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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dn5vnHbXyYXB3pg9my99Yzf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240507</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica: Influ&#234;ncia do Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7796-6215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>da Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Loureiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9477-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de &#8211; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, S/N. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavo.mota@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240507</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estado Funcional</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica resulta da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo Trypanosoma <italic>cruzi</italic>, transmitido por insetos triatom&#237;neos. A doen&#231;a, end&#234;mica na Am&#233;rica Latina, acomete milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos no mundo. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o aumento migrat&#243;rio elevou o n&#250;mero de pessoas infectadas em regi&#245;es n&#227;o end&#234;micas como Europa e Estados Unidos. A doen&#231;a de Chagas permanece como doen&#231;a negligenciada, caracterizada pela dificuldade para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e patog&#234;nese ainda pouco entendida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infecta cardiomi&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas imunit&#225;rias e fibroblastos, ativando resposta inflamat&#243;ria que pode reduzir a carga parasit&#225;ria e causar a morte de c&#233;lulas infectadas. O parasita induz a produ&#231;&#227;o de quimiocinas e citocinas que ampliam a capacidade microbicida de macr&#243;fagos e estimulam as sintases de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio. Linf&#243;citos T CD4 e CD8 tamb&#233;m participam da resposta inflamat&#243;ria com produ&#231;&#227;o de IFN-&#947; e degranula&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos T citot&#243;xicos que causam lise de c&#233;lulas comprometidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a resposta inflamat&#243;ria inicial seja protetora, sua perpetua&#231;&#227;o e amplifica&#231;&#227;o levam ao aumento progressivo da inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica e remodelamento card&#237;aco adverso. O quadro agudo &#233; seguido por processo reparativo com ativa&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos do tipo M2, produ&#231;&#227;o de interleucinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias e de citocinas da fam&#237;lia TGF-&#946;, que induzem diferencia&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e forma&#231;&#227;o de matriz extracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Clinicamente, pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica podem apresentar arritmias, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos &#233; recomendada para mitigar a remodela&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Efeitos ben&#233;ficos t&#234;m sido descritos na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica como melhora no consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em estudos experimentais, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, realizado antes ou ap&#243;s infec&#231;&#227;o aguda pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, modulou a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria, melhorou a resist&#234;ncia ao <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, e reduziu a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de creatina quinase mioc&#225;rdica e a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio de baixa intensidade melhorou par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicas mioc&#225;rdicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o atual dos ABC Cardiol, o estudo de Damasceno et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> revelou dados interessantes sobre efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais do VE em hamsters com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. Altera&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica se intensificou com o tempo e foi associada a redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da express&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I. Redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversa do m&#250;sculo gastrocn&#234;mio, caracterizando atrofia muscular, tamb&#233;m foi observada. O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico atenuou a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o, inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e atrofia muscular esquel&#233;tica. Conforme salientado pelos autores, a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi avaliada apenas em repouso. An&#225;lise da perfus&#227;o em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse poderia trazer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica ainda t&#234;m sido pouco explorados. Estudos analisando a influ&#234;ncia de diferentes modalidades de exerc&#237;cio e os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos em seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos ser&#227;o importantes para o tratamento da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240507i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy: Influence of Physical Exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7796-6215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>da Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Loureiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9477-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP),1 S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de &#8211; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>gustavo.mota@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Functional Status</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy results from infection with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, transmitted by triatomine insects. The disease, endemic in Latin America, affects millions of individuals worldwide. In recent decades, the increase in migration has elevated the number of infected people in non-endemic regions from Europe and the United States. Chagas disease remains a neglected disease, characterized by difficulty in early diagnosis and poorly understood pathogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p><italic>T. cruzi</italic> infects cardiomyocytes, immune cells, and fibroblasts, activating an inflammatory response that can reduce the parasite load and cause the death of infected cells. The parasite induces the production of chemokines and cytokines that increase the microbicidal capacity of macrophages and stimulate nitric oxide synthases and the production of reactive oxygen species. CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes also participate in the inflammatory response with the production of IFN-&#947; and degranulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lysis compromised cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although the initial inflammatory response is protective, its perpetuation and amplification lead to a progressive increase in myocardial injury and adverse cardiac remodeling. The acute condition is followed by a reparative process with activation of M2-type macrophages and production of anti-inflammatory interleukins and cytokines from the TGF-&#946; family, which induce fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Clinically, patients with chronic chagasic heart disease may present arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure.</p>
      <p>The practice of physical exercise is recommended to improve cardiac remodeling and heart failure from different etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Beneficial effects have been described in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, such as improvement in maximal oxygen consumption, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, respiratory muscle strength, microvascular function, and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In experimental studies, physical exercise, performed before or after acute <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection, modulated inflammatory reaction, improved resistance to <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, and reduced serum concentration of myocardial creatine kinase and myocardial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In chronic disease, low-intensity aerobic exercise improved myocardial morphological parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the current issue of ABC Cardiol, the study by Damasceno et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> revealed interesting data on the effects of aerobic physical training on myocardial perfusion and LV morphological and functional variables in Syrian hamsters with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Myocardial perfusion defects worsened over time and were associated with reduced LV ejection fraction, increased myocardial inflammation, and Type I collagen expression. A reduction in the gastrocnemius cross-sectional area, characterizing skeletal muscle atrophy, was also observed. Aerobic training attenuated LV systolic dysfunction, perfusion changes, myocardial inflammation, and skeletal muscle atrophy. As pointed out by the authors, only resting perfusion defects were analyzed in the study. Evaluation of perfusion changes under stress situations could bring valuable information.</p>
      <p>The effect of physical exercise on Chagas cardiomyopathy is still an open research area. Future studies analyzing the influence of different modalities of exercise and the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of exercise on chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy will shed more light on this issue.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
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