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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DYKzX83f7qjkC66pPkwmDwr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230787</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Causalidade e Gravidade das Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas e Altera&#231;&#245;es Laboratoriais ao Tratamento com Benznidazol em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2050-9264</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Belmino</surname>
            <given-names>Alanna Carla da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuela Kelly Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Dami&#227;o da</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do;</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Mylena Melga&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evangelista</surname>
            <given-names>Leones Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jac&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Igor de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Alanna Carla da Costa Belmino &#8226; Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Rua Capit&#227;o Francisco Pedro, 1210. CEP 60020-181, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil E-mail: <email>alannacarla.costa@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230787</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Causalidade e Gravidade das Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas e Altera&#231;&#245;es Laboratoriais ao Tratamento com Benznidazol em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica</title>
              <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(8):e20230787</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DYKzX83f7qjkC66pPkwmDwr/fe159eaa3833d7858215fcea38fc29c769b97e3d.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DYKzX83f7qjkC66pPkwmDwr/0955cc5c459f4b7bf1f54710fa02d48eb90ef49a.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DYKzX83f7qjkC66pPkwmDwr/879ede47c73e571475a678aca1af4e62e7b6cfdc.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) representa um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na Am&#233;rica Latina. O Benznidazol (BNZ) &#233; utilizado para o tratamento DC e, apesar do seu amplo uso, poucas informa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis sobre sua toxicidade e mecanismos das Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas ao Medicamento (RAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Identificar e classificar as rea&#231;&#245;es adversas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais ocasionadas pelo uso do BNZ quanto &#224; sua causalidade e gravidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2021. O acompanhamento do tratamento incluiu consultas e an&#225;lises laboratoriais antes, 30 e 60 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento. As RAM foram classificadas quanto &#224; causalidade e gravidade. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Participaram do estudo 40 pacientes com DC cr&#244;nica, observou-se alta preval&#234;ncia de RAM com um total de 161 em 30 (90%) pacientes. Destas, 104 (64,6%) foram classificadas como poss&#237;veis e 57 (35,4%) como prov&#225;veis. As rea&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas em moderadas e leves. Dos 40 pacientes, nove (22,5%) suspenderam o tratamento. As RAM associadas &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#245;es foram as que afetaram o sistema dermatol&#243;gico, sistema nervoso central e perif&#233;rico ou que culminaram em ageusia. Ap&#243;s 30 dias de tratamento, altera&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas e bioqu&#237;micas leves foram observadas como linfopenia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Apesar do elevado percentual de RAM, muitos pacientes foram capazes de completar o tratamento, o que se atribui ao &#234;xito da estrat&#233;gia de acompanhamento com interven&#231;&#245;es de tratamento sintom&#225;tico juntamente ao aconselhamento, levando &#224; compreens&#227;o da sintomatologia e manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Efeitos Colaterais e Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Exames e Diagn&#243;sticos Laboratoriais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Para o tratamento etiol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC), existem dois medicamentos, o Nifurtimox e o Benznidazol (BNZ), sendo este &#250;ltimo o &#250;nico f&#225;rmaco dispon&#237;vel no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O BNZ &#233; disponibilizado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de apenas para a rede p&#250;blica e para projetos de pesquisa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na fase aguda, o tratamento deve ser realizado em todos os casos imediatamente ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o parasitol&#243;gica, independentemente da via de transmiss&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na fase cr&#244;nica, apesar de sua baixa efic&#225;cia, o tratamento tamb&#233;m deve ser institu&#237;do nos casos recentes (per&#237;odo de cinco a doze anos de infectado), na fase cr&#244;nica tardia, (acima de doze anos de infectado), na forma indeterminada e nas formas cl&#237;nicas card&#237;acas e digestivas leves com objetivo erradicar a infec&#231;&#227;o, prevenir o aparecimento de les&#245;es nos &#243;rg&#227;os ou retardar a evolu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es presentes para formas mais graves,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> al&#233;m de interromper a cadeia de transmiss&#227;o do parasito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o do BNZ consiste na forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres e/ou metab&#243;litos nucleof&#237;licos a partir da redu&#231;&#227;o do grupo nitro presente na estrutura da mol&#233;cula do f&#225;rmaco por a&#231;&#227;o da nitroredutase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esses radicais livres podem lesionar as c&#233;lulas do hospedeiro, levando ao surgimento de Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas a Medicamentos (RAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 2005, foi criado o centro de refer&#234;ncia em assist&#234;ncia farmac&#234;utica &#224;s pessoas com DC na Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, tendo como miss&#227;o proporcionar ao paciente uma farmacoterapia segura e eficaz, melhorar a qualidade de vida e a ades&#227;o ao tratamento, e identificar, prevenir e resolver problemas relacionados a medicamentos. O acompanhamento dos pacientes em tratamento com o BNZ &#233; realizado no Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em DC &#8211; LPDC em parceria com o ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio (HUWC).</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de buscar respostas no &#226;mbito da farmacovigil&#226;ncia, esta pesquisa vem mostrar a experi&#234;ncia de um centro, formado por farmac&#234;uticos e m&#233;dicos cardiologistas, que trata pacientes com DC h&#225; mais de 15 anos. Desta forma, o presente estudo buscou avaliar as rea&#231;&#245;es adversas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais ocasionadas pelo uso do BNZ e classific&#225;-las com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua causalidade e gravidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo de pacientes com DC cr&#244;nica em tratamento com BNZ e acompanhados no LPDC da Universidade Federal de Cear&#225; entre janeiro de 2018 e dezembro de 2021.</p>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos que chegaram ao LPDC com diagn&#243;stico confirmado para DC (exames sorol&#243;gicos reagentes por duas metodologias diferentes) e com prescri&#231;&#227;o de BNZ. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com tratamento pr&#233;vio para a DC, gestantes, imunossupress&#227;o de qualquer tipo, comorbidades como doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas ou renais e pacientes que n&#227;o compareceram a pelo menos uma consulta farmac&#234;utica durante o tratamento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes e procedimentos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes, ao chegarem ao LPDC, foram convidados a participar da pesquisa e, quando de acordo, assinaram um termo de consentimento.</p>
        <p>O acompanhamento do tratamento incluiu avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (sinais e sintomas) e an&#225;lises laboratorial (exames hematol&#243;gicos e bioqu&#237;micos) antes do tratamento, e em 30 dias e 60 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento. O BNZ usado no estudo foi fabricado pelo Laborat&#243;rio farmac&#234;utico do Estado de Pernambuco (Lafepe) e fornecido ao LPDC pela Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do estado do Cear&#225;.</p>
        <p>Como parte do protocolo de acompanhamento farmac&#234;utico, cada paciente foi questionado sobre o aparecimento de RAM a partir do segundo atendimento (em m&#233;dia 30 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento) e documentado em formul&#225;rio espec&#237;fico elaborado pelos farmac&#234;uticos do servi&#231;o para notificar os resultados dos exames laboratoriais e a presen&#231;a de sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>Durante todo o tratamento, al&#233;m do acompanhamento farmac&#234;utico do LPDC, os pacientes receberam acompanhamento m&#233;dico pelo ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia do HUWC. Al&#233;m das consultas farmac&#234;uticas e m&#233;dicas, os pacientes tinham o contato dos pesquisadores para relatar RAM de forma imediata. Ao identificar um paciente com RAM, os profissionais farmac&#234;uticos do LPDC encaminhavam-no ao m&#233;dico prescritor para as devidas interven&#231;&#245;es. Rea&#231;&#245;es adversas espec&#237;ficas foram tratadas clinicamente de acordo com sua gravidade; os eventos leves e moderados foram tratados inicialmente com medicamentos de acordo com os sintomas espec&#237;ficos (analg&#233;sicos para cefaleia, inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons para dispepsia, anti-histam&#237;nicos e corticoides para alergias). Em alguns casos, o esquema de tratamento foi continuado em paralelo com os medicamentos para os sintomas das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, e em outros casos a terapia com BNZ foi suspensa temporariamente ou definitivamente. A suspens&#227;o tempor&#225;ria do BNZ foi implementada por 10 dias durante o manejo das rea&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Foram avaliados 40 pacientes; desses, 21 (52,5%) apresentavam a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a, 14 (35%) a forma card&#237;aca, quatro (10%) a forma digestiva e um (2,5%) paciente na forma mista, ou seja, apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e altera&#231;&#245;es digestivas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ades&#227;o ao tratamento e classifica&#231;&#227;o das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas</title>
        <p>As rea&#231;&#245;es adversas foram classificadas quanto &#224; causalidade (definida, prov&#225;vel, poss&#237;vel, condicional e n&#227;o relacionada) e quanto &#224; gravidade (leve, moderada, grave e fatal) e validadas pelo Centro de Farmacovigil&#226;ncia do Cear&#225; (CEFACE) de acordo com metodologia da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (WHO). Todas as rea&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BNZ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas quanto &#224; causalidade e quanto &#224; gravidade de acordo com metodologia da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (WHO)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Causalidade</th>
                  <th>Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Definida</td>
                  <td align="center">Um evento cl&#237;nico relacionado &#224; infus&#227;o e/ou reexposi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prov&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">Um evento cl&#237;nico que ocorre onde somente um medicamento pode ser envolvido</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Poss&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">Um evento cl&#237;nico que ocorre onde dois ou mais medicamentos podem ser envolvidos, ou ainda se pode inferir rela&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Condicional</td>
                  <td align="center">Um evento cl&#237;nico em que os dados s&#227;o parcialmente incompletos ou insuficientes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o relacionada</td>
                  <td align="center">Um evento cl&#237;nico em que n&#227;o existe uma liga&#231;&#227;o direta entre a rea&#231;&#227;o adversa e o medicamento, no caso o benznidazol. Assim, essas rea&#231;&#245;es podem estar relacionadas a outros medicamentos, por&#233;m s&#227;o n&#227;o relacionadas para a causalidade com o benznidazol</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gravidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Defini&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leve</td>
                  <td align="center">Rea&#231;&#227;o de pequena import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, podendo requerer tratamento, n&#227;o afetando substancialmente a vida do paciente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">Rea&#231;&#227;o que altera as atividades usuais do paciente, resultando em incapacidade transit&#243;ria sem sequelas. Necessita de interven&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">Rea&#231;&#227;o que amea&#231;a diretamente a vida do paciente, provoca hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e pode causar sequelas permanentes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fatal</td>
                  <td align="center">Rea&#231;&#227;o que resulta em &#243;bito</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: World Health Organization.<sup><italic>7</italic></sup></italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Um question&#225;rio sobre ades&#227;o e rea&#231;&#245;es indesej&#225;veis foi aplicado pela equipe do servi&#231;o aos 30 e 60 dias. O question&#225;rio usado no LPDC &#233; um modelo adaptado por Moreira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que consiste em perguntas sobre o comportamento do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas prescri&#231;&#245;es (n&#250;mero de comprimidos tomados, n&#250;mero de comprimidos n&#227;o tomados e motivo da n&#227;o ades&#227;o). Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes foram solicitados a trazer os comprimidos restantes de BNZ para determinar o n&#250;mero de comprimidos que n&#227;o haviam tomado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento laboratorial</title>
        <p>Exames bioqu&#237;micos para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina e ureia) e hep&#225;tica (alanina aminotransferase - ALT e aspartato aminotransferase - AST) e exames hematol&#243;gicos (hemograma) foram realizados em todos os participantes antes, durante (30 dias) e ap&#243;s o tratamento (60 dias). Os exames foram realizados pelo Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas do HUWC, adotando os valores de refer&#234;ncia do fornecedor de cada kit de an&#225;lise para cada par&#226;metro analisado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram tabulados no Microsoft Office Excel 2016 e analisados utilizando o programa <italic>Graphpad Prism</italic> vers&#227;o 6.0 e SPSS vers&#227;o 17. A an&#225;lise descritiva foi realizada e aplicado teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk. O teste exato de Fisher foi aplicado para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas com a ocorr&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s momentos da coleta de sangue (antes, 30 e 60 dias de tratamento) aplicou-se a an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia unidirecional (<italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey quando verificado signific&#226;ncia a n&#237;vel de 5% para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados laboratoriais. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa que envolve seres humanos do HUWC, sob parecer de n&#250;mero 3.342.170 em 22 de maio de 2019.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram avaliados 40 pacientes, destes 21 (52,5%) eram do sexo masculino com m&#233;dia de idade de 54,6 anos e quanto &#224; escolaridade, 22 (55%) pacientes eram analfabetos/fundamental incompleto. A maioria dos pacientes nasceram (n=32, 80,0%) e continuam morando em cidades do interior do Cear&#225; (n=29, 72,5%), em maior destaque Quixer&#233;, Limoeiro do Norte e Russas.</p>
        <p>Alguns pacientes faziam uso de outros medicamentos antes de iniciar o tratamento com BNZ, os quais foram mantidos em concomit&#226;ncia com BNZ, incluindo medicamentos para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, arritmia card&#237;aca, dislipidemia, diabetes, entre outros.</p>
        <p>Durante o tratamento com BNZ, os medicamentos para o sistema cardiovascular foram os mais utilizados (n=45; 47,4%), seguidos de medicamentos para o aparelho digestivo e metabolismo (n=17; 17,9%). Observamos uma m&#233;dia de 2,5 medicamentos por paciente. Nenhum dos medicamentos utilizados apresentava intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa conhecida com o BNZ.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Frequ&#234;ncia das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas ao BNZ de acordo com os sistemas ou &#243;rg&#227;os</title>
        <p>Dos 40 pacientes acompanhados, 30 (75%) apresentaram pelo menos uma rea&#231;&#227;o adversa; 21 finalizaram o tratamento com BNZ e nove suspenderam o tratamento. Dos indiv&#237;duos que suspenderam o tratamento, sete suspenderam temporariamente e posteriormente conseguiram concluir a sua terapia, ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es farmac&#234;uticas e m&#233;dicas, e dois suspenderam em definitivo. Durante todo o tratamento, apenas 10 (25%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram RAM.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes que interromperam o tratamento em definitivo, o tempo de tratamento variou de 27 a 40 dias. A dose di&#225;ria de BNZ foi de 300 mg e todas as RAMdesapareceram ap&#243;s a descontinua&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
        <p>As rea&#231;&#245;es adversas mais frequentes foram &#224;s relacionadas ao sistema dermatol&#243;gico como pruridos, descama&#231;&#227;o da pele e manchas vermelhas/erup&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>); gastrointestinais como dor abdominal, n&#225;useas/enjoo e aumento do apetite. Outro sistema afetado pelo uso do BNZ foi o sistema nervoso central e perif&#233;rico correspondendo a 11,2% (n=18) das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas encontradas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), destacando-se a parestesia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Rea&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas em pacientes portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica tratados com benznidazol e acompanhados pelo Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em doen&#231;a de Chagas da UFC. A) Erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea; B) Descama&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os; C) Manchas vermelhas na m&#227;o e perna.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230787-30787-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia das Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas a Medicamentos (RAM) relacionadas ao benznidazol de 40 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica acompanhados no Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Doen&#231;a de Chagas (LPDC) em Fortaleza entre janeiro/2018 e dezembro/2021</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Sistema ou &#243;rg&#227;o</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia absoluta de RAM</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">% de RAM</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Sintomas/Altera&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="8">Dermatol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="8">42</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="8">26,1</td>
                  <td align="center">Manchas vermelhas/ erup&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Manchas roxas</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Prurido</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">42,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pele seca</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Erup&#231;&#245;es bolhosas</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hiperemia nas extremidades</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ard&#234;ncia e queima&#231;&#227;o na pele</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Descama&#231;&#227;o da pele</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">22,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">Gastrointestinal</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">37</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">Azia</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#225;useas/enjoos</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">17,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aumento do Apetite</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">17,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dor abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dor abdominal + diarreia</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Diarreia</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">V&#244;mitos</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Estado Geral</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">23</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Cefaleia</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Algia (dor) nos membros</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">15,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Febre</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Musculoesquel&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">16</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">Astenia</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Artralgia</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Nervoso central e perif&#233;rico</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">18</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">Parestesia</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tontura/Vertigem</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">Perda de apetite</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">Edema nas extremidades/facial</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;rg&#227;os dos sentidos</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Ageusia</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">17,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Um mesmo paciente pode apresentar mais de uma rea&#231;&#227;o adversa a medicamentos</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Dos nove pacientes que tiveram o tratamento suspenso por 10 dias, sete deles fizeram uso de corticoide (prednisona ou prednisolona) por cinco dias e anti-histam&#237;nicos para a resolu&#231;&#227;o da rea&#231;&#227;o adversa cut&#226;nea. A ageusia (perda do paladar) foi observada em sete (17,5%) pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), por&#233;m, apenas tr&#234;s pacientes relataram essa RAM na primeira etapa do tratamento, o restante relatou a rea&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s conclus&#227;o do mesmo. Em seis pacientes, a falta de paladar foi revertida ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o definitiva ou t&#233;rmino do BNZ.</p>
        <p>As principais rea&#231;&#245;es respons&#225;veis pela suspens&#227;o tempor&#225;ria do BNZ foram as relacionadas ao sistema dermatol&#243;gico e ao sistema cardiovascular como edema de membros superiores e/ou inferiores. As rea&#231;&#245;es respons&#225;veis pela interrup&#231;&#227;o definitiva do tratamento foram relacionadas ao sistema nervoso central e perif&#233;rico como a parestesia e relacionada aos &#243;rg&#227;os do sentido como a ageusia.</p>
        <p>Deve-se destacar que os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o apresentavam RAM isoladas ou seja, um mesmo paciente apresentava RAM associadas a v&#225;rios sistemas.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de RAM ao BNZ, parece existir distin&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres, embora n&#227;o tenha mostrado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, mas as mulheres mostraram uma tend&#234;ncia maior em desenvolver RAM durante o tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, verificou-se que n&#227;o existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a idade do paciente e o aparecimento de RAM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Causalidade e gravidade das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas</title>
        <p>Neste estudo foram identificadas 161 RAM, sendo 104 (64,6%) classificadas como poss&#237;veis e 57 (35,4%) como prov&#225;veis de terem sido ocasionadas pelo BNZ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). N&#227;o foram observadas RAM do tipo definida, condicional e n&#227;o relacionada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o das 161 rea&#231;&#245;es adversas ao benznidazol por causalidade e gravidade em 40 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas que realizaram o tratamento no Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Doen&#231;a de Chagas (LPDC) entre janeiro de 2018 e dezembro de 2021</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Perfil da rea&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Causalidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prov&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">35,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Poss&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">64,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Definida</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Condicional</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o relacionada</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Intensidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leve</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fatal</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: Pr&#243;prio autor.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, 54% (n=87) das RAM foram classificadas em moderadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Pacientes com RAM leve ou moderada tiveram o BNZ suspenso por 10 dias para dar in&#237;cio ao tratamento sintom&#225;tico e depois foram orientados a reiniciar o tratamento com BNZ.</p>
        <p>Pacientes que tiveram o tratamento suspenso devido a rea&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas (12%; n=5), foram submetidos ao tratamento sintom&#225;tico com corticoide e anti-histam&#237;nico e ap&#243;s 10 dias retomaram o tratamento com BNZ associado com anti-histam&#237;nico at&#233; o final do tratamento. Dessa forma, 60% (n=3) dos que suspenderam o medicamento devido rea&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas conseguiram concluir o tratamento.</p>
        <p>As RAM que exigiram a interrup&#231;&#227;o definitiva do tratamento com BNZ foram classificados em leves como prurido e v&#244;mito; moderadas como manchas vermelhas/erup&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas, descama&#231;&#227;o da pele, parestesia, ageusia e edema nas extremidades/facial. Foi observada uma m&#233;dia de 2,7 RAM por paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais devido ao uso do Benznidazol</title>
        <p>O tratamento da DC com BNZ demanda monitoramento cl&#237;nico e laboratorial das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas. Antes de iniciar o tratamento, foram realizados exames laboratoriais (hemograma, avalia&#231;&#227;o de enzimas hep&#225;ticas e testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal). Essa conduta foi repetida com 30 e 60 dias do in&#237;cio do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> s&#227;o observados par&#226;metros laboratoriais representados por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e seu n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos e bioqu&#237;micos dos 40 pacientes com DC tratados com BNZ antes do tratamento, 30 dias e 60 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento - LPDC/Fortaleza- janeiro/2018 a dezembro/2021</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Antes do TTO</th>
                  <th>30 dias de TTO</th>
                  <th>60 dias de TTO</th>
                  <th>Valor de refer&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</th>
                  <th>Homem/Mulher</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>HC (mi/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,89&#177;0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">4,83&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">4,78&#177;0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 a 6,5/ 4,0 a 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,744<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HB (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,19&#177;1,55</td>
                  <td align="center">13,91&#177;1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">14,03&#177;2,08</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 a 18 / 12 a 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,780<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LEU GLOBAL (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">6323&#177;1619</td>
                  <td align="center">6388&#177;2116</td>
                  <td align="center">6335&#177;1750</td>
                  <td align="center">4.000 a 11.000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,987 <sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEU (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">3386&#177;223</td>
                  <td align="center">3771&#177;279</td>
                  <td align="center">3542&#177;211</td>
                  <td align="center">1.600 a 7.500</td>
                  <td align="center">0,518 <sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAST (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10&#177;0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0&#177;0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24&#177;1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0 a 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,256<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SEG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,79&#177;8,79b</td>
                  <td align="center">58,13&#177;9,68a</td>
                  <td align="center">55,64&#177;9,15b</td>
                  <td align="center">40 a 75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EO (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,06&#177;1,77</td>
                  <td align="center">3,58&#177;2,52</td>
                  <td align="center">3,66&#177;3,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1 - 6%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,520<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BASO (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75&#177;0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87&#177;9,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63&#177;0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0 a 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LINF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,28+7,73a</td>
                  <td align="center">28,73&#177;7,53b</td>
                  <td align="center">31,53&#177;9,25a</td>
                  <td align="center">20 a 40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MONO (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,02&#177;2,07</td>
                  <td align="center">8,68&#177;2,19</td>
                  <td align="center">8,26&#177;2,14</td>
                  <td align="center">2 a 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,389<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLAQ (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">246.325&#177;56055</td>
                  <td align="center">242.895&#177;65459</td>
                  <td align="center">238.622&#177;76111</td>
                  <td align="center">150.000 a 500.000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,896<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UREIA (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,28&#177;9,59</td>
                  <td align="center">32,47&#177;9,78</td>
                  <td align="center">30,58&#177;10,70</td>
                  <td align="center">10 a 50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,493<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CREATININA (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91&#177;0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90&#177;0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84&#177;0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 a 1,3 / 0,6 a 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,426<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,38&#177;6,52</td>
                  <td align="center">25,82&#177;9,08</td>
                  <td align="center">35,81&#177;56,22</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;38 / &lt;32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,712<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,35&#177;14,95</td>
                  <td align="center">31,36&#177;22,62</td>
                  <td align="center">42,58&#177;85,05</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 41 / &lt;31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,899<sup>ns</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: Pr&#243;prio autor. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; TTO: tratamento; HC: hem&#225;cias; HB: hemoglobina; LEU: leuc&#243;citos; NEU: neutr&#243;filos; BAST: bast&#245;es; SEG: segmentados; EO: eosin&#243;filos; BASO: bas&#243;filos; LINF: linf&#243;citos; MONO: mon&#243;citos; PLAQ: plaquetas; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia: * p&lt; 0,05; de signific&#226;ncia; **p&lt; de 0,01 de signific&#226;ncia; ns: n&#227;o significativo. Colunas com letras iguais n&#227;o diferem estatisticamente para teste post hoc Tukey, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dias de tratamento.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os achados laboratoriais durante o seguimento farmacoterap&#234;utico mostraram casos de altera&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas e altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas leves. Usando o teste ANOVA, detectou-se linfopenia ap&#243;s 30 dias de tratamento com o BNZ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>As enzimas hep&#225;ticas estavam elevadas na seguinte ordem de frequ&#234;ncia e varia&#231;&#227;o: AST (n=8; 20%; 39 &#8211; 355 U/L) e ALT (n= 10; 25%; 31 &#8211; 529 U/L). Foi observado eleva&#231;&#227;o das enzimas hep&#225;ticas no 30&#186; dia em sete (53,8%) dos pacientes que apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o. Mas essa eleva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi considerada estatisticamente significativa.</p>
        <p>Um dos pacientes que culminou com a suspens&#227;o definitiva do BNZ chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o pelo elevado n&#250;mero de RAM cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais como enzimas hep&#225;ticas elevadas, altera&#231;&#227;o no leucograma caracterizada por eosinofilia confirmada em l&#226;mina; RAM relacionada ao estado geral como algia nos membros, rea&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas como prurido e manchas vermelhas, RAM relacionada ao sistema nervoso como parestesia e relacionada aos &#243;rg&#227;os do sentido como a ageusia. Todas essas altera&#231;&#245;es se normalizaram com a suspens&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco e com o tratamento das rea&#231;&#245;es em baixas doses de corticoide por um curto per&#237;odo de tempo, anti-histam&#237;nicos, analg&#233;sicos e anti-inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, apenas quatro (10%) pacientes apresentaram eosinofilia durante o per&#237;odo de tratamento com o BNZ. &#201; uma altera&#231;&#227;o laboratorial comum de ocorrer diante de uma rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica, mas n&#227;o ocorreu em todos os pacientes que apresentaram RAM associadas ao sistema dermatol&#243;gico.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dados encontrados nesse trabalho mostraram uma alta incid&#234;ncia de RAM provocadas pelo uso do BNZ, medicamento de escolha para o tratamento da DC no Brasil e no mundo. Foram abordados aspectos cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dessas rea&#231;&#245;es. Buscou-se esclarecer d&#250;vidas que ainda cercam condutas m&#233;dicas a respeito da seguran&#231;a do uso desse f&#225;rmaco.</p>
      <p>Muitos pacientes faziam uso de medicamentos para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dist&#250;rbios no ritmo card&#237;aco, e para doen&#231;as do trato gastrointestinal e metabolismo como hiperglicemia/diabetes e hipercolesterolemia. Essas comorbidades podem estar relacionadas ao processo de envelhecimento dos pacientes, visto que 14 (35%) tinham idade maior que 60 anos ou atribu&#237;das &#224; fisiopatologia da tripanossom&#237;ase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> &#201; prov&#225;vel que hipertens&#227;o arterial manifeste-se com o avan&#231;ar da idade independentemente da evolu&#231;&#227;o da DC, por&#233;m, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer melhor essa associa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o perfil de rea&#231;&#245;es por intoler&#226;ncia ao BNZ foi semelhante ao relatado em outros estudos observacionais no tratamento da DC. Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia de RAM de 56,1%, inferior a encontrada em nosso estudo e as RAM que exigiram a interrup&#231;&#227;o permanente do BNZ foram as dermatoses, (7,1%); dist&#250;rbios gastrointestinais (0,7%); e dist&#250;rbios do sistema nervoso 28 (1,3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Gontijo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> observaram em seu estudo uma preval&#234;ncia de RAM relacionada ao BNZ de 66,1% (n=41), sendo as rea&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas predominantes em 18 (29%) dos 23 (37,1%) pacientes que descontinuaram o tratamento. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m fizeram uso de corticoides e anti-histam&#237;nicos para a resolu&#231;&#227;o das rea&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas. Ades&#227;o do tratamento foi considerada baixa (n=39; 62,9%), quando comparada ao nosso estudo. Diante desses resultados, parece que os corticoides seriam uma op&#231;&#227;o para o manejo de rea&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas ao BNZ; no entanto, poucos relatos de experi&#234;ncia est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis sobre a efic&#225;cia dos esteroides para prevenir ou conter rea&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas devido ao BNZ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Segundo Salvador et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a rea&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea associada a BNZ &#233; uma rea&#231;&#227;o adversa medicamentosa compat&#237;vel com uma rea&#231;&#227;o de hipersensibilidade mediada por c&#233;lulas T com uma resposta Th2 produzindo IL-5, com aumento de IL-10. A IL-10 desempenha um papel de modula&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de IL-12 e INF- &#947;, evitando uma excessiva resposta imune que poderia causar inflama&#231;&#227;o extensiva e dano aos tecidos do hospedeiro, al&#233;m de diminuir o desenvolvimento de respostas imunes mediadas por Th2.</p>
      <p>Das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas ocasionadas pelo BNZ no sistema nervoso central e perif&#233;rico destaca-se a parestesia, rea&#231;&#227;o que pode ser irrevers&#237;vel. Esta rea&#231;&#227;o costuma aparecer depois dos 30 dias de tratamento e pode permanecer alguns meses mesmo ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do BNZ, por isso, a urg&#234;ncia na identifica&#231;&#227;o para iniciar o protocolo de suspens&#227;o do BNZ e no tratamento sintom&#225;tico com medicamentos anticonvulsivantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A parestesia apresenta forte impacto sobre a qualidade de vida do paciente. Por isso, a import&#226;ncia de orientar o paciente sobre o poss&#237;vel aparecimento de sensa&#231;&#227;o de dorm&#234;ncia ou formigamento em alguma parte do corpo, principalmente nos membros superiores (m&#227;os e bra&#231;os) ou inferiores (pernas e p&#233;s). No presente estudo, os pacientes foram avaliados 30 e 120 dias ap&#243;s o tratamento e os casos de parestesia foram revers&#237;veis.</p>
      <p>A ageusia (perda do paladar) &#233; uma rea&#231;&#227;o adversa rara ao BNZ, mas quando presente a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; suspender imediatamente o BNZ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No nosso estudo, sete pacientes apresentaram ageusia, tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram essa rea&#231;&#227;o na primeira etapa do tratamento, em que foi poss&#237;vel realizar a interven&#231;&#227;o da suspens&#227;o imediata do BNZ. Os quatros restantes relataram a rea&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s conclus&#227;o do tratamento. A perda do paladar foi revers&#237;vel em seis pacientes ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o definitiva ou t&#233;rmino do tratamento. Os &#243;rg&#227;os dos sentidos como olfa&#231;&#227;o e gusta&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o vitais, sua perda traz graves consequ&#234;ncias na qualidade de vida, bem como pode representar risco &#224; sa&#250;de do indiv&#237;duo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os medicamentos costumam afetar mais a gusta&#231;&#227;o que a olfa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O paladar pode ser afetado em casos de les&#245;es do nervo facial proximal &#224; sa&#237;da da corda timp&#226;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos estudos relatam que as mulheres apresentam mais rea&#231;&#245;es adversas ao BNZ que os homens. Essa diferen&#231;a deve ser atribu&#237;da a fatores anat&#244;micos e fisiol&#243;gicos, presentes nas mulheres, que podem afetar o processo farmacocin&#233;tico dos f&#225;rmacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo foi encontrado 161 RAM, sendo 54% (n=87) classificadas em moderadas, podendo resultar em incapacidade transit&#243;ria sem sequelas e necessitando de interven&#231;&#227;o (administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos e suspens&#227;o do tratamento). Olivera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> apresentou resultados semelhantes quanto &#224; gravidade das RAM, sendo 57,4% leves e 35,5% moderadas; j&#225; a causalidade as rea&#231;&#245;es foram diferentes do nosso estudo apresentando maior quantidade de rea&#231;&#245;es definidas, mas muitas rea&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas em prov&#225;veis e poss&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Gontijo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m encontraram alta preval&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es prov&#225;veis (80,9%).</p>
      <p>Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> classificaram as RAM em seu estudo como leves (n=900; 43,4%) e moderadas (n=263; 12,7%), diferindo dos nossos achados. N&#227;o foi observado RAM grave e fatal no seu estudo, o que concorda com nossos achados. Apesar do alto &#237;ndice de RAM relacionadas ao BNZ, houve predomin&#226;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es consideradas moderadas (54%; n=87) e leves (46%; n=74) em nosso estudo; dessa forma, podemos considerar que o BNZ &#233; um medicamento seguro para o tratamento da DC, salvo os casos em que o BNZ n&#227;o &#233; indicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A suspens&#227;o do BNZ por 10 dias e a retomada do tratamento associado com anti-histam&#237;nicos parece ser uma boa alternativa para a conclus&#227;o do tratamento da DC na presen&#231;a de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas dermatol&#243;gicas.</p>
      <p>Diante da alta frequ&#234;ncia rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, o sucesso da ades&#227;o ao BNZ no presente estudo deve-se &#224; import&#226;ncia do acompanhamento m&#233;dico e farmac&#234;utico durante todo o tratamento. O acompanhamento farmac&#234;utico do tratamento com BNZ realizado pelo LPDC/UFC pode prevenir ou detectar precocemente as rea&#231;&#245;es adversas antes de se tornarem graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Isso pode justificar o sucesso da ades&#227;o (n=38; 95%) ao tratamento neste estudo quando comparado &#224;s taxas de ades&#227;o nos estudos de Gontijo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (62,9%), Olivera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> (76,8%) e Hasslocher-Moreno et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (68,9%), e tamb&#233;m a n&#227;o observa&#231;&#227;o de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas graves ou fatais.</p>
      <p>Durante o tratamento com BNZ &#233; necess&#225;rio monitoramento laboratorial para verificar a fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica (AST e ALT) e renal (ureia e creatinina) dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A biotransforma&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco ocorre no tecido hep&#225;tico, com posterior elimina&#231;&#227;o pelos rins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Quando um aumento plasm&#225;tico dessas enzimas atinge 10 ou mais vezes os valores de refer&#234;ncia, pode ser reflexo de hepatite causada por drogas. No presente estudo, os valores atingiram um m&#225;ximo de 9,3 U/L para AST, 12,9 U/L para ALT. Pavan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> observaram valores m&#225;ximos de 9,1 U/L para ALT, 8,2 U/L para AST, resultados muito semelhantes ao encontrado no presente estudo. Tamb&#233;m encontram em seu estudo um paciente com uma alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de enzimas hep&#225;ticas, se destacando dos demais. Este paciente tamb&#233;m apresentou sintomas digestivos, rea&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea e altera&#231;&#227;o hematol&#243;gica caracterizada por neutropenia. Ap&#243;s suspens&#227;o do BNZ e uso de corticoides as altera&#231;&#245;es desapareceram.</p>
      <p>Estudos experimentais em animais realizado por Garcia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>demonstraram que n&#227;o h&#225; necrose produzida pelo BNZ. Isso pode justificar o fato de as enzimas hep&#225;ticas voltarem aos valores normais ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino ou suspens&#227;o do tratamento. Ainda n&#227;o se conhece claramente os mecanismos envolvidos nas altera&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas induzidas pelo BNZ, mas a eleva&#231;&#227;o tardia das enzimas sugere que deve haver uma rela&#231;&#227;o com o aumento do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao f&#225;rmaco.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de eosin&#243;filos na pele &#233; comum em dist&#250;rbios dermatol&#243;gicos associados a RAM e tem sido levantada a hip&#243;tese de que os eosin&#243;filos podem contribuir para a defesa contra o pat&#243;geno e regular as respostas inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>Nas rea&#231;&#245;es a medicamentos, os eosin&#243;filos interv&#234;m nas urtic&#225;rias, angioedema, e na s&#237;ndrome de DRESS &#8211; <italic>Drug Reaction</italic> (<italic>or Rash</italic>) <italic>with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms &#8211;</italic> caracterizada por rea&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica medicamentosa que pode ser muito grave. A imunomodula&#231;&#227;o das rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas com eosinofilia faz com que os corticoides e anti-histam&#237;nicos aumentem a apoptose dos eosin&#243;filos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Isso justifica a melhora e resolu&#231;&#227;o das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas apresentadas pelos pacientes do presente estudo ao utilizarem o esquema prednisona 20 mg por dia durante cinco dias e anti-histam&#237;nicos como loratadina 10 mg por dia ou dicloridrato de hidroxizina 25 mg duas a tr&#234;s vezes ao dia por 10 dias ou em concomit&#226;ncia com o uso do BNZ.</p>
      <p>Dos pacientes que suspenderam o tratamento com BNZ devido &#224; RAM, sete conseguiram retomar e concluir o tratamento usando anti-histam&#237;nicos em concomit&#226;ncia e apenas dois tiveram o tratamento interrompido definitivo. Rodr&#237;guez-Guardado et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> observaram que a combina&#231;&#227;o de doses crescentes de BNZ e anti-histam&#237;nico oral (dexclorfeniramina) foi capaz de evitar dist&#250;rbios da pele e permitir um curso completo de 60 dias de tratamento com BNZ em 19 pacientes.</p>
      <p>A rea&#231;&#227;o idiossincr&#225;tica ao BNZ parece ser o mecanismo mais prov&#225;vel respons&#225;vel pelas rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, uma vez que h&#225; mais de um &#243;rg&#227;o/sistema do organismo afetado, al&#233;m disso, observa-se a recupera&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas ap&#243;s a retirada da droga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; estudos cl&#237;nicos na literatura que consigam responder diretamente os mecanismos que envolvem as rea&#231;&#245;es adversas induzidas por BNZ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> por isso mais estudos devem ser realizados para esclarecer os mecanismos envolvidos para tra&#231;ar estrat&#233;gias no tratamento e acompanhamento dos pacientes que necessitarem utilizar esse medicamento, uma vez que n&#227;o temos outras op&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis no mercado farmac&#234;utico.</p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo foram o n&#250;mero limitado de consultas de seguimento (apenas duas, sendo a primeira, 30 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento) e o reduzido n&#250;mero de pacientes devido &#224; suspens&#227;o dos atendimentos farmac&#234;uticos no LPDC/UFC causada pela pandemia da Covid-19 por mais de um ano.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O trabalho demonstrou uma alta incid&#234;ncia de RAM, sendo a maioria de gravidade moderada, com o uso do BNZ no tratamento da DC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>As rea&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes foram dermatol&#243;gicas, gastrointestinais e do sistema nervoso. As RAM mais associadas &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#245;es foram descama&#231;&#227;o da pele, prurido, erup&#231;&#245;es bolhosas, a parestesia e ageusia. As altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais da fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, induzidas pelo BNZ, foram leves e facilmente control&#225;veis, devendo ser monitoradas principalmente no 30&#186; dia e ao final do tratamento. N&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos e n&#227;o houve necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o durante a terapia com BNZ.</p>
      <p>Apesar do elevado percentual de RAM, muitos pacientes foram capazes de completar o tratamento, o que se atribui ao &#234;xito da estrat&#233;gia de acompanhamento com interven&#231;&#245;es de tratamento sintom&#225;tico juntamente ao aconselhamento, levando &#224; compreens&#227;o da sintomatologia e manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carcaba</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Prevenci&#243;n de las Reacciones Adversas Asociadas al Benznidazol Mediante el uso Combinado de Dosis Escalonadas y Dexclorfeniramina</source>
          <conf-name>VIII Taller Sobre La Enfermedad De Chagas Importada: Avances en el Tratamiento Antiparasitario</conf-name>
          <publisher-loc>Barcelona</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Centro de Investigaci&#243;n en Salud Internacional de Barcelona</publisher-name>
          <year>2012</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/en/">https://abccardiol.org/en/</ext-link> </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Alanna Carla da Costa Belmino pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio (HUWC) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3.342.170. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230787i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Causality and Severity of Adverse Reactions and Biochemical Changes to Benznidazole Treatment in Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2050-9264</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Belmino</surname>
            <given-names>Alanna Carla da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuela Kelly Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Dami&#227;o da</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Mylena Melga&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evangelista</surname>
            <given-names>Leones Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jac&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Igor de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Alanna Carla da Costa Belmino &#8226; Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#8211; Rua Capit&#227;o Francisco Pedro, 1210. Postal Code 60020-181, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: alannacarla.costa@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Causality and Severity of Adverse Reactions and Biochemical Changes to Benznidazole Treatment in Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease</title>
              <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(8):e20230787</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230787-30787-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Chagas disease (CD) is a serious public health problem in Latin America. Benznidazole (BNZ) is used for the treatment of CD and, despite its wide use, little information is available about its toxicity and mechanisms of adverse drug reactions (ADR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To identify and classify clinical and laboratory adverse reactions caused by BNZ in terms of causality and severity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Prospective cohort study from January 2018 to December 2021. Treatment follow-up included visits and biochemical tests (complete blood count, liver and kidney function tests) before, during and after treatment. ADR were classified according to causality and severity. In the statistical analysis, the significance level was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Forty patients with chronic CD were included. A high prevalence of ADR was observed 161 ADR in 30 patients [90%]; of these, 104 (64.6%) were classified as possible and 57 (35.4%) as probable. The ADR were classified as moderate and mild. Of the 40 patients, nine (22.5%) discontinued treatment. ADR associated with treatment discontinuation and interventions were those that affected the dermatological system, central and peripheral nervous system and sense organs such as ageusia. Mild hematological and biochemical changes such as lymphopenia were observed after 30 days of treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Many patients were able to complete the treatment even with ADR, which can be attributed to the successful follow-up strategy with symptomatic treatment and counseling, leading to patient&#8217;s awareness of symptoms and treatment adherence.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions</kwd>
        <kwd>Laboratory Examinations and Diagnostics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Two drugs can be used for the etiological treatment of Chagas disease (CD) &#8211; Nifurtimox and Benznidazole (BNZ) &#8211; and the latter is the only one available in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The Brazilian Ministry of Health approves the use of BNZ in the public health and in research projects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the acute phase of the disease, treatment should be started immediately after parasitological confirmation, regardless of the transmission route.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In the chronic phase, despite its low efficacy, treatment should be implemented in more recent cases (five-12 years of infection), in late chronic phase (&gt; 12 years of infection), in the indeterminate form and in mild digestive and cardiac forms of the disease. The treatment aims at eradicating the infection, preventing target-organ damage or the progression of existing lesions to more severe conditions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and disrupting the parasite transmission chain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The mechanism of action of BNZ consists of the formation of free radicals and/or nucleophilic metabolites from the reduction of a nitro group in the drug molecule by the action of nitroreductase enzymes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> These free radicals may damage the host cells, and trigger adverse drug reactions (ADR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 2005, a referral center for CD patients was created at the Federal University of Ceara. The aim of this center was to provide CD patients with safe and effective pharmaceutical care, improve quality of life and treatment adherence, and to identify, prevent and solve drug-related problems. Patient treatment with BNZ and follow-up is conducted at the Research Laboratory for CD (RLCD) of the Federal University of Ceara in partnership with Walter Cantidio University Hospital.</p>
        <p>This study not only sought answers to pharmacosurveillance questions but also presented results of a center, composed of pharmacists and cardiologists, with over 15 years&#8217; experience in the treatment of CD. Thus, the present study aimed to assess clinical and laboratory adverse reactions to BNZ and classify them by cause and severity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a prospective cohort study of patients with chronic CD treated with BNZ and seen at the at the RLCD of the Federal University of Ceara between January 2018 and December 2021.</p>
        <p>Patients aged 18 years or older, referred to the RLCD with a confirmed diagnosis of CD (by two serological methods) and prescribed BNZ. Patients previously treated for CD, pregnant women, immunosuppressed patients, those with comorbidities (e.g. liver or kidney disease) and patients who missed at least one pharmaceutical visit during treatment were excluded.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients and procedures</title>
          <p>After arriving at the laboratory facilities, patients were invited to participate in the study, and those who agreed to participate signed an informed consent form.</p>
          <p>During follow-up, patients were assessed for clinical signs and symptoms, and underwent laboratory tests (hematological and biochemical) before treatment, and at 30 days and 60 days. BNZ was manufactured at the Pernambuco State Pharmaceutical Laboratory and provided to the RLCD by the Secretary of Health of Ceara.</p>
          <p>As part of the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up protocol, each patient was asked about ADR from the second visit on (mean of 30 days after treatment onset), which was registered in a specific form, developed by the pharmacists of the center, to document the results of laboratory tests and the presence of signs and symptoms.</p>
          <p>During the treatment, in addition to pharmacotherapeutic follow-up at RLCD, the patients were also seen at the cardiology outpatient center of Walter Candidio University Hospital. In addition, all participants could contact the researchers to report eventual ADR immediately. When a patient presenting ADR was identified by the LPDC pharmacists, the patient was referred to the preceptor who decided about the most appropriate interventions. Specific adverse reactions were treated medically according to their severity; mild and moderate events were initially treated by symptom &#8211; analgesics for headache, proton pump inhibitors for dyspepsia, and antihistamines and corticoids for allergies). In some cases, the treatment scheme was continued in parallel with the drugs used for the adverse reaction symptoms and, in others, BNZ therapy was discontinued, either temporarily or permanently. Temporary suspension of BNZ was implemented for 10 days during the management of reactions.</p>
          <p>Forty patients were included; 21 (52.5%) of them had the indeterminate form of CD, 14 (35%) the cardiac form, four (10%) the digestive form, and one the mixed form, <italic>i.e</italic>., had both cardiac and digestive abnormalities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Treatment adherence and classification of adverse reactions</title>
          <p>Adverse reactions were classified according to causality (certain, probable, possible, conditional and unrelated) and validated by the Ceara Pharmacosurveillance Center (CEFACE) based on the methods recommended by the World Health Organization. All reactions were classified in relation to BNZ only (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Classification of adverse reactions by causality and severity according to the World Health Organization</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Causality</th>
                    <th>Definition</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Certain</td>
                    <td align="center">A clinical event related to drug infusion and/or re-exposure</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Probable</td>
                    <td align="center">Clinical event related to only one drug</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Possible</td>
                    <td align="center">Clinical event that may be related to two or more dugs; or when a relationship with the disease may be inferred</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conditional</td>
                    <td align="center">Clinical event with partially incomplete or insufficient data</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unrelated</td>
                    <td align="center">Clinical event with no direct relationship between the adverse reaction and the drug (in this case, benznidazole). Thus, these reactions may be related to other drugs, but not to benznidazole for causality</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Severity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Definition</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mild</td>
                    <td align="center">Event of little clinical relevance and short duration, may require treatment but does not affect patient&#8217;s life substantially</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">Event that affects patient&#8217;s usual activities, resulting in transient disability without sequelae; requires intervention</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe</td>
                    <td align="center">Life-threatening reaction that leads to hospitalization and may cause permanent sequelae</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fatal</td>
                    <td align="center">Reaction that results in death</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Source: World Health Organization.<sup><italic>7</italic></sup></italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A questionnaire on drug adherence and undesirable reactions was administered by the service staff at 30 and 60 days. This questionnaire, used at the RLCD, was adapted by Moreira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and consists of questions about patient behavior regarding drug prescriptions (number of pills taken, number of pills not taken, and reasons for non-adherence). Besides, all patients were instructed to bring the remaining BNZ pills to determine the number of pills not taken.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory follow-up</title>
          <p>Biochemical tests to assess renal (creatinine and urea) and liver (alanine aminotransferase, ALT, and aspartate aminotransferase, AST) functions, and hematological tests (total blood count) were performed before, during (30 days) and after (60 days) treatment. All tests were carried out by the clinical analysis laboratory, and the reference values provided by the assay kit manufacturer were adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were organized in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using the <italic>Graphpad Prism</italic> version 6.0 and SPSS version 17. Descriptive analysis was conducted, and the Shapiro-Wilk test applied. The Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to determine the association between categorical variables and the occurrence of adverse events. Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation and categorical variables as absolute and relative frequency. For comparison between the blood collection times (before, 30 and 60 days after treatment), the one-way ANOVA was used. When statistical differences (p&lt;0.05) were found for laboratory data, the Tukey test was also used. A p&lt;0.05 was set as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee of Walter Cantidio University Hospital (approval number 3342170, 22 May, 2019).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population</title>
          <p>Forty patients were evaluated; 21 (52.5%) were male, mean age was 54.6 years. Regarding educational attainment, 22 (55%) were illiterate or had some elementary school. Most patients were born (n=32, 80.0%) and still live in the state of Ceara (n=29, 72.5%), especially Quixere, Limoeiro do Norte and Russas.</p>
          <p>Some patients had been using other medications before starting BNZ treatment; these drugs were not discontinued and used concomitantly with BNZ, including medications for hypertension, arrhythmias, dyslipidemias, diabetes, among others.</p>
          <p>During treatment with BNZ, the most frequently used drugs were medications for cardiovascular disease (n=45; 47.4%), followed by gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases (n=17; 17.9%). There was a mean of 2.5 medications per patient. None of the medications used had known drug interactions with BNZ.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Frequency of adverse reactions to BNZ by organ or system</title>
          <p>Of the 40 patients included, 30 (75%) had at least one adverse reaction. Twenty-one completed BNZ treatment and nine discontinued the treatment. Of these patients who discontinued treatment, seven discontinued treatment temporarily and were able to conclude it later after pharmacotherapeutic and medical interventions, and two patients discontinued treatment permanently. During treatment, only 10 (25%) patients did not have ARDs.</p>
          <p>Among patients who discontinued treatment permanently, the overall treatment time varied from 27 to 40 days. Daily dose of BNZ was 300 mg, and all ARDs disappeared after treatment discontinuation.</p>
          <p>The most common adverse reactions were those related to the skin, including pruritus, skin desquamation, dermatological system and skin rashes/eruptions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>), gastrointestinal reactions including abdominal pain, nausea, and increased appetite. In addition, the central and peripheral nervous systems were affected by BNZ, accounting for 11.2% (n=18) of the adverse reactions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>), including paresthesia.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Dermatological reactions in patients with chronic Chagas disease treated with benznidazole and monitored by the UFC Chagas Disease Research Laboratory. A) Skin rash; B) Peeling of the hands; C) Red spots on the hands and legs.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230787-30787-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Frequency of benznidazole-induced adverse drug reactions (ADR) in 40 patients attending the research laboratory for Chagas disease in Fortaleza between January 2018 and December 2021</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">System or organ</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Absolute frequency of ADR</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">ADR (%)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Symptoms/Alterations</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Patients (%)*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="8">Dermatological</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="8">42</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="8">26.1</td>
                    <td align="center">Skin rashes / eruptions</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Purple spots</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Pruritus</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">42.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Dry skin</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Blisters</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Hyperemia of extremities</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Burning sensation</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Skin desquamation</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">22.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="7">Gastrointestinal</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="7">37</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="7">23.0</td>
                    <td align="center">Heartburn</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">7.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Nausea</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">17.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Increased appetite</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">17.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Abdominal pain</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">27.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Abdominal pain + diarrhea</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Diarrhea</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Vomiting</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">7.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">General</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">23</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">14.3</td>
                    <td align="center">Headache</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">32.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Limb pain</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">15.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Fever</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Musculoskeletal</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">16</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">Asthenia</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">27.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Arthralgia</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">12.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Central and peripheral nervous system</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">18</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">11.2</td>
                    <td align="center">Paresthesia</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">25.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Dizziness/vertigo</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Autonomic nervous system</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">Loss of appetite</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">25.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0</td>
                    <td align="center">Edema of extremities /face</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sense organs</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">Ageusia</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">17.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">161</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">Total</td>
                    <td align="center">161</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*One patient may present more than one adverse drug reaction</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Of the nine patients who discontinued treatment for 10 days, seven used corticosteroids (prednisone or prednisolone) for five days and antihistamines for cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Ageusia (total loss of taste) was observed in seven (17.5%) patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>), however, only three reported this adverse reaction in the beginning of treatment. The others reported ageusia after treatment conclusion. In six patients, loss of taste was reversed after permanent or transient discontinuation of BNZ.</p>
          <p>The main ADR responsible for the temporary suspension of BNZ were dermatological reactions and cardiovascular reactions like upper and lower limb edema. The reactions responsible for permanent treatment discontinuation were those related to the central and peripheral nervous system, like paresthesia and those related to organ senses like ageusia.</p>
          <p>It is worth mentioning that the patients did not have adverse reactions alone, <italic>i.e</italic>., the same patient had ADR associated with various systems.</p>
          <p>With respect to the development of ADR to BNZ, there may be a difference between men and women, although not statistically significant, but women showed a greater tendency to develop ADR during treatment as compared with men. Regarding age, there was no significant relationship between age and the occurrence of ADR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cause and severity of adverse reactions</title>
          <p>In this study, 161 ADR were identified; 104 (64.6%) were classified as possibly ADR and 57 (35.4%) as probably caused by BNZ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). No certain, conditional or unrelated ADR was found (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Classification of the 161 adverse reactions to benznidazole in 40 patients attending the research laboratory for Chagas disease in Fortaleza between January 2018 and December 2021, by causality and severity</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Frequency</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Adverse reaction classification</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Causality</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>n</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>%</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Probable</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">35.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Possible</td>
                    <td align="center">104</td>
                    <td align="center">64.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Certain</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conditional</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unrelated</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">161</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Intensity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>n</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>%</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mild</td>
                    <td align="center">74</td>
                    <td align="center">46.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">87</td>
                    <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fatal</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">161</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Source: Authors.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In addition, 54% (n=87) of ADR were classified as moderate reactions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Patients with mild or moderate ADR discontinued BNZ for 10 days to initiate symptom treatment and were then instructed to resume treatment.</p>
          <p>Patients who discontinued treatment due to skin reactions (n=5; 12%) underwent symptom treatment with corticosteroids and antihistamines, and 10 days later resumed treatment with BNZ combined with antihistamines until the end of treatment. Thus, 60% (n=3) of patients who discontinued treatment due to skin reactions were able to complete the treatment.</p>
          <p>The ADR that led to permanent discontinuation of BNZ were classified as mild such as pruritus and vomiting; moderate, such as skin rashes/eruptions, skin desquamation, paresthesia, ageusia, and edema of the distal extremities and face. A mean of 2.7 ADR per patient were observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical changes caused by BNZ</title>
          <p>The use of BNZ in the treatment of CD requires clinical and laboratory monitoring of adverse reactions. Before starting treatment, laboratory tests (total blood count, hepatic enzyme activity, and renal function test) were performed. This was repeated at 30 days and at 60 days of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Laboratory parameters, expressed as mean and standard deviation, and the level of significance, are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Hematological and biochemical parameters of 40 patients treated with benznidazole at three timepoints: before, at 30 days and 60 days of treatment; laboratory for Chagas disease, Fortaleza, Brazil, January 2018 - December 2021</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Before</th>
                    <th>At 30 days</th>
                    <th>At 60 days</th>
                    <th>Reference value</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                    <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                    <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                    <th>Men/women</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBC (mi/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.89&#177;0.62</td>
                    <td align="center">4.83&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">4.78&#177;0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5 &#8211; 6.5/ 4.0 &#8211; 5.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.744<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HB (g/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.19&#177;1.55</td>
                    <td align="center">13.91&#177;1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">14.03&#177;2.08</td>
                    <td align="center">13.5 - 18 / 12 - 16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.780<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBCs (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">6323&#177;1619</td>
                    <td align="center">6388&#177;2116</td>
                    <td align="center">6335&#177;1750</td>
                    <td align="center">4,000 - 11,000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.987 <sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NEU (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">3386&#177;223</td>
                    <td align="center">3771&#177;279</td>
                    <td align="center">3542&#177;211</td>
                    <td align="center">1,600 &#8211; 7,500</td>
                    <td align="center">0.518 <sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BAND (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10&#177;0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0&#177;0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24&#177;1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0 - 5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.256<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SEG (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.79&#177;8.79b</td>
                    <td align="center">58.13&#177;9.68a</td>
                    <td align="center">55.64&#177;9.15b</td>
                    <td align="center">40 - 75</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EO (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.06&#177;1.77</td>
                    <td align="center">3.58&#177;2.52</td>
                    <td align="center">3.66&#177;3.07</td>
                    <td align="center">1 - 6%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.520<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BASO (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75&#177;0.43</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87&#177;9.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63&#177;0.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0 - 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.125<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LYMPHO (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.28+7.73a</td>
                    <td align="center">28.73&#177;7.53b</td>
                    <td align="center">31.53&#177;9.25a</td>
                    <td align="center">20 - 40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MONO (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.02&#177;2.07</td>
                    <td align="center">8.68&#177;2.19</td>
                    <td align="center">8.26&#177;2.14</td>
                    <td align="center">2 - 10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.389<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLATELETS (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">246.325&#177;56055</td>
                    <td align="center">242.895&#177;65459</td>
                    <td align="center">238.622&#177;76111</td>
                    <td align="center">150,000 &#8211; 500,000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.896<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>UREIA (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.28&#177;9.59</td>
                    <td align="center">32.47&#177;9.78</td>
                    <td align="center">30.58&#177;10.70</td>
                    <td align="center">10 - 50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.493<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CREATININA (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91&#177;0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90&#177;0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84&#177;0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7 - 1.3 / 0.6 - 1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.426<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.38&#177;6.52</td>
                    <td align="center">25.82&#177;9.08</td>
                    <td align="center">35.81&#177;56.22</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;38 / &lt;32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.712<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.35&#177;14.95</td>
                    <td align="center">31.36&#177;22.62</td>
                    <td align="center">42.58&#177;85.05</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 41 / &lt;31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.899<sup>ns</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SD: standard deviation; RBC: red blood cells; Hemoglobin; WBCs: white blood cells; NEU: Neutrophiles; SEG: Segmented; EO: Eosinophiles; BASO: Basophiles; LYMPHO: Lymphocytes; MONO: Monocytes; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Level of significance: *p&lt; 0.05; **p&lt; 0.01; ns: non-significant. Same letter indicates no significant differences by post-hoc Tukey test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>During follow-up, the laboratory findings revealed mild hematological and biochemical alterations. The ANOVA showed occurrence of lymphopenia after 30 days of BNZ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>Elevations in hepatic enzymes were observed, in order of frequency and variation: AST (n=8; 20%, 39 &#8211; 355 U/L) and ALT (n= 10; 25%; 31 &#8211; 529 U/L). Elevations in hepatic enzymes were found on the 30<sup>th</sup> day in seven (53.8%) of the patients who showed these alterations, although these elevations were not statistically significant.</p>
          <p>One patient, who discontinued BNZ permanently, attracted attention for the high number of clinical and biochemical ADR, including elevated hepatic enzymes, altered white blood cell count (eosinophilia confirmed by microscopy); ADR related to general health like limb pain, skin reactions like pruritus and rashes, ADR related to the nervous system like paresthesia and other reactions of the sense organs like ageusia. All these changes were normalized with BNZ discontinuation and use of low-dose corticosteroid for a short period, in addition to antihistamines, analgesics and anti-inflammatories.</p>
          <p>In this study, only four patients (10%) showed eosinophilia during treatment with BNZ. It frequently occurs in allergic reactions, although it was not detected in all patients who experienced ADR in the skin.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Results of the present study showed a high incidence of adverse reactions to BNZ, which is the drug of choice for CD in Brazil and in the world. Clinical and biochemical aspects of these reactions were approached. We also sought answers that still affect medical decisions regarding the safety of this new drug.</p>
        <p>Many patients used medications for cardiovascular diseases, such as systemic hypertension, heart failure and heart rhythm disorders, and for gastrointestinal and metabolic disease, such as hyperglycemia/diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. These comorbidities may be either related to aging of these patients, since 14 (35%) were older than 60 years, or attributed to the pathophysiology of trypanosomiasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> It is probable that, with aging, patients develop hypertension regardless of the course of CD; however, more studies are needed to elucidate such association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The profile of adverse reactions to BNZ described in the present study was similar to that reported in other observational studies on the management of CD. Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> found an incidence of 56.1% of ADR, lower than the incidence found in our study, and the ADR that led to permanent discontinuation of BNZ were dermatosis (7.1%), gastrointestinal disorders (0.7%), and nervous system disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Gotijo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported a prevalence of BNZ-related ADR of 66.1% (n=41), and skin reactions were predominant in 18 (29%) of the 23 (37.1%) patients that discontinued treatment. The patients also used corticosteroids and antihistamines to treat these reactions. Treatment adherence was considered low (n=39, 62.9%) as compared to our study. Based on these findings, corticosteroids may be used in the management of skin reactions to BNZ. However, there are few reports available on the efficacy of steroids in preventing or reducing skin adverse reactions to BNZ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to Salvador et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> cutaneous reactions associated with the use of BNZ are ADR compatible with a T-cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction with a Th2 response, producing IL-5, with an increase in IL-10. IL-10 plays a role in modulating the synthesis of IL-12 and INF-&#947;, preventing an excessive immune response that could cause severe inflammation and damage of host tissue, and the development of Th2-mediated immune response.</p>
        <p>Paresthesia is among the adverse reactions induced by BNZ in central and peripheral nervous system. It usually appears after 30 days of treatment, may persist for months after BNZ discontinuation and can even be irreversible. Therefore, urgency is needed to identify the symptom and initiate the BNZ discontinuation protocol and treatment with anticonvulsant agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Paresthesia has a strong impact on patient quality of life. For this reason, patients should be warned of the possibility of numbness or tingling sensation in any part of the body, especially in upper (hands and arms) or lower (legs and feet) limbs. In the present study, patients were evaluated 30 and 120 days after treatment and the cases of paresthesia were reversible.</p>
        <p>Ageusia (complete loss of taste) is a rare adverse reaction to BNZ, but, when present, BNZ should be immediately suspended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In our study, seven patients had ageusia, three of them during the first phase of treatment, when the immediate discontinuation of the BNZ could be made. The other four patients reported ageusia after treatment completion. The symptom was resolved after permanent discontinuation of treatment or its completion. Organs of senses like smell and taste are vital; losing any of them may have severe consequences in the quality of life and represents a life-threatening condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The taste is usually more severely affected by these medications than the smell;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> it can also be altered by damage in the anterior segment of the chorda tympani.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several studies have reported that adverse reactions to BNZ are more common in women than men. This may be explained by anatomical and physiological factors, present in women, that may affect the whole pharmacokinetic process of the drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, 161 ADR were found, 54% (n=87) classified as moderate, potentially leading to a transient disability, with no sequelae, but requiring some type of intervention (administration or discontinuation of drug treatment). Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> showed similar results regarding the severity of ADR &#8211; 57.4% mild ADR and 35.5% moderate ADR &#8211; however, the causes of ADR were different, with more cases of certain adverse reactions and many cases of probable and possible reactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Gotijo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> also reported a high prevalence of probable reactions (80.9%).</p>
        <p>In the study by Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> the ADR were classified as mild (n=900; 43.4%) and moderate (n=263; 12.7%), which was different from our findings. They did not find any severe or fatal ADR, in accordance with our study. Despite the high occurrence rate of adverse reactions to BNZ in our study, they were predominantly moderate (n=87; 54%) and mild (n=74; 46%) reactions; therefore, BNZ may be considered a safe drug to use in the treatment of CD, except in case of contraindication of BNZ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>BNZ discontinuation for 10 days and resume of treatment combined with antihistamines seems to be a good strategy to complete the treatment of CD in the presence of adverse skin reactions.</p>
        <p>Considering the high frequency of adverse reactions, the successful treatment adherence in this study can be attributed to the medical and pharmacotherapeutic follow-during the whole treatment with BNZ. The pharmacotherapeutic follow-up during BNZ treatment carried out at the RLCD/UFC may prevent or early detect the adverse reactions before they become severe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> This can explain the success of BNZ therapy adherence in our study (n= 38; 95%) as compared with the adherence rates reported by Gontijo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (62,9%), Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> (76,8%) and Hasslocher-Moreno et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (68,9%), and also the non-observation of severe or fatal reactions.</p>
        <p>During therapy with BNZ, biochemical monitoring is essential, to assess hepatic function (AST and ALT) and renal function (urea and creatinine) of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Biotransformation of the drug occurs in the hepatic tissue followed by renal excretion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A plasma increase of these enzymes by at least 10-fold the reference values may be a reflection of drug-induced hepatitis. In the present study, the highest values for AST and ALT were 9.3 U/L and 12.9 U/l, respectively. Pavan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> observed maximum ALT and AST values of 9.1 U/L and 8.2 U/L, respectively, which are similar to our results. They also found a patient with high concentrations of hepatic enzymes, distinguishing from the others. This patient also had digestive symptoms, cutaneous reaction and hematological alterations characterized as neutropenia. After BNZ discontinuation and use of corticosteroids, these alterations disappeared.</p>
        <p>Animal studies conducted by Garcia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> demonstrated that there is no case of necrosis induced by BNZ. This may explain the normalization of hepatic enzyme levels after treatment completion or discontinuation. The mechanisms involved in hepatic alterations induced by BNZ have not been fully elucidated, but the later increase in enzyme levels suggests a relationship with the time of drug exposure.</p>
        <p>The presence of eosinophils on the skin is common in dermatological disorders associated with ADR, and the hypothesis has been raised that these cells contribute to host defense against the pathogen and regulate inflammatory responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In ADR, eosinophils act by stimulating pruritus, angioedema, and the DRESS &#8211; Drug Reaction (or rash) with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms &#8211; characterized by a potentially severe systemic drug reaction. Because of the immunomodulation of the allergic reactions with eosinophilia, corticosteroids and antihistamines increase eosinophil apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> This explains the improvement and resolution of adverse reactions presented by the patients in the current study after using BNZ combined with prednisone 20 mg for five days and antihistamines like loratadine 10 mg per day or hydroxyzine 25 mg twice or three times a day for 10 days.</p>
        <p>Among the patients who discontinued treatment with BNZ due to ADR, seven resumed and completed treatment using antihistamines and only two had their discontinued treatment permanently. Rodr&#237;guez-Guardado et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>observed that the combination of increasing doses of BNZ with oral antihistamine (dexchlorpheniramine) could prevent skin disturbances and contributed to completion of the 60-day treatment with BNZ by 19 patients.</p>
        <p>An idiosyncratic reaction to BNZ seems to be the most likely mechanism responsible for the adverse reactions, since more than one organ or system is involved, and the adverse reactions are rapidly resolved after drug withdrawal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> There are no clinical studies in the literature describing the mechanisms involved in the adverse reactions induced by BNZ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> For this reason, further studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms so as to develop strategies in the treatment and in the follow-up of patients who need this drug, which is the only drug commercially available.</p>
        <p>Limitations of this study included the reduced number of follow-up visits (only two visits, the first being 30 days after treatment onset) and the small number of patients due to disruption in health services at the RLCC/UFC for more than one year caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study showed a high incidence of ADR, mostly of moderate severity, with the use of BNZ in CD treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The most common reactions were cutaneous, gastrointestinal and nervous system reactions. The main ADR that led to treatment discontinuation and interventions were skin desquamation, pruritus, blisters, paresthesia and ageusia. Changes in liver function biochemical tests induced by BNZ were mild and easily controlled, and should be monitored on the 30<sup>th</sup> day and at the end of treatment.</p>
        <p>Despite the high frequency of ADR, several patients completed therapy, which may be attributed to the successful follow-up strategy with interventions for symptom management and counseling, resulting in patient awareness of symptoms and treatment adherence</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Alanna Carla da Costa Belmino, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio (HUWC) under the protocol number 3.342.170. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
