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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qSSy9vBwG4zhvhPPLRBTnhx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240496</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso de Terapia Anticoagulante em Obesos: Qual a Evid&#234;ncia da Dose Ideal?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Moll-Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alian&#231;a</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (EBMSP), Salvador-BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcia M. Noya-Rabelo</bold> &#8226; Hospital Alian&#231;a &#8211; Diretoria M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. Juracy Magalh&#227;es J&#250;nior, 2096. CEP <postal-code>41920-180</postal-code>, Rio Vermelho, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcianoya@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240496</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Enoxaparina</kwd>
        <kwd>Fondaparinux</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de apontam para mais de 1 bilh&#227;o de pessoas no mundo, uma a cada oito, com obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, segundo pesquisa da Vigil&#226;ncia de Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas por Inqu&#233;rito Telef&#244;nico (VIGITEC), uma a cada quatro pessoas da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta &#233; obesa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Obesidade &#233; definida por &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) maior ou igual a 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, enquanto obesidade m&#243;rbida &#233; considerada para aqueles com IMC acima de 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos tamb&#233;m pontuam alta preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira estimada em 5 a 8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora as taxas de obesidade atinjam propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas em todo o mundo, a literatura m&#233;dica carece de dados precisos sobre altera&#231;&#245;es na farmacocin&#233;tica e farmacodin&#226;mica das diversas medica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com obesidade. As poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas entre obesos e n&#227;o obesos podem resultar em diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o e elimina&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos, fatores importantes a serem considerados na determina&#231;&#227;o da posologia adequada para o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. A dose ideal da maioria dos anticoagulantes para os obesos n&#227;o foi estabelecida, incluindo heparina de baixo peso molecular e pentassacar&#237;deos. Dessa forma, o manejo terap&#234;utico dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e obesidade &#233; desafiador e, consequentemente, pode influenciar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a dos anticoagulantes.</p>
    <p>A dose ideal de enoxaparina &#233; calculada com base no peso do paciente; entretanto, como n&#227;o h&#225; distribui&#231;&#227;o da droga na gordura, existe a possibilidade de exposi&#231;&#227;o excessiva ao efeito anticoagulante em obesos, o que contribui para a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de concentra&#231;&#245;es supra terap&#234;uticas quando utilizamos dose baseada no peso corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> J&#225; o fondaparinux &#233; um pentassacar&#237;deo sint&#233;tico que atua como um inibidor seletivo do fator Xa tendo como vantagem a dose fixa, independente do peso corp&#243;reo. At&#233; o momento, poucos estudos foram realizados em pacientes obesos com a finalidade de testar o ajuste posol&#243;gico, nenhum deles na popula&#231;&#227;o com SCA.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, em estudo de coorte retrospectivo, Darz&#233; et al., compararam uso de enoxaparina e fondaparinux em 367 pacientes obesos internados com SCA, no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2020. Foi definido como desfecho prim&#225;rio a combina&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por todas as causas, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento maior durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a no desfecho composto destacando a possibilidade de uso de fondaparinux ser t&#227;o efetiva quanto enoxaparina sem a necessidade de ajuste de dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Alguns especialistas recomendam medir o fator anti-Xa em obesos, no entanto, o n&#237;vel m&#237;nimo de atividade necess&#225;rio para que o tratamento seja eficaz n&#227;o foi bem definido. Os n&#237;veis alvo m&#225;ximos de anti-Xa para dosagem duas vezes ao dia s&#227;o normalmente 0,5 ou 0,6-1,0 UI/mL e podem ser utilizados como marcador substituto de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a terap&#234;utica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O primeiro estudo a definir uma dose ideal foi uma s&#233;rie de casos descritos por Deal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que determinaram que a dose inicial para atingir o n&#237;vel ideal de anti-Xa seria de 0,74 mg/kg em pacientes com IMC m&#233;dio de 49,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Estudos subsequentes definiram doses &#243;timas variando de 0,70 a 0,81 mg/kg por dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa variabilidade provavelmente se deve a v&#225;rios fatores: primeiro, parece que mesmo dentro de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes obesos, aqueles com IMC mais elevados necessitam de menor dose total para atingir n&#237;veis ideais de anti-Xa, particularmente em pacientes com IMC superior a 50 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; em segundo lugar, a variabilidade pode ser resultante do momento da mensura&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de anti-Xa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para responder as quest&#245;es anteriores Chilbert et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, avaliaram os n&#237;veis de anti-Xa em pacientes obesos recebendo terapia com enoxaparina na dose padr&#227;o (&#8805; 0,95 mg/kg) versus dosagens reduzidas que foram agrupadas em &lt;0,75 mg/kg (muito baixa) e 0,75&#8211;0,85 mg/kg (baixa). Os pacientes que receberam 0,75&#8211;0,85 mg/kg apresentaram mais resultados na faixa terap&#234;utica sem aumento aparente no risco tromb&#243;tico, enquanto os pacientes que receberam &#8805;0,95 mg/kg tiveram aumento de eventos hemorr&#225;gico. Se for indicada a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do anti-fator Xa, o n&#237;vel de atividade deve ser determinado tr&#234;s a cinco horas ap&#243;s a dose e apenas depois do paciente ter recebido pelo menos duas doses. Recomenda-se monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica rigorosa de sinais e sintomas de complica&#231;&#245;es, como hemorragia ou trombose, particularmente naqueles com peso &gt;150 kg ou IMC &gt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Frente &#224; escassez de dados, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, como o realizado por Darz&#233; et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> para fornecer diretrizes sobre a melhor abordagem para o uso adequado de anticoagulantes em pacientes obesos com SCA, garantindo assim a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados cl&#237;nicos e a seguran&#231;a dos pacientes. A enoxaparina oferece a vantagem de dosagem ajustada ao peso, o que pode ser crucial em alguns casos, mas requer uma vigil&#226;ncia mais rigorosa para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. O fondaparinux, com sua dosagem fixa e menor risco de sangramento, apresenta uma op&#231;&#227;o atraente, especialmente para pacientes com maior risco de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. Sendo assim, a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica para o uso de anticoagulante em obesos, deve ser respaldada em uma abordagem hol&#237;stica, considerando as particularidades com aten&#231;&#227;o especial &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal, hist&#243;rico de sangramento e risco tromb&#243;tico, visando maximizar os benef&#237;cios terap&#234;uticos e minimizar os riscos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fondaparinux versus Enoxaparina no Tratamento de Pacientes Obesos com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240496i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of Anticoagulant Therapy in Obese People: What is the Evidence for the Ideal Dose?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Moll-Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (EBMSP), Salvador-BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcia M. Noya-Rabelo</bold> &#8226; Hospital Alian&#231;a &#8211; Diretoria M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. Juracy Magalh&#227;es J&#250;nior, 2096. Postal Code <postal-code>41920-180</postal-code>, Rio Vermelho, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>marcianoya@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Enoxaparin</kwd>
        <kwd>Fondaparinux</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Data from the World Health Organization indicate that more than 1 billion people in the world, one in eight, are obese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, according to research by the Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance by Telephone Survey (VIGITEC), one in every four people in the adult population is obese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Obesity is defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, while morbid obesity is considered for those with a BMI above 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Epidemiological data also points to a high prevalence of coronary disease in the Brazilian population, estimated at 5 to 8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although obesity rates have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, the medical literature lacks precise data on changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different medications in patients with obesity. Possible physiological differences between obese and non-obese individuals may result in differences in the distribution and elimination of drugs, important factors to be considered when determining the appropriate dosage for pharmacological treatment. The ideal dose of most anticoagulants for obese people has not been established, including low molecular weight heparin and pentasaccharides. In this way, the therapeutic management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and obesity is challenging and, consequently, can influence the efficacy and safety of anticoagulants.</p>
      <p>The ideal dose of enoxaparin is calculated based on the patient's weight; however, as there is no distribution of the drug in fat, there is the possibility of excessive exposure to the anticoagulant effect in obese people, which contributes to the concern of supra-therapeutic concentrations when using a dose based on body weight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide that acts as a selective inhibitor of factor Xa, with the advantage of a fixed dose, regardless of body weight. To date, few studies have been carried out in obese patients with the purpose of testing dosage adjustment, none of them in the ACS population.</p>
      <p>In this edition of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, in a retrospective cohort study, Darz&#233; et al. compared the use of enoxaparin and fondaparinux in 367 obese patients hospitalized with ACS, from 2010 to 2020. The primary outcome was defined as the combination of all-cause mortality, reinfarction, stroke, and major bleeding during hospitalization. The authors found no difference in the composite outcome, highlighting the possibility that fondaparinux could be as effective as enoxaparin without the need for dose adjustment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Some experts recommend measuring the anti-Xa factor in obese people, however, the minimum level of activity necessary for the treatment to be effective has not been well defined. Maximum anti-Xa target levels for twice-daily dosing are typically 0.5 or 0.6-1.0 IU/mL and can be used as a surrogate marker of therapeutic efficacy and safety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The first study to define an ideal dose was a case series described by Deal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> who determined that the initial dose to achieve the ideal anti-Xa level would be 0.74 mg/kg in patients with an average BMI of 49.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Subsequent studies defined optimal doses ranging from 0.70 to 0.81 mg/kg per dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This variability is likely due to several factors: first, it appears that even within an obese patient population, those with higher BMIs require a lower total dose to achieve optimal anti-Xa levels, particularly in patients with BMIs greater than 50 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; secondly, the variability may result from the timing of the measurement of the anti-Xa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> level.</p>
      <p>To answer the previous questions, Chilbert et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in a systematic review, evaluated anti-Xa levels in obese patients receiving enoxaparin therapy at the standard dose (&#8805; 0.95 mg/kg) versus reduced dosages that were grouped into &lt;0.75 mg/kg (very low) and 0.75&#8211;0.85 mg/kg (low). Patients who received 0.75&#8211;0.85 mg/kg had better results in the therapeutic range with no apparent increase in thrombotic risk, while patients who received &#8805;0.95 mg/kg had an increase in bleeding events. If anti-factor Xa monitoring is indicated, the activity level should be determined three to five hours after the dose and only after the patient has received at least two doses. Strict clinical monitoring for signs and symptoms of complications, such as hemorrhage or thrombosis, is recommended, particularly in those weighing &gt;150 kg or BMI &gt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Given the scarcity of data, more studies are needed, such as the one carried out by Darz&#233; et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> to provide guidelines on the best approach for the appropriate use of anticoagulants in obese patients with ACS, thus ensuring optimization of clinical outcomes and patient safety. Enoxaparin offers the advantage of weight-adjusted dosing, which may be crucial in some cases but requires closer surveillance to avoid bleeding complications. Fondaparinux, with its fixed dosage and lower risk of bleeding, presents an attractive option, especially for patients at higher risk of bleeding events. Therefore, the therapeutic decision for the use of anticoagulants in obese patients must be supported by a holistic approach, considering the particularities with special attention to renal function, history of bleeding, and thrombotic risk, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits and minimize risks.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Fondaparinux versus Enoxaparin in the Treatment of Obese Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
