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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QyKC7MySQPK4sw8d35BfyLR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230793</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fondaparinux versus Enoxaparina no Tratamento de Pacientes Obesos com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1111-3476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Costa da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Queila Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7990-7937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Santos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9021-7657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto D'oxmlr de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D'or de Pesquisa e Ensino - Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt</bold> &#8226; Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar - Av Anita Garibaldi, 2199 Ondina. CEP <postal-code>40170-130</postal-code>, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>luiz.ritt@cardiopulmonar.com.br</email>, <email>luizritt@bahiana.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230793</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O fondaparinux &#233; um anticoagulante eficaz e seguro usado no tratamento de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs). No entanto, devido &#224; baixa representatividade de indiv&#237;duos obesos em ensaios cl&#237;nicos, os efeitos de se aplicar os resultados desse medicamento nesta popula&#231;&#227;o continuam incertos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar o fondaparinux &#224; enoxaparina no tratamento de obesos com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo do tipo coorte retrospectivo, incluindo indiv&#237;duos obesos (IMC &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) internados com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio sem Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST (IAMSSST) ou Angina Inst&#225;vel (AI) e tratados com fondaparinux ou enoxaparina entre 2010 e 2020. Os grupos que receberam fondaparinux e enoxaparina foram comparados quanto suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais usando o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. A incid&#234;ncia dos desfechos prim&#225;rios (morte, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral, sangramento maior) foi comparada entre os grupos. Um p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo em todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Um total de 367 pacientes obesos com IAMSSST ou AI foi inclu&#237;do, dos quais 258 usaram fondaparinux e 109 usaram enoxaparina. A idade m&#233;dia foi 64 &#177; 12 anos, 52,9% eram do sexo masculino. A preval&#234;ncia e diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, e implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi similar entre os grupos. A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio foi 4,7% no grupo fondaparinux e 5,5% no grupo enoxaparina (p = 0,729). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quando os componentes do desfecho prim&#225;rio foram analisados separadamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em uma amostra de pacientes obesos com IAMSSST ou AI, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho composto (morte, acidente vascular cerebral, reinfarto, sangramento maior) entre os pacientes que utilizaram fondaparinux ou enoxaparina.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Enoxaparina</kwd>
        <kwd>Fondaparinux</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230793-30793-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A taxa de sobrevida ap&#243;s um evento coronariano agudo aumentou substancialmente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, devido aos avan&#231;os nas terapias medicamentosas e de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Contudo, esses pacientes ainda apresentam risco de desenvolverem desfechos adversos como morte, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A terapia anticoagulante &#233; uma das etapas mais importantes no tratamento inicial das SCA. A enoxaparina &#233; tradicionalmente administrada com titula&#231;&#227;o da dose baseada no peso, enquanto o fondaparinux tem dose fixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os estudos OASIS-5 e OASIS-6 compararam esses medicamentos em pacientes com SCA e demonstraram que o fondaparinux est&#225; associado a um melhor desfecho, principalmente pela redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Contudo, a farmacocin&#233;tica e a farmacodin&#226;mica dos medicamentos podem se diferir entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e o fato de popula&#231;&#245;es obesas serem historicamente pouco representadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos leva a incertezas quanto &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o desses resultados a pacientes com um IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dada a elevada preval&#234;ncia da obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o global e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com um risco aumentado de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC), estabelecer um regime de tratamento antitromb&#243;tico apropriado para esses pacientes &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o fondaparinux e a enoxaparina no tratamento das SCA em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes obesos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados com SCA em um hospital card&#237;aco em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com um IMC &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, com idade superior a 18 anos, internados no hospital com um diagn&#243;stico de Angina Inst&#225;vel (AI) ou Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Sem Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST (IAMSSST), e tratados com fondaparinux ou enoxaparina entre 2010 e 2020. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes transferidos para ou de outro hospital com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (IM) tipo II, ou quando SCA foram exclu&#237;das.</p>
        <p>De acordo com o protocolo institucional, a enoxaparina na dose de 1 mg por quilo de peso corporal a cada 12 horas era o antitromb&#243;tico de escolha at&#233; 2012. Entre 2012 e 2019, fondaparinux na dose de 2,5 mg por dia era indicada. Ap&#243;s 2018, devido aos baixos estoques de fondaparinux, a enoxaparina voltou a ser utilizada rotineiramente.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (<italic>clearance de creatinina</italic>, ClCr &lt; 30mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) receberam uma dose reduzida de enoxaparina de 1 mg/Kg/dia. Pacientes com peso acima de 100 Kg receberam a dose m&#225;xima de enoxaparina de 100mg, 12 em 12 horas; a dose de fondaparinux continuou 2,5 mg/dia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos do estudo</title>
        <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos, exames complementares, e desfechos prim&#225;rios de todos os pacientes com SCA foram coletados continuamente e prospectivamente coletados como parte de um programa de assist&#234;ncia de qualidade na SCA na institui&#231;&#227;o durante sua interna&#231;&#227;o. Esses dados foram acessados retrospectivamente para o estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Professor Celso Figueir&#244;a do Hospital Santa Izabel (Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia) sob o n&#250;mero 3.725.420. Uma vez que este foi um estudo retrospectivo baseado em dados coletados de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e relat&#243;rios de controle de qualidade, solicitou-se isen&#231;&#227;o do termo de consentimento, o que foi aceito pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio consistiu em mortalidade por todas as causas, reinfarto (com base na 4&#170; defini&#231;&#227;o universal de IM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento maior durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Acidente vascular cerebral foi definido como presen&#231;a de um novo d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico focal, de origem vascular, com sinais ou sintomas com dura&#231;&#227;o de mais de 24 horas. Sangramento importante baseou-se nos seguintes crit&#233;rios: Hb/Ht &#8804; 2g/dL, transfus&#227;o de sangue, ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. As defini&#231;&#245;es foram consistentes com as utilizadas no estudo OASIS-5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram processados usando o <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS 25.0). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como porcentagens ou propor&#231;&#245;es e comparadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, por apresentarem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foram expressas como m&#233;dia e Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP) e comparadas usando o teste t de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e an&#225;lise visual por histograma. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi realizada com os pacientes que se submeteram &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria. N&#243;s consideramos esse subgrupo de pacientes para a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, devido ao risco de sangramento nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre 1578 pacientes internados por SCA, 367 pacientes obesos com IAMSSST ou AI foram inclu&#237;dos, dos quais 259 usaram fondaparinux e 109 usaram enoxaparina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; AI: angina inst&#225;vel.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230793-30793-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a idade m&#233;dia foi 64 &#177; 12, 52,9% eram homens. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos que receberam fondaparinux e enoxaparina em termos de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Somente a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi mais alta no grupo enoxaparina (63 &#177; 11%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo fondaparinux (60 &#177; 13%; p &lt; 0,05), mas ambos estavam dentro da faixa de normalidade. O IMC foi similar entre os grupos (33,7 &#177; 4,0 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> no fondaparinux versus 33,6 &#177; 3,5 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> no enoxaparina). Estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi realizada em 275 pacientes (74.9%), sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos fondaparinux (74,0%) e enoxaparina (77,1%) (p = 0,54).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Total<break/> (n = 367)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Fondaparinux<break/> (n = 258)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Enoxaparin<break/> (n = 109)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (&#177;SD)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,5 (&#177;12,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,7 (&#177;12,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,3 (&#177;13,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Tipo de SCA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- Angina inst&#225;vel; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">214 (58,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">155 (60,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (54,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- IAMSSST, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">153 (41,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (39,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (45,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">194 (52,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">135 (52,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (54,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes Mellitus n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">162 (44,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115 (44,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (43,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">312 (85,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">220 (85,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (84,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">238 (64,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">164 (63,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (67,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (7,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (7,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (8,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ICC pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (4,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (3,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (7,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DAP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (1,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">144 (39,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (36,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (45,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60 (16,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (14,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (20,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CABG pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (18,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (17,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (22%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC pr&#233;vio n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (3,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (3,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Killip 1 n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">345 (83,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">232 (82,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (86,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Medicamentos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- Aspirina, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">349 (95,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">248 (96,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">101 (92,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- Inibidores de receptor P2Y12, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">340 (92,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">243 (94,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (89,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- Abciximabn (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (1,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- Tirofibana n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- NACO n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (3,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (1,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (5,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- Varfarina n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (1,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia invasiva, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">275 (74,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">191 (74,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (77,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ICP n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (25,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (26,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (24,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Acesso radial, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">220 (59,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">151 (58,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (63,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS m&#233;dia (&#177;DP) mmHg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">145,6 (&#177;25,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">146,9 (&#177;25,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">142,6 (&#177;24,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FC m&#233;dia (&#177;SD) bpm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74,3 (&#177;16,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73,5 (&#177;15,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76,0 (&#177;18,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina m&#233;dia (&#177;SD) mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0 (&#177;0,34)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,99 (&#177;0,32)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03 (&#177;0,39)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Clearance de creatinina (&#177;SD) mL/min/1,73m&#178;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98,3 (&#177;29,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">99,8 (&#177;28,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,7 (&#177;31,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dia (&#177;DP) %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,62 (&#177;0,11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,63 (&#177;0,11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60 (&#177;0,13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hb m&#233;dia (&#177;DP) mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,6 (&#177;1,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,6 (&#177;1,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,5 (&#177;1,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ht m&#233;dio (&#177;DP) %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41,0 (&#177;4,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41,1 (&#177;4,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40,8 (&#177;4,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC m&#233;dio (&#177;DP) Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33.7 (&#177;3,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33.7 (&#177;4,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33.6 (&#177;3,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o (&#177;DP) (dias)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6.1 (&#177;6,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,8 (6,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,8 (6,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,18</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; NACO: novos anticoagulantes orais; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; Hb: hemoglobina. Ht: hemat&#243;crito; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio (morte, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral ou sangramento maior) foi similar entre os grupos: 4,7% no grupo fondaparinux, e 5,5% no grupo enoxaparina (p=0,729) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Ainda, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto aos componentes do desfecho secund&#225;rio, tanto quando analisados juntos como quando analisados individualmente.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Incid&#234;ncia de desfechos prim&#225;rios na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230793-30793-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>. A incid&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio composto permaneceu similar entre os grupos quando analisados somente aqueles pacientes que se submeteram &#224; estrat&#233;gia invasiva: 5,8% no grupo fondaparinux e 7,1% no grupo enoxaparina (p = 0,661). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto ao desfecho composto por morte, reinfarto ou acidente vascular cerebral (p = 0,135), ou quando os desfechos foram analisados individualmente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Incid&#234;ncia de desfechos prim&#225;rios em pacientes que se submeteram &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230793-30793-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com base em um estudo retrospectivo do tipo coorte de pacientes admitidos por AI ou IAMSSST, nosso estudo comparou fondaparinux com enoxaparina no tratamento de pacientes obesos. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de morte, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral ou sangramento maior entre os dois subgrupos. Levantou-se a hip&#243;tese de que o fondaparinux seja t&#227;o eficaz e seguro como a enoxaparina, mesmo em pacientes obesos, sem a necessidade de ajuste da dose.</p>
      <p>O estudo OASIS-5<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> avaliou uma amostra de 20 078 pacientes com IAMSSST aleatoriamente separados para receberem fondaparinux ou enoxaparina, e identificou equival&#234;ncia entre as estrat&#233;gias no desfecho prim&#225;rio (morte ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou isquemia refrat&#225;ria em nove dias). Identificou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento maior nos pacientes utilizando fondaparinux (2,2% versus 4,1%, RR 0,52; p &lt; 0,001), resultando em uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade de 30 dias a favor do fondaparinux. No entanto, o estudo n&#227;o avaliou especificamente pacientes com IMC &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, levantando a quest&#227;o de se a dose fixa de 2,5mg de fondaparinux teria um desempenho similar em pacientes nessa faixa de IMC.</p>
      <p>Soeiro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> conduziram um estudo coorte multic&#234;ntrico retrospectivo incluindo 2282 pacientes e compararam fondaparinux versus enoxaparina com base em um registro brasileiro. Similar aos estudos OASIS, o fondaparinux mostrou superioridade &#224; enoxaparina para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramentos e eventos combinados (choque cardiog&#234;nico, IM, morte, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, e sangramento maior). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no desfecho prim&#225;rio de mortalidade por todas as causas entre os dois grupos.</p>
      <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de sangramentos entre pacientes obesos tratados com fondaparinux e enoxaparina. Diferentemente do que foi encontrado em estudos anteriores, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia a uma taxa mais alta de sangramentos no grupo fondaparinux (2,3% vs. 0,9%). O fato de que essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha sido estatisticamente significativa (p=0,368) pode estar relacionado ao poder reduzido de se analisar esse desfecho isoladamente. Em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum outro estudo na literatura avaliando a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia do fondaparinux em pacientes obesos com SCA sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Ainda no contexto da SCA, Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> conduziram uma an&#225;lise de subgrupos (obesos vs. n&#227;o obesos) baseada nos dados combinados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos ESSENCE e TIMI-11B. Esses estudos randomizados compararam enoxaparina e Heparina N&#227;o Fracionada (HNF) para o tratamento de SCA. O desfecho prim&#225;rio usado na an&#225;lise combinada foi o desfecho composto por morte, IM, e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente, e a superioridade da enoxaparina sobre a HNF foi observada tanto em obesos como em n&#227;o obesos. Embora este estudo tenha diferentes interven&#231;&#245;es e compara&#231;&#245;es, o resultado favor&#225;vel na popula&#231;&#227;o obesa corrobora nosso presente estudo, sugerindo que n&#227;o h&#225; necessidade de ajuste &#224; terapia nos pacientes obesos.</p>
      <p>Davidson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> com base nos dados do ensaio MATISSE, compararam o uso do Fondaparinux ao tratamento cl&#225;ssico com heparinas (enoxaparina ou HNF) em pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos com tromboembolismo venoso (trombose venosa profunda), e demonstraram que, independentemente do IMC, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na taxa de sangramentos entre os grupos que receberam fondaparinux e heparinas. Embora este estudo tenha sido conduzido em uma popula&#231;&#227;o diferente (tromboembolismo venoso), esses achados corroboram nossos resultados, sugerindo que o IMC &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> tenha pouco ou nenhum impacto sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da terapia anticoagulante. Assim, nossos dados d&#227;o for&#231;a ao uso do fondaparinux em sua dose habitual para SCA (2,5mg) em pacientes com IMC &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Este estudo &#233; pioneiro em comparar desfechos cl&#237;nicos relacionados ao uso do fondaparinux ou da enoxaparina em pacientes obesos com SCA. No entanto, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas devem ser destacadas, principalmente a natureza observacional e retrospectiva do estudo, embora as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas das popula&#231;&#245;es tenham sido similares. An&#225;lise com escores de propens&#227;o poderiam ser usados em estudos como o nosso; contudo, como as caracter&#237;sticas basais estavam bem equilibrados entre os grupos, escolhemos n&#227;o a realizar. Al&#233;m disso, uma vez que a popula&#231;&#227;o era composta de pacientes obesos, o tamanho de nossa amostra era pequeno, o que pode haver mascarado diferen&#231;as eventuais entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, no desfecho cl&#237;nico, pudemos avaliar somente morte por todas as causas, e seria interessante separ&#225;-la de morte cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Ainda, acreditamos que nosso estudo contribui de maneira significativa na gera&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses, e estudos randomizados nesta popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados. Seriam importantes estudos com uma coorte de pacientes com SCA sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST utilizando fondaparinux, que incluam a compara&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia e da seguran&#231;a do medicamento em obesos e n&#227;o obesos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em uma amostra de pacientes com IMC &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e SCA sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, o tratamento antitromb&#243;tico com fondaparinux ou enoxaparina n&#227;o se associou com diferen&#231;as na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores ou sangramento maior durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Santa Izabel (Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3.725.420. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230793i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fondaparinux versus Enoxaparin in the Treatment of Obese Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1111-3476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Costa da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Queila Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7990-7937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Santos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9021-7657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D'or de Pesquisa e Ensino - Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt &#8226;</bold> Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. Postal Code <postal-code>40170-130</postal-code>, Ondina, Salvador, BA - Brazil E-mail: <email>luiz.ritt@cardiopulmonar.com.br</email>; <email>luizritt@bahiana.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Fondaparinux is an effective and safe anticoagulant in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, due to the low representation of obese individuals in clinical trials, the effects of applying the results of this drug to this population remain uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare Fondaparinux to Enoxaparin in the treatment of obese patients with ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective cohort study, including obese individuals (BMI &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) admitted with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA) and treated with Fondaparinux or Enoxaparin between 2010 and 2020. The Fondaparinux and Enoxaparin groups were compared for their clinical and laboratory characteristics using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests, as appropriate. The incidence of primary outcomes (death, reinfarction, stroke, major bleeding) was compared between groups. P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 367 obese patients with NSTEMI or UA were included, of whom 258 used Fondaparinux and 109 used Enoxaparin. Mean age was 64 &#177; 12 years, and 52.9% were male. The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prior coronary artery disease, prior stroke, and implementation of invasive strategy was similar between groups. The incidence of the primary outcome was 4.7% in the Fondaparinux group and 5.5% in the Enoxaparin group (p = 0.729). There was no difference between groups when analyzing the components of the primary outcome separately.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In a sample of obese patients with NSTEMI or UA, there was no difference in the occurrence of the composite outcome (death, stroke, reinfarction, major bleeding) between patients who used Fondaparinux or Enoxaparin.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Enoxaparin</kwd>
        <kwd>Fondaparinux</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are the major cause of death in Brazil and the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Survival rate after an acute coronary event has increased substantially in recent decades, due to advances in drug and reperfusion therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, these patients are still at risk of adverse outcomes such as death, reinfarction, stroke and bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Anticoagulant therapy is one of the most important steps in the early treatment of ACS. Enoxaparin is traditionally administered with dose titration based on weight, while fondaparinux has a fixed dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The OASIS-5 and OASIS-6 studies compared these two drugs in patients with ACS and demonstrated that Fondaparinux is associated with a better outcome, primarily due to a reduction in bleeding events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications can differ between obese and nonobese patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and the fact that obese population have been historically underrepresented in clinical trials leads to uncertainties regarding the application of these results to patients with a BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Given the high prevalence of obesity in the global population and its association with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), establishing an appropriate antithrombotic treatment regimen for these patients is of utmost importance. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare fondaparinux to enoxaparin in the treatment of ACS in a population of obese patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with ACS at a tertiary care cardiac hospital in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230793-30793-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population, inclusion, and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients with a BMI &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, older than 18 years old, admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of unstable angina (UA) or Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and treated with fondaparinux or enoxaparin between 2010 and 2020 were included. Patients transferred to/from another hospital, with type II myocardial infarction (MI), or in whom ACS was ruled out were excluded.</p>
          <p>According to institutional protocol, enoxaparin at a dose of 1 mg/kg of weight every 12 hours was the antithrombotic of choice until 2012. Between 2012 and 2019, fondaparinux at a dose of 2.5 mg per day was indicated. After 2018, due to shortage of fondaparinux, enoxaparin was routinely used again.</p>
          <p>Patients with impaired renal function (Creatinine clearance, CrCl &lt;30 mL/min/1.73 m&#178;) received a reduced dose of enoxaparin of 1mg/Kg/day.</p>
          <p>Patients weighing &gt;100kg received the maximum dose of enoxaparin of 100mg 12/12h; the dose of fondaparinux continued 2.5mg per day.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study procedures</title>
          <p>Clinical and demographic data, complementary exams, and primary clinical outcomes of all ACS patients were continuously and prospectively collected as part of the quality care program for ACS at the institution during their hospital stay. These data were retrospectively accessed for the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical Considerations</title>
          <p>The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research Professor Celso Figueir&#244;a of the Hospital Santa Izabel (Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia) under the number 3.725.420. As it was a retrospective study based on data collected from medical records and institutional quality control records, exemption from informed consent was requested and accepted by the ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcome consisted of all-cause mortality, reinfarction (based on the 4th universal definition for MI<sup>),</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> stroke or major bleeding during hospitalization. Stroke was defined as the presence of a new focal neurological deficit considered of vascular origin with signs or symptoms lasting more than 24 hours. Major bleeding was based on criteria of Hb/Ht &#8804; 2g/dL, use of blood transfusion, or hemodynamic instability. Definitions were consistent with those used in the OASIS-5 study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 25.0) program. Categorical variables were described as percentages or proportions and compared using the chi-square test, while continuous variables, as they were normally distributed, were expressed using mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and compared using unpaired Student's T-test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and visual histogram analysis were used to verify the normality of the data. The significance level was set at 5%.</p>
          <p>Sensitivity analysis was performed with those patients who underwent coronary angiography. We considered this subgroup of patients for sensitivity analysis, due to the risk of bleeding in this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Among 1,578 patients hospitalized for ACS, 367 obese patients with NSTEMI or UA were included, of which 258 used Fondaparinux and 109 used Enoxaparin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the study population selection. BMI: body mass index; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial Infarction; UA: unstable angina.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230793-30793-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In the overall population, mean age was 64 &#177; 12, 52.9% was male. There were no significant differences between the fondaparinux and enoxaparin groups in terms of clinical characteristics, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>. Only ejection fraction was higher in the enoxaparin group (63 &#177; 11%) compared to the fondaparinux group (60 &#177; 13%, p &lt; 0.05), but both were within the normal range. BMI was similar between the groups (33.7 &#177; 4.0 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> in fondaparinux versus 33.6 &#177; 3.5 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> in enoxaparin). Invasive strategy was performed in 275 patients (74.9%), with no difference between fondaparinux (74.0%) and enoxaparin (77.1%) groups (p = 0.54).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total<break/> (n = 367)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Fondaparinux<break/> (n = 258)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Enoxaparin<break/> (n = 109)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.5 (&#177;12.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.7 (&#177;12.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.3 (&#177;13.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">ACS type</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- Unstable angina n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">214 (58.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">155 (60.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (54.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- NSTEMI n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">153 (41.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (39.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (45.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male Gender n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">194 (52.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">135 (52.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (54.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes Mellitus n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">162 (44.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115 (44.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (43.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">312 (85.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">220 (85.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (84.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">238 (64.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">164 (63.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (67.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (7.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (7.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (8.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous CHF n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (4.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (3.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (7.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous PAD n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (1.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous CAD n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">144 (39.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (36.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (45.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous PCI n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60 (16.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (14.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (20.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous CABG n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (18.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (17.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous Stroke n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (3.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Killip 1 n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">345 (83.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">232 (82.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (86.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Medications</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- Aspirin n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">349 (95.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">248 (96.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">101 (92.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- P2Y12 receptor inhibitors n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">340 (92.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">243 (94.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (89.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- Abciximabn (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (1.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- Tirofiban n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- NOAC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (3.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (1.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (5.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- Warfarin n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (1.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Invasive Strategy n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">275 (74.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">191 (74.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (77.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PCI n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (25.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (26.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (24.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Radial Access n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">220 (59.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">151 (58.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (63.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average SBP (&#177;SD) mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">145.6 (&#177;25.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">146.9 (&#177;25.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">142.6 (&#177;24.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average HR (&#177;SD) bpm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74.3 (&#177;16.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73.5 (&#177;15.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76.0 (&#177;18.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average Creatinine (&#177;SD) mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0 (&#177;0.34)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99 (&#177;0.32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03 (&#177;0.39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine Clearance (&#177;SD) mL/min/1.73m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98.3 (&#177;29.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">99.8 (&#177;28.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94.7 (&#177;31.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average Ejection Fraction (&#177;SD) %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.62 (&#177;0.11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.63 (&#177;0.11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60 (&#177;0.13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average Hb(&#177;SD) mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.6 (&#177;1.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.6 (&#177;1.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.5 (&#177;1.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average Ht (&#177;SD) %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41.0 (&#177;4.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41.1 (&#177;4.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40.8 (&#177;4.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average BMI (&#177;SD) kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33.7 (&#177;3.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33.7 (&#177;4.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33.6 (&#177;3.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average Length of hospitalization (&#177;SD) in days</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.1 (&#177;6.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.8 (6.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.8 (6.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.18</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; CHF: congestive heart failure; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; Stroke: stroke; NOAC: new oral anticoagulants; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; SD: standard deviation; Hb: hemoglobin; Ht: hematocrit; BMI: body mass index; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The incidence of the primary outcome (death, reinfarction, stroke or major bleeding) was similar between the groups: 4.7% in the fondaparinux group, and 5.5% in the enoxaparin group (p = 0.729) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding the secondary outcome components, both when analyzed together and individually.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Incidence of primary outcomes in the study population. reAMI: re-myocardial infarction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230793-30793-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Sensitivity analysis is demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>. The incidence of the primary composite endpoint remained similar between groups when analyzed only those patients who underwent invasive strategy: 5.8% in the fondaparinux group, and 7.1% in the enoxaparin group (p = 0.661). There was also no significant difference between groups regarding the composite outcome of death, reinfarction or stroke (p = 0.135), or when the endpoints were analyzed individually (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Incidence of primary outcomes in patients who underwent coronary angiography (sensitivity analysis). reAMI: re-myocardial infarction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230793-30793-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Based on a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted for UA or NSTEMI, our study compared fondaparinux with enoxaparin in the treatment of obese patients. No difference was identified in the incidence of death, reinfarction, stroke or major bleeding between the two subgroups. It is hypothesized that fondaparinux is as effective and safe as Enoxaparin, even in obese patients, without the need for dose adjustment.</p>
        <p>The OASIS-5 study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> evaluated a sample of 20,078 patients with NSTEMI randomized to fondaparinux or enoxaparin, identifying equivalence between the strategies in the primary study outcome (death or myocardial infarction or refractory ischemia in nine days). A reduction in the occurrence of major bleeding was identified in those using fondaparinux (2.2% versus 4.1%, RR 0.52; p &lt; 0.001), resulting in a reduction in 30-day mortality in favor of fondaparinux. However, the study did not specifically evaluate patients with BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, leaving the question of whether the fixed dose of 2.5 mg of fondaparinux would have a similar performance in patients in this BMI range.</p>
        <p>Soeiro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study including a total of 2,282 patients and compared Fondaparinux to Enoxaparin based on a Brazilian registry. Similarly to the OASIS trials, Fondaparinux proved superiority to Enoxaparin for the Brazilian population, with significant reduction of bleeding and combined events (cardiogenic shock, MI, death, ischemic stroke, and major bleeding). There was no difference in the primary outcome of in-hospital all-cause mortality between the two groups.</p>
        <p>In our analysis, there was no significant difference in the incidence of bleeding events between obese patients using fondaparinux and enoxaparin. Different from what was found in previous studies, there was a tendency towards a higher bleeding rate in the Fondaparinux group (2.3% x 0.9%). The fact that this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.368) may be related to the reduced power in analyzing this outcome alone. To our knowledge, there is no other study in the literature evaluating the safety and efficacy of fondaparinux in obese patients with non-ST-elevation ACS. Still in the context of ACS, Spinler at al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> performed a subgroup analysis (obese vs. nonobese) based on the combined data of the ESSENCE and TIMI-11B clinical trials. These randomized studies compared enoxaparin to unfractionated heparin (UFH) for the treatment of ACS. The primary endpoint used in the combined analysis was the composite end point of death, MI and urgent revascularization, and the superiority of enoxaparin over UFH was observed in both the non-obese and obese subgroups. Although this study has different interventions and comparisons, the favorable result in the obese population corroborates our present study, suggesting that there is no need of adjustment to therapy in obese patients.</p>
        <p>Davidson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> based on MATISSE trials data, compared the use of Fondaparinux to the classical treatment with heparins (Enoxaparin or UFH) in obese and non-obese patients with venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism), and demonstrated that, regardless of BMI, there was no differences in the rate of bleeding between the groups fondaparinux and heparins. Although this study was conducted in a different population (venous thromboembolism), these findings corroborate our findings, suggesting that the BMI &#8805;30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> has little or no impact on the safety and efficacy of anticoagulant therapy. Thus, our data support the use of Fondaparinux at its usual dose for ACS (2,5mg) in patients with BMI &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>This research is pioneering in comparing clinical outcomes related to the use of Fondaparinux or Enoxaparin in obese patients with ACS. However, some methodological limitations should be highlighted, primarily the observational and retrospective nature of the study, although the clinical characteristics of the populations were similar. A propensity score analysis could be used in studies like ours, however, as the baseline characteristics were well balanced between groups, we chose not to perform it. In addition, as the population was limited to obese patients, our study sample size was small, which may have masked eventual differences between the groups. Furthermore, in clinical outcome, we could only assess all-cause death, and would be of interest to separate it from cardiovascular deaths. Another important point is that we had a convenience sample.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, we believe that our study brings significant value in generating hypotheses, and prospective and randomized studies in this population are warranted to confirm these findings. Studies with a cohort of patients with non-ST-elevation ACS using fondaparinux, including the comparison of effectiveness and safety between obese and non-obese, would be of interest.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In a sample of patients with BMI &#8805; 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup> and ACS without ST-segment elevation, antithrombotic treatment with Fondaparinux or Enoxaparin was not associated with differences in the occurrence of major cardiovascular events or major bleeding during the hospitalization period.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Santa Izabel (Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia) under the protocol number 3.725.420. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
