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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fRd3yj5X5nRSZMRsNXpzTtL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230681</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparac&#227;o dos Par&#226;metros Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Convencionais e com <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> entre Indiv&#237;duos Saud&#225;veis e Transplantados Card&#237;acos sem Rejei&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5466-9020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dall&#8217;Orto</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Oliveira Martins Campo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2634-4632</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Otto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Estefania</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maur&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Freitas de Queiroz</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Taveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Soraya Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brizida</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Valle Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasilia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasilia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ICTDF</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal (ICTDF) , Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Aline Oliveira Martins Campo Dall&#8217;Orto &#8226; SGCV Lote 24 Apt 402 B. CEP 71215-740, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>alineomartins@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230681</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A ecocardiografia &#233; essencial para avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado. No entanto, os valores de normalidade no transplante card&#237;aco (TC) n&#227;o est&#227;o claramente definidos. Objetivos: Comparar par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais e pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> entre pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o e uma popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram estudados prospectivamente pacientes adultos, com menos de 1 ano de TC, que realizaram bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica de vigil&#226;ncia seguido de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT). Medidas convencionais de ETT acrescidas da avalia&#231;&#227;o de mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca por meio do <italic>Strain </italic>pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> foram realizadas e comparadas com um grupo de volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada para o estudo foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Avaliou-se 36 pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o, os quais foram comparados com 30 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores de <italic>Strain</italic> Global Longitudinal de Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo em valor absoluto (11,99% transplantados, 20,60% controle, p&lt;0,0001), <italic>Strain</italic> de parede livre de Ventr&#237;culo Direito (transplantados 16,67%, controle 25,50%, p&lt;0,0001) e dos &#237;ndices de trabalho mioc&#225;rdico (p&lt;0,0001), maior tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (38,17 ml/m<sup>2</sup> transplantados, controle 18,98 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, p&lt;0,0001), maior &#237;ndice de massa e espessura relativa das paredes (p&lt;0,0001) e a presen&#231;a da Doen&#231;a de Chagas como principal etiologia para o transplante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os transplantados card&#237;acos est&#225;veis e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as com rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos comparados com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Estes achados indicam que medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas convencionais e de mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca s&#227;o alteradas em transplantados mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o e podem ser relevantes para o contexto cl&#237;nico e acompanhamento dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til e de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado em v&#225;rias etapas do transplante card&#237;aco (TC), desde o ato intra-operat&#243;rio at&#233; avalia&#231;&#245;es seriadas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, al&#233;m do controle de complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s biopsias endomioc&#225;rdicas, acompanhamento na rejei&#231;&#227;o celular aguda e diagn&#243;stico de isquemia por doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TC &#233; respons&#225;vel pela melhora dos sintomas e apresenta um grande impacto no progn&#243;stico,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> sendo a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, avaliada por meio do ecocardiograma, m&#233;todo consagrado para estimativa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, descreveu-se uma nova modalidade de ecocardiograma bidimensional denominada <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic>, a qual tem a habilidade de detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda antes de altera&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, por meio da an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>).</p>
      <p>Adicionando a medida da press&#227;o arterial a este m&#233;todo, &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar o trabalho mioc&#225;rdico. Esta nova vari&#225;vel, mostrou superioridade ao <italic>Strain</italic> Global Longitudinal na avalia&#231;&#227;o da demanda de oxig&#234;nio e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, j&#225; que considera a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica conjuntamente com a p&#243;s-carga.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em indiv&#237;duos normais, mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular card&#237;aca est&#227;o bem descritas por meio de valores de normalidade compilados em diversos estudos,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> contudo para os pacientes transplantados, ainda &#233; escassa a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o desempenho normal do enxerto por evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas limitadas nas pesquisas dispon&#237;veis.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Deste modo, este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos entre pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o e uma popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e, dessa forma, observar o valor m&#233;dio do <italic>Strain</italic> Global Longitudinal do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (SGL VE) pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> e de parede livre do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (<italic>SL</italic> VD), al&#233;m dos &#237;ndices de Trabalho Mioc&#225;rdico nas duas popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi baseado em estudos que compararam SGL VE em pacientes transplantados.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Dessa forma, adotou-se um poder de 80% para detectar uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 10% do valor do SGL VE, considerando o normal 21% (valor absoluto) e o desvio padr&#227;o de 4%, com um erro alfa de 5%. Em estudo anterior publicado pelos autores<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>est&#225; descrita a an&#225;lise completa do c&#225;lculo da amostra. Este estudo comparou o grupo de pacientes com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, para compara&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sem rejei&#231;&#227;o e volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio foi de 25 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo e para compara&#231;&#227;o entre transplantados com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o foi de 34 pacientes em cada grupo. Dessa forma, resultou em 36 pacientes sem rejei&#231;&#227;o na bi&#243;psia e 30 pacientes saud&#225;veis (valor acima de 25).</p>
        <p>De janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019, foram estudados prospectivamente pacientes adultos maiores de 18 anos e com menos de 1 ano de TC em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos ao mesmo tempo um grupo de volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis e sem comorbidades que aceitaram participar do estudo. Estes foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais b&#225;sicos, eletrocardiograma, bem como medida da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o invasiva previamente ao ecocardiograma.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o para os pacientes transplantados foram: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) abaixo de 53%, reativa&#231;&#227;o por Doen&#231;a de Chagas, rejei&#231;&#227;o celular aguda identificada por bi&#243;psia em algum momento do acompanhamento, rejei&#231;&#227;o humoral, ritmo card&#237;aco irregular, doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto confirmada, janela ac&#250;stica limitada e aqueles que se recusaram a participar do estudo.</p>
        <p>Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e sua inscri&#231;&#227;o na Plataforma Brasil &#233; o n&#250;mero 65910517.0.0000.0026. Todos os participantes do estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>Os pacientes transplantados estavam em seguimento de rotina e foi realizado bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica (BEM) de vigil&#226;ncia seguida de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) no mesmo dia, com intervalo entre os exames inferior a 4 horas. O protocolo de BEM de vigil&#226;ncia consiste em realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia uma vez na semana para o primeiro m&#234;s, a cada 15 dias no segundo m&#234;s e mensalmente de 3 a 7 meses ap&#243;s o TC, totalizando 9 bi&#243;psias em 6 meses. Ap&#243;s 7 meses, uma cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; realizada quando dispon&#237;vel e a bi&#243;psia &#233; realizada apenas quando a cintilografia &#233; positiva para inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A BEM foi realizada invasivamente por pun&#231;&#227;o da veia femoral e realiza&#231;&#227;o de fluoroscopia, com 3 a 5 fragmentos coletados na regi&#227;o do septo interventricular, acessado pelo ventr&#237;culo direito. As amostras foram analisadas atrav&#233;s de microscopia &#243;ptica ap&#243;s serem fixadas em hematoxilina e eosina.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> O patologista respons&#225;vel pela an&#225;lise da bi&#243;psia desconhecia os resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e as altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas nos fragmentos foram classificadas de acordo com o sistema de gradua&#231;&#227;o que avalia rejei&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Internacional de Transplante Card&#237;aco e Pulmonar (<italic>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic> -ISHLT), de 2004.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os pacientes transplantados foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o resultado histopatol&#243;gico da BEM: Grupo 1: Sem Rejei&#231;&#227;o Celular Aguda (graus 0 e 1R) e Grupo 2: Com Rejei&#231;&#227;o Celular Aguda (graus 2R e 3R). Os pacientes do grupo 2 foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise e os pacientes do Grupo 1, que s&#227;o os transplantados card&#237;acos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o, foram comparados com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis que compunham o grupo controle (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Comparac&#227;o dos Par&#226;metros Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Convencionais e com <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> entre Indiv&#237;duos Saud&#225;veis e Transplantados Card&#237;acos sem Rejei&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230681-30681-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</title>
        <p>As imagens foram capturadas por ETT realizado no mesmo dia da BEM, com intervalo inferior a 4 horas entre o exame de imagem e a bi&#243;psia, por tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos cardiologistas treinados, em um aparelho de ultrassom comercialmente dispon&#237;vel com transdutor de 5 MHz (GE Vivid 9, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) e todas as medidas foram realizadas <italic>off-line</italic> em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho no <italic>software EchoPAC Vers&#227;o 202 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Norway)</italic>.</p>
        <p>Os cardiologistas envolvidos na an&#225;lise n&#227;o tiveram acesso ao resultado da biopsia at&#233; que todos os par&#226;metros fossem analisados.</p>
        <p>Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas padr&#227;o foram adquiridas de acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (<italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> &#8211; ASE).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> A FEVE foi obtida pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson nas janelas apical 4 e 2 c&#226;maras e a massa ventricular esquerda foi calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o proposta por Devereux e indexada pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita foi avaliada com os par&#226;metros convencionais recomendados pela diretriz de avalia&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD):<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), velocidade de excurs&#227;o do Doppler tecidual do anel tric&#250;spide (S do VD) e fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (FAC).</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada por meio das velocidades de influxo mitral (ondas E e A), raz&#227;o E/A, velocidade do Doppler tecidual mitral (e&#8217;/a&#8217;) e rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O<italic> Strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi obtido pelo <italic>Strain</italic> global longitudinal pelo m&#233;todo do <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> 2D<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> e expresso em valor absoluto conforme atuais recomenda&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nesta an&#225;lise foram obtidos 3 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos em cada plano apical (apical 4 c&#226;maras, 3 c&#226;maras e 2 c&#226;maras), com taxa de quadros acima de 50 por segundo. Essas imagens foram transferidas para a esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho e analisadas no <italic>software EchoPAC Vers&#227;o 2.02 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Norway)</italic>. As bordas endoc&#225;rdicas foram manualmente tra&#231;adas no final da s&#237;stole no ciclo card&#237;aco, come&#231;ando na janela apical longitudinal, onde &#233; mais simples de identificar o tempo de fechamento da valva a&#243;rtica. O <italic>software</italic> utiliza uma regi&#227;o de interesse (ROI) de toda a espessura mioc&#225;rdica, a qual pode ser manualmente ajustada em largura, se necess&#225;rio, e uma imagem em movimento exibe o rastreamento. O <italic>software</italic> ent&#227;o divide o VE em seis segmentos, calculando <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal e segmentar. O mesmo processo foi repetido para o apical 4 e 2 c&#226;maras e o SGL VE foi determinado pela m&#233;dia dos valores locais de todos os segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos e exibido em formato de mapa polar (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de Strain Global Longitudinal do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo entre indiv&#237;duo do grupo controle e transplantado card&#237;aco. Mapa Polar dos 17 segmentos e resultado das m&#233;dias de cada janela apical. A: Indiv&#237;duo normal, B Transplantado Card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: A Autora, 2022.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230681-30681-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><italic>Strain</italic> do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (SL VD) foi analisado por meio do <italic>Strain</italic> Longitudinal da parede livre, com a obten&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos na janela apical 4 c&#226;maras focada no VD<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> e de marcadores temporais de abertura e fechamento da valva pulmonar obtidas pelo Doppler cont&#237;nuo ao n&#237;vel da valva pulmonar. A m&#233;dia dos 3 segmentos da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito: basal, medial e apical foi considerado o SL VD.</p>
        <p>Usando as mesmas imagens do SGL VE e obtendo a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, obteve-se o &#205;ndice de Trabalho Mioc&#225;rdico (ITM).<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O <italic>software </italic>incorporou a press&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o invasiva estimada por um manguito autom&#225;tico ao <italic>strain</italic> do VE, fornecendo os &#237;ndices associados a curva de <italic>strain</italic>-press&#227;o (<xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>). Ao longo de valores segmentar e global para o ITM, &#237;ndices adicionais foram fornecidos de acordo com estudo NORRE:<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos &#205;ndices de Trabalho Mioc&#225;rdico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo entre transplantado card&#237;aco e indiv&#237;duo saud&#225;vel. Mapa Polar dos 17 segmentos (A: ITM indiv&#237;duo normal, B: ITM Transplantado Card&#237;aco, C: TEG Indiv&#237;duo normal e D: TGD Transplantado Card&#237;aco), gr&#225;fico demonstrando Strain/curva de press&#227;o total e gr&#225;fico com barras do trabalho desperdi&#231;ado (azul) e trabalho construtivo (verde). ITM: &#237;ndice de trabalho mioc&#225;rdico; TEG: trabalho de efici&#234;ncia global; TGD: trabalho global desperdi&#231;ado.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: A Autores, 2022.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230681-30681-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>&#205;ndice de Trabalho Mioc&#225;rdico (ITM): &#233; o trabalho total dentro da &#225;rea de press&#227;o/ strain longitudinal, calculado do fechamento a abertura da valva mitral.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Trabalho Construtivo Global (TCG): &#233; o trabalho realizado durante encurtamento na s&#237;stole adicionando trabalho negativo durante o estiramento na fase isovolum&#233;trica de relaxamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Trabalho Global Desperdi&#231;ado (TGD): &#233; o trabalho negativo realizado durante o estiramento na s&#237;stole adicionando o trabalho durante o encurtamento no relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico. &#201; o oposto do que &#233; esperado no tempo do ciclo card&#237;aco e n&#227;o contribui para a eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Trabalho de Efici&#234;ncia Global (TEG): &#233; o trabalho construtivo dividido pela soma do trabalho construtivo e desperdi&#231;ado, reportada em porcentagem (0&#8211;100%).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos de todos os participantes foram revisados no dia dos exames (BEM e ETT) para compara&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, demogr&#225;fica e esquema de drogas imunossupressoras. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e a lista de drogas imunossupressoras foram coletadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o &#8211; DP ou mediana &#177; amplitude interquartil/ intervalo interquartil e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncia (percentual do total). Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram analisados com teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou Mann-Whitney quando os pressupostos de normalidade n&#227;o foram atendidos pelo teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas usando o teste &#967;2 de Pearson.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram conduzidas pelo software SAS 9.4 e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo para an&#225;lises gerais.</p>
        <p>A variabilidade interobservador foi realizada comparando as medidas de 20 pacientes obtidas por tr&#234;s diferentes ecocardiografistas treinados e a variabilidade intraobservador foi realizada 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s as medidas por um investigador.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 100 pacientes transplantados na Institui&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo, 71 foram inclu&#237;dos, totalizando 120 bi&#243;psias, com intervalo m&#237;nimo de 6 dias, m&#225;ximo de 328 dias e mediana de 70 dias. Entretanto, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 35 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos (1 por apresentar janela ac&#250;stica limitada, 1 por BEM inconclusiva, 1 por reativa&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, 1 por fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 53% e 31 pacientes por apresentarem BEM com rejei&#231;&#227;o), restando 36 pacientes transplantados para an&#225;lise do estudo, sendo comparados com 30 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis no grupo controle (<xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma dos pacientes Transplantados Card&#237;acos no per&#237;odo de 2017 a 2019. BEM: bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica; TX: transplantados.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: A Autora, 2022.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230681-30681-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos, observou-se que a idade e o g&#234;nero n&#227;o diferiram entre os transplantados e o grupo controle pelo teste de qui-quadrado. O grupo transplantado sem rejei&#231;&#227;o apresentou a medida da press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais alta e o grupo controle esteve com maior medida de peso, consequentemente, maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos transplantados card&#237;acos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (controle)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica Cl&#237;nica</th>
                <th colspan="4">Transplantados sem Rejei&#231;&#227;o (n=36)</th>
                <th colspan="4">Controle (n=30)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>M&#233;dia ou Mediana</th>
                <th>DP/QR</th>
                <th>QT 1</th>
                <th>QT 3</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia ou Mediana</th>
                <th>DP/ QR</th>
                <th>QT 1</th>
                <th>QT 3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">52,50</td>
                <td align="center">12,50</td>
                <td align="center">44,00</td>
                <td align="center">56,50</td>
                <td align="center">46,00</td>
                <td align="center">7,00</td>
                <td align="center">44,00</td>
                <td align="center">51,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,2450<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>G&#234;nero feminino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17 (40,48%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">25 (59,52%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,2826<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">122,00</td>
                <td align="center">31,00</td>
                <td align="center">111,00</td>
                <td align="center">142,00</td>
                <td align="center">117,00</td>
                <td align="center">17,00</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">0,1910<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">83,33</td>
                <td align="center">16,94</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">69,80</td>
                <td align="center">10,15</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,0002<sup>*</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FC (bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">83,61</td>
                <td align="center">13,97</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">75,17</td>
                <td align="center">9,55</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,0051<sup>*</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Altura (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">164,00</td>
                <td align="center">13,00</td>
                <td align="center">158,00</td>
                <td align="center">171,00</td>
                <td align="center">165,50</td>
                <td align="center">17,00</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">0,5706<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso (kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60,75</td>
                <td align="center">10,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">72.86</td>
                <td align="center">11,87</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>*</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SC (m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,0046<sup>*</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (cm<sup>2</sup>/kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">21,59</td>
                <td align="center">3,86</td>
                <td align="center">20,26</td>
                <td align="center">24,12</td>
                <td align="center">26,18</td>
                <td align="center">2,92</td>
                <td align="center">20,26</td>
                <td align="center">24,12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>* p-valor calculado pelo teste t de Student. &#8224; p-valor calculado pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. &#8225; p-valor calculado pelo teste de Qui-quadrado. QR: Amplitude interquartil; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; SC: superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; QT: quartil. Obs: valores expresso em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, ou mediana e amplitude interquartil/ com os intervalor do primeiro e terceiro quartil, ou frequ&#234;ncia (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dentre os pacientes transplantados, 19 (52,78%) apresentaram doador do mesmo g&#234;nero que o receptor, a maioria dos doadores foram do g&#234;nero masculino (63%). Com rela&#231;&#227;o a droga imunossupressora, 26 estavam em uso de tacrolimus (72,22%), 10 em uso de ciclosporina (27,78%), 25 em uso de micofelonato (69,44%), 11 em uso de azatioprina (30,56%) e 34 em uso de prednisona (94,44%) e quanto a presen&#231;a de comorbidades, 8 transplantados (22,22%) eram portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial e 9 (25%) eram diab&#233;ticos, sendo a Doen&#231;a de Chagas, a etiologia mais frequente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;-transplante, com 52,77%. O tempo entre o TC e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da BEM e ecocardiograma apresentou uma mediana de 70 dias com uma amplitude interquartil de 63 dias (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos transplantados card&#237;acos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>N</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Intervalo entre o transplante card&#237;aco e a bi&#243;psia (dias)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Quartil 0</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Quartil 1</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Quartil 2</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Quartil 3</td>
                <td align="center">169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Drogas Imunossupressoras</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Tacrolimus</td>
                <td align="center">26 (72,22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Ciclosporina</td>
                <td align="center">10 (27,78%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Micofelonato</td>
                <td align="center">25 (69,44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Azatioprina</td>
                <td align="center">11 (30,56%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Prednisona</td>
                <td align="center">34 (94,44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Doador mesmo g&#234;nero do receptor</td>
                <td align="center">19 (52,78%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> DM</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25,00%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22,22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Etiologia da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Cardiotoxicidade</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,77%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Miocardio n&#227;o compactado</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,77%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Miocardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">19 (52,77%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Miocardiopatia Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">6 (16,66%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Miocardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,33%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Miocardiopatia Periparto</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,55%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Miocardiopatia Restritiva</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,77%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Miocardiopatia valvar</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,55%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,77%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>DM: dabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, os pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o apresentaram uma medida maior do septo interventricular e da parede posterior, consequentemente maior espessura relativa (ER) e massa ventricular. Observou-se maior volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, com m&#233;dia de 38,17 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e menor valor nas medidas de Doppler tecidual em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Entretanto, as medidas que envolvem a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o puderam ser analisadas em mais de 50% dos transplantados devido a problemas t&#233;cnicos (fus&#227;o de ondas), com poss&#237;vel perda de confiabilidade dos dados (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de transplantados card&#237;acos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o e volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis (controle)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">Vari&#225;vel Ecocardiogr&#225;fica*</th>
                <th colspan="4">Transplantados sem Rejei&#231;&#227;o (n=36)</th>
                <th colspan="4">Controle (n=30)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>M&#233;dia ou Mediana</th>
                <th>DP ou QR</th>
                <th>QT 1</th>
                <th>QT 3</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia ou Mediana</th>
                <th>DP ou QR</th>
                <th>QT 1</th>
                <th>QT 3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>EDS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,00</td>
                <td align="center">10,00</td>
                <td align="center">9,00</td>
                <td align="center">11,50</td>
                <td align="center">8,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">7,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,00</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EDPP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,50</td>
                <td align="center">9,50</td>
                <td align="center">8,00</td>
                <td align="center">11,00</td>
                <td align="center">7,50</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">7,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,00</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">43,69</td>
                <td align="center">3,09</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">44,70</td>
                <td align="center">3,20</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,2011<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">28,00</td>
                <td align="center">28,00</td>
                <td align="center">26,50</td>
                <td align="center">31,00</td>
                <td align="center">28,00</td>
                <td align="center">3,00</td>
                <td align="center">26,00</td>
                <td align="center">29,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,5027<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE Teicholz (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65,49</td>
                <td align="center">5,23</td>
                <td align="center">62,53</td>
                <td align="center">67,76</td>
                <td align="center">66,91</td>
                <td align="center">6,35</td>
                <td align="center">64,43</td>
                <td align="center">70,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,0491<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDFVE Simpson (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">74,99</td>
                <td align="center">23,00</td>
                <td align="center">60,00</td>
                <td align="center">83,00</td>
                <td align="center">73,00</td>
                <td align="center">28,00</td>
                <td align="center">63,00</td>
                <td align="center">91,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,9790<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSFVE Simpson (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">26,00</td>
                <td align="center">16,00</td>
                <td align="center">21,00</td>
                <td align="center">37,00</td>
                <td align="center">27,00</td>
                <td align="center">13,00</td>
                <td align="center">20,00</td>
                <td align="center">33,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,8075<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE Simpson (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64,52</td>
                <td align="center">6,88</td>
                <td align="center">59,78</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">62,90</td>
                <td align="center">6,74</td>
                <td align="center">60,29</td>
                <td align="center">67,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,7371<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa Devereux (g)</td>
                <td align="center">148,69</td>
                <td align="center">44,51</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">108,15</td>
                <td align="center">25,88</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indice Massa (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">90,79</td>
                <td align="center">29,89</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">59,91</td>
                <td align="center">11,53</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura Relativa</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume AE (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">61,75</td>
                <td align="center">29,50</td>
                <td align="center">49,75</td>
                <td align="center">79,25</td>
                <td align="center">34,50</td>
                <td align="center">12,00</td>
                <td align="center">30,00</td>
                <td align="center">42,00</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume AEi (mL/ m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">38,17</td>
                <td align="center">12,90</td>
                <td align="center">31,21</td>
                <td align="center">44,11</td>
                <td align="center">18,98</td>
                <td align="center">7,18</td>
                <td align="center">16,29</td>
                <td align="center">23,47</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume AD (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">35,00</td>
                <td align="center">19,00</td>
                <td align="center">25,00</td>
                <td align="center">44,00</td>
                <td align="center">27,50</td>
                <td align="center">12,00</td>
                <td align="center">22,00</td>
                <td align="center">34,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,0200<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume Adi (mL/ m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">19,91</td>
                <td align="center">11,62</td>
                <td align="center">15,40</td>
                <td align="center">27,02</td>
                <td align="center">15,61</td>
                <td align="center">7,51</td>
                <td align="center">11,55</td>
                <td align="center">19,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,0014<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VD basal (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">33,64</td>
                <td align="center">5,79</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">33,93</td>
                <td align="center">3,58</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,8014<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VD m&#233;dio (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">29,11</td>
                <td align="center">5,41</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">26,33</td>
                <td align="center">3,96</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,0226<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S VD (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">7,40</td>
                <td align="center">2,06</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">13,37</td>
                <td align="center">2,08</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12,51</td>
                <td align="center">3,18</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">22,97</td>
                <td align="center">3,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FAC VD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42,85</td>
                <td align="center">7,51</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">44,37</td>
                <td align="center">4,55</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,3159<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>* valores expresso em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, ou mediana e amplitude interquartil. &#8224; p-valor calculado pelo teste t de Student. &#8225; p-valor calculado pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. QR: Amplitude Interquartil; EDS: espessura do septo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EDPP: espessura da parede posterior; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AEi: &#225;trio esquerdo indexado pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; AD: &#225;trio direito; ADi: &#225;trio direito indexado pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; FAC: fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento; QT: quartil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, observou-se S de VD e TAPSE com valores inferiores para os transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m com FAC dentro da normalidade (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos valores do <italic>Strain</italic> pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking </italic>na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, abaixo dos valores de refer&#234;ncia<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> nos pacientes transplantados, tanto para o SGL VE, quanto para o SL VD (<xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Strain</italic> pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> e Trabalho Mioc&#225;rdico entre os pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (grupo controle)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left"><italic>Strain</italic> / Trabalho Mioc&#225;rdico<sup><bold>*</bold></sup> </th>
                <th colspan="4">Transplantados sem Rejei&#231;&#227;o (n=36)</th>
                <th colspan="4">Controle (n=30)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>M&#233;dia ou Mediana</th>
                <th>DP ou QR</th>
                <th>QT 1</th>
                <th>QT 3</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia ou Mediana</th>
                <th>DP ou QR</th>
                <th>QT1</th>
                <th>QT3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SGL VE</td>
                <td align="center">11,99</td>
                <td align="center">2,740</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">20,60</td>
                <td align="center">2,15</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8224;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL VD</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">4,33</td>
                <td align="center">18,00</td>
                <td align="center">13,67</td>
                <td align="center">25,50</td>
                <td align="center">7,03</td>
                <td align="center">30,33</td>
                <td align="center">23,30</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>&#8225;</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ITM (mmHg %)</td>
                <td align="center">1131,69</td>
                <td align="center">469,43</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2005,10</td>
                <td align="center">339,10</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TEG (%)</td>
                <td align="center">85,43</td>
                <td align="center">8,70</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">96,30</td>
                <td align="center">2,07</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TCG (mmHg %)</td>
                <td align="center">1395,91</td>
                <td align="center">505,62</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2758,50</td>
                <td align="center">3529,20</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TGD (mmHg %)</td>
                <td align="center">182,11</td>
                <td align="center">143,90</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">68,55</td>
                <td align="center">52,58</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>* valores expresso em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, ou mediana e amplitude interquartil. &#8224; p-valor calculado pelo teste t de Student. &#8224; p-valor calculado pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. SGL VE: Strain Global Longitudinal do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo; Strain VD: Strain parede livre do Ventr&#237;culo Direito; ITM: &#237;ndice de trabalho mioc&#225;rdico; TEG: trabalho de efici&#234;ncia global; TCG: trabalho construtivo global; TGD: trabalho global desperdi&#231;ado; QT: quartil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os &#237;ndices de trabalho mioc&#225;rdico encontraram-se reduzidos em pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (<xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">tabela 4</xref>). O valor m&#233;dio das vari&#225;veis ITM, TEG e TCG s&#227;o significativamente menores para transplantados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (p &lt; 0,0001), sendo o TGD maior no grupo de transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse do SGL VE foi 0,98 (95% IC =0,94-0,99) para o coeficiente de variabilidade interobservador e 0,88 (95% IC =0,70-0,99) para a variabilidade intraobservador. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse do SL VD foram 0,97 (95% IC =0,94-0,95) para a variabilidade interobservador e 0,98 (95% IC =0,95-0,99) para a variabilidade intraobservador. As vari&#225;veis interobservador do Trabalho Mioc&#225;rdico derivado do SGL est&#227;o descritas: ITM 0,93 (95% IC =0,84-0,97), TEG 0,97 (95% IC= 0,93-0,99), TGC 0,94 (95% IC=0,85-0,97) e TGD 0,92 (95% IC=0,81-0,97).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado do presente estudo &#233; a observa&#231;&#227;o de valores de mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca, obtidos por meio do <italic>Strain</italic> pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> e do trabalho mioc&#225;rdico, reduzidos em uma coorte de pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis com idade e g&#234;nero semelhantes. Encontrou-se, para os transplantados, redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores de <italic>Strain</italic> Global Longitudinal de VE, <italic>Strain</italic> de parede livre de VD e dos &#237;ndices de trabalho mioc&#225;rdico, maior tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, maior &#237;ndice de massa e espessura relativa das paredes e a presen&#231;a da Doen&#231;a de Chagas como principal etiologia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que culminou no TC.</p>
      <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com estudos envolvendo transplantados card&#237;acos,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> os dados deste estudo constataram remodelamento ventricular com aumento do &#237;ndice de massa de VE e da ER. Badano et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> descreveram que durante os primeiros meses ap&#243;s o TC pode ocorrer aumento da massa ventricular esquerda e da espessura da parede, provavelmente causada por infiltra&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria celular e edema do enxerto. Durante o seguimento, um aumento secund&#225;rio da massa do VE e da espessura da parede pode ocorrer como consequ&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos fatores como epis&#243;dios repetidos de rejei&#231;&#227;o (ausente nos pacientes participantes deste estudo), taquicardia cr&#244;nica, injuria isqu&#234;mica e hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, usualmente induzida por agentes imunossupressores.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No grupo transplantado, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o se manteve dentro da normalidade (FEVE 64,52&#177;6,88%), por&#233;m os &#237;ndices de <italic>Strain</italic> pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> encontraram-se reduzidos (SGL VE 11,99&#177;2,74) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle e aos padr&#245;es de normalidade descritos em diretrizes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos relataram que medidas de <italic>strain</italic> est&#227;o reduzidas em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada,<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> no entanto, ainda &#233; incerto o significado cl&#237;nico dos valores abaixo da normalidade destes par&#226;metros no primeiro ano do transplantado card&#237;aco. Badano et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>sugerem a an&#225;lise ap&#243;s seis meses do ecocardiograma no TC para determinar os valores basais de normalidade do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado, quando a inj&#250;ria isqu&#234;mica &#233; menor.</p>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo foram concordantes com outras publica&#231;&#245;es que observaram valores de SGL reduzidos ap&#243;s o transplante, mesmo em pacientes sem rejei&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> O procedimento cir&#250;rgico e o remodelamento card&#237;aco, al&#233;m da inflama&#231;&#227;o inicial, podem contribuir para a queda do SGL. Ingvarsson et al.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> descreveram como hip&#243;tese para valores baixos de <italic>strain</italic> uma poss&#237;vel insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada em grupo de transplantados card&#237;acos, visto apresentarem altera&#231;&#245;es em massa ventricular e padr&#227;o restritivo de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>Apesar da superioridade do SGL sobre a FEVE em avalia&#231;&#245;es da performance sist&#243;lica do VE,<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> esta t&#233;cnica &#233; ainda limitada devido a depend&#234;ncia do enchimento ventricular afetando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio em condi&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas. Para minimizar os efeitos da p&#243;s-carga da press&#227;o arterial no <italic>strain</italic>, o trabalho mioc&#225;rdico surge como nova ferramenta ecocardiogr&#225;fica que permite quantificar a performance ventricular esquerda baseada na curva de <italic>strain</italic>/press&#227;o. Este estudo &#233; o primeiro na literatura a descrever o trabalho mioc&#225;rdico em transplantados card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de trabalho mioc&#225;rdico e aumento do trabalho desperdi&#231;ado no grupo de transplantados. Estes dados corroboraram que o comportamento do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado, mesmo sem rejei&#231;&#227;o, apresenta uma performance reduzida com maior trabalho desperdi&#231;ado, tendo como hip&#243;tese altera&#231;&#245;es na din&#226;mica card&#237;aca j&#225; descritas ap&#243;s a cirurgia ou at&#233; mesmo pelo quadro inicial de inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os &#237;ndices que avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, tais como S do VD, TAPSE e <italic>Strain</italic> da parede livre, encontraram-se reduzidos nos transplantados em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p&lt;0,0001) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e tamanho ventricular permaneceram normais.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios obtiveram resultados semelhantes,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> sendo importante mencionar que o TAPSE e S do VD s&#227;o ineficazes em diferenciar a contra&#231;&#227;o ativa da contra&#231;&#227;o passiva causada pelo VE e por isso n&#227;o refletem a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD verdadeira. Raina et al.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> sugeriram que a cirurgia tor&#225;cica altera a contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo direito, diminuindo a contra&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e aumentando a contra&#231;&#227;o radial. Este achado foi confirmado em estudo experimental usando os c&#233;rebros de doadores, em que o aumento da press&#227;o intracraniana e dos n&#237;veis de catecolaminas est&#227;o relacionados a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ap&#243;s o TC.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Dessa forma, foi constatado que a qualidade da manuten&#231;&#227;o do doador, t&#233;cnica do explante, tempo de isquemia, hipotermia e implante no receptor t&#234;m impacto na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito ap&#243;s o transplante.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, observou-se um aumento significativo do tamanho atrial esquerdo, apesar da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica bicaval ter sido utilizada na totalidade dos pacientes transplantados, em contraste com a t&#233;cnica biatrial, mais antiga e com caracter&#237;stica de proporcionar &#225;trios maiores. A presen&#231;a de &#225;trios maiores, apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica bicaval, pode indicar uma despropor&#231;&#227;o entre o tamanho do enxerto do doador em rela&#231;&#227;o ao receptor, resultando em um volume indexado pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea maior ou at&#233; mesmo um endurecimento diast&#243;lico progressivo com aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento causando disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e aumento atrial.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, diferentemente de outros estudos relatados, tem como causa do transplante a Doen&#231;a de Chagas (acima de 50%). No entanto, no grupo de pacientes estudados, n&#227;o se constatou reativa&#231;&#245;es desta doen&#231;a e, pelo n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros de ecocardiograma convencional ou na mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca relacionado a presen&#231;a dessa patologia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fato comprovado tamb&#233;m por Otto et al.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Este foi um estudo com &#250;nico centro, n&#227;o se obteve informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as caracter&#237;sticas do doador pois muitos &#243;rg&#227;os s&#227;o de regi&#227;o remota ao centro pesquisador, apresentou um n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes e utilizou apenas um tipo de Software para a avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica do <italic>Strain</italic> pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> e o trabalho mioc&#225;rdico s&#227;o ferramentas em evolu&#231;&#227;o e os valores obtidos neste estudo n&#227;o podem ser aplicados a outros <italic>softwares</italic> para an&#225;lise de <italic>strain</italic>. Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico incluindo diversos equipamentos de ecocardiograma e um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes deve ser realizado.</p>
      <p>No entanto, como ponto forte do estudo, vale ressaltar que este &#233; o primeiro a avaliar o trabalho mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o e observar a mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca distinta da observada em um grupo compar&#225;vel de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No primeiro ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o, pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o comprovada por BEM apresentaram <italic>Strain</italic> Global Longitudinal do VE, <italic>Strain</italic> da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito e trabalho mioc&#225;rdico reduzidos, mas fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o semelhante em rela&#231;&#227;o a um grupo compar&#225;vel de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Nos pacientes transplantados observou-se adicionalmente aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo e maior remodelamento do VE.</p>
      <p>Estes achados indicam que o padr&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de ecocardiograma difere entre transplantados card&#237;acos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o que pode ser clinicamente relevante no seguimento desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Vale destacar que para a determina&#231;&#227;o de valores de refer&#234;ncia das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas espec&#237;ficas para transplantados &#233; necess&#225;rio a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos multic&#234;ntricos e com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Ao Professor Eduardo Freitas da Silva, pela an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada com excel&#234;ncia.</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230681i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Speckle Tracking Echocardiographic Variables between Patients with Unrejected Heart Transplants and Healthy Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5466-9020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dall&#8217;Orto</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Oliveira Martins Campo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2634-4632</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Otto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Estefania</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maur&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Freitas de Queiroz</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Taveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Soraya Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brizida</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Valle Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasilia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal (ICTDF), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Aline Oliveira Martins Campo Dall&#8217;Orto &#8226; SGCV Lote 24 Apt 402 B. Postal Code 71215-740, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: alineomartins@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Echocardiography is essential for the assessment of patients with heart transplants. However, normal values in such individuals are not clearly defined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To compare conventional echocardiographic and speckle tracking variables between patients with unrejected heart transplants and healthy individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>: A prospective study was conducted with adult patients having undergone heart transplantation at least one year earlier and submitted to endomyocardial biopsy followed by transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Conventional TTE measures and mechanical heart strain assessments using speckle tracking were performed and the results were compared to those of a group of healthy volunteers. Statistical significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Thirty-six transplant patients without rejection were analyzed and compared to 30 healthy individuals. Chagas disease was the main reason for transplantation. Lower left ventricular global longitudinal strain expressed in absolute values was found (11.99% in transplant patients vs. 20.60% in controls; p &lt;0.0001), right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (16.67% in transplant patients vs. 25.50% in controls; p &lt;0.0001) and myocardial work indices (p &lt; 0.0001) as well as a larger size of the left atrium (38.17 ml/m2 in transplant patients vs. 18.98 ml/m2 in controls; p &lt;0.0001) and greater mass and relative wall thickness (p &lt;0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Stable patients having undergone heart transplants without rejection have differences concerning echocardiographic variables compared to healthy individuals. These findings indicate that conventional echocardiographic measures and heart mechanics are altered in transplant patients even in the absence of rejection. Such findings are relevant to the clinical context and follow-up of the patient.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Speckle Tracking Echocardiographic Variables between Patients with Unrejected Heart Transplants and Healthy Individuals</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230681-30681-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Echocardiography is a useful tool that is easy to perform for the assessment of patients with heart transplants in different stages of the transplantation process &#8211; from the intraoperative procedure to the postoperative follow-up assessments. This technique is also important to the monitoring of complications following endomyocardial biopsies and acute cellular rejection as well as the diagnosis of vascular disease of the graft.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The normalization of left ventricular function after transplantation leads to an improvement in symptoms and exerts a considerable impact on the prognosis.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Ejection fraction assessed by an echocardiogram is used as a measure of ventricular function.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A novel two-dimensional echocardiogram modality denominated speckle tracking enables the detection of left ventricular dysfunction before a change in the ejection fraction through the analysis of myocardial deformation (strain). Adding the determination of blood pressure to this measure enables the determination of myocardial work. This novel variable is superior to longitudinal global strain in the assessment of oxygen demand and heart function, as it considers myocardial deformation together with the afterload.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In normal individuals, changes in ventricular function are well described through normality values compiled in various studies.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> For patients having undergone heart transplantation, however, information on the normal performance of the graft remains scarce due to limited scientific evidence in available studies.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study aimed to compare echocardiographic variables between patients having undergone heart transplantation without rejection and a group of healthy individuals, with an investigation of mean left ventricular longitudinal global strain (LV GLS) and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RV FWLS) and well as myocardial work indices in the two groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated based on studies that compared LV GLS in transplant patients,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> adopting an 80% power to detect a 10% reduction in LV GLS, considering 21% (normal absolute value) with a 4% standard deviation and 5% alpha error. The complete description of the sample calculation can be found in a previous study published by the authors comparing patients with and without rejection, for which 34 patients were needed in each group.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> For the comparison of patients without rejection and healthy controls, however, 25 patients were determined necessary for each group. The present study involved 36 patients without rejection and 30 healthy individuals (numbers higher than 25).</p>
          <p>Adults (18 years of age or older) were included. In the heart transplant group, patients having undergone transplantation at least one year earlier were prospectively studied at a reference hospital between January 2017 and December 2019. A group of healthy volunteers without comorbidities who agreed to participate in the study were included in the control group. These volunteers were submitted to basic laboratory exams, an electrocardiogram, and a noninvasive blood pressure measurement before the echocardiogram.</p>
          <p>The exclusion criteria for the transplant patients were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 53%, relapse of Chagas disease, acute cell rejection identified by biopsy at some point during follow-up, humoral rejection, irregular heart rate, confirmed vascular disease of graft, limited acoustic window and refusal to participate.</p>
          <p>This study received approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee. Its inscription number on the Brazil Platform is 65910517.0.0000.0026. All participants signed a statement of informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endomyocardial biopsy</title>
          <p>The transplant patients were in routine follow-up, during which vigilance endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) was performed, followed by a transthoracic echocardiogram on the same day, with less than four hours between exams. The vigilance EMB protocol consists of a biopsy once a week in the first month, every two weeks in the second month, and monthly from three to seven months after the transplant, totaling nine biopsies in six months. After seven months, myocardial scintigraphy is executed and biopsy is only performed when the result is positive for inflammation.</p>
          <p>EMB was performed by fluoroscopy through the femoral vein, with three to five fragments collected in the region of the interventricular septum accessed by the right ventricle. The samples were analyzed under an optical microscope after fixation in hematoxylin and eosin.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> The pathologist in charge of the biopsy analysis was unaware of the echocardiographic results. The findings were classified based on the grading system for the assessment of rejection proposed by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation in 2004.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The transplant patients were divided into two groups based on the histopathological result of the EMB: Group 1 &#8211; without acute cellular rejection (Grades 0 and 1R) and Group 2 &#8211; with acute cellular rejection (Grades: 2R and 3R). The patients in Group 2 were excluded from the analysis. The patients in Group 1 (heart transplant without rejection) were compared to the healthy individuals who composed the control group (central figure).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram</title>
          <p>Images were captured by TTE on the same day as the EMB, with less than four hours between the biopsy and imaging exam, by three trained cardiologists using a commercially available ultrasound device with a 5-MHz transducer (GE Vivid 9, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA). All measurements were made offline at a workstation using the EchoPAC program, version 202 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Norway<italic>)</italic>. The cardiologists had no access to the biopsy results until all variables of interest had been analyzed.</p>
          <p>Standard echocardiographic images were acquired as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> LVEF was calculated using the Simpson method in four-chamber and two-chamber apical views. LV mass was calculated using the equations proposed by Devereux et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> and indexed by body surface. RV function was assessed using the conventional variables recommended by RV assessment guidelines:<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tricuspid annular systolic velocity of tissue Doppler (RV S), and fractional area change (FAC). Diastolic function was assessed based on mitral inflow velocities (E and A waves), E/A ratio, mitral tissue Doppler velocity (e&#8217;/a&#8217;), and E/e&#8217; ratio.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>LV myocardial strain was obtained by global longitudinal strain (GLS) using 2D speckle tracking<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> and expressed in absolute values, following current recommendations.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> In this analysis, three consecutive heart cycles were obtained on each apical plane (four chambers, three chambers, and two chambers), with a frame rate higher than 50 per second. These images were transferred to the workstation and analyzed using the EchoPAC program, version 2.02 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Norway). The endocardial edges were manually traced at the end of the systole of the heart cycles, beginning in the longitudinal apical view, where it is easier to identify the aortic valve closure time. The software program uses a region of interest (ROI) of the entire myocardial thickness, which can be manually adjusted in width, if necessary, and a moving image exhibits the tracking. The software program then divides the left ventricle into six segments, calculating global and segmental longitudinal strain. The same process was repeated for the four-chamber and two-chamber apical views. The LV GLS was determined by the mean of the local values of all myocardial segments and exhibited in a polar map format (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of Global Longitudinal Strain of the Left Ventricle between individuals in the control group and heart transplant recipients. Global longitudinal strain polar map from 17 segments. A: Normal individual, B Heart Transplant without rejection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230681-30681-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Right ventricle longitudinal strain (RV FWLS) was analyzed by the longitudinal strain of the free wall, with the obtainment of three heart cycles in the four-change apical view focused on the RV<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> and temporal opening and closure markers of the pulmonary valve obtained by continuous Doppler at valve level. The mean of the three segments of the free wall of the RV (basal, medial, and apical) was considered the RV FWLS.</p>
          <p>The myocardial work index (MWI) was obtained using the same images of the LV GLS and determining systolic and diastolic blood pressure.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> The software program incorporated LV pressure estimated noninvasively by an automatic cuff at the strain of the LV, providing indices associated with the strain-pressure curve (<xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>). Throughout the segmental and global values for the MWI, additional indices were obtained based on the NORRE study:<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of Left Ventricular Myocardial Work Indices between heart transplant recipients and healthy individuals. Polar Map from 17 segments (A: MWI normal individual, B: MWI Heart Transplant, C: GEW Normal individual, and D: GWW Heart Transplant), graph demonstrating Strain/total pressure curve and bar graph of wasted work (blue) and constructive work (green). MWI: Myocardial Work Index; GEW: Global Efficiency Work; GWW: Global Wasted Work.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230681-30681-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Myocardial work index (MWI) is the total work within the pressure/longitudinal strain area calculated from closure to opening of the mitral valve.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Global constructive work (GCW) is the sum of positive work due to myocardial shortening during systole and negative work due to lengthening during isovolumic relaxation.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Global wasted work (GWW) is the sum of negative work during myocardial lengthening in systole and positive work during shortening in isovolumic relaxation. GWW is the opposite of what is expected at the time of the heart cycle and does not contribute to LV ejection.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Global work efficiency (GWE) was derived from the percentage ratio of constructive work to the sum of constructive work and wasted work expressed in percentage (0&#8211;100%).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The electronic medical records of all participants were reviewed on the day of the exams (EMB and TTE) for the comparison of clinical and demographic characteristics and the immunosuppressant regimen. Clinical characteristics and the lists of immunosuppressants were collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency (percentage of total). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the distribution (normal or non-normal) of the data. Continuous variables were analyzed using either the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test (data with normal distribution) or the Mann-Whitney test (data with non-normal distribution). Categorical variables were analyzed using Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared (&#967;2) test. All analyses were performed with the aid of the SAS 9.4 software and a p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance.</p>
          <p>Interobserver variability was determined by comparing the measures of 20 patients obtained by three different cardiologists. Intra-observer variability was determined by comparing the measures obtained by one cardiologist taken a second time after a one-month interval.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Among the 100 transplant patients at the institution in the study period, 71 were included, totaling 120 biopsies, with a minimum interval of six days, a maximum of 328 days, and a median of 70 days. However, 35 patients were excluded during the study (1 per limited acoustic view, 1 for inconclusive EMB, 1 due to reactivation of Chagas disease, 1 for ejection fraction less than 53% and 31 for having EMB indicative of rejection), with 36 transplant patients remaining for analysis and compared to 30 healthy individuals in the control group (<xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of Heart Transplant patients from 2017 to 2019 at the Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplante do Distrito Federal. EMB: Endomiyocardial Biopsy; TX: transplanteds.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230681-30681-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The chi-squared test revealed no significant differences between the transplant and control groups concerning age or sex. The transplant group had higher mean blood pressure and heart rate. The control group had significantly greater mean weight and body mass index (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of heart transplant groups without rejection and healthy individuals (control)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">Clinical Characteristic</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Transplanted without rejection (n=36)</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Control (n=30)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mean or Median</th>
                  <th>SD/ QR</th>
                  <th>QT 1</th>
                  <th>QT 3</th>
                  <th>Mean or Median</th>
                  <th>SD/ QR</th>
                  <th>QT 1</th>
                  <th>QT 3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">52.50</td>
                  <td align="center">12.50</td>
                  <td align="center">44.00</td>
                  <td align="center">56.50</td>
                  <td align="center">46.00</td>
                  <td align="center">7.00</td>
                  <td align="center">44.00</td>
                  <td align="center">51.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2450<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Feminine Gender </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17 (40.48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (59.52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2826<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">122.00</td>
                  <td align="center">31.00</td>
                  <td align="center">111.00</td>
                  <td align="center">142.00</td>
                  <td align="center">117.00</td>
                  <td align="center">17.00</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">128</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1910<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">83.33</td>
                  <td align="center">16.94</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">69.80</td>
                  <td align="center">10.15</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0002<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HR (bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">83.61</td>
                  <td align="center">13.97</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">75.17</td>
                  <td align="center">9.55</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0051<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Height (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">164.00</td>
                  <td align="center">13.00</td>
                  <td align="center">158.00</td>
                  <td align="center">171.00</td>
                  <td align="center">165.50</td>
                  <td align="center">17.00</td>
                  <td align="center">158</td>
                  <td align="center">175</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5706<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Weight (kg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60.75</td>
                  <td align="center">10.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">72.86</td>
                  <td align="center">11.87</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BS (m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.80</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0046<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (cm<sup>2</sup>/kg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21.59</td>
                  <td align="center">3.86</td>
                  <td align="center">20.26</td>
                  <td align="center">24.12</td>
                  <td align="center">26.18</td>
                  <td align="center">2.92</td>
                  <td align="center">20.26</td>
                  <td align="center">24.12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>* p-value calculated by Student&#8217;s t-test. &#8224; p-value calculated by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. &#8225; p-value calculated by the Chi-square test. QR: Interquartile range; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; BS: body surface; BMI: body mass index; QT: quartile. Note: values expressed as mean and standard deviation, or median and interquartile range/with the intervals of the first and third quartile, or frequency (%)</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Among the transplant patients, the donor and recipient were the same sex in 19 cases (52.78%). Most donors were men (63%). Regarding the immunosuppressants, 26 patients were taking tacrolimus (72.22%), 10 were taking cyclosporin (27.78%), 25 were taking mycophenolate (69.44%), 11 were taking azathioprine (30.56%) and 34 were taking prednisone (94.44%). Eight (22.22%) of the transplanted patients had arterial hypertension and nine (25%) had diabetes. Chagas disease was the most prevalent etiology of pre-transplant heart failure (52.77%). The median time between the heart transplant and EMB and echocardiogram was 70 days, with an interquartile range of 63 days (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of heart transplant recipients without rejection</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Interval between heart transplant and biopsy (days) </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Quartil 0</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Quartil 1</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Quartil 2</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Quartil 3</td>
                  <td align="center">169</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Immunosuppressant Drugs</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Tacrolimus</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (72.22%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Cyclosporine</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (27.78%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mycophenolate</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (69.44%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Azathioprine</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (30.56%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Prednisone</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (94.44%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Clinical features</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Donors of the same gender as the recipient</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (52.78%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> DM</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25.00%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22.22%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Etiology of Heart Failure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Cardiotoxicity</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.77%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Non-compaction cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.77%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Chagasic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (52.77%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Idiopathic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (16.66%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.33%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Postpartum cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.55%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.77%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Valvular cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.55%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.77%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The transplant patients had larger interventricular septum and posterior wall measurements and, consequently, greater relative wall thickness and ventricular mass. The volume of the left atrium was greater (mean: 38.17 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) and tissue Doppler measures had lower values in comparison to the control group. However, measures involving diastolic function could not be analyzed in more than 50% of the transplant patients due to technical problems (fusion of waves), with the possible loss of reliability of the data (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison between echocardiographic variables of heart transplant recipients without rejection and healthy volunteers (control)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">Echocardiographic Variable*</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Transplanted without rejection (n=36)</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Control (n=30)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mean or Median</th>
                  <th>SD/ QR</th>
                  <th>QT 1</th>
                  <th>QT 3</th>
                  <th>Mean or Median</th>
                  <th>SD/ QR</th>
                  <th>QT 1</th>
                  <th>QT 3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SW (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.00</td>
                  <td align="center">10.00</td>
                  <td align="center">9.00</td>
                  <td align="center">11.50</td>
                  <td align="center">8.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">7.00</td>
                  <td align="center">8.00</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PW (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.50</td>
                  <td align="center">9.50</td>
                  <td align="center">8.00</td>
                  <td align="center">11.00</td>
                  <td align="center">7.50</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">7.00</td>
                  <td align="center">8.00</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.69</td>
                  <td align="center">3.09</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">44.70</td>
                  <td align="center">3.20</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2011<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.00</td>
                  <td align="center">28.00</td>
                  <td align="center">26.50</td>
                  <td align="center">31.00</td>
                  <td align="center">28.00</td>
                  <td align="center">3.00</td>
                  <td align="center">26.00</td>
                  <td align="center">29.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5027<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF Teicholz (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.49</td>
                  <td align="center">5.23</td>
                  <td align="center">62.53</td>
                  <td align="center">67.76</td>
                  <td align="center">66.91</td>
                  <td align="center">6.35</td>
                  <td align="center">64.43</td>
                  <td align="center">70.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0491<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDV Simpson (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.99</td>
                  <td align="center">23.00</td>
                  <td align="center">60.00</td>
                  <td align="center">83.00</td>
                  <td align="center">73.00</td>
                  <td align="center">28.00</td>
                  <td align="center">63.00</td>
                  <td align="center">91.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9790<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVSV Simpson (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.00</td>
                  <td align="center">16.00</td>
                  <td align="center">21.00</td>
                  <td align="center">37.00</td>
                  <td align="center">27.00</td>
                  <td align="center">13.00</td>
                  <td align="center">20.00</td>
                  <td align="center">33.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8075<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF Simpson (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.52</td>
                  <td align="center">6.88</td>
                  <td align="center">59.78</td>
                  <td align="center">66.67</td>
                  <td align="center">62.90</td>
                  <td align="center">6.74</td>
                  <td align="center">60.29</td>
                  <td align="center">67.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7371<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV Mass Devereux (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">148.69</td>
                  <td align="center">44.51</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">108.15</td>
                  <td align="center">25.88</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV Mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.79</td>
                  <td align="center">29.89</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">59.91</td>
                  <td align="center">11.53</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relative wall thickness</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA Volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.75</td>
                  <td align="center">29.50</td>
                  <td align="center">49.75</td>
                  <td align="center">79.25</td>
                  <td align="center">34.50</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00</td>
                  <td align="center">30.00</td>
                  <td align="center">42.00</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAi volume (mL/ m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.17</td>
                  <td align="center">12.90</td>
                  <td align="center">31.21</td>
                  <td align="center">44.11</td>
                  <td align="center">18.98</td>
                  <td align="center">7.18</td>
                  <td align="center">16.29</td>
                  <td align="center">23.47</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RA Volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.00</td>
                  <td align="center">19.00</td>
                  <td align="center">25.00</td>
                  <td align="center">44.00</td>
                  <td align="center">27.50</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00</td>
                  <td align="center">22.00</td>
                  <td align="center">34.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0200<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RAi Volume (mL/ m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.91</td>
                  <td align="center">11.62</td>
                  <td align="center">15.40</td>
                  <td align="center">27.02</td>
                  <td align="center">15.61</td>
                  <td align="center">7.51</td>
                  <td align="center">11.55</td>
                  <td align="center">19.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0014<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV basal (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.64</td>
                  <td align="center">5.79</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">33.93</td>
                  <td align="center">3.58</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8014<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV medial (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.11</td>
                  <td align="center">5.41</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">26.33</td>
                  <td align="center">3.96</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0226<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lateral annulus tricuspid SV (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.40</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">13.37</td>
                  <td align="center">2.08</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.51</td>
                  <td align="center">3.18</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">22.97</td>
                  <td align="center">3.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV FAC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.85</td>
                  <td align="center">7.51</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">44.37</td>
                  <td align="center">4.55</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3159<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean and standard deviation, or median and interquartile range. &#8224; p-value calculated by Student&#8217;s t-test. &#8225; p-value calculated by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. QR: Interquartile Range; SW: left ventricular septum thickness; PW: posterior wall thickness; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; LVDV: left ventricle diastolic volume; LVSV: left ventricular systolic volume; LA: left atrium; LAi: left atrium indexed by body surface; RA: right atrium; RAi: right atrium indexed by body surface; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; TAPSE: tricuspid annulus systolic excursion; FAC: fractional shortening; QT: quartile.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the assessment of RV function, lower RV S and TAPSE values were found in the transplant patients, but FAC was within the range of normality (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>). Strain determined by speckle tracking was significantly lower and below reference values<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> in the transplant patients for both LV GLS and RV LS. Myocardial work indices were lower in the transplant patients compared to the control group. Mean MWI, GWE, and GCW were significantly lower in the transplant patients compared to the healthy controls (p &lt; 0.0001) and GWW was greater in the transplant group (<xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of Speckle Tracking Strain and Myocardial Work between transplant patients without rejection and healthy individuals (control group)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">Strain / Myocardial Work*</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Transplanted without rejection (n=36)</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Control (n=30)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mean or Median</th>
                  <th>SD/ QR</th>
                  <th>QT 1</th>
                  <th>QT 3</th>
                  <th>Mean or Median</th>
                  <th>SD/ QR</th>
                  <th>QT 1</th>
                  <th>QT 3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV GLS</td>
                  <td align="center">11.99</td>
                  <td align="center">2.740</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">20.60</td>
                  <td align="center">2.15</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV FWLS</td>
                  <td align="center">16.67</td>
                  <td align="center">4.33</td>
                  <td align="center">18.00</td>
                  <td align="center">13.67</td>
                  <td align="center">25.50</td>
                  <td align="center">7.03</td>
                  <td align="center">30.33</td>
                  <td align="center">23.30</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MWI (mmHg %)</td>
                  <td align="center">1131.69</td>
                  <td align="center">469.43</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2005.10</td>
                  <td align="center">339.10</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GEW (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85.43</td>
                  <td align="center">8.70</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">96.30</td>
                  <td align="center">2.07</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GCW (mmHg %)</td>
                  <td align="center">1395.91</td>
                  <td align="center">505.62</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2758.50</td>
                  <td align="center">3529.20</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GWW (mmHg %)</td>
                  <td align="center">182.11</td>
                  <td align="center">143.90</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">68.55</td>
                  <td align="center">52.58</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean and standard deviation, or median and interquartile range. &#8224; p-value calculated by Student&#8217;s t-test. &#8224; p-value calculated by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. LV GLS: Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain; RV FWLS: right ventricular free wall strain; MWI: myocardial work index; GEW: Global Efficiency Work; GCW: Global Constructive Work; TGD: Global Wasted Work. QT: quartile.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The intraclass correlation coefficient for LV GLS was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94-0.99) for interobserver variability and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.70-0.99) for intra-observer variability. The intraclass correlation coefficient for RV LS was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94-0.95) for interobserver variability and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95-0.99) for intra-observer variability. Interobserver variability coefficients for myocardial work derived from the GLS were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.84-0.97) for MWI, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.93-0.99) for GWE, 0.94 (95% CI: 0.85-0.97) for GCT and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.81-0.97) for GWW.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of the present study was the low heart mechanic values (obtained based on strain determined by speckle tracking) and myocardial work in a cohort of transplant patients without rejection in comparison to healthy individuals of similar age and sex. In the transplant patients, low left ventricle global longitudinal strain, free wall strain of the right ventricle, and myocardial work indices were found, along with a larger left atrium size, larger mass, and larger relative wall thickness. Moreover, Chagas disease was the main etiology of heart failure that culminated in heart transplantation.</p>
        <p>In agreement with previous studies involving heart transplant patients,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> the present data reveal ventricular remodeling, with an increase in the LV mass index and relative wall thickness. Badano et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> reported that an increase in left ventricular mass and wall thickness can occur in the first months after heart transplantation, likely caused by cellular inflammatory infiltration and edema of the graft. During follow-up, a secondary increase in LV mass and wall thickness can occur due to multiple factors, such as repeated episodes of rejection (not found in the participants of the present study), chronic tachycardia, ischemic injury and systemic hypertension, which is usually induced by immunosuppressants.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The ejection fraction remained within the range of normality in the transplant group (LVEF: 64.52 &#177; 6.88%), but the strain indices obtained by speckle tracking were lower (LV GLS: 11.99 &#177; 2.74) than those in the control group and patterns of normality described in guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies report the strain measures are low in many clinical situations with a preserved ejection fraction.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> However, the clinical significance of values below the range of normality for variables in the first year after heart transplantation is not clear. Badano et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> suggest an analysis six months after heart transplantation to determine basal values of normality in such cases when ischemic injury is lower.</p>
        <p>The present findings are in agreement with data reported in other studies that found low GLS values after transplantation, even in patients without rejection.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> The surgical procedure, initial inflammation, and heart remodeling may contribute to the drop in GLS. Ingvarsson et al.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> put forth the hypothesis of low strain variables being related to possible heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction in transplant patients, as such patients exhibit changes in ventricular mass and a restrictive pattern of diastolic dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Despite the superiority of GLS over LVEF in assessments of the systolic performance of the left ventricle,<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> this technique is limited due to its dependence on ventricular filling, affecting the assessment of myocardial contractile function under specific conditions. To minimize the effect of the afterload of arterial pressure on the strain, myocardial work emerges as a novel echocardiographic tool that enables quantifying LV performance based on the strain/pressure curve. The present investigation is the first study in the literature to describe myocardial work in heart transplant patients.</p>
        <p>Reductions in myocardial work indices and an increase in wasted work were found in the transplant group. These data confirm that the transplanted heart &#8211; even without rejection &#8211; has a poorer performance, with greater wasted work. The hypothesis for this regards the previously described changes in heart dynamics after surgery or an initial state of inflammation.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Indices for the assessment of right ventricular function, such as RV S, TAPSE, and free wall strain, were lower in the transplanted group compared to the control group (p &lt;0.0001), whereas the shortening fraction and ventricular size remained normal. Previous studies described similar results.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> One should bear in mind that TAPSE and RV S are ineffective at differentiating active contraction from passive contraction caused by the left ventricle and, therefore, do not reflect true RV function. Raina et al.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> suggest that chest surgery alters the contractability of the right ventricle, diminishing longitudinal contraction and increasing radial contraction. This finding was confirmed in an experimental study using the brains of donors, in which the increase in intracranial pressure and catecholamine levels were related to the reduction in RV function after heart transplantation.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Thus, the quality of donor maintenance, explant technique, time of ischemia, hypothermia, and implant in the recipient have impacts on RV function after transplantation.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, a significant increase in left atrium size was found although the bicaval surgical technique was used in all transplant patients rather than the biatrial technique, which is older and has the characteristic of leading to larger atria. The presence of larger atria despite the use of the bicaval technique may indicate a disproportion in the size of the graft from the donor concerning the recipient, resulting in a volume indexed by the larger body surface or even progressive diastolic stiffening with the increase in filling pressures, causing diastolic dysfunction and an increase in atrium size.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Unlike descriptions in previous studies, the main reason for transplantation in the present sample was Chagas disease (more than 50%). However, no reactivation of the disease was found in the patients studied. Moreover, the small number of patients impedes the assessment of differences in conventional echocardiographic variables and heart mechanics related to the presence of this disease and other causes of heart failure, as also demonstrated by Otto et al.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations that should be considered. The study was developed at a single center. No information was collected on the characteristics of the donors, as many organs came from regions distant from the research center. The sample size was small and only one type of software was used for the assessment. Strain determined by speckle tracking and myocardial work are evolving tools, and the values obtained in this study cannot be applied to other strain analysis software programs. A multicentric study involving different cardiogram equipment and a larger number of patients is needed.</p>
        <p>As a strong point, this is the first study to assess myocardial work in transplant patients without rejection and to find different heart mechanics from that seen in a comparable group of healthy individuals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the first year after heart transplantation, patients without rejection proved by EMB exhibited lower global longitudinal strain of the left ventricle, lower free wall strain of the right ventricle, and lower myocardial work, but a similar ejection fraction to that found in the comparable group of healthy individuals. Moreover, an increase in the size of the left atrium and greater remodeling of the left ventricle were found in the transplant patients. These findings indicate that the pattern of echocardiographic variables differs between transplant patients without rejection and healthy individuals, which can be clinically relevant during the follow-up of these patients.</p>
        <p>For the determination of reference values of specific echocardiographic measures for heart transplant patients, multicentric studies with a larger number of patients are needed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>To Professor Eduardo Freitas da Silva, for the excellent statistical analysis.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Aline de Oliveira Martins Campo Dall&#180;Orto, from Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UNB).</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplante do Distrito Federal (ICTDF) under the protocol number 65910517.0.0000.0026. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
