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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">65DzyTxjdHrbCbTVx3vPYGp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000800305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230670</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Par&#226;metros de <italic>Strain</italic> Diast&#243;lico Est&#227;o Associados &#224; Mortalidade em Curto Prazo e &#224; Reinterna&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8703-5078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tatar</surname>
            <given-names>Sefa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#304;cli</surname>
            <given-names>Abdullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#305;ba&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Alpay</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akilli</surname>
            <given-names>Nazire Belgin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akilli</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sertdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet L&#252;tfi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi &#8211; Kardiyoloji, Konya &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Konya City Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Konya City Hospital, Konya &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sefa Tatar</bold> &#8226; Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi Meram Tip Fakultesi Hastanesi &#8211; Kardiyoloji &#8211; Meram Konya 42080 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>ssefa_tatar@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230670</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Par&#226;metros de <italic>Strain</italic> Diast&#243;lico Est&#227;o Associados &#224; Mortalidade em Curto Prazo e &#224; Reinterna&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Ecocardiografia de strain diast&#243;lico e mortalidade em curto prazo em pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada. ICFER: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; SR: taxa de strain; NT-ProBNP: O pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/65DzyTxjdHrbCbTVx3vPYGp/22102965998a415daa7c7fee002267d9a8fd3656.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/65DzyTxjdHrbCbTVx3vPYGp/a7127b0fab7a043b1e2808e943f39b04792e4b32.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/65DzyTxjdHrbCbTVx3vPYGp/35ebf4a38dbe8d15d4d0d26b9200d309087aa0d0.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma das principais causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade em todo o mundo e representa um grande fardo econ&#243;mico para os sistemas de sa&#250;de. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com IC &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para estabelecer estrat&#233;gias de manejo ideais e evitar procedimentos invasivos e dispendiosos desnecess&#225;rios em pacientes em est&#225;gio terminal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de <italic>strain</italic> diast&#243;lico, incluindo E/e&#8217; SR, e resultados de curto prazo em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo populacional incluiu 116 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) avan&#231;ada. Avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes foram realizadas nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um m&#234;s e qualquer reinterna&#231;&#227;o por piora dos sintomas de IC e qualquer mortalidade foi registrada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A E/e&#8217; SR foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p=0,001). Durante o acompanhamento de um m&#234;s, 13,8% dos pacientes morreram e 37,1% dos pacientes foram reinternados. NT-ProBNP s&#233;rico (p=0,034) e E/e&#8217; SR (p=0,033) foram considerados preditores independentes de mortalidade e o uso de IECA (p=0,027) e <italic>strain</italic> 3C apical (p=0,011) foram considerados independentes preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o no grupo de pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os resultados do presente estudo prospectivo demonstram que a E/e&#8217; SR medida pela ecocardiografia com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> &#233; um preditor independente e sens&#237;vel de mortalidade em curto prazo em pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada e pode ter um papel na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEr em est&#225;gio terminal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Readmiss&#227;o do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma das principais causas de complica&#231;&#245;es fatais e n&#227;o fatais e continua a ser um problema de sa&#250;de crescente em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de IC na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta &#233; relatada em cerca de 1% a 2%, mas a taxa &#233; mais de 10% em indiv&#237;duos mais velhos com mais de 70 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar de todas as novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, a IC ainda est&#225; associada a uma elevada taxa de mortalidade e o tratamento da IC representa um grande fardo econ&#243;mico para os sistemas de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa do estado cl&#237;nico e do progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para estabelecer um tratamento adequado, estrat&#233;gias e evitar procedimentos invasivos e dispendiosos desnecess&#225;rios em pacientes em fase terminal.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e dos exames bioqu&#237;micos, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica &#233; parte indispens&#225;vel da avalia&#231;&#227;o da IC. As fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo s&#227;o preditores bem definidos para o resultado cardiovascular em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (STE) &#233; um novo m&#233;todo para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda por meio da quantifica&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) e da taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o (taxa de <italic>strain</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de enchimento transmitral precoce e o taxa de <italic>strain</italic> diast&#243;lica precoce (E/e&#8217; SR) medida por STE tamb&#233;m emergiu como um marcador confi&#225;vel da press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerdo e um preditor sens&#237;vel de desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por outro lado, h&#225; dados limitados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de STE incluindo E/e&#8217; SR e progn&#243;stico na IC avan&#231;ada com sintomas graves (estado funcional Classe III-IV da New York Heart Association), disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca grave e congest&#227;o pulmonar ou sist&#234;mica que requer diur&#233;ticos intravenosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de <italic>strain</italic> diast&#243;lico, incluindo E/e&#8217; SR medido por STE, e resultados de curto prazo em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 176 pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) (FE &#8804;40%, estado funcional Classe III-IV da New York Heart Association, congest&#227;o pulmonar ou sist&#234;mica que requer diur&#233;ticos intravenosos, mais de duas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es ou visitas recorrentes ao servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia no &#250;ltimo ano, deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, desenvolvimento de caquexia sem causa identific&#225;vel, incapacidade de usar inibidores da ECA devido a insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hipotens&#227;o, agravamento da IC ou intoler&#226;ncia a betabloqueadores devido &#224; hipotens&#227;o, desenvolvimento de resist&#234;ncia aos diur&#233;ticos e aumento da dose de furosemida acima de &#8805;160 mg/dL, bem como desenvolvimento de hiponatremia) e 58 indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca conhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> N&#227;o houve crit&#233;rio definindo o tamanho da amostra utilizada na pesquisa, sendo estipulado por conveni&#234;ncia. N&#227;o tivemos um crit&#233;rio que definisse o tamanho da amostra para cada um dos dois grupos examinados. Quarenta e cinco pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Entre os pacientes exclu&#237;dos, 10 apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica avan&#231;ada, 5 apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia mitral avan&#231;ada, 3 apresentavam estenose a&#243;rtica avan&#231;ada e 7 apresentavam estenose mitral avan&#231;ada. Al&#233;m disso, 10 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo por doen&#231;a prot&#233;tica valvar a&#243;rtica e 5 por doen&#231;a prot&#233;tica valvar mitral. Al&#233;m disso, 5 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo por terem cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) instalado e necessidade de suporte inotr&#243;pico.</p>
        <p>Um total de 131 pacientes foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial no pronto-socorro/ambulat&#243;rio antes da admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI)/enfermaria e antes da terapia diur&#233;tica. Nesta fase, outros 15 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo devido &#224; m&#225; qualidade da imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica. A popula&#231;&#227;o final do estudo incluiu 116 pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada como &#8220;grupo de pacientes&#8221; e 58 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis como &#8220;grupo controle&#8221;. Dos 116 pacientes, 40 foram internados na UTI e 76 na enfermaria de cardiologia ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Dos pacientes internados em enfermaria, 3 necessitaram de transfer&#234;ncia para UTI durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O fluxograma do estudo &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. O n&#237;vel de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro N-terminal (ProBNP) foi medido em todos os pacientes, al&#233;m de exames de sangue de rotina. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um m&#234;s e qualquer reinterna&#231;&#227;o por piora dos sintomas de IC e qualquer mortalidade foi registrada. Os desfechos desfavor&#225;veis dos pacientes foram avaliados tanto por telefone quanto por meio de prontu&#225;rios. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (2019/1724) e o consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma do paciente. 176 pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. 45 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo devido &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca grave, pr&#243;tese valvar card&#237;aca e hist&#243;ria de marca-passo. 15 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224; m&#225; qualidade da imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica. A popula&#231;&#227;o final do estudo incluiu 116 pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada. ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230670-30670-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica foi realizada com aparelho de ultrassom Philips Epiq 7C (Bothell, WA, EUA) com transdutor de 5-1 MHz. As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas por dois cardiologistas experientes, utilizando t&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o e imagens sugeridas pelas diretrizes da <italic>American Echocardiography Association</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson. Foram obtidas visualiza&#231;&#245;es paraesternal eixo longo, paraesternal eixo curto, apical 4 c&#226;maras e apical eixo longo. Todas as imagens foram maiores que 60 fps e obtidas durante pelo menos 5 ciclos card&#237;acos. Foram calculados os valores do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) para todas as paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Tanto os pontos basais quanto o &#225;pice do mioc&#225;rdio foram determinados em cada janela nas imagens SR. Foram calculadas a dist&#226;ncia entre o pico R do complexo QRS e o ponto de pico da frequ&#234;ncia E mitral e a dist&#226;ncia entre o pico R do complexo QRS e o ponto de pico da frequ&#234;ncia A mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Os valores de e&#8217; SR foram calculados a partir dos per&#237;odos obtidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). O influxo mitral foi medido na onda diast&#243;lica inicial (E) e na onda diast&#243;lica tardia (A) em 5 a 10 ciclos card&#237;acos do lado distal de 1 cm das extremidades da valva mitral na vis&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras atrav&#233;s do Doppler de onda pulsada (PW), e sua m&#233;dia foi calculado. O valor E mitral foi ent&#227;o dividido em frequ&#234;ncia e&#8217; SR e o valor absoluto de E/e&#8217; SR foi calculado. Se a variabilidade da RS medida por dois operadores fosse superior a 5%, o paciente era exclu&#237;do. Se a diferen&#231;a entre duas medidas for inferior a 5%, a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos dois valores foi calculada e utilizada para as an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de strain e a atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o na ecocardiografia. Os tempos de medi&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica foram medidos desde o ponto de pico da onda QRS at&#233; os pontos de pico da onda E e da onda A no solo horizontal.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230670-30670-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Taxa de strain E (1/s) e taxa de strain A (1/s) da janela apical.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230670-30670-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O software SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>) Windows 22.0 foi utilizado para an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto os dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos como mediana [intervalo interquartil (IQR)]. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%) e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi avaliada pelo teste Qui-quadrado. O teste-t de Student independente foi utilizado para comparar par&#226;metros normalmente distribu&#237;dos. Par&#226;metros distorcidos foram comparados usando o teste U de Mann-Whitney. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizadas para avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico dos par&#226;metros do SLG para prever reinterna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade. Os valores de corte ideais foram determinados pela an&#225;lise dos valores de sensibilidade e especificidade derivados da an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC). Qualquer valor de p abaixo de 0,05 (p&lt;0,05) foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais dos grupos de pacientes e controle s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina e ureia foram significativamente maiores no grupo de pacientes (p=0,018 e p=0,001, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo par&#226;metros de strain diast&#243;lico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A E/e&#8217; SR foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle [188,8(323,0) vs 54,1(21,0), p=0,001].</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos grupos de pacientes e controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Grupo de Pacientes (n=116) M&#233;dia&#177;DP/Mediana (IQR) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Grupo de controle (n=58) M&#233;dia&#177;DP/Mediana (IQR) </th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Anos de idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">67,7&#177;12,8</td>
                <td align="center">68,1&#177;11,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,524</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (61,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (62,1%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (38,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (37,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DAC, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,019</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">41 (35,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (60,3%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dica</td>
                <td align="center">15 (12,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,6%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACTP</td>
                <td align="center">39 (33,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (19%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM</td>
                <td align="center">21 (18,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12,1%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">84 (72,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (81%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fumante, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">40 (34,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (25,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">52 (44,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (58,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">49 (42,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (39,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16 (13,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DRC, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">53 (45,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (36,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12,4&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,9&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,828</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemat&#243;crito</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">38,4&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">39,8&#177;6,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,364</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VCM (fL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">83,7&#177;7,5</td>
                <td align="center">86,5&#177;6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Contagem de plaquetas (x109/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">246,5&#177;96,3</td>
                <td align="center">252,0&#177;78,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,705</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>S&#243;dio (mmol/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">138,0&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">138,8&#177;3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,6&#177;0,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,3&#177;0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,182</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TFG (ml/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51(29)</td>
                <td align="center">72(40)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ureia (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">57(39)</td>
                <td align="center">40(29)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatina (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,39(1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98(1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,018</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AST (U/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18(12)</td>
                <td align="center">17(13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ALT (U/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15(14)</td>
                <td align="center">17(18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,908</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (x109/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9,1 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3(4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">56,8&#177;7,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,3&#177;4,5</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">44,3&#177;8,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,8&#177;4,0</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">43,5&#177;7,0</td>
                <td align="center">34,8&#177;6,4</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial pulmonar (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35(21)</td>
                <td align="center">30(9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">182,8(90)</td>
                <td align="center">42,4(32)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">122,5(60)</td>
                <td align="center">17,3(14)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">30,6(11)</td>
                <td align="center">57,1(13)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold><italic>Strain</italic> apical 3C (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-6,7&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">-9,3 &#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal global (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-7,2&#177;2,46</td>
                <td align="center">-10,5&#177;2,6</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>E SR, 1/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,34(0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0(0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>a SR, 1/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,3(0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.1(1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>E/e'SR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">188,8(323,0)</td>
                <td align="center">54,1(21,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; VCM: volume corpuscular m&#233;dio; ACTP: angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea; SR: taxa de strain. Valores em negrito indicam valores de p significativos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de mortalidade no grupo de pacientes</title>
        <p>Durante um m&#234;s de acompanhamento, 16 (13,8%) pacientes morreram. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais dos grupos de mortalidade e sobrevida s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Betabloqueador e o uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) foram menos comuns no grupo de mortalidade. Por outro lado, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de proBNP foi significativamente maior no grupo de mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, a E/e&#8217; SR tamb&#233;m foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do &#225;trio esquerdo foram significativamente menores no grupo de mortalidade</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos mortalidade e sobreviv&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Grupo de Mortalidade (n=16) M&#233;dia&#177;DP/Mediana (IQR) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Grupo de Sobreviv&#234;ncia (n=100) M&#233;dia&#177;DP/Mediana (IQR) </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anos de idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69,1&#177;12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">67,5&#177;12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,644</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,236</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (63,0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (37,0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo total de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,690</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (62,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,251</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7 (43,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,573</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Betabloqueador, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,043</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (69%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,115</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IECA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,036</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ARM, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,178</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">52,7&#177;8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">57,4&#177;7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,021</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42,6&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">44,6&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,384</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40,4&#177;8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0&#177;6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,049</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TFG (ml/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">41 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,216</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ProBNP (ng/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13800 (30747)</td>
                  <td align="center">4860 (9174)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">166,6 (138)</td>
                  <td align="center">182,3 (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,876</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">116,4 (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">121,2 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,719</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31,7 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,3 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,513</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Strain</italic> apical 4C (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-7,5&#177;2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,3&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,777</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Strain</italic> apical 3C (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-6,2&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,7 &#177;3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Strain</italic> apical 2C (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-7,4&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,7&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,503</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal global (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-7,4&#177;2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,2&#177;2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,742</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>E SR, 1/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>A SR, 1/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,774</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>E/e'SR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">600,0 (679,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">184,4 (318,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,009</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; SR: taxa de strain. Valores em negrito indicam valores de p significativos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foram realizadas para identificar preditores de mortalidade no grupo de pacientes e os resultados dessas an&#225;lises s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada revelou que o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de proBNP e E/e&#8217; SR foram preditores independentes de mortalidade no grupo de pacientes durante o acompanhamento de um m&#234;s.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada para identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores de mortalidade no grupo de pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Betabloqueador*, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.019-8.829</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,046</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.753</td>
                  <td align="center">0,824-9,203</td>
                  <td align="center">0,100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diur&#233;tico*, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.226</td>
                  <td align="center">0,765-6,474</td>
                  <td align="center">0,142</td>
                  <td align="center">0,861</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157-4,714</td>
                  <td align="center">0,863</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IECA*, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.166</td>
                  <td align="center">1.023-9.798</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,046</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.356</td>
                  <td align="center">0,306-5,998</td>
                  <td align="center">0,688</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ARM, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.232</td>
                  <td align="center">0,595-8,372</td>
                  <td align="center">0,234</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final* (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,916</td>
                  <td align="center">0,850-0,988</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,024</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,956</td>
                  <td align="center">0,866-1,055</td>
                  <td align="center">0,369</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,972</td>
                  <td align="center">0,913-1,036</td>
                  <td align="center">0,381</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,983</td>
                  <td align="center">0,927-1,043</td>
                  <td align="center">0,569</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo* (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,927</td>
                  <td align="center">0,858-1,001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,053</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,925</td>
                  <td align="center">0,851-1,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ProBNP* (ng/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000-1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,029</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000-1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,034</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>E/e'SR*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000-1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,048</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000-1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,033</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; SR: taxa de strain. *Esses par&#226;metros s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise multivariada. Valores em negrito indicam valores de p significativos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor demonstrou que um valor de corte de 218,75 para E/e&#8217; SR teve sensibilidade e especificidade de 86,7 e 58,0% para predizer mortalidade no grupo de pacientes. Um valor de corte de 6.326,50 ng/L para o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de proBNP teve sensibilidade e especificidade de 85,7 e 56,2% para prever mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o no grupo de pacientes</title>
        <p>Durante um m&#234;s de acompanhamento, 43 (37,1%) pacientes foram reinternados devido ao agravamento dos sintomas de IC. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais dos grupos de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o reinterna&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. O uso de IECA foi mais comum no grupo de reinterna&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a deforma&#231;&#227;o apical 3C foi significativamente pior no grupo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de n&#227;o reinterna&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de proBNP e E/e&#8217; SR foram semelhantes entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos reinterna&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o reinterna&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Grupo de Reinterna&#231;&#227;o (n=43) M&#233;dia&#177;DP/Mediana (IQR) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Grupo de n&#227;o reinterna&#231;&#227;o (n=73) M&#233;dia&#177;DP/Mediana (IQR) </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anos de idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66,5&#177;11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">68,4&#177;13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,452</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,845</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (62,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (60,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (37,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (39,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo total de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,662</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34 (79,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (68,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24 (55,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (38,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,551</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 (44,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (41,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,447</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Betabloqueador, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33 (76,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (68,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32 (74,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (61,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,114</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IECA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29 (67,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (47,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,032</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ARM, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17 (39,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (27,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">57,1&#177;7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">56,5&#177;8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,686</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">44,1&#177;8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">44,5&#177;8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,824</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">44,4&#177;7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0&#177;6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,292</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TFG (ml/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47,0 (17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,5 (34,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ProBNP (ng/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5560 (8721)</td>
                  <td align="center">7368 (15593)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,554</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">196,8 (92)</td>
                  <td align="center">169,8 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">129,9 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,117</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,268</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Strain</italic> apical 4C (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-6,7&#177;2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,63&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Strain</italic> apical 3C (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-5,57&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,7 &#177;3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,010</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Strain</italic> apical 2C (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-6,4&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,9&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,457</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal global (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-7,0&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,4&#177;2,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,462</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>E SR, 1/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,37 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 (0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,817</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>A SR, 1/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,765</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>E/e'SR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">178,3 (305)</td>
                  <td align="center">221,8 (473)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,470</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; SR: taxa de strain. Valores em negrito indicam valores de p significativos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada foram realizadas para identificar preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o no grupo de pacientes e os resultados dessas an&#225;lises s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada revelou que o uso de IECA e o <italic>strain</italic> apical 3C foram preditores independentes de reinterna&#231;&#227;o no grupo de pacientes durante um acompanhamento de -m&#234;s.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada para identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o no grupo de pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,575</td>
                  <td align="center">0,237-1,395</td>
                  <td align="center">0,221</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diur&#233;tico*, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,552</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240-1,269</td>
                  <td align="center">0,162</td>
                  <td align="center">0,756</td>
                  <td align="center">0,269-2,218</td>
                  <td align="center">0,597</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IECA*, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,445</td>
                  <td align="center">0,203-0,976</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,043</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.525</td>
                  <td align="center">1.111-5.738</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,027</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ARM*, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,577</td>
                  <td align="center">0,260-1,283</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                  <td align="center">0,832</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317-2,186</td>
                  <td align="center">0,709</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997-1,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,264</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997-1,012</td>
                  <td align="center">0,247</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,969</td>
                  <td align="center">0,923-1,016</td>
                  <td align="center">0,192</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Strain apical 3C* (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.138</td>
                  <td align="center">1.023-1.265</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,017</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.154</td>
                  <td align="center">1.033-1.288</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,011</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Strain apical 4C* (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.119</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008-1.241</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,035</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.039</td>
                  <td align="center">0,898-1,202</td>
                  <td align="center">0,609</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; OR: raz&#227;o de chances. *Esses par&#226;metros est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise multivariada. Valores em negrito indicam valores de p significativos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor demonstrou que um valor de corte de -5,55% para o <italic>strain</italic> apical 3C teve sensibilidade e especificidade de 76,7 e 50,7% para prever reinterna&#231;&#227;o no grupo de pacientes. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> resume as principais informa&#231;&#245;es do manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo prospectivo, revelamos que a E/e&#8217; SR medida pelo STE e o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de proBNP foram preditores independentes de mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada durante o acompanhamento de um m&#234;s. Por outro lado, o <italic>strain</italic> apical 3C foi o &#250;nico preditor de reinterna&#231;&#227;o no mesmo grupo de pacientes. Existem outros estudos na literatura que investigam o papel progn&#243;stico dos par&#226;metros de STE, incluindo E/e&#8217; SR em pacientes com IC, mas nosso estudo &#233; &#250;nico para sua popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes (pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada) e tempo de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (dentro das primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o). admiss&#227;o).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com IC, o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico &#233; prejudicado e o enchimento ventricular esquerdo diminui. Como resultado, ocorre um aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e os pacientes come&#231;am a desenvolver sintomas de IC. Com o aumento do t&#244;nus venoso, o desenvolvimento de reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e a ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias neuro-hormonais, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aumenta ainda mais, a rigidez ventricular esquerda aumenta significativamente e ocorre edema pulmonar nos pacientes. Embora a contribui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o atrial tente aumentar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco para compensar esta situa&#231;&#227;o, o enchimento diast&#243;lico &#233; limitado devido a uma resposta ventricular severa. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o faz com que a dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e a congest&#227;o pulmonar piorem nos pacientes. Especialmente a dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda devem ser observadas como um guia importante em pacientes com IC diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora tenham sido tentadas explica&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas para serem explicadas desta forma, a fisiopatologia ainda n&#227;o foi claramente explicada.</p>
      <p>A imagem de <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico com STE fornece importantes informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas adicionais sobre a ecocardiografia b&#225;sica e a imagem Doppler tecidual em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o SLG foi um preditor independente de mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com ICFEr e adicionou valor progn&#243;stico incremental significativo para os fatores de risco bem conhecidos, como a FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Por outro lado, no presente estudo, n&#227;o detectamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre SLG e mortalidade/rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada. A diferen&#231;a mais importante entre esses estudos e os nossos &#233; que investigamos uma amostra de pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada, mas outros estudos tiveram uma popula&#231;&#227;o global com IC. Essa discrep&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m pode ser resultado da popula&#231;&#227;o relativamente pequena de pacientes do presente estudo.</p>
      <p>Em sua grande s&#233;rie avaliando caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada, Javaloyes et al. relataram que a maioria dos pacientes tinha um fen&#243;tipo &#8220;quente e &#250;mido&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A taxa de mortalidade em 1 ano foi de 30,8% no grupo de estudo e mais alta nos pacientes com fen&#243;tipo &#8220;frio e seco&#8221;. Como resultado, conclu&#237;ram que a hipoperfus&#227;o estava relacionada a um aumento da taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar e em 1 ano em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada, em linha com estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Por outro lado, em pacientes sem hipoperfus&#227;o, os preditores de mortalidade s&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; claro. No presente estudo revelamos que a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica precoce e a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de enchimento precoce transmitral e a taxa de <italic>strain</italic> diast&#243;lica precoce (E/e&#8217; SR), al&#233;m de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos, pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada com fen&#243;tipo &#8220;quente e &#250;mido&#8221;.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de enchimento transmitral precoce e a taxa de <italic>strain</italic> diast&#243;lica precoce (E/e&#8217; SR) obtida por STE emergiu como uma medida confi&#225;vel das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular esquerdo que contorna as limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas dos par&#226;metros derivados do Doppler.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> E/e &#8216;SR &#233; um par&#226;metro menos dependente da carga do que E/e&#8217; e n&#227;o &#233; afetado significativamente pela sobrecarga de volume, o que o torna um marcador &#250;til da press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com ICFEr. Estudos recentes mostraram que a RS de E/e&#8217; foi um forte preditor de mortalidade e piores resultados em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es, incluindo ICFER, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, estenose a&#243;rtica e diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com esses achados, revelamos que E/e&#8217; SR foi um preditor independente de mortalidade em curto prazo em pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada, juntamente com o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de proBNP. Tanto o E/e&#8217; SR quanto os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de proBNP apresentaram alta sensibilidade, mas baixa especificidade para a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em nosso grupo de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Apesar das enormes melhorias nas estrat&#233;gias de gest&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEr nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, as taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o permanecem muito altas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Os esfor&#231;os para reduzir as readmiss&#245;es e os gastos com sa&#250;de associados levaram os pesquisadores a investigarem os preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC. V&#225;rios preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o, incluindo press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, n&#237;veis aumentados de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal, foram descritos em pacientes com ICFEr at&#233; o momento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Por outro lado, um &#250;nico modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco aplic&#225;vel a todos os pacientes n&#227;o foi estabelecido ainda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No presente estudo, descobrimos que o <italic>strain</italic> 3C apical e o uso de IECA foram os &#250;nicos preditores independentes de reinterna&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada. Na verdade, o uso isolado do IECA n&#227;o deve ser considerado motivo de interna&#231;&#227;o. O uso de IECA na IC est&#225; entre os medicamentos que reduzem a mortalidade. Contudo, como estes pacientes se encontram em fases avan&#231;adas de IC, as fun&#231;&#245;es renais deterioram-se ao longo do tempo, desenvolve-se a s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal e o processo torna-se um ciclo vicioso. A cada epis&#243;dio de descompensa&#231;&#227;o esse processo se agrava, levando ao aumento da frequ&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#245;es e das taxas de mortalidade. O <italic>strain</italic> apical 3C apresentou sensibilidade moderada e baixa especificidade para predi&#231;&#227;o de reinterna&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o detectamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre reinterna&#231;&#227;o e E/e&#8217; SR e n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de proBNP em nosso grupo de pacientes. Conforme afirmado por Desai SA e Stevenson LW em relat&#243;rio especial, definir preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC &#233; um desafio, pois pode ser afetado por fatores psicossociais e socioecon&#244;micos dos pacientes que podem ser facilmente ignorados nos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico com uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes relativamente pequena e acompanhamento de curto prazo. Em segundo lugar, a mortalidade por todas as causas foi utilizada como desfecho e as mortes por causas cardiovasculares n&#227;o foram especificadas. Terceiro, tanto o proBNP s&#233;rico (424,00-85.524,00 ng/L) quanto o E/e&#8217;SR (46,92-1.966,67) tiveram uma faixa de distribui&#231;&#227;o muito ampla em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, portanto, seus ORs foram pr&#243;ximos de 1,0 e os ICs foram muito estreitos. O par&#226;metro E/e&#8217; SR &#233; de dif&#237;cil obten&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Especialmente em pacientes que apresentam sintomas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o durante a fase aguda, outros par&#226;metros de <italic>strain</italic>-eco semelhantes n&#227;o puderam ser avaliados devido a fatores como escassez de equipamentos e recursos e dif&#237;cil acesso. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o pode ser considerada entre as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do presente estudo prospectivo demonstram que a E/e&#8217; SR medida pelo STE &#233; um preditor independente e sens&#237;vel de mortalidade em curto prazo em pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada. Esses dados sugerem que a E/e&#8217; SR pode ter um papel na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEr em est&#225;gio terminal. Mais grandes estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer esta associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2019-1724. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230670i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diastolic Strain Parameters are Associated with Short Term Mortality and Rehospitalization in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8703-5078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tatar</surname>
            <given-names>Sefa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#304;cli</surname>
            <given-names>Abdullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#305;ba&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Alpay</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akilli</surname>
            <given-names>Nazire Belgin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akilli</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sertdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet L&#252;tfi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi &#8211; Kardiyoloji, Konya &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Konya City Hospital, Konya &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Sefa Tatar</bold> &#8226; Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi Meram Tip Fakultesi Hastanesi &#8211; Kardiyoloji &#8211; Meram Konya 42080 &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: ssefa_tatar@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Diastolic Strain Parameters are Associated with Short Term Mortality and Rehospitalization in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Diastolic strain echocardiography and short-term mortality in advanced HFrEF patients. HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; SR: strain rate; NT-ProBNP: The N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230670-30670-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality worldwide and places a great economic burden on healthcare systems. Identification of prognostic factors in HF patients is of great importance to establish optimal management strategies and to avoid unnecessary invasive and costly procedures in end-stage patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association between diastolic strain parameters including E/e&#8217; SR, and short-term outcomes in advanced HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The population study included 116 advanced HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic evaluations of the patients were performed within the first 24 hours of hospital admission. Patients were followed for one month and any re-hospitalization due to worsening of HF symptoms and any mortality was recorded. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> E/e&#8217; SR was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (p=0.001). During one-month follow-up, 13.8% of patients died and 37.1% of patients were rehospitalized. Serum NT-ProBNP (p=0.034) and E/e&#8217; SR (p=0.033) were found to be independent predictors of mortality and ACE&#304; use (p=0.027) and apical 3C strain (p=0.011) were found to be independent predictors of rehospitalization in the patient group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Findings of the current prospective study demonstrate that E/e&#8217; SR measured by speckle tracking echocardiography is an independent and sensitive predictor of short-term mortality in advanced HFrEF patients and may have a role in the identification of end-stage HFrEF patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Readmission</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of fatal and non-fatal complications and continues to be a growing health problem all over the globe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> HF prevalence in the adult population is reported to be around 1% to 2% but the rate is over 10% in older individuals at and over 70 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite all new therapeutic options, HF is still associated with a high mortality rate and HF treatment places a great economic burden on healthcare systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Accurate assessment of clinical status and prognosis in HF patients is of paramount importance to establish appropriate management strategies and to avoid unnecessary invasive and costly procedures in end-stage patients.</p>
        <p>Besides clinical evaluation and biochemical tests, echocardiographic evaluation is an indispensable part of HF assessment. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions are well-defined predictors for cardiovascular outcome in HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel method for assessing left ventricular function via quantifying myocardial deformation (strain) and rate of deformation (strain rate).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>The ratio of transmitral early filling velocity to early diastolic strain rate (E/e&#8217; SR) measured by STE has also emerged as a reliable marker of left ventricular filling pressure and a sensitive predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in chronic HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>On the other hand, there is limited data regarding the association between STE parameters including E/e&#8217; SR and prognosis in advanced HF with severe symptoms (New York Heart Association Class III-IV functional status), severe cardiac dysfunction, and pulmonary or systemic congestion requiring intravenous diuretics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association between diastolic strain parameters including E/e&#8217; SR measured by STE, and short-term outcomes in advanced HF patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>In the current study, we enrolled 176 patients with advanced HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (EF &#8804;40%, New York Heart Association Class III-IV functional status, pulmonary or systemic congestion requiring intravenous diuretics, more than two hospitalizations or recurrent emergency service visits in the past year, progressive deterioration in kidney function, development of cachexia without an identifiable cause, inability to use ACE inhibitors due to kidney failure or hypotension, worsening HF or intolerance to beta-blockers due to hypotension, development of resistance to diuretics, and increasing the furosemide dose above &#8805;160 mg/dL, as well as the development of hyponatremia) and 58 individuals without known cardiac disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> There was no criterion defining the sample size used in the research, being stipulated for convenience. We did not have a criterion defining the sample size for each of the two groups examined. 45 advanced HFrEF patients were excluded from the study. Among the excluded patients, 10 had advanced aortic insufficiency, 5 had advanced mitral insufficiency, 3 had advanced aortic stenosis, and 7 had advanced mitral stenosis. Additionally, 10 patients were excluded from the study due to prosthetic aortic valve disease, and 5 due to prosthetic mitral valve disease. Furthermore, 5 patients were excluded from the study because they had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) installed and inotropic support requirement.</p>
          <p>A total of 131 patients were referred to the echocardiographic evaluation. All patients underwent echocardiographic evaluation following their initial evaluation in the emergency room/outpatient clinic before admission to the intensive care unit (ICU)/ward and also before diuretic therapy. At this stage, another 15 patients were excluded from the study due to poor echocardiographic image quality. The final study population included 116 advanced HFrEF patients as the &#8216;patient group&#8217; and 58 healthy individuals as the &#8216;control group&#8217;. Among 116 patients, 40 were admitted to the ICU and 76 were admitted to the cardiology ward following their initial evaluation. 3 of the patients who were admitted to the ward required transfer to the ICU during their hospitalization.</p>
          <p>The flow chart of the study is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (ProBNP) level was measured in all patients in addition to routine blood tests. Patients were followed for one month and any re-hospitalization due to worsening of HF symptoms and any mortality was recorded. Unfavorable outcomes of the patients were evaluated both by phone call and through medical records. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (2019/1724) and informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Patient flow chart. 176 advanced HFrEF patients were enrolled in the study. 45 patients were excluded from the study due to the presence of severe heart valve disease, prosthetic heart valve, and pacemaker history. 15 patients were excluded due to poor echocardiographic image quality. The final study population included 116 advanced HFrEF patients.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230670-30670-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation was performed using a Philips Epiq 7C ultrasound system (Bothell, WA, USA) with a 5-1 MHz transducer. Echocardiographic measurements were obtained by two experienced cardiologists using the standard techniques and images suggested by the American Echocardiography Association&#8217;s guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated through Simpson&#8217;s biplane method. Parasternal long axis, parasternal short axis, apical 4 chamber, and apical long axis views were obtained. All images were larger than 60 fps and obtained for at least 5 cardiac cycles. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) values for all left ventricular walls were calculated. Both basal points and apex of the myocardium were determined on each window in SR images. The distance between the R peak of the QRS complex and the peak point of the mitral E rate and the distance between the R peak of the QRS complex and the peak point of the mitral A rate were calculated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). e&#8217; SR values were calculated from the periods obtained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Mitral inflow was measured at early diastolic wave (E) and late diastolic wave (A) at 5 to 10 cardiac cycles from 1 cm distal side of mitral valve ends on apical four-chamber view through pulsed wave (PW) Doppler, and their mean was calculated. The mitral E value was then divided into e&#8217; SR rate, and the absolute value of E/e&#8217; SR was calculated. If the variability of the SR measured by two operators was above 5%, the patient was excluded. If the difference between two measurements is below 5%, the arithmetic mean of two values was calculated and used for the analyses.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>The relationship between strain velocity with the electrical activity of the heart on echocardiography. Electrical measurement times were taken from the peak point of the QRS wave to the peak points of the E wave and A wave on horizontal ground.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230670-30670-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>E strain rate (1/s) and A strain rate (1/s) from the apical window.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-08-e20230670-30670-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Windows 22.0 software was used for statistical analyses. The normal distribution of the continuous variables was assessed using Kolmogorov- Smirnov test. Data with normal distribution was expressed as mean&#177; standard deviation, whereas data without normal distribution was expressed as median [interquartile range (IQR)]. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute (n) and relative frequencies (%) and the association between categorical variables was evaluated using the Chi-square test. The independent Student&#8217;s t-test was used to compare normally distributed parameters. Skewed parameters were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of GLS parameters for predicting re-hospitalization and mortality. Optimal cut-off values were determined by the analysis of the sensitivity and specificity values derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Any p-value below 0.05 (p&lt;0.05) was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory characteristics of the patient and control groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Serum creatinine and urea levels were significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.018 and p=0.001, respectively). In addition, there were significant differences between the two groups regarding echocardiographic parameters including diastolic strain parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). E/e&#8217; SR was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group [188.8(323.0) vs 54.1(21.0), p=0.001].</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the patient and control groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Patient Group (n=116) Mean&#177;SD/Median (IQR)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Control Group (n=58) Mean&#177;SD/Median (IQR)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">67.7&#177;12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">68.1&#177;11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.810</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.524</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (61.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (62.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (38.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (37.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CAD, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.019</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>None</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (35.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (60.3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medical</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (12.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8.6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PTCA</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (33.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (19%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (18.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">84 (72.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (81%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.145</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40 (34.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (25.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">52 (44.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (58.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">49 (42.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (39.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stroke, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CKD, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53 (45.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (36.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.151</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12.4&#177;2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9&#177;2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.828</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hematocrit</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38.4&#177;6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">39.8&#177;6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.364</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MCV (fL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">83.7&#177;7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">86.5&#177;6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.275</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Platelet Count (x109/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">246.5&#177;96.3</td>
                  <td align="center">252.0&#177;78.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.705</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sodium (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">138.0&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">138.8&#177;3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.837</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Potassium (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.6&#177;0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.182</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>GFR (ml/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51(29)</td>
                  <td align="center">72(40)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Urea (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">57(39)</td>
                  <td align="center">40(29)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatine (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.39(1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98(1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.018</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AST (U/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18(12)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.870</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ALT (U/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15(14)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.908</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WBC Count (x109/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 (3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.3(4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.308</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>End diastolic diameter (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">56.8&#177;7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">45.3&#177;4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>End systolic diameter (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">44.3&#177;8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8&#177;4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Left atrium (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">43.5&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">34.8&#177;6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pulmonary arterial pressur (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35(21)</td>
                  <td align="center">30(9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>End diastolic volume (ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">182.8(90)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.4(32)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>End systolic volume (ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">122.5(60)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3(14)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ejection fraction (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30.6(11)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.1(13)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Apical 3C strain (%)</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-6.7&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">-9.3 &#177;3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Global longitudinal strain (%)</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-7.2&#177;2.46</td>
                  <td align="center">-10.5&#177;2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>e SR, 1/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.34(0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0(0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>a SR, 1/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.3(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1(1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>E/e&#8217; SR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">188.8(323.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">54.1(21.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; PTCA: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; SR: strain rate; WBC: white blood cell. Bold values indicate significant p values.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of mortality in the patient group</title>
          <p>During one month follow-up 16 (13.8%) patients died. Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory characteristics of the mortality and survival groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Beta-blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) use was less common in the mortality group. On the other hand, serum proBNP level was significantly higher in the mortality group. In addition, E/e&#8217; SR was also significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group. Left ventricular end-diastolic and left atrial diameters were found to be significantly lower in the mortality group</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic, laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics of the mortality and survival groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Mortality Group (n=16) Mean&#177;SD/Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Survival Group (n=100) Mean&#177;SD/Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age, (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">69.1&#177;12.4</td>
                    <td align="center">67.5&#177;12.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.644</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.236</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (50.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (63.0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (50.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (37.0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total length of hospital stay (days)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">7 (4-9)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3-9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.690</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">10 (62.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (74%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.251</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">7 (43.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (45%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.573</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">5 (31.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (44%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.249</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Beta blocker, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (75%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.043</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diuretic, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (69%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.115</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ACEi, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">5 (31.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (59%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.036</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MRA, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (34%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.178</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End diastolic diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">52.7&#177;8.7</td>
                    <td align="center">57.4&#177;7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.021</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End systolic diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">42.6&#177;9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">44.6&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.384</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Left atrium diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">40.4&#177;8.2</td>
                    <td align="center">44.0&#177;6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.049</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>GFR (ml/min)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">41 (34)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.216</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ProBNP (ng/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">13800 (30747)</td>
                    <td align="center">4860 (9174)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End diastolic volume (ml)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">166.6 (138)</td>
                    <td align="center">182.3 (76)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.876</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End systolic volume (ml)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">116.4 (97)</td>
                    <td align="center">121.2 (51)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.719</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ejection fraction (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">31.7 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.3 (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.513</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Apical 4C strain (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-7.5&#177;2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">-7.3&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.777</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Apical 3C strain (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-6.2&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">-6.7 &#177;3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Apical 2C strain (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-7.4&#177;4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">-6.7&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.503</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Global longitudinal strain (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-7.4&#177;2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">-7.2&#177;2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.742</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>E SR, 1/s</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.1 (0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36 (0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.004</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>A SR, 1/s</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.3 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.774</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>E/e&#8217; SR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">600.0 (679.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">184.4 (318.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.009</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ACEi: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide: GFR: glomerular filtration rate; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SR: strain rate. Bold values indicate significant p values.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for identifying predictors of mortality in the patient group and the results of these analyses are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that serum proBNP level and E/e&#8217; SR were independent predictors of mortality in the patient group during one-month follow-up.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate regression analyses for identifying predictors of mortality in the patient group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Parameters</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Beta blocker*, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.019-8.829</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.046</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.753</td>
                    <td align="center">0.824-9.203</td>
                    <td align="center">0.100</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diuretic*, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.226</td>
                    <td align="center">0.765-6.474</td>
                    <td align="center">0.142</td>
                    <td align="center">0.861</td>
                    <td align="center">0.157-4.714</td>
                    <td align="center">0.863</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ACEi*, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3.166</td>
                    <td align="center">1.023-9.798</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.046</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.356</td>
                    <td align="center">0.306-5.998</td>
                    <td align="center">0.688</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MRA, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.232</td>
                    <td align="center">0.595-8.372</td>
                    <td align="center">0.234</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End diastolic diameter* (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.916</td>
                    <td align="center">0.850-0.988</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.024</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.956</td>
                    <td align="center">0.866-1.055</td>
                    <td align="center">0.369</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End systolic diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.972</td>
                    <td align="center">0.913-1.036</td>
                    <td align="center">0.381</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.983</td>
                    <td align="center">0.927-1.043</td>
                    <td align="center">0.569</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Left atrium diameter* (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.927</td>
                    <td align="center">0.858-1.001</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.053</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.925</td>
                    <td align="center">0.851-1.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.064</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ProBNP* (ng/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000-1.000</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.029</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000-1.000</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.034</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>E/e&#8217; SR*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000-1.001</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.048</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000-1.001</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.033</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CI: confidence interval; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; OR: odds ratio; SR: strain rate. * This parameters are inculeded in the multivariate analysis. Bold values indicate significant p values.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that a cut-off value of 218.75 for E/e&#8217; SR had a sensitivity and specificity of 86.7 and 58.0% for predicting mortality in the patient group. A cutoff value of 6326.50 ng/L for serum proBNP level had a sensitivity and specificity of 85.7 and 56.2% for predicting mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of rehospitalization in the patient group</title>
          <p>During one month follow-up 43 (37.1%) patients were rehospitalized due to worsening HF symptoms. Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory characteristics of the rehospitalization and non-rehospitalization groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>. ACEi use was more common in the rehospitalization group. In addition, apical 3C strain was significantly worse in the hospitalization group compared to the non-rehospitalization group. On the other hand, serum proBNP levels and E/e&#8217; SR were found to be similar between the groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic, laboratory, and echocardiographic characteristics of the rehospitalization and non-rehospitalization groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Rehospitalization Group (n=43) Mean&#177;SD/Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Non-rehospitalization Group (n=73) Mean&#177;SD/Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age, (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">66.5&#177;11.9</td>
                    <td align="center">68.4&#177;13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.452</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.845</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (62.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (60.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (37.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (39.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total length of hospital stay (days)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3-9)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3-9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.662</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">34 (79.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (68.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.155</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">24 (55.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (38.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.551</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">19 (44.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (41.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.447</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Beta blocker, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">33 (76.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (68.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.231</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diuretic, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">32 (74.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (61.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.114</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ACEi, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">29 (67.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (47.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.032</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MRA, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">17 (39.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (27.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.126</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End diastolic diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">57.1&#177;7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">56.5&#177;8.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.686</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End systolic diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">44.1&#177;8.7</td>
                    <td align="center">44.5&#177;8.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.824</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Left atrium diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">44.4&#177;7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">43.0&#177;6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.292</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>GFR (ml/min)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">47.0 (17.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.5 (34.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.224</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ProBNP (ng/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">5560 (8721)</td>
                    <td align="center">7368 (15593)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.554</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End diastolic volume (ml)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">196.8 (92)</td>
                    <td align="center">169.8 (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.154</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End systolic volume (ml)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">129.9 (64)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (48)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.117</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ejection fraction (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">33 (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.268</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>
                        <italic>Apical 4C strain (%)</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-6.7&#177;2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">-7.63&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.116</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>
                        <italic>Apical 3C strain (%)</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-5.57&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">-6.7 &#177;3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.010</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>
                        <italic>Apical 2C strain (%)</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-6.4&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">-6.9&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.457</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>
                        <italic>Global longitudinal strain (%)</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-7.0&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">-7.4&#177;2.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.462</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>E SR, 1/s</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.37 (0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32 (0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.817</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>A SR, 1/s</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.32 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.765</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>E/e&#8217; SR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">178.3 (305)</td>
                    <td align="center">221.8 (473)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.470</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SR: strain rate. Bold values indicate significant p values.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed for identifying predictors of rehospitalization in the patient group and the results of these analyses are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that ACEi use and apical 3C strain were independent predictors of rehospitalization in the patient group during one-month follow-up.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate regression analyses for identifying predictors of rehospitalization in the patient group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Parameters</th>
                    <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                    <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.575</td>
                    <td align="center">0.237-1.395</td>
                    <td align="center">0.221</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diur&#233;tico*, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.552</td>
                    <td align="center">0.240-1.269</td>
                    <td align="center">0.162</td>
                    <td align="center">0.756</td>
                    <td align="center">0.269-2.218</td>
                    <td align="center">0.597</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ECA&#304;*, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.445</td>
                    <td align="center">0.203-0.976</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.043</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.525</td>
                    <td align="center">1.111-5.738</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.027</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ARM*, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.577</td>
                    <td align="center">0.260-1.283</td>
                    <td align="center">0.177</td>
                    <td align="center">0.832</td>
                    <td align="center">0.317-2.186</td>
                    <td align="center">0.709</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.997-1.009</td>
                    <td align="center">0.264</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final (ml)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.997-1.012</td>
                    <td align="center">0.247</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.969</td>
                    <td align="center">0.923-1.016</td>
                    <td align="center">0.192</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Strain apical 3C* (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.138</td>
                    <td align="center">1.023-1.265</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.017</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.154</td>
                    <td align="center">1.033-1.288</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.011</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Strain apical 4C* (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.119</td>
                    <td align="center">1.008-1.241</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.035</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.039</td>
                    <td align="center">0.898-1.202</td>
                    <td align="center">0.609</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>IACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; CI: confidence interval; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; OR: odds ratio. *These parameters are included in the multivariate analysis. Bold values indicate significant p values.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that a cut-off value of -5.55% for apical 3C strain had a sensitivity and specificity of 76.7 and 50.7% for predicting rehospitalization in the patient group. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> summarizes the main information of the manuscript.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the current prospective study, we revealed that E/e&#8217; SR measured by STE and serum proBNP level were independent predictors of mortality in advanced HFrEF patients during one-month follow-up. On the other hand, apical 3C strain was the only predictor of rehospitalization in the same patient group. There are other studies in the literature investigating the prognostic role of STE parameters including E/e&#8217; SR in HF patients but our study is unique for its patient population (advanced HFrEF patients) and timing of echocardiographic evaluation (within the first 24 hours following hospital admission).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In HF patients, myocardial relaxation is impaired, and left ventricular filling decreases. As a result, there is an increase in diastolic pressure and patients begin to develop symptoms of HF. With increased venous tone, development of sodium retention, and activation of neuro-hormonal pathways, left ventricular diastolic pressure increases further, left ventricular stiffness increases significantly, and pulmonary edema occurs in patients. Although the atrial pressure contribution tries to increase cardiac output to compensate for this situation, diastolic filling is limited due to a harsh ventricular response. This situation causes exertion dyspnea and pulmonary congestion to worsen in patients. Especially left atrial dilatation and dysfunction should be noted as an important guide in patients with diastolic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Although pathophysiological explanations have been tried to be explained in this way, the pathophysiology has still not been clearly explained.</p>
        <p>Myocardial deformation imaging with STE provides important additional diagnostic and prognostic information over basic echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>Previous studies have shown that GLS was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in the HFrEF patients and added significant incremental prognostic value to the well-known risk factors such as LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>On the other hand, in the present study, we did not detect an association between GLS and mortality/rehospitalization in advanced HFrEF patients. The most important difference between these studies and ours is that we investigated a sample of advanced HFrEF patients but other studies had a global HF population. This discrepancy may also be a result of the relatively small patient population of the current study.</p>
        <p>In their large series evaluating clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with advanced HF, Javaloyes et al. reported that most of the patients had a &#8216;warm and wet&#8217; phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>The 1-year mortality rate was 30.8% in their study group, and highest in the patients with a &#8216;cold and dry&#8217; phenotype. As a result, they concluded that hypoperfusion was related to an increased in-hospital and 1-year mortality rate in advanced HF patients, in line with the previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>On the other hand, in patients without hypoperfusion, predictors of mortality are not clear. In the current study, we revealed that early echocardiographic evaluation and non-invasive assessment of left ventricular filling pressure via the ratio of transmitral early filling velocity to early diastolic strain rate (E/e&#8217; SR), in addition to clinical and biochemical parameters, may provide valuable insight about the prognosis of advanced HF patients with &#8216;warm and wet&#8217; phenotype.</p>
        <p>The ratio of transmitral early filling velocity to early diastolic strain rate (E/e&#8217; SR) obtained by STE has emerged as a reliable measure of left ventricular filling pressures that circumvents technical limitations of the Doppler-derived parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> E/e&#8217; SR is a less load-dependent parameter than E/e&#8217; and is not affected significantly by volume overloading which makes it a useful marker of left ventricular filling pressure in HFrEF patients. Recent studies have shown that E/e&#8217; SR was a strong predictor of mortality and worse outcomes in various conditions including HFrEF, atrial fibrillation, aortic stenosis, and type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>In line with these findings, we revealed that E/e&#8217; SR was an independent predictor of short-term mortality in advanced HFrEF patients together with serum proBNP level. Both E/e&#8217; SR and serum proBNP levels had a high sensitivity but a low specificity for the prediction of mortality in our patient group.</p>
        <p>Despite tremendous improvements in the management strategies of HFrEF patients in the last decades, rehospitalization rates remain very high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Efforts to reduce readmissions and associated healthcare expenditures have prompted researchers to investigate the predictors of rehospitalization in HF patients. Various predictors of rehospitalization including elevated filling pressures, increased levels of natriuretic peptides, and markers of neurohormonal activation have been described in HFrEF patients to date.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>On the other hand, a single risk prediction model applicable to all patients has not been established yet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>In the current study, we found that apical 3C strain and ACEi use were the only independent predictors of rehospitalization in advanced HFrEF patients. Actually, the use of ACEi alone should not be considered as a reason for hospitalization. The use of ACEi in HF is among the drugs that reduce mortality. However, since these patients are in advanced stages of HF, renal functions deteriorate over time, cardiorenal syndrome develops, and the process becomes a vicious cycle. With each decompensation episode, this process worsens, leading to increased hospitalization frequency and mortality rates. Apical 3C strain had a moderate sensitivity and a low specificity for prediction of rehospitalization. We did not detect an association between rehospitalization and E/e&#8217; SR and serum proBNP level in our patient group. As stated by Desai SA and Stevenson LW in a special report, defining predictors of rehospitalization in HF patients is challenging in that it can be affected by psychosocial and socioeconomic factors of the patients that can be easily overlooked in the studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The current study has some limitations. First, this is a single-center study with a relatively small patient population and short-term follow-up. Second, all-cause mortality was used as an end point and deaths due to cardiovascular causes were not specified. Third, both serum proBNP (424.00-85524.00 ng/L) and E/e&#8217;SR (46.92-1966.67) had a very wide distribution range throughout the study population, thus their ORs were close to 1.0 and CIs were very narrow. The parameter E/e&#8217; SR is difficult to obtain in clinical practice. Especially in patients presenting with decompensation symptoms during the acute phase, other similar strain echo parameters could not be evaluated due to factors such as equipment and resource shortages, and difficult access. This situation can be considered among the limitations of the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Findings of the current prospective study demonstrate that E/e&#8217; SR measured by STE is an independent and sensitive predictor of short-term mortality in advanced HFrEF patients. This data suggests that E/e&#8217; SR may have a role in the identification of end-stage HFrEF patients. Further large prospective studies are required to clarify this association.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi under the protocol number 2019-1724. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
