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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VdC4KXKt4k4z3NXtXdYJvTj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240500</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alopurinol versus Trimetazidina como Antianginal: Um Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4436-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4111-1546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mioto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Mahler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Luiz Antonio Machado Cesar &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>luiz.cesar@incor.usp.br</email>, <email>dcllucesar@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240500</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Trimetazidina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Controlado</kwd>
        <kwd>Alopurinol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O primeiro caso de tratamento de angina de peito com uso de medicamento foi descrito pelo professor T. Lauder Brunton<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> em 1857, em Edimburgo. O professor Brunton documentou as experi&#234;ncias dos pacientes com &#8220;intensa ansiedade ao ter o peito comprimido&#8221; e prontamente aliviado pelo nitrito de amila. Quase um s&#233;culo depois, Mason et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> demonstraram elegantemente os efeitos desse vasodilatador vol&#225;til em homens em 1965. Al&#233;m de intensos efeitos vasodilatadores nos sistemas arteriolar e venoso, uma intensa resposta adren&#233;rgica foi desencadeada pela hipotens&#227;o que se seguiu. O uso de nitratos org&#226;nicos come&#231;ou em 1946,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> seguido de betabloqueadores (BBs) na d&#233;cada de 1960,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> estabelecendo-os como base para preven&#231;&#227;o, ou para reduzir epis&#243;dios de angina e aliviar a dor usando f&#243;rmulas sublinguais ou orais de nitratos. Uma combina&#231;&#227;o de BBs com nitratos orais de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada foi usada para evitar angina por muitos anos. Devido ao seu efeito protetor contra isquemia e arritmia ventricular, os BBs foram refor&#231;ados como os medicamentos antianginosos de primeira escolha ap&#243;s serem testados em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) durante as d&#233;cadas de 1980 e 1990.</p>
    <p>Os resultados dos ensaios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 15&#8211;20% na incid&#234;ncia de IAM e na mortalidade cardiovascular durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de at&#233; 2,5 anos. Mais recentemente, o ensaio COMMIT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> com tartarato de metoprolol reduziu a mortalidade apenas em 1% (risco relativo). Al&#233;m disso, existem preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos, especialmente em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) normal. Em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) e FEVE preservada, nenhum estudo testou os BBs na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares. Recentemente, registros de <italic>big data</italic> permitiram abordagens estat&#237;sticas utilizando escores de propens&#227;o para testar resultados que n&#227;o apoiam o uso de BBs como medida preventiva contra mortalidade ou IAM em pacientes mesmo naqueles 1 ano ap&#243;s IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Um ensaio publicado recentemente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> testou metoprolol ou bisoprolol ap&#243;s IAM, em pacientes com FEVE normal; com per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 3,5 anos; n&#227;o foram observadas vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade ou &#224; incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Portanto, precisamos repensar o uso generalizado de BBs na SCC. Os medicamentos antianginosos mais recentes incluem nicorandil, trimetazidina, ivabradina e ranolazina, que foram testados em pacientes com angina que j&#225; estavam recebendo terapia com BB.</p>
    <p>Antes, antagonistas do c&#225;lcio foram testados na d&#233;cada de 1970<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e provaram ser eficazes no controle de espasmos coronarianos e na promo&#231;&#227;o da microvasodilata&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Assim, foram administrados com BBs para tratar a angina como segundo medicamento (dihidropiridinas). Notavelmente, &#233; vantajoso combinar um BB com aqueles sem quaisquer efeitos hemodin&#226;micos, como trimetazidina, ranolazina e alopurinol. A trimetazidina bloqueia o 3-cetoacil coenzima A tiolase de cadeia longa e muda o metabolismo energ&#233;tico card&#237;aco da oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos livres para a oxida&#231;&#227;o da glicose via piruvato que gera 20% mais trifosfato de adenosina atrav&#233;s do ciclo de Krebs para cada mol&#233;cula de oxig&#234;nio no processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudos randomizados compararam trimetazidina com placebo para SCC desde 2000, e todos eles envolveram pacientes que j&#225; tomavam BBs e/ou outros medicamentos antianginosos. Os resultados mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o robusta e significativa da angina e melhoria da qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, existem estudos observacionais em milhares de pacientes com angina classe 2 ou 3 que j&#225; recebem outras terapias com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da angina quando a trimetazidina foi combinada com BBs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, existem poucos estudos com alopurinol. Existem dois pequenos ensaios cl&#237;nicos com alopurinol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Ambos os resultados foram controversos. O alopurinol permitiu um maior tempo de angina no teste ergom&#233;trico, enquanto a ranolazina levou a um maior tempo de exerc&#237;cio at&#233; a depress&#227;o do segmento ST, caso contr&#225;rio, o oposto foi observado no estudo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o ensaio cl&#237;nico de Viana et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> compara alopurinol e trimetazidina em um estudo randomizado e cego, o que nunca foi feito antes para pacientes com SCC e angina. O principal resultado foi melhoria da qualidade de vida e redu&#231;&#227;o da angina. Os resultados mostram uma melhoria na qualidade de vida com ambos os medicamentos desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o final; entretanto, a trimetazidina foi superior ao alopurinol, principalmente na redu&#231;&#227;o da angina, conforme visto na Figura 2 e Tabela 2 do manuscrito. A angina foi reduzida em 33&#8211;66% com trimetazidina em compara&#231;&#227;o com 25&#8211;40% com alopurinol. Conforme observado pelos autores, a principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; o placebo defeituoso para cegar os pacientes e evitar o efeito placebo de qualquer um dos dois medicamentos. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo mostra a variabilidade do efeito do alopurinol no tratamento da angina, e acredito que eles perderam a oportunidade de comparar o alopurinol apenas com o BB e n&#227;o com dois antianginosos j&#225; em uso. No entanto, este estudo incluiu mais pacientes do que os anteriores com alopurinol para angina. Por&#233;m, perdeu a oportunidade de realizar o teste ergom&#233;trico, que &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o ouro para avaliar o tempo at&#233; a angina, o tempo at&#233; o ST e a angina limitante. Esses estudos com o alopurinol o tornam um medicamento raramente prescrito para tratar a angina, que pode ser tratado de forma mais eficaz com outros medicamentos. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o temos um estudo comparando medicamentos antianginosos metab&#243;licos como primeira combina&#231;&#227;o com um BB contra medicamentos hemodin&#226;micos, como bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio e nitratos de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada. Assim, continuamos a tratar pacientes com angina e doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva primeiro com BB e introduzindo um segundo medicamento para melhorar os sintomas quando necess&#225;rio. Al&#233;m disso, consideramos a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a press&#227;o arterial e a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda para determinar o segundo medicamento mais adequado para alcan&#231;ar melhor tolerabilidade e qualidade de vida em nossos pacientes. Concluindo, n&#227;o podemos desconsiderar a combina&#231;&#227;o de BBs com medicamentos que tenham efeitos intracelulares para aliviar os epis&#243;dios estressantes da angina de peito ou quando a angina persiste ou reaparece apesar da realiza&#231;&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Alopurinol Versus Trimetazidina para o Tratamento da Angina: Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240500i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Allopurinol versus Trimetazidine as Antianginal: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4436-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4111-1546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mioto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Mahler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Luiz Antonio Machado Cesar &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: luiz.cesar@incor.usp.br, dcllucesar@incor.usp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Trimetazidine</kwd>
        <kwd>Controlled Clinical Trial</kwd>
        <kwd>Allopurinol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The first instance of angina pectoris treatment using a drug was described by Professor T Lauder Brunton<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> in 1857 in Edinburgh. Professor Brunton documented patients&#8217; experiences with &#8220;<italic>intense anxiety of having their chest compressed</italic>&#8221; and alleviated promptly by amyl nitrite. Almost a century later, Mason et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>elegantly demonstrated the effects of this volatile vasodilator in men in 1965. In addition to its intense vasodilator effects on the arteriolar and venous systems, an intense adrenergic response was elicited by hypotension that followed. The use of organic nitrates started in 1946,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> followed by beta-blockers (BBs) in the 1960s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> establishing them as a basis for preventing or reducing angina episodes and relieving pain using sub-lingual or oral spray formulas of nitrates. A combination of BBs with oral long-acting nitrates was used to avoid angina for many years. Due to its protective effect against ischemia and ventricular arrhythmia, BBs were reinforced as the first-choice antianginal drugs after being tested in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during the 1980s and 1990s.</p>
      <p>The results of the trials<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>showed a relative reduction of 15&#8211;20% in the AMI incidence and cardiovascular mortality during the follow-up period up to 2.5 years. More recently, the COMMIT trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> with metoprolol tartrate only reduced mortality by 1%(relative risk). Besides, there are concerns regarding how long the effects shall last, especially in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). In patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and preserved LVEF, no trial tested BBs in the reduction of cardiovascular events. Recently big data registries allowed statistical approaches using propensity scores to test with results that do not support the use of BBs as a preventive measure against mortality or AMI in patients even in those 1 year after AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A recently published trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>tested metoprolol or bisoprolol after AMI, in patients with normal LVEF; with a median follow-up period of 3.5 years; no advantages were observed regarding mortality or myocardial infarction incidence. Therefore, we need to re-think the widespread use of BBs in CCS. The more recent antianginal drugs include nicorandil, trimetazidine, ivabradine, and ranolazine, which were tested in patients with angina who were already receiving BB therapy.</p>
      <p>Before, calcium antagonists were tested in the 1970s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and proven effective in controlling coronary spasms and promoting coronary micro-vasodilation. Hence, they were administered with BBs to treat angina as the second drug (dihydropyridines). Notably, it is advantageous to combine a BB with those without any hemodynamic effects, such as trimetazidine, ranolazine, and allopurinol. Trimetazidine blocks the long-chain 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase and shifts cardiac energy metabolism from free fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation via pyruvate that generates 20% more adenosine triphosphate through the Krebs cycle for each oxygen molecule in the process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Randomized studies have compared trimetazidine with placebo for CCS since 2000, and all of them involved patients already on BBs and/or other antianginal drugs. The results showed a robust and significant reduction in angina and improved quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, there are observational studies on thousands of patients with class 2 or 3 angina already receiving other therapies with a significant reduction in angina when trimetazidine was combined with BBs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In contrast, there are only a few studies with allopurinol. There are two small clinical trials with allopurinol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Both results were controversial. Allopurinol allowed a longer time to angina in the treadmill test, whereas ranolazine led to a longer exercise time until ST depression, otherwise the opposite was observed in the study compared with placebo.</p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, the clinical trial by Viana et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> compares allopurinol and trimetazidine in a randomized blinded study, which has never been done before for patients with CCS and angina. The main outcome was improved quality of life and reduction of angina. The results show an improved quality of life with both drugs from baseline to final evaluation; however, trimetazidine was superior to allopurinol, especially in reducing angina as seen in Figure 2 and Table 2 of the manuscript. Angina reduced by 33&#8211;66% with trimetazidine compared to 25&#8211;40% with allopurinol. As noted by the authors, the major limitation of the study is the faulty placebo to make patients blinded and avoid a placebo effect of any of the two drugs. Besides, this study shows the variability of the effect of allopurinol to treat angina, and I believe that they missed an opportunity to compare allopurinol only on top of BB rather than with two antianginal drugs already being used. Nevertheless, this study did include more patients than previous ones with allopurinol for angina. However, it missed the opportunity to conduct the treadmill test, which is the gold standard method to evaluate time to angina, time to ST, and limiting angina. These studies with allopurinol make it a drug rarely prescribed to treat angina, which can be treated more effectively with other drugs. Furthermore, we do not have a study comparing metabolic antianginal drugs as the first combination with a BB against hemodynamic drugs such as calcium channel blockers and long-acting nitrates. Hence, we continue to treat patients with angina and obstructive coronary disease first with a BB and introduce a second drug to ameliorate symptoms when necessary. Additionally, we consider heart rate, blood pressure, and the presence of left ventricular dysfunction to determine the most appropriate second drug to achieve better tolerability and quality of life in our patients. In conclusion, we cannot disregard the combination of BBs with drugs that have intracellular effects to alleviate the stressful episodes of angina pectoris or when angina persists or reappears despite performing revascularization.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Allopurinol versus Trimetazidine for the Treatment of Angina: A Randomized Clinical Trial</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
