<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qCsJjpMKHwLHyzScDhN7TBw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230771</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise Comparativa do ECG com o Holter na avalia&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida e Ritmo Sinusal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2863-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camazzola</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Vellosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabedotti</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massuti</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zortea</surname>
            <given-names>Tulio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Vitoria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maggi</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francine Fonseca de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0152-0636</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Selistre</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Caxias do Sul </institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Caxias do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) &#8211; Medicina, Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia da Serra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Caxias do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia da Serra, Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fabio Eduardo Camazzola</bold> &#8226; Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) &#8211; Medicina &#8211; Rua Francisco Get&#250;lio Vargas, 1130. CEP 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>fecamaz1@ucs.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230771</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: An&#225;lise Comparativa do ECG com o Holter na avalia&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida e Ritmo Sinusal</title>
              <p>
                <italic>An&#225;lise comparativa da FC no ECG versus Holter. ECG: eletrocardiograma; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ICFER: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qCsJjpMKHwLHyzScDhN7TBw/b990662c2343bc52b640ed0a1b81db778b29f144.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qCsJjpMKHwLHyzScDhN7TBw/4275a11704f3aebc9e916d94b7936822281f419e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qCsJjpMKHwLHyzScDhN7TBw/cc139bd64e3e3e7338ed6a7722c10e9f660b780a.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) e ritmo sinusal apresenta valor progn&#243;stico. Entretanto, o m&#233;todo de mensura&#231;&#227;o &#233; debatido na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparar em pacientes com ICFEr e ritmo sinusal a FC no Holter com tr&#234;s eletrocardiogramas de repouso: ECG1, ECG2 e ECG3.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metodologia</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal com 135 pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 40% e ritmo sinusal. A FC foi avaliada por ECG e Holter. An&#225;lises inclu&#237;ram o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI), regress&#227;o robusta, raiz do erro quadr&#225;tico m&#233;dio, Bland-Altman e a &#225;rea sobre a curva ROC. Adotou-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 e o ajuste de Bonferroni-Holm para minimizar erros tipo I.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> As medianas [intervalo interquartil] de idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram de 65 anos [16] e 30% [11], respectivamente. O CCI dos 3 ECG foi de 0,922 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,892; 0,942). Os coeficientes de regress&#227;o robusta para ECG1 e ECG3 foram 0,20 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,12; 0,29) e 0,21 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,06; 0,36). O R<sup>2</sup> robusto foi de 0,711 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,628; 0,76). Na an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia de Bland-Altman, os limites de concord&#226;ncia foram de &#8722;17,0 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: &#8722;19,0; &#8722;15,0) e 32,0 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 30,0; 34,0). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0,896 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,865; 0,923).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A FC do ECG mostrou alta concord&#226;ncia com a FC do Holter, validando seu uso cl&#237;nico em pacientes com ICFEr e ritmo sinusal. Contudo, a concord&#226;ncia foi sub&#243;tima em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com FC inferior a 70 bpm pelo ECG, devendo ser considerada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de Holter neste contexto.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia Ambulatorial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) segue como condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com elevada morbimortalidade a despeito de avan&#231;os na terap&#234;utica que melhoraram substancialmente os resultados nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de repouso &#233; um fator de risco independente para mortalidade total e mortalidade cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As evid&#234;ncias na literatura demonstram a efic&#225;cia da redu&#231;&#227;o da FC nos desfechos cardiovasculares em suban&#225;lises de grandes estudos que utilizaram drogas cronotr&#243;picas negativas. Os estudos com betabloqueadores, como o CIBIS-II (bisoprolol),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> MERIT-HF (succinato de metoprolol)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e COMET (carvedilol e succinato de metoprolol),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e estudos com a ivabradina (SHIFT e BEAUTIFUL)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstraram a efetividade desses f&#225;rmacos na preven&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco e no incremento de sobrevida de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Esse conjunto de dados n&#227;o deixa d&#250;vida de que a FC deve ser valorizada como importante elemento progn&#243;stico e que deve ser alvo de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>As diretrizes para o manejo da ICFEr cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel recomendam valores de FC de repouso abaixo de 70 batimentos por minuto (bpm) para melhorar os desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com ritmo sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem limita&#231;&#245;es na aferi&#231;&#227;o da FC dependentes do observador em cada consulta, dos diferentes per&#237;odos do dia, das diferentes circunst&#226;ncias, incluindo a poss&#237;vel ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno da taquicardia do avental branco e, tamb&#233;m, do modo de aferi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>Como a FC em repouso no consult&#243;rio pode variar de acordo com a hora do dia e a situa&#231;&#227;o do registro, &#233; &#250;til saber se a FC medida pelo Holter 24 horas responde de forma semelhante &#224; FC de repouso no consult&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Estudo de Pastor-Perez et al. comparou a FC de repouso com a FC m&#233;dia do Holter em um per&#237;odo de 7 dias e demonstrou que a FC de repouso parece ser adequada para estimar a FC, por&#233;m, evidenciou que a concord&#226;ncia foi sub&#243;tima em um quarto dos pacientes quando categorizados para um alvo de FC &lt; 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>De acordo com as diretrizes correntes, os pacientes com FC de repouso &lt; 70 bpm, por&#233;m com FC m&#233;dia no Holter &#8805; 70 poderiam receber otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. O controle inadequado da FC durante monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, a despeito de ser encontrada FC de repouso &lt; 70 bpm, &#233; uma possibilidade que pode viabilizar uma oportunidade de tratamento mais intensivo com agentes redutores da FC.</p>
      <p>A maneira mais precisa de avaliar a FC no paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente definida. Na pr&#225;tica, a FC &#233; avaliada durante o exame f&#237;sico atrav&#233;s da palpa&#231;&#227;o do pulso, pela ausculta card&#237;aca ou atrav&#233;s da realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso, sendo esta &#250;ltima a estrat&#233;gia adotada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o na maioria dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Uma alternativa para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da FC por um per&#237;odo prolongado &#233; o Holter. O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; comparar a FC obtida no ECG de repouso com a FC m&#233;dia no Holter de 24 horas em pacientes com ICFEr e ritmo sinusal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, n&#227;o intervencionista e prospectivo. O desenho do estudo seguiu as normas do STARD Statement<italic>.</italic></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi selecionada no per&#237;odo de 21 de setembro de 2022 a 30 de junho de 2023. Foram recrutados 140 pacientes atendidos nos ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia do Centro Cl&#237;nico da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (CECLIN/UCS), Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul e em consult&#243;rios de cardiologistas na cidade de Caxias do Sul. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de ICFEr, FEVE &#8804; a 40%, documentada em ecocardiograma nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses e que apresentavam ritmo sinusal. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram apresentar marcapasso, desfibrilador ou ressincronizador, estar com sinais/sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, participa&#231;&#227;o concomitante em estudo intervencional e recusa em assinar o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise 5 pacientes por apresentarem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante os procedimentos do protocolo do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> A).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O projeto foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade de Caxias do Sul sob o parecer n&#250;mero 5.601.769 de 24 de agosto de 2022. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. Todos os pacientes assinaram o TCLE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos do estudo</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a assinatura do TCLE, foi realizada a coleta dos dados demogr&#225;ficos, informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, resultados de exames laboratoriais e dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos atrav&#233;s de entrevista e revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio. O exame NT-proBNP foi um par&#226;metro laboratorial avaliado para a maioria dos pacientes. Na indisponibilidade deste, em 9 pacientes nos quais estava dispon&#237;vel apenas o exame laboratorial BNP, houve convers&#227;o do mesmo para NT-proBNP com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de f&#243;rmula validada por Kasahara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da FC foi efetuada com ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, em posi&#231;&#227;o supina ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 5 minutos de repouso, em 3 ocasi&#245;es por um per&#237;odo de 24 horas e com o Holter de 24 horas. Os exames foram realizados no Instituto de Cardiologia da Serra por equipe treinada no protocolo do estudo. No dia 1, o paciente inicialmente realizava o primeiro ECG (ECG1) e na sequ&#234;ncia instalava-se o Holter. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 24 horas, o paciente retornava ao local para a retirada do Holter e, na sequ&#234;ncia, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de 2 ECGs (ECG2 e ECG3) com intervalo de 10 minutos. Os ECGs foram realizados no aparelho Cardiete&#174;. Os Holter foram realizados no aparelho Cardio light&#174; da empresa Cardios&#174; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> A).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelagem estat&#237;stica</title>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo amostral</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de dados foi realizada utilizando o software estat&#237;stico R. Consideramos um c&#225;lculo amostral para medidas repetidas atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise multivariada da vari&#226;ncia (MANOVA): com intera&#231;&#245;es intra e entre grupos, sendo o tamanho de efeito de 20% entre as diferen&#231;as do Holter e ECG, com um erro alfa de 5% e erro beta de 80, tendo um valor cr&#237;tico para estat&#237;stica F de 2,64 e par&#226;metro &#955; de 11,08. O n&#250;mero total de pacientes calculado foi de 140, cada um com 3 medidas m&#237;nimas de ECG de repouso em per&#237;odos distintos. Para assegurar a confiabilidade e validade dos resultados, empregamos uma s&#233;rie de t&#233;cnicas estat&#237;sticas que s&#227;o descritas em detalhe abaixo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria de dados</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria para sumarizar as caracter&#237;sticas principais dos dados. Utilizamos como medida de tend&#234;ncia central a mediana e, como medida de dispers&#227;o, o intervalo interquartil (IQR) para descrever as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas por n&#227;o possu&#237;rem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram calculadas frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de confiabilidade intraclasse</title>
          <p>A confiabilidade intraclasse foi estimada mediante a aplica&#231;&#227;o do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC) para quantificar a concord&#226;ncia entre as 3 mensura&#231;&#245;es de ECG em repouso. Este coeficiente discrimina a propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia total atribu&#237;vel &#224;s diferen&#231;as interindividuais, distinta daquela oriunda das flutua&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao processo de medi&#231;&#227;o. O modelo espec&#237;fico foi selecionado por sua aplicabilidade em situa&#231;&#245;es em que as medi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o consideradas fixas e se almeja a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos achados para uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente.</p>
          <p>Prosseguindo com a an&#225;lise, a presente pesquisa contemplou a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as leituras do Holter e o ECG padr&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o de FC inferiores a 70 bpm. Foi desenvolvida uma vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica para designar concord&#226;ncia nas ocorr&#234;ncias em que ambas as t&#233;cnicas registraram frequ&#234;ncias abaixo do limiar estabelecido. A an&#225;lise subsequente focada nos registros com frequ&#234;ncia no Holter abaixo de 70 bpm revelou alinhamento com os dados do ECG. Empregou-se a metodologia de <italic>bootstrapping</italic> com 2000 intera&#231;&#245;es para estimar a m&#233;dia e delimitar os intervalos de confian&#231;a que descrevem a propor&#231;&#227;o de verdadeiros positivos para o limiar de FC menor que 70 bpm obtido pelo Holter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Regress&#227;o robusta com <italic>bootstrapping</italic></title>
          <p>A regress&#227;o robusta avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a FC medida pelo Holter de 24 horas e as aferi&#231;&#245;es obtidas por 3 diferentes ECGs de repouso (ECG1, ECG2, ECG3). Essa t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica visa fornecer estimativas de par&#226;metros confi&#225;veis e resistentes &#224; presen&#231;a de valores extremos ou a viola&#231;&#245;es das suposi&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas da regress&#227;o, como a normalidade dos res&#237;duos e a homocedasticidade. Essa an&#225;lise permitiu calcular o &#237;ndice de determina&#231;&#227;o robusto (R<sup>2</sup> robusto) e a raiz do erro quadr&#225;tico m&#233;dio (RMSE, do ingl&#234;s <italic>root mean square error</italic>) que &#233; uma medida de erro que quantifica a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os valores previstos e os observados no modelo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia entre m&#233;todos de Bland-Altman</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman representa a concord&#226;ncia entre o Holter de 24 horas e os ECGs. O eixo X do gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman representou as m&#233;dias entre as medidas obtidas pelo Holter de 24 horas e os ECGs, enquanto o eixo Y exibiu as diferen&#231;as entre as duas t&#233;cnicas. Calculamos o vi&#233;s, como a m&#233;dia da diferen&#231;a entre o Holter e os 3 ECGs, com os limites de concord&#226;ncia, definidos como o vi&#233;s mais ou menos 1,96 vezes o desvio padr&#227;o das diferen&#231;as. Para avaliar a incerteza associada a esses par&#226;metros, tamb&#233;m foram calculados os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% para o vi&#233;s e os limites de concord&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Regress&#227;o por equa&#231;&#245;es generalizadas e curva ROC</title>
          <p>Utilizamos a regress&#227;o por equa&#231;&#245;es generalizadas para modelar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os 3 ECGs e o Holter de 24 horas, com foco na capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o do modelo. A t&#233;cnica ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>) foi aplicada para calcular a &#225;rea sob a curva, acur&#225;cia, sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo, raz&#227;o de probabilidade positiva e raz&#227;o de probabilidade negativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervalo de confian&#231;a</title>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica de reamostragem de <italic>bootstrapping</italic> com 2000 replica&#231;&#245;es foi usada para estimar intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% para todos os par&#226;metros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia</title>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 foi adotado em todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. Para minimizar erros tipo I decorrentes de m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es, utilizamos o m&#233;todo de ajuste de Bonferroni-Holm. Este ajuste &#233; crucial em nosso estudo, que compara diversas medidas de ECG com dados do Holter de 24 horas. Ele aumenta a confiabilidade dos resultados, reduzindo a probabilidade de falsos positivos.</p>
          <p>O programa R vers&#227;o 4.3.2 com os pacotes dplyr, boot, ggplot2, epiR, agRee e robust foi implementado &#224;s modelagens estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas dos participantes do estudo</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas com a amostra apresentando idade mediana de 65 anos [IQR: 16], 85 pacientes (63%) homens, 109 (80,7%) em classe NYHA II e III; sendo a etiologia isqu&#234;mica mais prevalente em 88 (65,2%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados de exames, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com mediana de 30% [IQR: 11] e o valor do NT-proBNP mediano 1.345 pg/mL [IQR: 2.348,2].</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas e Demogr&#225;ficas (n=135)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Idade, anos</th>
                  <th>65 [IQR: 16]</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">85 (63%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Etnia, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Branco &#8211; 112 (83%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Afrodescendente &#8211; 23 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>NYHA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">I &#8211; 20 (14,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">II &#8211; 69 (51,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">III &#8211; 40 (29,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IV &#8211; 6 (4,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30% [IQR:11]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">73 (54,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BRE, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31 (29,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, 6 meses, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66 (49,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27,04 [IQR: 6,2]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HAS, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">88 (65,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dislipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">67 (49,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagismo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21 (26,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.345 [IQR: 2.348,2]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinina, mg/dL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 [IQR: 0,49]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TFG, mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66,2 [IQR: 33,2]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pot&#225;ssio, mEq/L</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 [IQR: 0,8]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S&#243;dio, mEq/L</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">139 [IQR: 3]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemoglobina, g/dL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13,8 [IQR: 2,6]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemat&#243;crito, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40,9 [IQR: 7,6]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Holter, bpm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">76 [IQR: 17]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECG1, bpm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79 [IQR:28]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECG2, bpm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">80 [IQR: 28]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECG3, bpm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">81 [IQR: 30]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o utilizada</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sacubitril/valsartan, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (34,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (42,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (12,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (94%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espironolactona, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (72,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>iSGLT2, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (65,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ivabradina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemida, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (54,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hidralazina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrato, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (7,4%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores em n (%), mediana [intervalo interquartil]. BRA: bloqueador de receptor da angiotensina II; BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; DM: diabetes mellitus; ECG: eletrocardiograma; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IQR: intervalo interquartil; iSGLT2: inibidor do cotransportador de s&#243;dio e glicose do tipo 2; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular pela equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Quanto ao tratamento, 121 pacientes (91,5%) estavam utilizando algum tipo de bloqueador do sistema renina angiotensina, 127 (94%) betabloqueadores, antagonista da aldosterona em 98 (72,6%) e inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio e glicose 2 em 88 (65,2%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Regress&#227;o robusta e an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia de Bland-Altman</title>
        <p>O coeficiente para ECG1 e ECG3 teve uma influ&#234;ncia estatisticamente significativa no modelo, indicando uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva. Em contraste, a vari&#225;vel ECG2 n&#227;o apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa, com seu coeficiente situando-se dentro de um intervalo de confian&#231;a que inclui valores negativos e positivos, sugerindo uma poss&#237;vel falta de influ&#234;ncia sobre o modelo. A precis&#227;o do modelo foi refletida pela medida do erro padr&#227;o que indica uma varia&#231;&#227;o moderada. Al&#233;m disso, a correla&#231;&#227;o mostrou uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos avaliados, com intervalo de confian&#231;a denotando uma alta certeza dessa correla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> B, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Regress&#227;o robusta entre eletrocardiogramas e Holter de 24 horas. ECG: eletrocardiograma; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230771-30771-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o linear entre Holter e ECG</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Vari&#225;vel dependente</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Holter</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECG1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 (IC 95%: 0,12; 0,29) <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECG2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,13 (IC 95%: &#8211;0,03; 0,28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECG3</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,21 (IC 95%: 0,06; 0,36) <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Constante</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30,7 (IC 95%: 25,8; 34,5) <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R</bold>
                    <sup>2</sup>
                    <bold>robusto</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,711 (IC 95%: 0,628; 0,769)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RMSE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 (IC 95%: 6,8; 7,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 (IC 95%: 6,2; 8,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Limite inferior de concord&#226;ncia 2,5%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;15,0 (IC 95%: &#8211;19,0; &#8211;17,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Limite superior de concord&#226;ncia 97,5%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32,0 (IC 95%: 30,0; 34,0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>ECG: eletrocardiograma; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; R<sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: &#237;ndice de determina&#231;&#227;o; RMSE: raiz do erro quadr&#225;tico m&#233;dio. <sup><italic>&#8225;</italic></sup>p &lt; 0,01</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman revelou uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia moderada entre o Holter e os 3 ECGs, com os limites de concord&#226;ncia abrangendo uma ampla gama de diferen&#231;as, tanto negativas quanto positivas, indicando varia&#231;&#245;es aceit&#225;veis. Isso sugere uma concord&#226;ncia adequada entre os dois par&#226;metros, especialmente em condi&#231;&#245;es de FCs mais baixas. Essa varia&#231;&#227;o dentro dos limites de concord&#226;ncia &#233; considerada aceit&#225;vel para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; ECG: eletrocardiograma; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230771-30771-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de confiabilidade intraclasse</title>
        <p>Os resultados indicaram uma concord&#226;ncia quase perfeita entre as medidas, conforme demonstrado por um &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia, que cai dentro de uma faixa considerada de alta precis&#227;o. O intervalo de confian&#231;a estreito refor&#231;a a precis&#227;o das medidas obtidas a partir dos 3 ECGs realizados em repouso, sustentando a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos no estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o por equa&#231;&#245;es generalizadas e curva ROC</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros m&#233;tricos</th>
                  <th>Valores</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#193;rea sob a curva</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,896 (IC 95%: 0,865; 0,923)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sensibilidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,978 (IC 95%: 0,953; 1,000)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Especificidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,767 (IC 95%: 0,716; 0,817)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Acur&#225;cia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,837(IC 95%: 0,836; 0,838)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Valor preditivo positivo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,677 (IC 95%: 0,611; 0,743)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Valor preditivo negativo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,986 (IC 95%: 0,970; 1,000)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Raz&#227;o probabilidade positiva</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,190 (IC 95%: 3,371; 5,201)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Raz&#227;o probabilidade negativa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,029 (IC 95%: 0,009; 0,089)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,922 (IC 95%: 0,892; 0,942)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia entre ECG e o Holter</title>
        <p>A curva ROC indicou uma capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o adequada para FCs inferiores a 70 bpm. Esta conclus&#227;o &#233; baseada na combina&#231;&#227;o de uma elevada sensibilidade, indicando uma probabilidade significativa de detec&#231;&#227;o correta de casos positivos, com uma especificidade que demonstra uma capacidade moderada de identificar corretamente os casos negativos. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise revelou uma capacidade de incrementar a probabilidade de um diagn&#243;stico relativamente preciso, evidenciada pelos valores de raz&#227;o de probabilidade positiva e negativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Curva ROC para diagn&#243;stico de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca abaixo de 70 bpm com ECG. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; ECG: eletrocardiograma; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230771-30771-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O controle da FC em ritmo sinusal tem adquirido uma import&#226;ncia cada vez maior no tratamento da ICFEr. Isso se deve a estudos que demonstraram que a FC &#233; um forte preditor de eventos no cen&#225;rio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Estudos cl&#237;nicos cl&#225;ssicos apontam para os benef&#237;cios de betabloqueadores e da ivabradina na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos, validando a FC n&#227;o apenas como um marcador de risco, mas tamb&#233;m como um alvo terap&#234;utico.</p>
      <p>Diante dessas evid&#234;ncias, diretrizes cl&#237;nicas recentes estabeleceram uma meta de FC em ritmo sinusal abaixo de 70 bpm. Nosso estudo objetivou comparar as medidas de FC obtidas atrav&#233;s do ECG de repouso com as registradas por um monitor Holter durante um per&#237;odo de 24 horas em pacientes com ICFEr e ritmo sinusal. Empregamos uma variedade de m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos, incluindo CCI, regress&#227;o linear e an&#225;lises de concord&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>Os resultados demonstraram uma excelente concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas de FC coletadas pelo ECG de repouso e o Holter. Essa consist&#234;ncia foi confirmada atrav&#233;s de v&#225;rias an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, incluindo a curva ROC, com um excelente resultado documentado pela &#225;rea sob a curva.</p>
      <p>No estudo SHIFT Holter, foram avaliados 602 pacientes com a mensura&#231;&#227;o da FC realizada no ECG de repouso e com a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada do Holter de 24 horas para avaliar a resposta da FC &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da ivabradina al&#233;m da aferi&#231;&#227;o de repouso, observando sua reposta &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada no per&#237;odo diurno, noturno e na m&#233;dia das 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A reposta encontrada foi semelhante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de repouso e nos per&#237;odos diurno e noturno da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de FC encontrados, observou-se que a FC m&#233;dia do ECG de repouso basal foi semelhante &#224; m&#233;dia diurna do Holter, contudo, foi 9 a 10 bpm superior em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC m&#233;dia noturna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A FC basal do consult&#243;rio &#233; inferior &#224; m&#233;dia do Holter de 24 horas e &#224; FC noturna, mas semelhante &#224; FC diurna. A FC m&#233;dia de consult&#243;rio no estudo foi de 78,4 &#177; 8,3 bpm no grupo ivabradina e 77,7 &#177; 8 bpm no placebo e a FC m&#233;dia do Holter de 24 horas foi 75,4 &#177; 10,3 no grupo ivabradina e 78,4 &#177; 9,7 no grupo placebo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> n&#227;o demonstrando uma diferen&#231;a significativa, corroborando a validade dos achados de nosso estudo. Esses achados sugerem que as medidas da FC de repouso e da FC m&#233;dia do Holter de 24 horas s&#227;o adequadas para a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes eleg&#237;veis para tratamento com agentes redutores da FC e para avaliar os efeitos do tratamento na redu&#231;&#227;o da FC.</p>
      <p>Em 2013, Pastor-P&#233;rez et al., em estudo com 75 pacientes, compararam a FC de repouso com a FC m&#233;dia da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada no Holter durante um per&#237;odo de 7 dias. Os resultados encontrados em valores absolutos de FC foram similares ao nosso estudo, por&#233;m, quando os pacientes foram categorizados para FC &lt; 70 ou &#8805; 70 bpm, houve discord&#226;ncia em aproximadamente 25% dos casos, que apresentavam FC de repouso &lt; 70 bpm e FC m&#233;dia em monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada obtida pelo Holter &#8805; 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes, encontramos resultados similares; realizamos an&#225;lise de <italic>bootstrapping</italic> n&#227;o-param&#233;trico categorizada por FC e encontramos uma concord&#226;ncia de 63,8% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 55,3; 71,6) para a FC &lt; 70 bpm. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com FC &lt; 70 bpm no ECG de repouso apresentam FC m&#233;dia discordante, ou seja, acima de 70 bpm na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada no Holter. Esses pacientes seriam potenciais candidatos para intensifica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com agentes redutores da FC. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada por meio do Holter de 24 horas deve ser considerada nos pacientes com FC de repouso &lt; 70 bpm.</p>
      <p>Em 2010, Bohm et al., realizou uma an&#225;lise dos desfechos cardiovasculares do estudo SHIFT nos grupos placebo (n = 3.264) e ivabradina (n = 3.241), divididos por quintis da FC basal no grupo placebo. O risco de eventos do desfecho composto prim&#225;rio (morte cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) aumentou 3% com o incremento de 1 batimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC basal e 16% para cada aumento de 5 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo observamos uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 7,0 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 6,0; 8,0) do ECG em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Holter 24 de horas, obtida pelo c&#225;lculo do erro padr&#227;o dos res&#237;duos. A diferen&#231;a encontrada se justifica principalmente pela redu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da FC no per&#237;odo sono que influencia na m&#233;dia do Holter e que j&#225; foi demonstrada no estudo SHIFT Holter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>A impress&#227;o &#233; que n&#227;o h&#225; relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica por essa diferen&#231;a. Uma resposta definitiva a esse questionamento seria trazida por ensaio cl&#237;nico no qual o uso das medica&#231;&#245;es redutoras da FC fosse guiado pelos valores da FC encontrados no Holter.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes analisados neste estudo transversal estavam otimizados do ponto de vista terap&#234;utico; a maioria estava recebendo os medicamentos indicados nas diretrizes para o tratamento da ICFEr. Os dados mostraram tamb&#233;m que esses resultados, quanto &#224; qualidade do tratamento, foram melhores do que os usualmente descritos nos registros e mesmo em alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados do tratamento para obten&#231;&#227;o da meta de FC &lt; 70 bpm, observamos que a FC m&#233;dia registrada durante os 3 exames de ECG foi de aproximadamente 82 bpm, com medianas de 79, 80 e 81 bpm para ECG1, ECG2 e ECG 3, respectivamente. A FC m&#233;dia do Holter de 24 horas foi 76 bpm [IQR = 17]. Esses achados indicam que o tratamento com drogas redutoras da FC precisa ser ajustado; 94% dos pacientes faziam uso de betabloqueador, sendo que o mais utilizado foi o succinato de metoprolol com dose m&#233;dia de 50 mg [IQR: 50], seguido pelo carvedilol com dose m&#233;dia de 25 mg [IQR: 37,5] e o bisoprolol com dose m&#233;dia de 5 mg [IQR: 2,5]. As doses m&#233;dias utilizadas s&#227;o consideradas baixas, indicando uma necessidade de otimiza&#231;&#227;o da dose das medica&#231;&#245;es. Outra droga com efeito cronotr&#243;pico negativo, a ivabradina, foi utilizada em apenas 11 pacientes (8,1%), sendo, portanto, subutilizada como adjuvante ao betabloqueador no controle da FC dos pacientes avaliados. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com ICFEr cr&#244;nica tratados em centros de refer&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e recebendo terapia m&#233;dica otimizada permaneciam com FC de repouso &#8805; 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A titula&#231;&#227;o inadequada da dose de betabloqueador e o subuso de ivabradina seriam potenciais barreiras para que os pacientes obtenham os benef&#237;cios comprovados do controle da FC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esse &#233; o primeiro estudo, dentro do nosso conhecimento, que trouxe dados objetivos de compara&#231;&#227;o entre a FC obtida no ECG e Holter no cen&#225;rio brasileiro, dentro do contexto da ICFEr. O delineamento prospectivo com amostra probabil&#237;stica permite um acompanhamento mais preciso e controlado dos participantes e o rigor estat&#237;stico ao empregar uma variedade de m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos avan&#231;ados, como MANOVA, ICC, <italic>bootstrapping</italic> e an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia de Bland-Altman.</p>
      <p>O estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es, como o car&#225;ter unic&#234;ntrico, achado restrito a popula&#231;&#227;o de ICFEr, a aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o de disautonomia em diab&#233;ticos e aus&#234;ncia de pacientes chag&#225;sicos, o que pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para popula&#231;&#245;es mais diversas. O car&#225;ter transversal do estudo impede a avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal dos pacientes e, portanto, a an&#225;lise de desfechos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da FC com ECG de repouso em pacientes com ICFEr e ritmo sinusal demonstrou ser um m&#233;todo preciso e confi&#225;vel, corroborando o seu uso generalizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Contudo, a concord&#226;ncia foi sub&#243;tima em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com FC inferior a 70 bpm pelo ECG, devendo ser considerada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de Holter 24 de horas nessa situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Rohde LEP, Montera MW, Bocchi EA, Clausell NO, Albuquerque DC, Rassi S, et al. Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(3):436-539. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180190.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LEP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clausell</surname>
              <given-names>NO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda</article-title>
          <publisher-name>Arq Bras Cardiol</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>436</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180190</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Silva RMFL, Borges ASR, Silva NP, Resende ES, Tse G, Liu T, et al. How Heart Rate Should Be Controlled in Patients with Atherosclerosis and Heart Failure. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2018;20(11):54. doi: 10.1007/s11883-018-0757-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>RMFL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>ASR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resende</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tse</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How Heart Rate Should Be Controlled in Patients with Atherosclerosis and Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Curr Atheroscler Rep</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <size units="pages">54</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11883-018-0757-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Lechat P, Hulot JS, Escolano S, Mallet A, Leizorovicz A, Werhlen-Grandjean M, et al. Heart Rate and Cardiac Rhythm Relationships with Bisoprolol Benefit in Chronic Heart Failure in CIBIS II Trial. Circulation. 2001;103(10):1428-33. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.10.1428.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lechat</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hulot</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Escolano</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mallet</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leizorovicz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Werhlen-Grandjean</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate and Cardiac Rhythm Relationships with Bisoprolol Benefit in Chronic Heart Failure in CIBIS II Trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1428</fpage>
          <lpage>1433</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.103.10.1428</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Gullestad L, Wikstrand J, Deedwania P, Hjalmarson A, Egstrup K, Elkayam U, et al. What Resting Heart Rate Should One Aim for When Treating Patients with Heart Failure with a Beta-blocker? Experiences from the Metoprolol Controlled Release/Extended Release Randomized Intervention Trial in Chronic Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(2):252-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.032.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gullestad</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wikstrand</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deedwania</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hjalmarson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egstrup</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elkayam</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What Resting Heart Rate Should One Aim for When Treating Patients with Heart Failure with a Beta-blocker? Experiences from the Metoprolol Controlled Release/Extended Release Randomized Intervention Trial in Chronic Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>252</fpage>
          <lpage>259</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Metra M, Torp-Pedersen C, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, Di Lenarda A, Komajda M, et al. Influence of Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Beta-blocker Dose on Outcome and the Differences in Outcome Between Carvedilol and Metoprolol Tartrate in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: Results from the COMET Trial. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(21):2259-68. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi386.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Lenarda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Beta-blocker Dose on Outcome and the Differences in Outcome Between Carvedilol and Metoprolol Tartrate in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: Results from the COMET Trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2259</fpage>
          <lpage>2268</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehi386</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Swedberg K, Komajda M, B&#246;hm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et al. Ivabradine and Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure (SHIFT): A Randomised Placebo-controlled Study. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):875-85. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubost-Brama</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ivabradine and Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure (SHIFT): A Randomised Placebo-controlled Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>9744</issue>
          <fpage>875</fpage>
          <lpage>885</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R. Ivabradine for Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Left-ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9641):807-16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61170-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tendera</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ivabradine for Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Left-ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>372</volume>
          <issue>9641</issue>
          <fpage>807</fpage>
          <lpage>816</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61170-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Moreno IB, Carlo CH, Pereira-Barretto AC. Optimized Treatment and Heart Rate Reduction in Chronic Heart Failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(5):442-8. doi: 10.5935/abc.20130201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlo</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Optimized Treatment and Heart Rate Reduction in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>442</fpage>
          <lpage>448</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130201</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(18):895-1032. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heidenreich</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byun</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>895</fpage>
          <lpage>1032</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Hamadou B, Boombhi J, Foka A, Amougou SN, Kuate LM, Nganou-Gnindjio C, et al. Resting Heart Rate and Associated Factors in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure in Cameroon: A Cross-sectional Study in Sub-saharan Africa. Cardiol Cardiovasc Research. 2020;4(1):1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20200401.11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hamadou</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boombhi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foka</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amougou</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuate</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nganou-Gnindjio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resting Heart Rate and Associated Factors in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure in Cameroon: A Cross-sectional Study in Sub-saharan Africa</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Cardiovasc Research</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11648/j.ccr.20200401.11</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B&#246;hm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumbach</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>3599</fpage>
          <lpage>3726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Carlson N, Dixen U, Marott JL, Jensen MT, Jensen GB. Predictive Value of Casual ECG-based Resting Heart Rate Compared with Resting Heart Rate Obtained from Holter Recording. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2014;74(2):163-9. doi: 10.3109/00365513.2013.867531.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carlson</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dixen</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marott</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive Value of Casual ECG-based Resting Heart Rate Compared with Resting Heart Rate Obtained from Holter Recording</article-title>
          <source>Scand J Clin Lab Invest</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>169</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/00365513.2013.867531</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. B&#246;hm M, Borer JS, Camm J, Ford I, Lloyd SM, Komajda M, et al. Twenty-four-hour Heart Rate Lowering with Ivabradine in Chronic Heart Failure: Insights from the SHIFT Holter Substudy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17(5):518-26. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.258.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Twenty-four-hour Heart Rate Lowering with Ivabradine in Chronic Heart Failure: Insights from the SHIFT Holter Substudy</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>518</fpage>
          <lpage>526</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.258</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Pastor-P&#233;rez FJ, Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez S, Goya-Esteban R, Pascual-Figal DA, Bravo IP, Barquero-P&#233;rez O, et al. Heart Rate Control in Chronic Heart Failure: Resting Versus Mean Heart Rate with Prolonged Ambulatory ECG Recording. Int J Cardiol. 2013;170(2):45-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.071.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pastor-P&#233;rez</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goya-Esteban</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figal</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bravo</surname>
              <given-names>IP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barquero-P&#233;rez</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate Control in Chronic Heart Failure: Resting Versus Mean Heart Rate with Prolonged Ambulatory ECG Recording</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>170</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.071</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Kasahara S, Sakata Y, Nochioka K, Miura M, Abe R, Sato M, et al. Conversion Formula from B-type Natriuretic Peptide to N-terminal proBNP Values in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Cardiol. 2019;280:184-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.069.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kasahara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakata</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nochioka</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abe</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sato</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Conversion Formula from B-type Natriuretic Peptide to N-terminal proBNP Values in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>280</volume>
          <fpage>184</fpage>
          <lpage>189</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.069</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. McKean JW. Robust Analysis of Linear Models. Statist Sci. 2004;19(4):562-70. doi: 10.1214/088342304000000549.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McKean</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Robust Analysis of Linear Models</article-title>
          <source>Statist Sci</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>562</fpage>
          <lpage>570</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1214/088342304000000549</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. B&#246;hm M, Swedberg K, Komajda M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et al. Heart Rate as a Risk Factor in Chronic Heart Failure (SHIFT): The Association Between Heart Rate and Outcomes in a Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):886-94. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61259-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubost-Brama</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate as a Risk Factor in Chronic Heart Failure (SHIFT): The Association Between Heart Rate and Outcomes in a Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>9744</issue>
          <fpage>886</fpage>
          <lpage>894</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61259-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Marcondes-Braga FG, Moura LAZ, Issa VS, Vieira JL, Rohde LE, Sim&#245;es MV, et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(6):1174-212. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210367.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>LAZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Issa</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1174</fpage>
          <lpage>1212</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210367</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Moran D, Buckley A, Daly K, Meaney B, Curtin R, O'Neill JO, et al. Heart Rate Awareness in Patients with Chronic Stable Heart Failure. A Multi-center Observational Study. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177(2):380-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.119.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moran</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buckley</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daly</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meaney</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Neill</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate Awareness in Patients with Chronic Stable Heart Failure. A Multi-center Observational Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>177</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>380</fpage>
          <lpage>384</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.119</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de F&#225;bio Eduardo Camazzola pela Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) e trabalho de conclus&#227;o do Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da SBC/INC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de Caxias do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5.601.769. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela bolsa de produtividade cient&#237;fica do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) para Luciano da Silva Selistre.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230771i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparative Analysis of ECG and Holter Monitoring in the Assessment of Heart Rate in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and Sinus Rhythm</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2863-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camazzola</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Vellosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabedotti</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massuti</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zortea</surname>
            <given-names>Tulio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Vitoria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maggi</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francine Fonseca de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0152-0636</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Selistre</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) &#8211; Medicina, Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia da Serra, Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Fabio Eduardo Camazzola</bold> &#8226; Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) &#8211; Medicina &#8211; Rua Francisco Get&#250;lio Vargas, 1130. Postal Code 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: fecamaz1@ucs.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Comparative Analysis of ECG and Holter Monitoring in the Assessment of Heart Rate in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and Sinus Rhythm</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Comparative analysis of heart rate on ECG versus Holter. CI: confidence interval; ECG: electrocardiogram; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230771-30771-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Heart rate (HR) has shown prognostic value in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and sinus rhythm. However, the method of measurement is debated in the literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To compare HR on Holter with 3 resting electrocardiograms (ECG1, ECG2, and ECG3) in patients with HFrEF and sinus rhythm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This was a cross-sectional study with 135 patients with heart failure with ejection fraction &#8804; 40% and sinus rhythm. HR was assessed by ECG and Holter. Analyses included intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), robust regression, root mean squared error, Bland-Altman, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A significance level of 0.05 and Bonferroni-Holm adjustment were adopted to minimize type I errors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The median [interquartile range] age and ejection fraction were 65 years [16] and 30% [11], respectively. The ICC of the 3 ECGs was 0.922 (95% confidence interval: 0.892; 0.942). The robust regression coefficients for ECG1 and ECG3 were 0.20 (95% confidence interval: 0.12; 0.29) and 0.21 (95% confidence interval: 0.06; 0.36). The robust R<sup>2</sup> was 0.711 (95% confidence interval: 0.628; 0.76). In the Bland-Altman agreement analysis, the limits of agreement were &#8722;17.0 (95% confidence interval: &#8722;19.0; &#8722;15.0) and 32.0 (95% confidence interval: 30.0; 34.0). The area under the ROC curve was 0.896 (95% confidence interval: 0.865; 0.923).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The HR on ECG showed high agreement with the HR on Holter, validating its clinical use in patients with HFrEF and sinus rhythm. However, agreement was suboptimal in one third of patients with HR below 70 bpm on ECG; thus, 24-hour Holter monitoring should be considered in this context.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatory Electrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a clinical condition that continues to have elevated morbidity and mortality, despite therapeutic advances that have substantially improved results in the past 2 decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Resting heart rate (HR) is an independent risk factor for total mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the general population and in patients with heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Evidence in the literature has demonstrated the effectiveness of reducing HR in relation to cardiovascular outcomes in subanalyses of large studies that used negative chronotropic drugs. Studies with beta-blockers, such as CIBIS-II (bisoprolol),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> MERIT-HF (metoprolol succinate),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and COMET (carvedilol and metoprolol succinate),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and studies with ivabradine (SHIFT and BEAUTIFUL)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> have demonstrated the effectiveness of these drugs in preventing cardiac remodeling and increasing the survival of patients with stable chronic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These data leave no doubt that HR should be appreciated as an important prognostic element and should be the target of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Guidelines for the management of stable chronic HFrEF recommend resting HR values below 70 beats per minute (bpm) to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with sinus rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are limitations to measuring HR depending on the observer at each visit, different times of the day, and different circumstances, including the possible occurrence of white-coat tachycardia, as well as the method of measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As resting HR at an office can vary according to the time of day and recording situation, it is useful to know whether HR measured by 24-hour Holter monitoring corresponds to resting HR obtained at the office.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A study by Pastor-Perez et al. compared resting HR with mean HR on Holter over a period of 7 days and demonstrated that resting HR appeared to be adequate for estimating HR; however, their study showed that agreement was suboptimal in a quarter of patients when categorized for target HR &lt; 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> According to current guidelines, patients with resting HR &lt; 70 bpm, but with mean Holter HR &#8805; 70 should receive treatment optimization. Inadequate HR control during prolonged monitoring, in spite of the finding of resting HR &lt; 70 bpm, may provide an opportunity for more intensive treatment with HR-lowering agents.</p>
        <p>The most accurate way to assess HR in patients with heart failure has not yet been clearly defined. In practice, HR is assessed during physical examination by pulse palpation, cardiac auscultation, or by performing a resting electrocardiogram (ECG); the latter is the strategy adopted for assessment in most clinical trials. An alternative for assessing HR over a prolonged period is Holter monitoring. The objective of the present study was to compare HR obtained on resting ECG with mean HR on 24-hour Holter monitoring in patients with HFrEF and sinus rhythm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional, non-interventional, prospective study. The study design followed the STARD Statement. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The study population was selected from September 21, 2022 to June 30, 2023, recruiting 140 patients treated at cardiology outpatient clinics of the Clinical Center of the University of Caxias do Sul (CECLIN/UCS), Caxias do Sul General Hospital, and cardiologist offices in the city of Caxias do Sul. The study included patients over the age of 18, with a diagnosis of HFrEF, lower than or equal to 40%, documented on an echocardiogram within the last 12 months, and sinus rhythm. The exclusion criteria were as follows: having a pacemaker, defibrillator, or resynchronizer; showing signs/symptoms of decompensated heart failure; concomitant participation in an interventional study; and refusal to sign the informed consent form. Five patients were excluded from the analysis because they had atrial fibrillation during the study protocol procedures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> A).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>The project was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Caxias do Sul under opinion number 5.601.769 on August 24, 2022. All study procedures are in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki (updated in 2013), and all patients signed an informed consent form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study procedures</title>
          <p>After the informed consent form was signed, demographic data, clinical information, laboratory test results, and echocardiographic data were collected by means of interviews and review of medical records. NT-proBNP was a laboratory parameter evaluated for most patients. When it was unavailable, in 9 patients whose BNP was the only laboratory exam available, it was converted to NT-proBNP using the formula validated by Kasahara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> HR was assessed using a 12-lead ECG, in supine position, after a minimum period of 5 minutes of rest, on 3 occasions, over a period of 24 hours and with 24-hour Holter. The exams were carried out at the Instituto de Cardiologia da Serra by a team trained in the study protocol. On day 1, patients initially underwent the first ECG (ECG1), and the Holter monitor was subsequently placed. After a period of 24 hours, the patients returned to the site to have the Holter removed and, subsequently, 2 ECGs (ECG2 and ECG3) were performed at 10-minute intervals. ECGs were performed using a Cardiete&#174; device. Holter measurements were performed using a Cardio light&#174; device made by the company Cardios&#174; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> A).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical modeling</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Sample calculation</title>
            <p>Data analysis was performed using R statistical software. We considered a sample calculation for repeated measures through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA): with intra- and inter-group interactions, effect size of 20% for differences between Holter and ECG, alpha error of 5% and beta error of 80, a critical value for F statistics of 2.64, and &#955; parameter of 11.08. The total number of patients calculated was 140, each with at least 3 resting ECG measurements at different periods. To ensure the reliability and validity of the results, we employed a series of statistical techniques described in detail below.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exploratory data analysis</title>
            <p>Initially, exploratory analysis was carried out to summarize the main data characteristics. We used median as a measure of central tendency and interquartile range (IQR) as a measure of dispersion to describe numerical variables, as they did not show normal distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. For categorical variables, frequencies and percentages were calculated.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Intraclass reliability analysis</title>
            <p>Intraclass reliability was estimated by applying the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to quantify the agreement between the 3 resting ECG measurements. This coefficient discriminates the proportion of total variance attributable to inter-individual differences, as distinct from that arising from fluctuations inherent to the measurement process. The specific model was selected due to its applicability in situations where measurements are considered fixed, and the aim is to extrapolate the findings to a broader population.</p>
            <p>Continuing the analysis, this study included comparison between Holter readings and standard ECG in identifying HR below 70 bpm. A dichotomous variable was developed to designate agreement in occurrences where both techniques recorded HR below the established threshold. Subsequent analysis focused on recordings with HR on Holter below 70 bpm revealed that they were aligned with ECG data. We used the method of bootstrapping with 2000 iterations to estimate the mean and delimit the confidence intervals that described the proportion of true positives for the HR threshold lower than 70 bpm obtained by Holter.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Robust regression with bootstrapping</title>
            <p>Robust regression evaluated the relationship between HR measured by 24-hour Holter and measurements obtained by 3 different resting ECGs (ECG1, ECG2, and ECG3). This statistical technique aims to provide parameter estimates that are reliable and resistant to the presence of extreme values or violations of typical regression assumptions, such as normality of residuals and homoscedasticity. This analysis made it possible to calculate the robust coefficient of determination (robust R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) and the root mean squared error (RMSE), which is a measurement of error that quantifies the mean difference between the predicted values and those observed in the model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Bland-Altman analysis of agreement between methods</title>
            <p>Bland-Altman analysis represents the agreement between 24-hour Holter monitoring and ECGs. The X axis of the Bland-Altman graph represented the means between the measurements obtained on 24-hour Holter and the ECGs, while the Y axis displayed the differences between both techniques. We calculated the bias as the mean difference between the Holter and the 3 ECGs, with the limits of agreement, defined as the bias plus or minus 1.96 times the standard deviation of the differences. To assess the uncertainty associated with these parameters, we also calculated 95% confidence intervals for the bias and limits of agreement.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Regression using generalized estimating equations and ROC curve</title>
            <p>We conducted regression using generalized estimating equations to model the relationship between the 3 ECGs and 24-hour Holter monitoring, focusing on the model&#8217;s discrimination capacity. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to calculate the area under the curve, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Confidence interval</title>
            <p>The resampling technique of bootstrapping with 2000 replications was used to estimate 95% confidence intervals for all parameters.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Significance level</title>
            <p>A significance level of 0.05 was adopted in all statistical analyses. To minimize type I errors resulting from multiple comparisons, we used the Bonferroni-Holm adjustment method. This adjustment was crucial in our study, which compared multiple ECG measurements with data from 24-hour Holter monitoring, because it increased the reliability of results by reducing the likelihood of false positives.</p>
            <p>We used R program, version 4.3.2, with the packages dplyr, boot, ggplot2, epiR, agRee, and robust for statistical modeling.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Descriptive statistics of study participants</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> displays demographic and clinical characteristics. The sample had a median age of 65 years [IQR: 16], 85 male patients (63%), 109 (80.7%) in New York Heart Association functional class II and III. Ischemic etiology was the most prevalent in 88 (65.2%). Regarding exam data, median left ventricular ejection fraction was 30% [IQR: 11], and the median NT-proBNP value was 1345 pg/mL [IQR: 2348.2].</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics (n=135)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Age, years</th>
                    <th>65 [IQR: 16]</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">85 (63%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Race, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">White &#8211; 112 (83%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Black &#8211; 23 (17%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">
                      <bold>NYHA functional class, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">I &#8211; 20 (14.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">II &#8211; 69 (51.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">III &#8211; 40 (29.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">IV &#8211; 6 (4.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ejection fraction, %</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">30% [IQR:11]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ischemic etiology, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">73 (54.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LBBB, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">31 (29.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hospitalization, 6 months, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">66 (49.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">27.04 [IQR: 6.2]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SAH, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">88 (65.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DM, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">50 (37%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">67 (49.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Tobacco use, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">21 (26.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.345 [IQR: 2.348.2]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Creatinine, mg/dL</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.1 [IQR: 0.49]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>GFR, mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">66.2 [IQR: 33.2]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Potassium, mEq/L</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4.5 [IQR: 0.8]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sodium, mEq/L</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">139 [IQR: 3]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hemoglobin, g/dL</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">13.8 [IQR: 2.6]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hematocrit, %</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">40.9 [IQR: 7.6]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Holter, bpm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">76 [IQR: 17]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ECG1, bpm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">79 [IQR:28]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ECG2, bpm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">80 [IQR: 28]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ECG3, bpm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">81 [IQR: 30]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Medication use</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sacubitril/valsartan, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (34.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (42.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ARB, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (12.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (94%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spironolactone, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (72.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SGLT2i, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (65.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ivabradine, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (8.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Digoxin, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (8.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Furosemide, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (54.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hydralazine, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (5.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrate, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (7.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values shown as n (%) and median [interquartile range]. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; ECG: electrocardiogram; GFR: glomerular filtration rate calculated using the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation; IQR: interquartile range; LBBB: left bundle branch block; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SGLT2i: sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding treatment, 121 patients (91.5%) were using some type of renin-angiotensin system blocker; 127 (94%) were using beta-blockers; 98 (72.6%) were using an aldosterone antagonist; and 88 (65.2%) were using sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Robust regression and Bland-Altman agreement analysis</title>
          <p>The coefficient for ECG1 and ECG3 had a statistically significant influence on the model, indicating a positive association. In contrast, the variable ECG2 did not show a significant relationship; its coefficient was situated within a confidence interval that included negative and positive values, suggesting a possible lack of influence on the model. The accuracy of the model was reflected by the standard error measure, which indicated moderate variation. Furthermore, the correlation showed a strong association between the methods evaluated, with a confidence interval denoting a high certainty for this correlation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> B, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Robust regression between electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter. CI: confidence interval; ECG: electrocardiogram.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230771-30771-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Linear regression between Holter and ECG</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Dependent variable</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Holter</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ECG1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.20 (95% CI: 0.12; 0.29) <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ECG2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.13 (95% CI: &#8211;0.03; 0.28)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ECG3</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.21 (95% CI: 0.06; 0.36) <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Constant</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">30.7 (95% CI: 25.8; 34.5) <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Robust R<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.711 (95% CI: 0.628; 0.769)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>RMSE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">7.2 (95% CI: 6.8; 7.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mean difference</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">7.4 (95% CI: 6.2; 8.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Lower limit of agreement, 2.5%</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;15.0 (95% CI: &#8211;19.0; &#8211;17.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Upper limit of agreement, 97.5%</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">32.0 (95% CI: 30.0; 34.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CI: confidence interval; ECG: electrocardiogram; R2: coefficient of determination; RMSE: root mean squared error. <sup><italic>&#8225;</italic></sup>p &lt; 0.01</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Bland-Altman analysis revealed a moderate mean difference between the Holter and the 3 ECGs, with the limits of agreement encompassing a wide range of differences, both negative and positive, indicating acceptable variations. This suggests adequate agreement between both parameters, especially under conditions of lower HR. This variation within the limits of agreement is considered acceptable for clinical practice (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Bland-Altman graph. CI: confidence interval; ECG: electrocardiogram; SD: standard deviation.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230771-30771-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intraclass reliability analysis</title>
          <p>The results indicated almost perfect agreement between the measurements, as demonstrated by the agreement index, which fell within a range considered highly accurate. The narrow confidence interval reinforces the accuracy of the measurements obtained from the 3 resting ECGs performed, supporting the reliability of the results obtained in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Regression using generalized estimating equations and receiver operating characteristic curve</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Metric parameters</th>
                    <th>Values</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Area under the curve</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.896 (95% CI: 0.865; 0.923)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sensitivity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.978 (95% CI: 0.953; 1.000)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Specificity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.767 (95% CI: 0.716; 0.817)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Accuracy</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.837(95% CI: 0.836; 0.838)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Positive predictive value</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.677 (95% CI: 0.611; 0.743)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Negative predictive value</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.986 (95% CI: 0.970; 1.000)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Positive likelihood ratio</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4.190 (95% CI: 3.371; 5.201)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Negative likelihood ratio</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.029 (95% CI: 0.009; 0.089)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Intraclass correlation coefficient</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.922 (95% CI: 0.892; 0.942)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CI: confidence interval.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of accuracy between ECG and Holter</title>
          <p>The ROC curve indicated adequate discrimination capacity for HR below 70 bpm. This conclusion is based on the combination of a high sensitivity, indicating a significant probability of correctly detecting positive cases, with a specificity that demonstrates a moderate ability to correctly identify negative cases. Furthermore, analysis revealed an ability to increase the probability of a relatively accurate diagnosis, as shown by the positive and negative likelihood ratio values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis of heart rate below 70 bpm with ECG. AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ECG: electrocardiogram.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230771-30771-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>It has become increasingly important to control HR in sinus rhythm when treating HFrEF. This is owing to studies that have demonstrated that HR is a strong predictor of events in the setting of heart failure. Classic clinical studies have indicated the benefits of beta-blockers and ivabradine in reducing outcomes, validating HR not only as a risk marker, but also a therapeutic target.</p>
        <p>In view of this evidence, recent clinical guidelines have established a goal of HR in sinus rhythm below 70 bpm. The objective of our study was to compare HR measurements obtained through resting ECG with those recorded by a Holter monitor over a 24-hour period in patients with HFrEF and sinus rhythm. We employed a variety of statistical methods, including ICC, linear regression, and agreement analyses.</p>
        <p>The results demonstrated excellent agreement between HR measurements obtained by resting ECG and Holter. This consistency was confirmed through several statistical analyses, including ROC curve, with an excellent result according to the area under the curve.</p>
        <p>The SHIFT Holter study evaluated 602 patients with HR measured on resting ECG and 24-hour Holter monitoring to evaluate the HR response to the action of ivabradine, in addition to resting measurement, observing their response to monitoring prolonged during the daytime, nighttime, and 24-hour mean.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The response found was similar in the resting assessment to the daytime and nighttime periods of prolonged monitoring. In relation to the HR values found, the mean HR of the baseline resting ECG was similar to the daytime mean of the Holter; however, it was 9 to 10 bpm higher compared to the mean nocturnal HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The baseline HR at the office is lower than the mean 24-hour Holter and nocturnal HR, but similar to daytime HR. In their study, the mean HR at the office was 78.4 &#177; 8.3 bpm in the ivabradine group and 77.7 &#177; 8 bpm in the placebo group, and the mean 24-hour Holter HR was 75.4 &#177; 10.3 in the ivabradine group and 78.4 &#177; 9.7 in the placebo group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> not showing a significant difference, corroborating the validity of the findings of our study. These findings suggest that resting HR measurements and mean HR on 24-hour Holter are appropriate for selecting patients who are eligible for treatment with HR-lowering agents, as well as for assessing the HR-lowering effects of treatment.</p>
        <p>Pastor-P&#233;rez et al., in a 2013 study with 75 patients, compared resting HR with the mean HR from prolonged Holter monitoring over a period of 7 days. The results found in absolute HR values were similar to our study; however, when patients were categorized as HR &lt; 70 or &#8805; 70 bpm, there was disagreement in approximately 25% of cases, which showed resting HR &lt; 70 bpm and HR &#8805; 70 bpm on prolonged Holter monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In our study, with a larger number of patients, we found similar results. We performed non-parametric bootstrapping analysis categorized by HR and found an agreement of 63.8% (95% confidence interval: 55.3; 71.6) for HR &lt; 70 bpm. Approximately one third of patients with HR &lt; 70 bpm on resting ECG had a discordant mean HR, that is, above 70 bpm on prolonged Holter monitoring. These patients would be potential candidates for intensification of treatment with HR-lowering agents. The use of prolonged 24-hour Holter monitoring should be considered in patients with resting HR &lt; 70 bpm.</p>
        <p>In 2010, Bohm et al., carried out an analysis of the cardiovascular outcomes of the SHIFT study in the placebo (n = 3,264) and ivabradine (n = 3,241) groups, divided by quintiles of baseline HR in the placebo group. The risk of events in the primary composite endpoint (cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure) increased by 3% with every 1 beat increase in relation to the baseline HR and 16% for each 5-bpm increase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In our study we observed a mean difference of 7.0 (95% confidence interval: 6.0; 8.0) between ECG and 24-hour Holter, obtained by calculating the standard error of the residuals. The difference found is mainly justified by the physiological reduction in HR during the sleep period, which influences the mean Holter, as previously demonstrated in the SHIFT Holter study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>The impression is that there is no clinical relevance for this difference. A definitive answer to this question would be provided by a clinical trial in which the use of HR-reducing medications was guided by the HR values found on Holter monitoring.</p>
        <p>The patients analyzed in this cross-sectional study were optimized from a therapeutic point of view; the majority were receiving the medications indicated in the guidelines for the treatment of HFrEF. The data also showed that these results, regarding the quality of treatment, were better than those usually described in records and even in some clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In relation to the results of treatment to achieve the HR goal &lt; 70 bpm, we observed that the mean HR recorded during the 3 ECGs was approximately 82 bpm, with medians of 79, 80, and 81 bpm for ECG1, ECG2, and ECG 3, respectively. The median HR on 24-hour Holter was 76 bpm [IQR = 17]. These findings indicate that treatment with HR-lowering drugs needs to be adjusted; 94% of patients were using beta-blockers. The most used was metoprolol succinate with a median dose of 50 mg [IQR: 50], followed by carvedilol with a median dose of 25 mg [IQR: 37.5], and bisoprolol with a median dose of 5 mg [IQR: 2.5]. The mean doses used are considered low, indicating a need to optimize the medication dosage. Another drug with a negative chronotropic effect, ivabradine, was used in only 11 patients (8.1%), and was thus underused as an adjuvant to beta-blockers to control HR in the patients evaluated. Previous studies have demonstrated that approximately one third of patients with chronic HFrEF treated at heart failure referral centers receiving optimized medical therapy maintained resting HR &#8805; 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Inadequate beta-blocker dose titration and underuse of ivabradine would be potential barriers to patients reaching the proven benefits of HR control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to provide objective data comparing HR obtained from ECG and Holter monitoring in Brazil, within the context of HFrEF. The prospective design with probabilistic sampling allowed for more accurate and controlled participant monitoring, in addition to statistical rigor employing a variety of advanced statistical methods, such as MANOVA, ICC, bootstrapping, and Bland-Altman agreement analysis.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations, for example, its single-center design, findings restricted to the population with HFrEF, the lack of assessment of dysautonomia in patients with diabetes, and the absence of patients with Chagas disease, which may limit generalization of the results to more diverse populations. The cross-sectional nature of the study precludes longitudinal assessment of patients and, consequently, analysis of outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In our study, HR assessment with resting ECG in patients with HFrEF and sinus rhythm proved to be an accurate and reliable method, corroborating its widespread use in clinical practice. However, agreement was suboptimal in one third of patients with HR below 70 bpm on ECG; thus, 24-hour Holter monitoring should be considered in this situation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by F&#225;bio Eduardo Camazzola, from Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) and Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da SBC/INC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade de Caxias do Sul under the protocol number 5.601.769. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was founded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa for Luciano da Silva Selistre.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
