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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XsWMY84H3HtsRQc8qYrNkgy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230910</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos e Estresse Card&#237;aco: Hora de Triar a Popula&#231;&#227;o Assintom&#225;tica de Alto Risco para Prevenir Casos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Davyson Gerhardt de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Villacorta</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Faculdade de Medicina - Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras, 100. CEP 24070-090, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Humberto Villacorta - Honor&#225;rios de palestrante e apoio &#224; pesquisa da Roche Diagnostics.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230910</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Incid&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; a &#250;ltima fase comum de diversas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. &#201; altamente predominante, principalmente em idosos, e apresenta elevada taxa de morbidade e mortalidade se n&#227;o tratada adequadamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#231;os no tratamento da IC, o n&#250;mero de pessoas afetadas continua significativo e representa um desafio para o sistema de sa&#250;de, tanto mundialmente quanto no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Proje&#231;&#245;es indicam um aumento no n&#250;mero de casos nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas, impulsionado pelo envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e pelo aumento da sobrevida em condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares como s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, valvopatias, arritmias, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, entre outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Portanto, a preven&#231;&#227;o da IC &#233; fundamental.</p>
    <p>Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos &#8211; BNP e NT-proBNP &#8211; s&#227;o os biomarcadores padr&#227;o ouro para a IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Foram inicialmente utilizados para diagnosticar a IC em pacientes com Dispneia Aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Logo, foi demonstrado que tamb&#233;m eram excelentes marcadores progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com IC aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Seu uso foi expandido, incluindo pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, conforme recomendado pelas principais diretrizes, para descartar IC ambulatorial em pacientes com sintomas sugestivos e tamb&#233;m como marcador progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos de alto risco, como aqueles com diabetes mellitus ou hipertens&#227;o, mesmo assintom&#225;ticos, podem estar predispostos a desenvolver eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo IC incidente. Nesta fase inicial, o dano mioc&#225;rdico causado por esses fatores de risco &#233; assintom&#225;tico, n&#227;o sendo detectado por exames de imagem, um estado conhecido como estresse card&#237;aco. No entanto, n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos podem indicar a presen&#231;a de estresse card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um dos primeiros estudos que abordaram essa quest&#227;o foi realizado com a popula&#231;&#227;o descendente de Framingham.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Neste estudo de base populacional, o BNP foi medido no in&#237;cio do estudo em 3.346 indiv&#237;duos sem IC, que foram acompanhados por aproximadamente cinco anos. O BNP basal demonstrou ser um preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares, como morte, primeiro evento cardiovascular significativo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio e incid&#234;ncia de IC. &#201; importante ressaltar que os pontos de corte derivados deste estudo para predi&#231;&#227;o de risco foram significativamente inferiores aos estabelecidos para o diagn&#243;stico de IC, sendo 20 pg/mL para homens e 23 pg/mL para mulheres.</p>
    <p>Nosso grupo publicou recentemente um estudo semelhante, no qual o BNP foi medido no in&#237;cio do estudo em 560 indiv&#237;duos, selecionados aleatoriamente em um sistema de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, que foram acompanhados por cinco anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O BNP foi um indicador independente de &#243;bitos, por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em pacientes com e sem IC. Embora n&#227;o tenhamos exclu&#237;do pacientes com IC no in&#237;cio do estudo, destacamos que 88,6% estavam livres de IC no momento da inclus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, como pacientes com diabetes mellitus, foi demonstrado que o NT-proBNP &#233; um indicador de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No estudo de Malachias et al., o NT-proBNP foi o maior indicador de &#243;bito e eventos cardiovasculares e, por si s&#243;, demonstrou poder discriminat&#243;rio semelhante a um modelo formado por 20 vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas importantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Alguns estudos sugerem que os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos podem identificar indiv&#237;duos de alto risco que se beneficiam de acompanhamento e tratamento especializado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No estudo STOP-HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> 1.374 indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e com fatores de risco cardiovascular foram acompanhados por aproximadamente quatro anos. Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em dois grupos: a) grupo de tratamento convencional, realizado pelo m&#233;dico da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (677 participantes); b) grupo triado com BNP. Aqueles que apresentavam BNP &gt; 50 pg/mL constitu&#237;ram o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o (263 participantes), no qual os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia e acompanhados e tratados por um grupo especializado de cuidados cardiovasculares em colabora&#231;&#227;o com o m&#233;dico da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. O grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o foi submetido a mais investiga&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e recebeu mais tratamento baseado no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou menor incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com ou sem IC (5,3% vs 8,7%; com <italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] de 0,55, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 0,37-0,88, p=0,01) e uma menor incid&#234;ncia de IC (1% vs 2,1%; OR de 0,48, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 0,20-1,20, p=0,12). Al&#233;m disso, apresentaram taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o menores (22,3% por 1.000 pacientes/ano vs 40,4%; taxa de incidentes 0,60, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 0,45-0,81, p=0,002).</p>
    <p>No estudo PONTIAC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> 300 indiv&#237;duos com diabetes mellitus, sem cardiopatia e com NT-proBNP &gt; 125 pg/mL foram randomizados para tratamento convencional, realizado em cl&#237;nicas de diabetes, ou para tratamento intensivo, realizado por meio de acompanhamento adicional com cardiologistas, que realizaram titula&#231;&#245;es dos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e dos betabloqueadores. O grupo de tratamento intensivo apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 65% na mortalidade card&#237;aca ou nas taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo convencional, ao longo de um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de dois anos. O estudo em andamento PONTIAC II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> teve como objetivo confirmar este achado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior.</p>
    <p>Com base nas conclus&#245;es dos estudos STOP-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e PONTIAC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> a Diretriz da ACC/AHA/HFSA de 2022 para o controle da IC apresenta uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de classe IIa, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B, para triagem de indiv&#237;duos em risco de desenvolver IC com BNP ou NT-proBNP. Eles afirmam que esta estrat&#233;gia pode ser &#250;til para a preven&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou de novo in&#237;cio de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A Associa&#231;&#227;o de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (Heart Failure Association - HFA) da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (European Society of Cardiology - ESC) publicou recentemente um Consenso no qual sugere pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos para NT-proBNP em diferentes cen&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Com foco no NT-proBNP, uma vez que este &#233; o pept&#237;deo mais utilizado para o controle da IC na Europa, n&#227;o sendo afetado por medicamentos que atuam na degrada&#231;&#227;o do BNP, como o Sacubitril/Valsartan. O Consenso recomenda o uso do NT-proBNP em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, sem IC estabelecida, na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular. O documento reconhece a import&#226;ncia desta situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na preven&#231;&#227;o da IC e de eventos cardiovasculares e sugere a denomina&#231;&#227;o &#8220;estresse card&#237;aco&#8221; para categorizar esta popula&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> demonstra um algoritmo pr&#225;tico sugerido para o diagn&#243;stico e controle do estresse card&#237;aco. Em indiv&#237;duos com valores de NT-proBNP abaixo do ponto de corte de 50 pg/mL, o diagn&#243;stico de estresse card&#237;aco &#233; muito improv&#225;vel, e eles podem ser acompanhados pelo m&#233;dico de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, sem investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional. Neste caso, o NT-proBNP dever&#225; ser repetido em um ano. Pacientes acima dos pontos de corte estratificados por idade devem ser submetidos a ecocardiografia e avalia&#231;&#227;o por um especialista em IC. Entre esses dois grupos, existe uma faixa com valores intermedi&#225;rios de NT-proBNP, denominada zona cinzenta. Nesta faixa, o estresse card&#237;aco &#233; improv&#225;vel e o NT-proBNP deve ser repetido em seis meses.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Proposta de algoritmo para detec&#231;&#227;o de estresse card&#237;aco em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco cardiovascular na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Os pontos de corte de NT-proBNP s&#227;o os sugeridos pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia. Os pontos de corte na caixa vermelha &#224; direita s&#227;o ajustados pela idade. Modificado a partir da refer&#234;ncia 12. IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; a: anos de idade.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230910-30910-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Embora esses pontos de corte ainda precisem de valida&#231;&#245;es prospectivas, concordamos plenamente com o algoritmo HFA-ESC. Estudos anteriores utilizaram um &#250;nico ponto de corte de NT-proBNP para diagn&#243;stico de estresse card&#237;aco (&gt; 125 pg/mL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Um ponto de corte de exclus&#227;o mais baixo, conforme sugerido pelo consenso HFA-ESC (&lt; 50 pg/mL), provavelmente aumentar&#225; a sensibilidade, sendo mais apropriado para indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos. Por outro lado, a introdu&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte de diagn&#243;stico, estratificados por idade, evita ecocardiogramas e encaminhamentos desnecess&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, os pontos de corte estratificados por idade s&#227;o importantes porque corrigem fatores que aumentam os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP, como disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, mais comuns em idosos. Um ponto de corte de exclus&#227;o para BNP provavelmente seria em torno de 20 pg/mL com base no Estudo Framingham Offspring, mas nenhum ponto de corte de diagn&#243;stico foi sugerido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resumo, a IC representa um fardo para o sistema de sa&#250;de e todos os esfor&#231;os devem ser envidados na preven&#231;&#227;o de casos incidentes. Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos s&#227;o &#250;teis como ferramentas de triagem para identificar indiv&#237;duos com risco de desenvolver IC, mas &#233; necess&#225;rio validar prospectivamente os pontos de corte sugeridos. Consideramos que este &#233; o momento para iniciarmos o rastreamento da popula&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica de alto risco para prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de IC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Natriuretic Peptide-based Screening and Collaborative Care for Heart Failure: The STOP-HF Randomized Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>310</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2013.7588</pub-id>
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      </ref>
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        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Huelsmann M, Neuhold S, Resl M, Strunk G, Brath H, Francesconi C, et al. PONTIAC (NT-proBNP Selected Prevention of Cardiac Events in a Population of Diabetic Patients without a History of Cardiac Disease): A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(15):1365-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.069.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Neuhold</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resl</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strunk</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brath</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francesconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>PONTIAC (NT-proBNP Selected Prevention of Cardiac Events in a Population of Diabetic Patients without a History of Cardiac Disease): A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
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        </element-citation>
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      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Huelsmann M. NT-proBNP Selected Prevention of Cardiac Events in Diabetic Patients. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 2023.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
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              <surname>Huelsmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>NT-proBNP Selected Prevention of Cardiac Events in Diabetic Patients</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bethesda</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>National Institutes of Health</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Davyson Gerhardt de Souza pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230910i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Natriuretic Peptides and Heart Stress: Time to Screen the Asymptomatic High-Risk Population to Prevent Incident Heart Failure?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Davyson Gerhardt de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Villacorta</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Faculdade de Medicina - Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras, 100. Postal Code 24070-090, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: hvillacorta@cardiol.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>Humberto Villacorta - Speaker fees and Research support from Roche Diagnostics.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
        <kwd>Incidence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is the final common pathway of many cardiac disorders. It is highly prevalent, especially in the elderly, and has high morbidity and mortality if not treated properly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Although the treatment of HF has evolved, the number of affected individuals is still large and represents a burden on the healthcare system, globally and also in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The number of cases is expected to increase over the coming decades, due to the aging of the population and increased survival from cardiovascular conditions, such as acute coronary syndromes, valvular heart diseases, arrhythmias, congenital heart diseases, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, it is imperative to prevent HF.</p>
      <p>Natriuretic peptides &#8211; BNP and NT-proBNP &#8211; are the gold standard biomarkers in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It was used to diagnose HF in patients with Acute Dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It was soon demonstrated that they were also excellent prognostic markers in patients with acute HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Its use was then expanded to outpatients with HF, being recommended in the main guidelines for ruling out ambulatory HF in patients with symptoms suggestive of HF and also as a prognostic marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>High-risk individuals, such as those with diabetes mellitus or hypertension, although asymptomatic may be at risk of developing cardiovascular events, including incident HF. In this initial phase, the damage to the myocardium caused by these risk factors is asymptomatic and not detected by imaging tests, a situation called heart stress. However, the heart stress may be detected by higher levels of natriuretic peptides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>One of the first studies addressing this issue was a study with the Framingham offspring population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this population-based study, BNP was measured at baseline in 3,346 individuals without HF, who were followed for approximately five years. Baseline BNP was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, such as death, first major cardiovascular event, atrial fibrillation, stroke or transient ischemic attack, and incidence of HF. It is important to highlight that the cutoffs derived from this study for risk prediction were much lower than those established for the diagnosis of HF, being 20 pg/mL for men and 23 pg/mL for women.</p>
      <p>Our group recently published a similar study, in which BNP was measured at baseline in 560 individuals randomly selected from a primary care system, who were followed for five years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> BNP was an independent predictor of death from all causes or cardiovascular hospitalization in patients with and without HF. Although we did not exclude patients with HF at baseline, we emphasize that 88.6% were free of HF at the moment of inclusion.</p>
      <p>In high-risk populations, such as patients with diabetes mellitus, NT-proBNP has been shown to predict cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In the study by Malachias et al., NT-proBNP was the major predictor of death and cardiovascular events and, by itself, demonstrated a discriminatory power similar to a model formed by 20 important clinical variables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Some studies suggest that natriuretic peptides can identify high-risk individuals who benefit from specialized monitoring and treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In the STOP-HF study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> 1,374 asymptomatic individuals with cardiovascular risk factors were monitored for approximately four years. They were divided into two groups: a) conventional treatment group, carried out by the primary care physician (677 participants); b) group screened with BNP. Those who had BNP &gt; 50 pg/mL constituted the intervention group (263 participants), where the individuals underwent echocardiography and were monitored and treated by a specialized cardiovascular care group in collaboration with the primary care physician. The intervention group underwent more cardiovascular investigations and received more renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-based treatment. The intervention group had a lower incidence of Left Ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction, with or without HF (5.3% vs 8.7%; odds ratio [OR] 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-0.88, p=0.01) and a lower incidence of HF (1% vs 2.1%; OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.20-1.20, p = 0.12). Furthermore, they had lower hospitalization rates (22.3% per 1,000 patients/year vs 40.4%; incident rate ratio 0.60, 95% CI 0.45-0.81, p = 0.002).</p>
      <p>In the PONTIAC study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> 300 individuals with diabetes mellitus, without heart disease, and with NT-proBNP &gt; 125 pg/mL were randomized to conventional treatment, carried out in diabetes clinics, or to intensive treatment, carried out through additional monitoring with cardiologists, who performed the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors and beta blocker titrations. The intensive treatment group showed a 65% reduction in cardiac mortality or hospitalization rates compared to the conventional group, over a two-year follow-up. The ongoing PONTIAC II study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>was designed to confirm this finding in a larger population.</p>
      <p>Based on the findings of the STOP-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and PONTIAC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> studies, the 2022 ACC/AHA/HFSA Guideline for the management of HF provides a class IIa recommendation, level of evidence B, for screening individuals at risk of developing HF with BNP or NT-proBNP. They state that this strategy can be useful to prevent the development of LV dysfunction or new onset HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recently published a Consensus in which it suggests specific cutoffs for NT-proBNP in different scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> They focused on NT-proBNP because it is the most utilized peptide for HF treatment in Europe, since it is not affected by medications that act on the degradation of BNP, such as Sacubitril/Valsartan. The Consensus recommends the use of NT-proBNP in asymptomatic patients, without established HF, in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. The document recognizes the importance of this clinical situation in preventing HF and cardiovascular events and suggests the name &#8220;heart stress&#8221; to categorize this population. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> demonstrates a practical algorithm suggested for the diagnosis and management of heart stress. In individuals with NT-proBNP values below the cutpoint of 50 pg/mL, the diagnosis of heart stress is very unlikely and they can be followed by the primary care physician, with no further investigation. In this case, NT-proBNP should be repeated in one year. Patients above the age-stratified cutpoints should undergo echocardiography and assessment by a HF specialist. Between these two groups, there is a range with intermediate values of NT-proBNP, called the grey zone. In this range, heart stress is unlikely, and NT-proBNP should be repeated in six months.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Proposed algorithm for the detection of heart stress in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors in primary care. NT-proBNP cutpoints are those suggested by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Cutoffs in the red box on the right are age-adjusted. Modified from reference 12. HF: heart failure; y: years of age.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230910-30910-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Although these cutpoints still need prospective validations, we very much agree with the HFA-ESC algorithm. Previous studies used a single NT-proBNP cutoff for diagnosing heart stress (&gt; 125 pg/mL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A lower rule-out cutoff as suggested by the HFA-ESC consensus (&lt; 50 pg/mL) will likely increase the sensitivity and is more appropriate for asymptomatic individuals. On the other hand, the introduction of age-stratified rule-in cutoffs avoids unnecessary echocardiograms and referrals. Additionally, age-stratified cutoffs are important as they correct for factors that increase NT-proBNP levels, such as renal dysfunction and atrial fibrillation, which are more common in the elderly. A rule-out cutoff for BNP would likely be around 20 pg/mL based on the Framingham Offspring Study but no rule-in cutoffs have been suggested.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, HF is a burden to the health system and all efforts should be used in the prevention of incident cases. Natriuretic peptides are useful tools for screening individuals at risk of developing HF, although we need prospective validation of the suggested cutpoints. We believe the time has come to screen the asymptomatic high-risk population and thus prevent incident HF.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Davyson Gerhardt de Souza, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn5001">
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
