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure (SHIFT): A Randomised Placebo-controlled Study. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):875-85. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavazzi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects on Outcomes of Heart Rate Reduction by Ivabradine in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure: Is there an Influence of Beta-blocker Dose?: Findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart Failure Treatment with the I(f) Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial) Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>1938</fpage>
          <lpage>1945</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Swedberg K, Komajda M, B&#246;hm M, Borer J, Robertson M, Tavazzi L, et al. Effects on Outcomes of Heart Rate Reduction by Ivabradine in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure: Is there an Influence of Beta-blocker Dose?: Findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart Failure Treatment with the I(f) Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(22):1938-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camazzola</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabedotti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massuti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zortea</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An&#225;lise Comparativa do ECG com o Holter na avalia&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida e Ritmo Sinusal</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230771</elocation-id>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230771">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230771</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Camazzola FE, Schwartzmann PV, Sabedotti M, Massuti R, Zortea T, Chen V, et al. An&#225;lise Comparativa do ECG com o Holter na avalia&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida e Ritmo Sinusal. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(8):e20230771. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230771">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230771</ext-link></mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>LAZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Issa</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1174</fpage>
          <lpage>1212</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210367</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Marcondes-Braga FG, Moura LAZ, Issa VS, Vieira JL, Rohde LE, Sim&#245;es MV, et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(6):1174-212. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210367.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240521i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resting Heart Rate to Assess Patients with Heart Failure: That is All We Need</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Humberto Villacorta</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras, 100. Postal Code <postal-code>24070-090</postal-code>, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart rate (HR) is an important marker of prognosis in cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is present as a predictor of survival in nature itself. For example, animals with a low HR live much longer than animals with a high HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the general population, HR has been related to mortality, as demonstrated in the Framingham Study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Additionally, since the 1980s, it has been known that resting HR is a prognostic factor in patients with coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Data from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) showed that it predicts morbidity (hospital readmission rate) as well as total and cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In heart failure (HF) resting HR is a prognostic marker as well, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction includes the utilization of beta-blockers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although beta-blockers have many mechanisms through which they may benefit patients with HF, HR reduction probably contributes to the beneficial effects of this class. However, even on maximum tolerated doses of beta-blockers, some patients may remain with HR &gt;70 bpm (recommended range for patients with HF is 50-60 bpm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> For this reason, a new class of drugs was developed. Ivabradine is a selective HR reductor that works by inhibiting the <italic>if</italic> channels in the sinus node.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ivabradine was tested against a placebo in the SHIFT study, in patients with symptomatic HF, sinus rhythm, left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804;35%, and HR &#8805;70 bpm despite optimized HF treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ivabradine reduced the composite endpoint of cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In a subanalysis, it was observed that the magnitude of HR reduction by beta-blocker plus ivabradine, rather than background beta-blocker dose, primarily determined subsequent effect on outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resting heart rate has been shown to predict morbidity and mortality in many cardiovascular conditions and even in the general population.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20240521-40521-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Thus, HR is an important marker in the evaluation of patients with HF, and decisions on the introduction, dose adjustments, and withdrawal of some drugs are based on this parameter. Nevertheless, the medical community has always wondered whether ambulatorial monitoring of HR employing a 24-hour Holter system would provide different information than resting HR. In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, a study by Camazzola et al. compared resting HR with that observed with the 24-hour Holter system in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction and sinus rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The authors conclude that HR obtained from the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) had an excellent correlation with the HR obtained from the 24-hour Holter, except in those with HR &lt;70 bpm on the ECG. The authors state that in the latter group, 24-hour Holter should be considered.</p>
      <p>The study is original and has a good methodology and we congratulate the authors for that. It has the merit of reassuring that resting HR is not very different from that observed in the ambulatory monitoring of patients with HF. However, from a practical standpoint, this study does not change our practice, since all data that we have with beta-blockers and ivabradine come from assessment of resting HR. Therefore, according to HF guidelines, the decisions must be made using resting HR as a reference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The authors suggest that in patients with HR&lt;70 bpm 24-hour Holter should be considered but the study lacks information for that recommendation since it was cross-sectional and no events were measured. Resting HR between 50-60 bpm was actually the target in the SHIFT study and no additional procedures were done in the SHIFT study when this range of HR was achieved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, we congratulate the authors for this elegant study. From a mechanistic point of view, it adds information to our knowledge in the field. Nevertheless, until new longitudinal data from multicentric studies are published, decisions should be made based on resting HR.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
