<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7xfMGKgnNCt4XJnpTvTJXYR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240426</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Por Que Tratar Formas Cr&#244;nicas da Doen&#231;a de Chagas com Benzonidazol se as Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas s&#227;o Muito Frequentes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5430-7222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hasslocher-Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro Marcel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno &#8226; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas &#8211; Av. Brasil, 4365. CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>alejandro.hasslocher@gmail.com</email>, <email>alejandro.hasslocher@ini.fiocruz.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240426</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date>
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Terap&#234;utica</kwd>
        <kwd>Toxidermias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o controle bem sucedido da transmiss&#227;o vetorial e transfusional da doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) no Brasil e em outros pa&#237;ses end&#234;micos da Am&#233;rica Latina, os desafios atuais s&#227;o o controle da transmiss&#227;o cong&#234;nita da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, ainda temos um grande contingente de pessoas infectadas com o <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> na forma cr&#244;nica, estimados somente no Brasil em ~3,7 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos, sendo ~590 mil mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dois guias de tratamento para DC foram produzidos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Panamericana de Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil em 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estes guias definem graus de recomenda&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento tripanocida, com &#234;nfase em rec&#233;m natos, crian&#231;as e adolescentes, mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil e adultos na forma cl&#237;nica indeterminada at&#233; 50 anos de idade. Estudos nessas popula&#231;&#245;es comprovam a efic&#225;cia do tratamento etiol&#243;gico na forma cr&#244;nica da DC que conduz &#224; cura em crian&#231;as, impacta na transmiss&#227;o vertical e diminui o risco de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a para a forma card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para o tratamento etiol&#243;gico da DC somente duas drogas est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis: nifurtimox (NTX) e benzonidazol (BZN), ambas produzidas no final da d&#233;cada de 1960.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No Brasil, o BZN &#233; produzido pelo Lafepe, vinculado &#224; Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de de Pernambuco, e &#233; a droga de primeira escolha no tratamento da DC, Este medicamento, frequentemente, apresenta rea&#231;&#245;es adversas medicamentosas (RAM), determinando a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento em torno de 20% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para adequada abordagem das RAMs &#233; necess&#225;rio utilizar um algoritmo que avalie a causalidade e outro a intensidade da rea&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Sintomas inespec&#237;ficos como cefaleia, n&#225;useas e dor abdominal podem estar frequentemente presentes, por&#233;m a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica muito frequente (&#8805; 10%) decorrente da RAM ao BZN &#233; a dermatite, respons&#225;vel pela maioria das suspen&#231;&#245;es de tratamento. Outra manifesta&#231;&#227;o frequente (&#8805; 1% e &lt; 10%) &#233; a neuropatia perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As manifesta&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas tendem a surgir nos primeiros dias, a dermatite a partir da segunda semana, enquanto a neuropatia a partir do segundo m&#234;s de tratamento.</p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o da alta frequ&#234;ncia de RAMs observadas com o uso do BZN e da relev&#226;ncia de tratar indiv&#237;duos na forma cr&#244;nica da DC, &#233; fundamental o manejo cl&#237;nico das RAMs ao longo do tratamento, garantindo a seguran&#231;a do paciente e permitindo que este complete os 60 dias propostos nos guias terap&#234;uticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Para tal, um protocolo cl&#237;nico de seguimento deve ser considerado ao longo do tratamento, incluindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial antes, durante e no final do tratamento, assim como a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da RAM e seu manejo cl&#237;nico adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro aspecto importante para o sucesso do tratamento &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico paciente que deve ser estabelecida antes de iniciar o processo terap&#234;utico com BZN. Inicialmente, o paciente deve ser esclarecido da import&#226;ncia de seu tratamento, explicando os benef&#237;cios potenciais a curto (crian&#231;as), m&#233;dio (mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil) e longo (pacientes na forma indeterminada) prazos. Um segundo ponto &#233; alertar o paciente da possibilidade deste apresentar RAMs ao BZN, em especial a dermatite, de forma que este esteja atento e informe qualquer sintoma novo ao servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de que o acompanha. Terceiro, refor&#231;ar que o relato da RAM deve ser feito o mais breve poss&#237;vel e que nesta condi&#231;&#227;o o paciente ser&#225; avaliado pelo seu m&#233;dico assistente que poder&#225; receitar sintom&#225;ticos ou at&#233; suspender o tratamento temporariamente ou definitivamente. Importante salientar que mesmo existindo um protocolo de manejo cl&#237;nico, &#8220;cada caso &#233; um caso&#8221; e, portanto, a conduta m&#233;dica deve ser individualizada para cada paciente.</p>
    <p>Novas abordagens j&#225; est&#227;o sendo desenvolvidas para a quest&#227;o das RAMs no tratamento da DC. Uma delas &#233; a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um escore de risco para RAM no uso de BZN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Este escore sinaliza que mulheres, de baixa escolaridade, brancas, entre 20 e 40 anos t&#234;m um risco maior de apresentar RAMs. Contudo este escore carece de valida&#231;&#227;o externa. Outra abordagem envolve aspectos farmacogen&#233;ticos, considerando que rea&#231;&#245;es de hipersensibilidade tardia est&#227;o associadas a um ant&#237;geno (HLA) classe I. No caso espec&#237;fico de RAMs moderadas a graves no uso de BZN, parece haver uma associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a do alelo HLA-B*35 em pacientes que expressam esse polimorfismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudo de farmacocin&#233;tica podem auxiliar a compreender quest&#245;es de toxicidade do BZN que poderia justificar, em parte, as RAMs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Por &#250;ltimo, o uso de medicamentos reposicionados ou combina&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos pode fornecer um tratamento tripanocida com menos RAMs, mantendo a sua efic&#225;cia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Dias JC. Elimination of Chagas Disease Transmission: Perspectives. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104(Suppl 1):41-5. doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Elimination of Chagas Disease Transmission: Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0074-02762009000900007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Laporta GZ, Lima MM, Costa VM, Lima MM Neto, Palmeira SL, Rodovalho SR, et al. Estimativa de Preval&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica nos Munic&#237;pios Brasileiros. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2024;48:e28. doi: 10.26633/RPSP.2024.28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laporta</surname>
              <given-names>GZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palmeira</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodovalho</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimativa de Preval&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica nos Munic&#237;pios Brasileiros</article-title>
          <source>Rev Panam Salud Publica</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <elocation-id>e28</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26633/RPSP.2024.28</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Pan American Health Organization. PAHO New Guide for Diagnosis and Treatment of Chagas Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Pan American Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>PAHO New Guide for Diagnosis and Treatment of Chagas Disease</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Protocolo Cl&#237;nico e Diretrizes Terap&#234;uticas da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, no &#194;mbito do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de-SUS. Bras&#237;lia: Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de; 2018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Protocolo Cl&#237;nico e Diretrizes Terap&#234;uticas da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, no &#194;mbito do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de-SUS</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Moscatelli G, Moroni S, Bournissen FG, Gonz&#225;lez N, Ballering G, Schijman A, et al. Longitudinal Follow up of Serological Response in Children Treated for Chagas Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(8):e0007668. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007668.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moscatelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moroni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bournissen</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballering</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schijman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Longitudinal Follow up of Serological Response in Children Treated for Chagas Disease</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0007668</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0007668</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. &#193;lvarez MG, Vigliano C, Lococo B, Bertocchi G, Viotti R. Prevention of Congenital Chagas Disease by Benznidazole Treatment in Reproductive-age Women. An Observational Study. Acta Trop. 2017;174:149-52. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#193;lvarez</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vigliano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lococo</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertocchi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viotti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevention of Congenital Chagas Disease by Benznidazole Treatment in Reproductive-age Women. An Observational Study</article-title>
          <source>Acta Trop</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>174</volume>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>152</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Saraiva RM, Sangenis LHC, Xavier SS, Sousa AS, Costa AR, et al. Benznidazole Decreases the Risk of Chronic Chagas Disease Progression and Cardiovascular Events: A Long-term Follow up Study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;31:100694. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100694.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hasslocher-Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sangenis</surname>
              <given-names>LHC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xavier</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Benznidazole Decreases the Risk of Chronic Chagas Disease Progression and Cardiovascular Events: A Long-term Follow up Study</article-title>
          <source>EClinicalMedicine</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <size units="pages">100694</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100694</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Bosch-Nicolau P, Salvador F, S&#225;nchez-Montalv&#225; A, Franco-Jarava C, Arrese-Mu&#241;oz I, Sulleiro E, et al. Association of HLA-B*35 and Moderate or Severe Cutaneous Reactions Secondary to Benznidazole Treatment in Chronic Chagas Disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28(6):881. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bosch-Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvador</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez-Montalv&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franco-Jarava</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arrese-Mu&#241;oz</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sulleiro</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of HLA-B*35 and Moderate or Severe Cutaneous Reactions Secondary to Benznidazole Treatment in Chronic Chagas Disease</article-title>
          <source>Clin Microbiol Infect</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <size units="pages">881</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.021</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. P&#233;rez-Molina JA, P&#233;rez-Ayala A, Moreno S, Fern&#225;ndez-Gonz&#225;lez MC, Zamora J, L&#243;pez-Velez R. Use of Benznidazole to Treat Chronic Chagas' Disease: A Systematic Review with a Meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(6):1139-47. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp357.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez-Molina</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez-Ayala</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fern&#225;ndez-Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zamora</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Velez</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Benznidazole to Treat Chronic Chagas' Disease: A Systematic Review with a Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Antimicrob Chemother</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1139</fpage>
          <lpage>1147</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jac/dkp357</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, Sandor P, Ruiz I, Roberts EA, et al. A Method for Estimating the Probability of Adverse Drug Reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;30(2):239-45. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1981.154.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naranjo</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Busto</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sellers</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandor</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruiz</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Method for Estimating the Probability of Adverse Drug Reactions</article-title>
          <source>Clin Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>239</fpage>
          <lpage>245</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/clpt.1981.154</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Uppsala Monitoring Centre. The WHO Adverse Reaction Terminology (WHO-ART). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Uppsala Monitoring Centre</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>The WHO Adverse Reaction Terminology (WHO-ART)</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2016</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Belmino AC, Sousa EKS, Silva Filho JD, Rocha EA, Nunes FMM, Tiago Lima Sampaio, et al. Causalidade e Gravidade das Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas e Altera&#231;&#245;es Laboratoriais ao Tratamento com Benznidazol em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(8):e20230787. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230787">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230787</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Belmino</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>EKS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>FMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>Tiago Lima</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Causalidade e Gravidade das Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas e Altera&#231;&#245;es Laboratoriais ao Tratamento com Benznidazol em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230787</elocation-id>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230787">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230787</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Silva GMS, Mediano MF, Brasil PEAA, Chambela MC, Silva JA, Sousa AS, et al. A Clinical Adverse Drug Reaction Prediction Model for Patients with Chagas Disease Treated with Benznidazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(11):6371-7. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02842-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>GMS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mediano</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brasil</surname>
              <given-names>PEAA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chambela</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Clinical Adverse Drug Reaction Prediction Model for Patients with Chagas Disease Treated with Benznidazole</article-title>
          <source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>6371</fpage>
          <lpage>6377</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/AAC.02842-14</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Montilla CAP, Moroni S, Moscatelli G, Rocco DM, Gonz&#225;lez N, Altcheh JM, et al. Major Benznidazole Metabolites in Patients Treated for Chagas Disease: Mass Spectrometry-based Identification, Structural Analysis and Detoxification Pathways. Toxicol Lett. 2023;377(15):71-82. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montilla</surname>
              <given-names>CAP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moroni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moscatelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocco</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altcheh</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Major Benznidazole Metabolites in Patients Treated for Chagas Disease: Mass Spectrometry-based Identification, Structural Analysis and Detoxification Pathways</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Lett</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>377</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Saraiva RM, Portela LF, Silveira GPED, Gomes NLS, Pinto DP, Silva ACA, et al. Disulfiram Repurposing in the Combined Chemotherapy of Chagas Disease: A Protocol for Phase I/II Clinical Trial. Med Case Rep Study Protoc. 2021;2(7):e0110. doi: 10.1097/MD9.0000000000000110.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Portela</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>GPED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>NLS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>ACA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Disulfiram Repurposing in the Combined Chemotherapy of Chagas Disease: A Protocol for Phase I/II Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>Med Case Rep Study Protoc</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0110</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MD9.0000000000000110</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Causalidade e Gravidade das Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas e Altera&#231;&#245;es Laboratoriais ao Tratamento com Benznidazol em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240426i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Why Treat Chronic Forms of Chagas Disease with Benznidazole if Adverse Reactions are Very Frequent?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5430-7222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hasslocher-Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro Marcel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno &#8226; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas &#8211; Av. Brasil, 4365. Postal Code 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: alejandro.hasslocher@gmail.com, alejandro.hasslocher@ini.fiocruz.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Therapeutics</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Eruptions</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>After the successful control of vector and transfusion transmission of Chagas disease (CD) in Brazil and other endemic countries in Latin America, the current challenge is the control of congenital transmission of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, we still have a large contingent of people infected with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> in the chronic form, estimated at around 3.7 million individuals in Brazil alone, with approximately 590,000 of them being women of childbearing age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Two treatment guidelines for CD were produced by the Pan American Health Organization and the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These guidelines define the degrees of recommendation for trypanocidal treatment, with an emphasis on newborns, children and adolescents, women of childbearing age, and adults with the indeterminate clinical form up to 50 years of age. Studies in these populations have proven the efficacy of etiological treatment in the chronic form of CD, which leads to a cure in children, impacts vertical transmission, and reduces the risk of progression of the disease to the cardiac form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For the etiological treatment of CD, only two drugs are available: nifurtimox (NFX) and benznidazole (BZN), both produced in the late 1960s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In Brazil, BZN is produced by Lafepe, linked to the Pernambuco State Department of Health, and is the first-choice drug for the treatment of CD. This medication frequently causes adverse drug reactions (ADRs), leading to the discontinuation of treatment in around 20% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For an adequate approach to ADRs, it is necessary to use an algorithm that assesses causality and another that assesses the intensity of the reaction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Non-specific symptoms such as headache, nausea, and abdominal pain are frequently present; however, the very frequent clinical manifestation (&#8805; 10%) resulting from ADR to BZN is dermatitis, which is responsible for most treatment suspensions. Another frequent manifestation (&#8805;1% and &lt;10%) is peripheral neuropathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Non-specific manifestations tend to appear in the first few days, dermatitis from the second week onwards, while neuropathy appears from the second month of treatment.</p>
      <p>Due to the high frequency of ADRs observed with the use of BZN and the importance of treating individuals in the chronic form of CD, it is essential to manage ADRs clinically throughout the treatment, ensuring patient safety and allowing them to complete the 60 days proposed in the therapeutic guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> To this end, a clinical follow-up protocol should be considered throughout the treatment, including a laboratory evaluation before, during, and at the end of the treatment, as well as the early identification of ADRs and their appropriate clinical management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another important aspect of the success of treatment is the doctor-patient relationship that should be established before starting the therapeutic process with BZN. Initially, the patient must be informed about the importance of their treatment, explaining the potential short-term (children), medium-term (women of childbearing age), and long-term (patients with the indeterminate form) benefits. A second point is to alert the patient to the possibility of experiencing ADRs with BZN, especially dermatitis, so they are vigilant and report any new symptoms to the healthcare provider accompanying them. Third, emphasize that reporting ADRs should be done as soon as possible, and in this situation, the patient will be evaluated by their attending physician who may prescribe symptomatic treatments or even temporarily or permanently suspend treatment. It is important to note that even with a clinical management protocol in place, &#8220;each case is unique&#8221;, and therefore, medical management should be tailored to each patient.</p>
      <p>New approaches are already being developed for addressing ADRs in the treatment of CD. One of them is the application of a risk score for ADRs in the use of BZN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This score indicates that women of low educational attainment, Caucasian ethnicity, aged between 20 and 40 years, have a higher risk of experiencing ADRs. However, this score lacks external validation. Another approach involves pharmacogenetic aspects, considering that delayed hypersensitivity reactions are associated with a class I antigen (HLA). In the specific case of moderate to severe ADRs in BZN use, there appears to be an association with the presence of the HLA-B*35 allele in patients expressing this polymorphism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Additionally, pharmacokinetic studies can help understand issues of BZN toxicity, which could partly explain ADRs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Finally, the use of repurposed drugs or drug combinations may provide trypanocidal treatment with fewer ADRs while maintaining efficacy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Causality and Severity of Adverse Reactions and biochemical Changes to Benznidazole Treatment in Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
