<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">99JxpYFGRd4CNvTGVhCBJQj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230868</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Semelhante a um Infarto de Miocardite Fulminante Fatal Biventricular em um Paciente com Timoma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1548-8830</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maramao</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maramao</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteso</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Sanchez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">IRCCS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Regina Elena National Cancer Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Roma</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Roma &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Campus Bio-Medico University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Foundation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Roma</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Roma &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Rome Tor Vergata</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Polyclinic Tor Vergata</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Roma</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Rome Tor Vergata, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Roma &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fabio Maramao IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - Via Elio Chianesi Rome Personale medico 00144 - It&#225;lia E-mail: <email>fabio61.fm@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230868</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Timoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Timomas s&#227;o tumores epiteliais raros do mediastino frequentemente associados a doen&#231;as paraneopl&#225;sicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a miocardite &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara em pacientes afetados por timoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Polimiosite e miocardite associadas ao timoma s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es excepcionalmente raras e geralmente acompanhadas de miastenia gravis (MG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A miocardite, uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, pode resultar de uma ampla variedade de causas infecciosas, t&#243;xicas e autoimunes. Embora o curso da doen&#231;a seja geralmente autolimitado, a miocardite aguda e n&#227;o fulminante pode evoluir para miocardite fulminante. A miocardite n&#227;o fulminante tem apresenta&#231;&#227;o tipicamente insidiosa e pode passar inadvertida &#224; medida que progride para a fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a. A defini&#231;&#227;o de miocardite fulminante evoluiu desde sua descri&#231;&#227;o original em 1991.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Na sua forma fulminante, a miocardite &#233; uma doen&#231;a com dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos e arritmias ventriculares devido a um processo inflamat&#243;rio grave que requer suporte da fun&#231;&#227;o da bomba card&#237;aca e/ou tratamento urgente de arritmias graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O reconhecimento precoce e o manejo agressivo s&#227;o essenciais para um resultado favor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A miocardite aguda pode ocasionalmente ter uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o semelhante a um infarto, com dor tor&#225;cica, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma e n&#237;veis elevados de troponina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Descrevemos um caso singular de miocardite fulminante fatal biventricular com apresenta&#231;&#227;o semelhante a um infarto, ocorrendo em um paciente com timoma.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Em 20 de fevereiro um paciente de 52 anos deu entrada em nosso Instituto com dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica nas &#250;ltimas duas semanas.</p>
      <p>O paciente era fumante (15 cigarros por dia h&#225; cerca de 30 anos) e bebedor de vinho (2 a 3 ta&#231;as de vinho por dia). Nefrolit&#237;ase pr&#233;via &#224; direita. O paciente relatava hist&#243;ria familiar de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; na sua hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica estavam ausentes doen&#231;as relevantes.</p>
      <p>A RX do t&#243;rax e a tomografia computadorizada tor&#225;cica (TC) revelaram uma massa mediastinal anterior de 11 cm de di&#226;metro.</p>
      <p>Na admiss&#227;o o paciente apresentava boa compensa&#231;&#227;o cardioculat&#243;ria, press&#227;o arterial normal (110/70 mmHg), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 53 batimentos/minuto; o eletrocardiograma (ECG) e o ecocardiograma foram normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>), principalmente a espessura do septo interventricular era normal e n&#227;o havia evid&#234;ncia de espessamento da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; ECG da admiss&#227;o: Bradicardia sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 53 batimentos/minuto; eletrocardiograma normal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ecocardiograma na admiss&#227;o: a espessura do septo interventricular era normal e n&#227;o havia evid&#234;ncia de espessamento da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foram realizadas mediastinotomia anterior direita, pleurotomia e bi&#243;psia mediastinal.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da bi&#243;psia foi timoma, provavelmente B2 (de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da OMS 2004). Foi encontrada uma mistura de c&#233;lulas epiteliais e de linf&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Colora&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina-eosina (20x) da bi&#243;psia do tumor mediastinal: redes e grupos de c&#233;lulas epiteliais (setas pretas) s&#227;o vistos entre infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas linfoides T.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Duas popula&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas T foram encontradas por imunocitofluorimetria no sangue perif&#233;rico e no aspirado de medula &#243;ssea: no entanto, a imunofenotipagem mostrou uma linfocitose policlonal reativa de c&#233;lulas T. A consulta hematol&#243;gica, portanto, excluiu uma doen&#231;a linfoproliferativa clonal de c&#233;lulas T.</p>
      <p>O 14 de mar&#231;o de 20 paciente foi submetido a quimioterapia neoadjuvante para timoma invasivo: Adriblastina 110 mg e Cisplatina 140 mg. 21 dias ap&#243;s a quimioterapia, a tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o da massa mediastinal.</p>
      <p>O 19 maio de 20 surgimento de dores nas pernas, diminuindo com o movimento, agravamento da dor no peito e aumento das transaminases. O eletrocardiograma apresentava ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 89 batimentos/minuto, bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Dois dias depois, devido &#224; dor tor&#225;cica persistente e ao aparecimento de sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica de urg&#234;ncia: a press&#227;o arterial era indetect&#225;vel, o pulso carot&#237;deo detect&#225;vel e o eletrocardiograma mostrava taquicardia de complexo QRS largo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 133 batimentos/minuto, bloqueio completo de ramo direito, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1-V3 simulando infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; ECG 21 maio 20: taquicardia com complexo QRS largo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 133 batimentos/minuto, bloqueio completo de ramo direito, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1-V3 simulando infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ECG anormal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o moderada da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (40%), redu&#231;&#227;o (qualitativa) da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, discinesia do septo interventricular, aumento da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo e aumento da espessura do septo interventricular (14 mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ecocardiograma 21 maio 20**: aumento da espessura da parede ventricular direita e esquerda e aumento da espessura do septo interventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica estavam aumentados: troponina T de alta sensibilidade (hs-cTnT) &gt; 10.000 mg/L e massa MB de creatinoquinase &gt; 600 mg/ml. Foram administrados &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, clopidogrel, morfina, oxig&#234;nio, corticoide, infus&#227;o l&#237;quida e heparina de baixo peso molecular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultado</title>
      <p>Apesar da terapia administrada, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca piorou rapidamente e o paciente morreu ap&#243;s algumas horas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na aut&#243;psia foi encontrado amplo timoma necr&#243;tico residual, infiltrando o pulm&#227;o direito. A aut&#243;psia mostrou miocardite biventricular resultando em dano isqu&#234;mico, mais evidente no ventr&#237;culo direito, com dano mioc&#225;rdico secund&#225;rio &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o linfoide T histioc&#237;tica e policlonal reativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Mioc&#225;rdio na aut&#243;psia: infiltra&#231;&#227;o linfo-histioc&#237;tica (setas pretas) destruindo fibras musculares card&#237;acas (Hematoxilina-Eosina, 10x).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O mesmo tipo de infiltra&#231;&#227;o linfo-histioc&#237;tica foi encontrado entre as fibras musculares da parede tor&#225;cica peristernal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; M&#250;sculos intercostais (parede tor&#225;cica anterior) na aut&#243;psia: infiltra&#231;&#227;o linfo-histioc&#237;tica destruindo fibras musculares esquel&#233;ticas (seta preta) (Hematoxilina-Eosina, 20x)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Houve hipertrofia biventricular reativa secund&#225;ria, dano isqu&#234;mico mioc&#225;rdico e muscular esquel&#233;tico; o dano isqu&#234;mico mioc&#225;rdico, detectado na aut&#243;psia, poderia ser respons&#225;vel pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (apresenta&#231;&#227;o semelhante a infarto de miocardite).</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o molecular realizada na bi&#243;psia e no material aut&#243;ptico foi negativa para identifica&#231;&#227;o de rearranjos clonais do gene da cadeia gama receptora de c&#233;lulas T.</p>
      <p>A miocardite pode estar relacionada com v&#225;rios agentes/mecanismos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e, de entre estes, tanto com fen&#243;menos auto-imunes como com les&#245;es provocadas por f&#225;rmacos, tamb&#233;m por antraciclinas.</p>
      <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com sintomas de miocardite e miosite nos permitiu excluir a miocardite induzida por antraciclinas; de fato, a miosite n&#227;o est&#225; descrita como uma complica&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica com antraciclinas. Al&#233;m disso, os sinais morfol&#243;gicos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida por antraciclinas s&#227;o altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas e necr&#243;ticas nos mi&#243;citos, vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o, les&#227;o mitocondrial e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio focal limitado.<sup>9</sup> Em vez disso, no nosso caso, foi encontrado um infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio grave e difuso nas c&#233;lulas musculares estriadas do cora&#231;&#227;o e dos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>Diagn&#243;stico final</p>
      <p>Miocardite difusa resultando em dano isqu&#234;mico e miosite difusa (com infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas T policlonais) em paciente com timoma invasivo em tratamento. Edema pulmonar e choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia s&#227;o sintomas frequentes em pacientes com timoma, mas podem ocorrer tamb&#233;m na miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A polimiosite e a miocardite associadas ao timoma s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es excepcionalmente raras e geralmente acompanhadas de MG.</p>
      <p>Portanto, em pacientes com timoma, &#233; sempre necess&#225;rio considerar a ocorr&#234;ncia de miocardite para estabelecer terapia precoce, adequada e agressiva: na verdade, a inflama&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio tamb&#233;m pode se desenvolver de forma repentina e grave, resultando em necrose de mi&#243;citos, edema e choque cardiog&#234;nico, espec&#237;fico sinais e sintomas de miocardite fulminante.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o paciente com miocardite aguda pode apresentar dor tor&#225;cica, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma e n&#237;veis elevados de troponina. Portanto, deve ser feito um diagn&#243;stico diferencial com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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        <label>2</label>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230868i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biventricular Fatal Fulminant Myocarditis Infarct-Like Presentation in a Patient with Thymoma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1548-8830</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maramao</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maramao</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteso</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Sanchez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Roma &#8211; Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Roma &#8211; Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Rome Tor Vergata, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Roma &#8211; Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Fabio Maramao &#8226; IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - Via Elio Chianesi Rome Personale medico 00144 - Italy E-mail: fabio61.fm@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Thymoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Thymomas are rare epithelial tumors of the mediastinum frequently associated with paraneoplastic diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> myocarditis on the other hand is a rare complication in patients affected by thymoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Polymyositis and myocarditis associated with thymoma are exceptionally rare conditions and are usually accompanied by myasthenia gravis (MG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Myocarditis, an inflammatory disease of cardiac muscle, may result from a wide variety of infectious, toxic, and autoimmune origins. Although the course of the disease is usually self-limiting, acute, non-fulminant myocarditis may progress to fulminant myocarditis. Non-fulminant myocarditis is typically insidious in presentation and may go unnoticed as it progresses into the chronic phase of the disease. The definition of fulminant myocarditis has evolved since its original description in 1991.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In its fulminant form, myocarditis is an illness with hemodynamic derangement and ventricular arrhythmias due to a severe inflammatory process requiring support of cardiac pump function and/or urgent management of serious arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Early recognition and aggressive management are essential for a favorable outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Acute myocarditis may occasionally have an infarct-like presentation, with chest pain, ST&#8208;segment elevation on electrocardiogram, and elevated troponin levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We describe a singular case of biventricular fatal fulminant myocarditis with infarct-like presentation occurring in a patient with thymoma.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case description</title>
        <p>On February 20, a 52-year-old patient was admitted to our Institute with atypical chest pain in the last two weeks.</p>
        <p>The patient was a smoker (15 cigarettes a day for about 30 years) and wine drinker (consuming 2-3 glasses of wine a day). Prior right nephrolithiasis. The patient reported a family history of acute myocardial infarction; in their clinical history, relevant diseases were absent.</p>
        <p>Thorax RX and thoracic computed tomographic scanning (CT scan) revealed an 11 cm in diameter of anterior mediastinal mass.</p>
        <p>At admission the patient had good cardio-circulatory compensation, normal blood pressure (110/70 mmHg), and heart rate of 53 beats/minute; the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the echocardiogram were normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figs 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref>) in particular, the interventricular septum thickness was normal and there was no evidence of right ventricular wall thickening.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ECG at the admission: Sinus bradycardia, heart rate 53 beats/minute; normal ECG.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiogram at the admission: the interventricular septum thickness was normal and there was no evidence of right ventricular wall thickening.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A right anterior mediastinotomy, pleurotomy, and mediastinal biopsy were performed.</p>
        <p>The biopsy diagnosis was thymoma, probably B2 (according to the WHO classification 2004). A mixture of epithelial cells and lymphocytes was found (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hematoxylin-Eosin staining (20x) of the mediastinal tumor biopsy: networks and groups of Epithelial cells (black arrows) are seen among T &#8211; lymphoid cell infiltration.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Two T cell populations were found by carrying out an immunocytofluorimetry in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow aspirate: however, immunophenotyping showed a reactive polyclonal T-cell lymphocytosis. The hematological consultation, therefore, excluded a clonal T-cell lymphoproliferative disease.</p>
        <p>On 14th March 20, the patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive thymoma: Adriblastina 110 mg and Cisplatin 140 mg. 21 days after chemotherapy, the chest computed tomography showed a reduction of a mediastinal mass.</p>
        <p>On 19th May 20, a pain arose in the legs, decreasing with movement; worsening chest pain; and increasing transaminases. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, heart rate of 89 beats/minute, right bundle branch block, and left anterior fascicular block.</p>
        <p>Two days later, due to persistent chest pain and the onset of signs and symptoms of heart failure, an urgent cardiological evaluation was performed and found: undetected blood pressure, undetected carotid pulse, and the electrocardiogram showed wide QRS complex tachycardia, heart rate of 133 beats/minute, right complete bundle branch block, ST segment elevation in V1-V3 simulating an acute myocardial infarction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ECG 21 May 20: wide QRS complex tachycardia, heart rate 133 beats/minute, right complete bundle branch block, ST segment elevation in V1-V3 simulating an acute myocardial infarction; abnormal ECG.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The echocardiogram showed a moderate reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (40%), a reduction (qualitative) in right ventricular ejection fraction, dyskinesia of the interventricular septum, an increase in right and left ventricular wall thickness and an increase in interventricular septum thickness (14 mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiogram 21 May 20: increase in right and left ventricular wall thickness and increase in interventricular septum thickness.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The biochemical markers of myocardium damage were increased: high sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT) &gt; 10000 mg/L and creatine-kinase MB mass &gt; 600 mg/ml. Acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, morphine, oxygen, corticosteroids, liquid infusion, and low molecular weight heparin were administered.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome</title>
          <p>Despite the therapy administered, heart failure worsened rapidly and the patient died after a few hours.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>At the autopsy, a wide residual necrotic thymoma was found infiltrating the right lung. Autopsy showed biventricular myocarditis resulting in ischemic damage, which was more evident in the right ventricle, with myocardial damage secondary to reactive histiocytic and polyclonal T-lymphoid infiltration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Myocardium at autopsy: lymphohistiocytic infiltration (black arrows) destroying cardiac muscle fibers (Hematoxylin-Eosin, 10x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The same type of lymphohistiocytic infiltration was found among the muscle fibers of the peristernal thoracic wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Intercostal (anterior thoracic wall) muscles at autopsy: lymphohistiocytic infiltration destroying skeletal muscle fibers (black arrow) (Hematoxylin-Eosin, 20x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230868-30868-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>There was secondary reactive biventricular hypertrophy and myocardial and skeletal muscle ischemic damage; the myocardial ischemic damage detected at autopsy could be responsible for the electrocardiographic presentation with ST-segment elevation (myocarditis infarct-like presentation).</p>
        <p>The molecular evaluation performed on the biopsy and the autoptic material was negative for the identification of clonal rearrangements of the T cell receptor gamma chain gene.</p>
        <p>Myocarditis may be related to several agents/mechanisms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and among these, to both autoimmune phenomena and drug damage, also by Anthracyclines.</p>
        <p>The clinical presentation with symptoms of myocarditis and myositis allowed us to rule out anthracycline-induced myocarditis; in fact, myositis is not described as a complication of anthracycline therapy. Instead, myocarditis and myositis, related to autoimmune phenomena, may be present in patients with thymoma. In addition, the morphological signs of anthracycline-induced myocardial damage are degenerative and necrotic changes in myocytes, vacuolization, mitochondrial damage, and limited focal inflammatory infiltration.<sup>9</sup> Instead, in our case, a severe and diffuse inflammatory infiltrate was found in the striated muscle cells of the heart and skeletal muscles.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Final Diagnosis</title>
          <p>Diffuse myocarditis resulted in ischemic damage and diffuse myositis (with polyclonal T cell infiltration) in patients with invasive thymoma in treatment. Lung edema and cardiogenic shock.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Chest pain and dyspnea are frequent symptoms in patients with thymoma, but they may also occur in myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Polymyositis and myocarditis associated with thymoma are exceptionally rare conditions and are usually accompanied by MG.</p>
        <p>Therefore, in patients with thymoma, it is always necessary to consider the occurrence of myocarditis to establish early appropriate and aggressive therapy: in fact, the inflammation of the myocardium may also develop suddenly and severely, resulting in myocyte necrosis, edema, and cardiogenic shock, specific signs and symptoms of fulminant myocarditis.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the patient with acute myocarditis may present chest pain, ST&#8208;segment elevation on electrocardiogram, and elevated troponin levels. Therefore, a differential diagnosis with acute myocardial infarction must be made.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
